{"id":8621,"date":"2020-10-19T10:04:17","date_gmt":"2020-10-19T09:04:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=8621"},"modified":"2024-07-17T10:56:21","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T09:56:21","slug":"research-of-important-groundwater-sources-of-czech-saxony-transborder-region","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2020\/10\/research-of-important-groundwater-sources-of-czech-saxony-transborder-region\/","title":{"rendered":"Research of important groundwater sources of Czech-Saxony transborder region"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm a\u00a0u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm t\u00e9matem, kter\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161it v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9 unie, je problematika p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch podzemn\u00edch vod. Podzemn\u00ed vody jsou jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vodn\u00ed zdroje \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny na obou stran\u00e1ch spole\u010dn\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed hranice, a\u00a0proto m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet k\u00a0jejich p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edmu ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed. Na spole\u010dnou ochranu v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0\u010desko-sask\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edhrani\u010dn\u00ed oblasti byl zam\u011b\u0159en mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed projekt ResiBil prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0letech 2016\u20132020. Jako z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed uveden\u00e9ho projektu byly vybr\u00e1ny oblasti k\u0159\u00eddov\u00fdch sediment\u016f D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edku, \u010cesko-sask\u00e9ho \u0160v\u00fdcarska a\u00a0Lu\u017eick\u00fdch hor. C\u00edlem projektu ResiBil bylo stanoven\u00ed bilance, zhodnocen\u00ed mo\u017enosti dlouhodob\u00e9ho vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0nimi v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdch dopadech vlivu klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Z\u00a0proveden\u00fdch studi\u00ed a\u00a0model\u016f vyplynulo, \u017ee d\u016fvodem zm\u011bn vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu a\u00a0vodn\u00ed bilance v\u00a0krajin\u011b jsou v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e jak klimatick\u00e9 vlivy, tak i\u00a0vlivy antropogenn\u00ed. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod v\u0161ak m\u00e1 v\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00fdch oblastech v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rezervy.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

ResiBil je mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed projekt podporovan\u00fd Evropsk\u00fdm fondem pro region\u00e1ln\u00ed rozvoj z\u00a0Programu podpory p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce \u010cesk\u00e1 republika\u00a0\u2013 Svobodn\u00fd st\u00e1t Sasko 2014\u20132020, registrovan\u00fd pod \u010d\u00edslem 100267011, a\u00a0Ministerstvem \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Projekt prob\u00edhal v\u00a0letech 2016 a\u017e 2020.<\/p>\n

Na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed geologick\u00fdch a\u00a0hydrogeologick\u00fdch podklad\u016f se jako hlavn\u00ed partner pod\u00edlela n\u011bmeck\u00e1 strana zastoupen\u00e1 Sask\u00fdm zemsk\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159adem pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a\u00a0geologii (LfULG) a\u00a0na \u010desk\u00e9 stran\u011b projektov\u00ed partne\u0159i reprezentovan\u00ed \u010ceskou geologickou slu\u017ebou (\u010cGS) a\u00a0V\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm \u00fastavem vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm T. G. Masaryka, v. v. i. (V\u00daV TGM).<\/p>\n

Projekt byl zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na spole\u010dnou ochranu podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0\u010desko-sask\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edhrani\u010dn\u00ed oblasti mimo jin\u00e9 na z\u00e1klad\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed modern\u00edch modelov\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Charakteristika projektov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159ehled prac\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Pro projektov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce byly vybr\u00e1ny d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 oblasti v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch v\u00fdskyt\u016f p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch podzemn\u00edch vod. Ty se v z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m \u010desko-sask\u00e9m p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed nach\u00e1zej\u00ed zejm\u00e9na v oblastech siln\u011b propustn\u00fdch k\u0159\u00eddov\u00fdch sediment\u016f v r\u00e1mci \u010desk\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddov\u00e9 p\u00e1nve [1]. Ostatn\u00ed \u010desko-sask\u00e9 p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed je tvo\u0159eno horninami krystalinika, kter\u00e9 jsou m\u00e9n\u011b hydrogeologicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed byly vy\u010dlen\u011bny t\u0159i pilotn\u00ed oblasti: D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk, H\u0159ensko-K\u0159inice\/Kirnitzsch (oblast \u010cesko-sask\u00e9ho \u0160v\u00fdcarska) a\u00a0L\u00fcckendorf (oblast Lu\u017eick\u00fdch hor). P\u016fvodn\u011b pl\u00e1novan\u00fd rozsah pilotn\u00edch oblast\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00ed projektu byl men\u0161\u00ed (\u010dern\u00e9 linie na obr. 1<\/em>), av\u0161ak z\u00a0d\u016fvodu pot\u0159eby vytvo\u0159en\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edch hydrogeologick\u00fdch model\u016f byly oblasti roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny (plochy s\u00a0\u010dervenou, modrou a\u00a0\u017elutou \u0161rafou), jak zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje obr. 1.<\/em><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Mapa z\u00e1jmov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed (modr\u00e1 linka) a\u00a0modelov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed projektu ResiBil
\nFig. 1. Map of the ResiBil project region (blue line) and model areas<\/h6>\n

Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm projektu byl vytvo\u0159en syst\u00e9m navazuj\u00edc\u00edch model\u016f, kter\u00fd p\u0159isp\u011bl k\u00a0hlub\u0161\u00edmu pozn\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0k\u00a0zodpov\u011bzen\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek v\u00a0oblasti odhad\u016f z\u00e1sob, vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1novan\u00ed a\u00a0institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce. C\u00edlem je efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0jejich p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed ochrana.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladem dal\u0161\u00edch prac\u00ed bylo sestaven\u00ed jednotn\u00e9ho p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edho geologick\u00e9ho 3D modelu, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9ho \u010cGS ve spolupr\u00e1ci s LfULG. Sjednocen\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch interpretac\u00ed geologick\u00e9 stavby na obou stran\u00e1ch st\u00e1tn\u00ed hranice bylo nezbytnou podm\u00ednkou pro navazuj\u00edc\u00ed sestaven\u00ed konceptu\u00e1ln\u00edho 3D hydrogeologick\u00e9ho modelu. Pro jeho n\u00e1vrh byla pou\u017eita s\u00e9rie dva roky prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00fdch ter\u00e9nn\u00edch prac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se zam\u011b\u0159ily na geometrick\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed hlavn\u00edch kolektor\u016f a izol\u00e1tor\u016f a z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed kvantitativn\u00edch charakteristik. Pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely byly mj. realizov\u00e1ny dva pr\u016fzkumn\u00e9 hydrogeologick\u00e9 vrty, kter\u00e9 byly po aplikaci komplexn\u00edch karot\u00e1\u017en\u00edch metod p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bny na vrty monitoruj\u00edc\u00ed hladinu podzemn\u00ed vody. V r\u00e1mci ter\u00e9nn\u00edch prac\u00ed byla provedena podrobn\u00e1 inventarizace pramenn\u00edch v\u00fdv\u011br\u016f a pro modelov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed byly na vybran\u00fdch vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch zm\u011b\u0159eny tzv. postupn\u00e9 profilov\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky. Jako jeden ze vstup\u016f do hydraulick\u00e9ho modelu byl sestaven hydrologick\u00fd bilan\u010dn\u00ed model a\u00a0vytvo\u0159ena datab\u00e1ze v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch j\u00edman\u00fdch vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch objekt\u016f zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ady jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0t\u011bchto podkladov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f byly sestaveny hydraulick\u00e9 modely, kter\u00e9 byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b kalibrov\u00e1ny na historick\u00e1 data a\u00a0staly se n\u00e1strojem pro simulace dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje. Fin\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdstupem byla simulace r\u016fzn\u00fdch variant v\u00fdvoje sledovan\u00fdch vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch struktur a\u00a0kalkulace vyu\u017eiteln\u00fdch z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text p\u0159edstavuje v\u00fdb\u011br v\u00fdsledk\u016f t\u011bchto postup\u016f v\u00a0n\u00e1mi zpracov\u00e1van\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edku a\u00a0\u010cesko-sask\u00e9ho \u0160v\u00fdcarska.<\/p>\n

Ter\u00e9nn\u00ed hydrogeologick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce<\/h2>\n

Hydrogeologick\u00e9 vrtn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce<\/h3>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci pr\u016fzkumn\u00fdch hydrogeologick\u00fdch prac\u00ed byla nejprve provedena podrobn\u00e1 re\u0161er\u0161e v\u0161ech dosud uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00fdch hydrogeologick\u00fdch vrtn\u00fdch prac\u00ed. Plo\u0161n\u00e1 a\u00a0prostorov\u00e1 interpretace dat umo\u017enila definovat prostor nejistot, tzn. prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde pro definov\u00e1n\u00ed konceptu\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu chyb\u011bla pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 data. Mezi tato \u00fazem\u00ed spadala p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm oblast severn\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edhrani\u010dn\u00ed) \u010d\u00e1sti \u010desk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edku. Zde byly vyprojektov\u00e1ny dva pr\u016fzkumn\u00e9 hydrogeologick\u00e9 vrty, kter\u00e9 byly realizov\u00e1ny v\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2017. Vrty byly situov\u00e1ny v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti st\u00e1tn\u00ed hranice v\u00a0lokalit\u00e1ch Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk a\u00a0Maxi\u010dky, dos\u00e1hly hloubky 99\u00a0a\u00a0102 metr\u016f. Byly konstruov\u00e1ny k\u00a0pr\u016fzkumu hlavn\u00edho (turonsk\u00e9ho) kolektoru. Hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody byly, vlivem morfologie a\u00a0vysok\u00e9 propustnosti prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zasti\u017eeny a\u017e v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch p\u0159es 60 metr\u016f pod ter\u00e9nem.<\/p>\n

Oba vrty byly osazeny automatick\u00fdm datalogerem na kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody. Tato data byla n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyu\u017eita p\u0159i kalibraci model\u016f. Obr\u00e1zek 2<\/em> demonstruje uk\u00e1zku zaznamenan\u00e9ho postupn\u00e9ho poklesu hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody v\u00a0monitorovac\u00edm vrtu RE 001 Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk v\u00a0d\u016fsledku obdob\u00ed sucha v\u00a0letech 2017 a\u017e 2020.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Graf poklesu hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody ve vrtu Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk v\u00a0d\u016fsledku such\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed 2017\u20132020
\nFig. 2. Graph of groundwater level decrease in borehole Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk in dry period 2017\u20132020<\/h6>\n

Karot\u00e1\u017e<\/h3>\n

Na obou vrtech byly realizov\u00e1ny dv\u011b etapy karot\u00e1\u017en\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, prvn\u00ed byla provedena p\u0159ed definitivn\u00edm vystrojen\u00edm vrtu, druh\u00e1 po jeho dokon\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

C\u00edlem m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159ed v\u00fdstroj\u00ed bylo detailn\u011b roz\u010dlenit litologick\u00fd profil, zjistit prostorov\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh vrt\u016f (odklon od vertik\u00e1ly a\u00a0azimut odklonu), zjistit \u00faseky vykavernovan\u00e9 horniny, identifikovat otev\u0159en\u00e9 pukliny a\u00a0zjistit z\u00e1kladn\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastnosti zasti\u017een\u00fdch hornin. K\u00a0tomu byly pou\u017eity tyto karot\u00e1\u017en\u00ed metody: gama gama karot\u00e1\u017e v\u00a0hustotn\u00ed modifikaci, kavernometrie, gama karot\u00e1\u017e, neutron neutron karot\u00e1\u017e, karot\u00e1\u017e magnetick\u00e9 susceptibility, odporov\u00e1 karot\u00e1\u017e, induk\u010dn\u00ed karot\u00e1\u017e, inklinometrie.<\/p>\n

C\u00edlem m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed po vystrojen\u00ed bylo objasnit hydrodynamick\u00e9 pom\u011bry ve vrtech, zjistit fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti vody a\u00a0jejich p\u0159\u00edpadnou zonalitu a\u00a0zkontrolovat kvalitu proveden\u00ed vrt\u016f. Pro to byly pou\u017eity n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed karot\u00e1\u017en\u00ed metody: televizn\u00ed prohl\u00eddka vrtnou kamerou, citliv\u00e1 termometrie, rezistivimetrie v\u00a0aplikaci metody \u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00e9 kapaliny, rezistivimetrie v\u00a0aplikaci metody konstantn\u00edho \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00e9 kapaliny, gama gama karot\u00e1\u017e v\u00a0hustotn\u00ed modifikaci, kavernometrie, hloubkov\u011b spojit\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed vody\u00a0\u2013 konduktivity, teploty, pH, redox potenci\u00e1lu a\u00a0procenta rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku.<\/p>\n

Zasti\u017eeny byly sedimenty svrchnok\u0159\u00eddov\u00e9ho st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed (turon) v\u00a0p\u00eds\u010dit\u00e9m a\u00a0j\u00edlovitop\u00eds\u010dit\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b karot\u00e1\u017ee byl podrobn\u011b roz\u010dlen\u011bn litologick\u00fd profil. Bylo zasti\u017eeno souvrstv\u00ed sediment\u016f, je\u017e m\u00edrn\u011b upad\u00e1 sm\u011brem k\u00a0severov\u00fdchodu. Vrstvy se v\u00a0obou vrtech opakuj\u00ed, ve vrtu Maxi\u010dky jsou v\u0161ak o\u00a058,5 m n\u00ed\u017ee v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vrtem Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk.<\/p>\n

Diametr\u00e1ln\u011b se li\u0161\u00ed hydrodynamick\u00fd re\u017eim v\u00a0obou vrtech. Zat\u00edmco ve vrtu Maxi\u010dky doch\u00e1z\u00ed jen k\u00a0velmi pomal\u00e9mu proud\u011bn\u00ed od hladiny sm\u011brem dol\u016f (0,002 l\/s), ve vrtu Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno velmi intenzivn\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed vody. To nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d vrtem dosahuje rychlosti 29,5 m\/den, intenzivn\u00ed je i\u00a0vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eka proud\u011bn\u00ed (1,0 l\/s). Rozd\u00edly mezi ob\u011bma vrty tak dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed mj. v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl puklinov\u00e9 propustnosti v\u00a0dan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f vodote\u010d\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Hydrogeologick\u00e9 pom\u011bry mohou b\u00fdt up\u0159esn\u011bny charakterizac\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vodote\u010d\u00ed. Kolektory podzemn\u00edch vod jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou propojeny s\u00a0toky v\u00a0dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, do kter\u00fdch se podzemn\u00ed vody odvod\u0148uj\u00ed, nebo se z\u00a0nich naopak dopl\u0148uj\u00ed infiltrac\u00ed. Plat\u00ed, \u017ee pokud je hladina podzemn\u00ed vody v\u00a0kolektoru v\u00fd\u0161e ne\u017e hladina ve vodote\u010di, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00ed kolektoru, a\u00a0pokud je hladina podzemn\u00ed vody n\u00ed\u017ee, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0dotaci kolektoru.<\/p>\n

Odvodn\u011bn\u00ed kolektoru lze specifikovat jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed odtok vodote\u010de. Jde o pr\u016ftok v del\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00ed bez sr\u00e1\u017eek, kdy ve vodote\u010di u\u017e nen\u00ed voda poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku sr\u00e1\u017eek, ale pouze voda p\u016fvodem z podzemn\u00edho odtoku z okoln\u00edch kolektor\u016f. Pokud z\u00e1kladn\u00ed odtok zm\u011b\u0159\u00edme na n\u011bkolika profilech vodote\u010de, zjist\u00edme intenzitu odvodn\u011bn\u00ed nebo dotace kolektoru pro ka\u017ed\u00fd \u00fasek mezi dv\u011bma m\u011b\u0159en\u00edmi. Takov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed naz\u00fdv\u00e1me postupn\u00e9 pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 profilov\u00e1n\u00ed (PPP). T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem m\u016f\u017eeme pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit p\u0159\u00edtoky a odtoky z dan\u00e9 hydrogeologick\u00e9 struktury. P\u0159\u00edklad takov\u00e9ho proveden\u00e9ho p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00edme na obr. 3<\/em> (zobrazen\u00e9 hodnoty pr\u016ftok\u016f jsou v\u00a0l\/s). Z\u00a0obr. 3<\/em> jsou patrn\u00e9 \u010dasto n\u00e1sobn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly\u00a0dotace podzemn\u00edch vod do vodote\u010d\u00ed v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch \u00fasec\u00edch, \u010d\u00e1st men\u0161\u00edch vodote\u010d\u00ed byla v\u00a0dob\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bez vody.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. P\u0159\u00edklad proveden\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f metodou PPP v\u00a0oblasti D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edku
\nFig. 3. Sample of flow measurement in D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk region<\/h6>\n

Evidence a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pramenn\u00edch v\u00fdv\u011br\u016f<\/h3>\n

Pramen je v\u00fdv\u011br podzemn\u00ed vody na povrch. Evidence a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pramen\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed mezi z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mo\u017enosti z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed hydrogeologick\u00fdch informac\u00ed v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu. Prameny poskytuj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u00fadaje o\u00a0stavu a\u00a0zm\u011bn\u00e1ch hydrogeologick\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Pramen\u016f existuje v\u00a0dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed po\u010detn\u011b podstatn\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e vyu\u017eiteln\u00fdch hydrogeologick\u00fdch vrt\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pro modelov\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed indikuj\u00ed prameny m\u00edsta \u010di linie odvod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch kolektor\u016f, ale zejm\u00e9na mohou b\u00fdt podkladem k\u00a0p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu vymezen\u00ed izol\u00e1tor\u016f a\u00a0poloizol\u00e1tor\u016f. Prameny mohou upozornit i\u00a0na n\u011bkter\u00e9 jinak h\u016f\u0159e podchytiteln\u00e9 jevy, jak\u00fdm je t\u0159eba detailn\u00ed stratifikace kolektor\u016f.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm podkladem pro dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce bylo proveden\u00ed re\u0161er\u0161e odborn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f k\u00a0dan\u00e9 problematice, n\u00e1sledovalo mapov\u00e1n\u00ed pramen\u016f v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu. U\u00a0v\u0161ech nalezen\u00fdch pramen\u016f byla m\u011b\u0159ena vydatnost, konduktivita vody, aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed teplota vody a\u00a0vzduchu, poloha pramene a\u00a0byla provedena fotodokumentace. V\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 z\u00a0oblast\u00ed bylo nalezeno a\u00a0zm\u011b\u0159eno v\u00edce ne\u017e 150 pramen\u016f. Jejich vydatnosti se pohybuj\u00ed v\u00a0\u0161irok\u00e9m rozmez\u00ed od tis\u00edcin l\/s p\u0159es b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 vydatnosti v\u00a0desetin\u00e1ch l\/s\u00a0a\u017e po maxim\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00edce ne\u017e 10 litr\u016f za sekundu. \u010c\u00e1st nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b vydatn\u00fdch pramen\u016f je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na k\u00a0z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel pitnou vodou (nap\u0159. Vl\u010d\u00ed a\u00a0Studen\u00fd pramen v\u00a0oblasti D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edku nebo pramen Pod Prav\u010dickou br\u00e1nou v\u00a0oblasti H\u0159enska).<\/p>\n

Pomoc\u00ed evidence a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pramen\u016f se poda\u0159ilo mj. vymezit a\u00a0up\u0159esnit d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 hydrogeologick\u00e9 struktury pro modelov\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Jednalo se nap\u0159\u00edklad o\u00a0polohy jednotliv\u00fdch izol\u00e1tor\u016f jako baz\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddov\u00fd izol\u00e1tor a\u00a0izol\u00e1tor A\/BC v\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti oblasti D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk. V\u00a0oblasti H\u0159ensko-K\u0159inice byl pomoc\u00ed pramenn\u00edch v\u00fdv\u011br\u016f up\u0159esn\u011bn rozsah (polo)izol\u00e1toru 2\/3, respektive rozhran\u00ed kolektor\u016f 2 a\u00a03 v\u00a0sedimentech turonu.<\/p>\n

Matematick\u00e9 modelov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu bylo k\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f vyu\u017eito souboru modern\u00edch modelov\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f, \u010d\u00e1st z\u00a0nich p\u0159edstavuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text. Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0bilancov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod navazovalo na p\u0159edchoz\u00ed pr\u00e1ce nap\u0159\u00edklad [2, 3].<\/p>\n

Hydrologick\u00e9 bilan\u010dn\u00ed modelov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Infiltrace sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed kolektor\u016f bylo vyhodnoceno pomoc\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho modelu BILAN, kter\u00fd simuluje slo\u017eky vodn\u00ed bilance v\u00a0dan\u00e9m povod\u00ed. Model byl vyvinut ve V\u00daV TGM (pops\u00e1n v\u00a0publikaci [4]). Struktura modelu vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze syst\u00e9mu rovnic, kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed vodn\u00ed bilanci.<\/p>\n

Hydrologick\u00e9 modely byly zpracov\u00e1ny pro jednotliv\u00e1 povod\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jsou vymezen\u00e1 podle dostupn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch \u0159ad pr\u016ftok\u016f. Pro\u00a0vybran\u00e9 profily jsou pomoc\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu ter\u00e9nu vymezen\u00e9 plochy p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch povod\u00ed. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byly pro ka\u017ed\u00e9 povod\u00ed p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ady sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0teplot. Hodnoty reprezentativn\u00ed pro jednotliv\u00e1 povod\u00ed jsou v\u00fdsledkem interpolace hodnot z\u00a0meteorologick\u00fdch stanic v\u00a0povod\u00ed nebo v\u00a0jeho okol\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed model<\/h3>\n

Konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed model je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm krokem p\u0159i tvorb\u011b hydraulick\u00e9ho numerick\u00e9ho modelu. P\u0159edstavuje interpretaci hydrogeologick\u00fdch a\u00a0souvisej\u00edc\u00edch geologick\u00fdch, geomorfologick\u00fdch, hydrochemick\u00fdch a\u00a0klimatick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f hydrogeologick\u00e9ho celku, sm\u011br\u016f proud\u011bn\u00ed, vyjasn\u011bn\u00ed m\u00edst infiltrace a\u00a0dren\u00e1\u017ee, a\u00a0to v\u010detn\u011b stanoven\u00ed okrajov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddov\u00e9 kolektory v\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed obecn\u011b p\u00edskovce, zat\u00edmco ostatn\u00ed litologick\u00e9 typy s\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm pod\u00edlem j\u00edlu a\u00a0prachu tvo\u0159\u00ed izol\u00e1tory a\u00a0poloizol\u00e1tory. Hydrogeologick\u00fd konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed model \u00fazem\u00ed rozli\u0161uje \u010dty\u0159i odd\u011blen\u00e9 kolektory s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch modelov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech se nemus\u00ed v\u0161echny zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 kolektory vyskytovat:<\/p>\n

Modelov\u00fd kolektor 4, neboli kolektor A, p\u0159edstavuje baz\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddov\u00fd kolektor. Jeho mocnost dosahuje k\u00a080\u00a0m na D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edku a\u00a0a\u017e 140\u00a0m u\u00a0lu\u017eick\u00e9 poruchy na severu z\u00e1jmov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddov\u00fd kolektor BC s\u00a0nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi odb\u011bry podzemn\u00ed vody v\u00a0oblasti se v\u00a0severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti z\u00e1jmov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed d\u011bl\u00ed na spodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kolektor 3\u00a0a\u00a0svrchn\u00ed kolektor 2. Izol\u00e1tor mezi kolektory 3 a\u00a02 (3\/2) je l\u00e9pe definov\u00e1n na severu\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0sask\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00a0povod\u00ed K\u0159inice. V\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech z\u00e1jmov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed izol\u00e1tor postupn\u011b ztr\u00e1c\u00ed svoji funkci. Ji\u017en\u011b od toku \u0159eky Kamenice a\u00a0v\u00a0oblasti D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edku se tento izol\u00e1tor ji\u017e v\u00fdznamn\u011b neprojevuje. Proto v\u00a0t\u011bchto \u010d\u00e1stech konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed model p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 spojen\u00fd kolektor 2\u00a0+\u00a03 (BC). Jeho mocnost dosahuje a\u017e 230\u00a0m.<\/p>\n

Kolektor 2 je definov\u00e1n v\u00a0p\u00edskovc\u00edch st\u0159edn\u00edho turonu, byl vymezen v\u00a0SZ \u010d\u00e1sti oblasti H\u0159ensko-K\u0159inice nad izol\u00e1torem 3\/2. Kolektor 1 (D) p\u0159edstavuje men\u0161\u00ed, \u010dasto nesouvisl\u00e9 v\u00fdskyty, zejm\u00e9na svrchnok\u0159\u00eddov\u00fdch p\u00edskovc\u016f, ale i\u00a0kvart\u00e9rn\u00edch sediment\u016f, m\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou jen lok\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti jsou svrchn\u00ed t\u0159i kolektory modelovan\u00e9 jako kombinovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zku okrajov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek a\u00a0modelov\u00fdch hladin podzemn\u00edch vod p\u0159edstavuje mapa na obr. 4<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 4. Mapa okrajov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek a\u00a0hladin podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0okol\u00ed Labe
\nFig. 4. Map of boundary conditions and groundwater levels near the Labe River<\/h6>\n

Hydraulick\u00e9 modely<\/h3>\n

Jako n\u00e1stroj pro matematick\u00e9 modelov\u00e1n\u00ed byl v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b oblast\u00ed D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk a H\u0159ensko-K\u0159inice pou\u017eit proudov\u00fd model MODFLOW [5]. Je to trojrozm\u011brn\u00fd model zalo\u017een\u00fd na metod\u011b kone\u010dn\u00fdch diferenc\u00ed. Modelovan\u00e1 oblast se nejprve vertik\u00e1ln\u011b rozd\u011bl\u00ed do vrstev a uvnit\u0159 t\u011bchto vrstev se definuj\u00ed elementy o\u00a0obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u011b. V\u00a0modelovan\u00e9 oblasti je mo\u017en\u00e9 definovat zdroje a\u00a0odb\u011bry vody, jako jsou plo\u0161n\u00e9 zdroje ze sr\u00e1\u017eek, evapotranspirace, \u010derpan\u00e9 studny, dren\u00e1\u017ee, vodn\u00ed toky.<\/p>\n

Hydraulick\u00fd model byl v\u00a0oblasti H\u0159ensko-K\u0159inice sestaven jako sedmivrstevn\u00fd, zahrnul \u010dty\u0159i kolektory a\u00a0t\u0159i (polo)izol\u00e1tory. V\u00a0oblasti D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edku byl hydraulick\u00fd model sestaven jako \u0161estivrstevn\u00fd, vzhledem k\u00a0odli\u0161n\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m na jihu a\u00a0v\u00a0rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti, ob\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti oblasti jsou odd\u011blen\u00e9 d\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm zlomem.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky hydraulick\u00fdch model\u016f byly kalibrov\u00e1ny daty o\u00a0re\u00e1ln\u00e9m pr\u016fb\u011bhu hladin podzemn\u00edch vod, bylo simulov\u00e1no proud\u011bn\u00ed podzemn\u00ed vody, byly podchyceny vlivy \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0infiltrace na re\u017eim a\u00a0stav podzemn\u00edch vod. Byl proveden v\u00fdpo\u010det p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f a\u00a0vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed podzemn\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky modelov\u00fdch simulac\u00ed<\/h2>\n

V\u00fdslednou etapou prac\u00ed bylo vyu\u017eit\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f\u00a0\u2013 matematick\u00fdch hydraulick\u00fdch model\u016f pro simulace dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje zkouman\u00fdch hydrogeologick\u00fdch struktur. K\u00a0dispozici byly klimatick\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0dat IPCC, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na\u00a0p\u0159edpokladu trval\u00e9ho oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed. Po zad\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdch teplotn\u00edch zm\u011bn do sr\u00e1\u017ekoodtokov\u00fdch model\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159ipravit modelov\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdi, kter\u00e9 predikuj\u00ed pokles efektivn\u00ed infiltrace. Tento pokles jde na vrub zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hodnoty v\u00fdparu a\u00a0transpirace vegeta\u010dn\u00edm pokryvem. Po zv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed nejistot jsme se rozhodli realizovat vodohospod\u00e1\u0159skou progn\u00f3zu s\u00a0v\u00fdhledem 30 let.<\/p>\n

Modely bylo simulov\u00e1no celkem deset sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f pro ka\u017edou zkoumanou oblast, kter\u00e9 zohlednily varianty mo\u017en\u00e9ho klimatick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje a\u00a0p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 varianty v\u00fdvoje vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod. P\u0159\u00edklad modelov\u00e9ho sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hladin podzemn\u00edch vod p\u0159i sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed evapotranspirac\u00ed a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi odb\u011bry podzemn\u00edch vod zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje obr. 5.<\/em><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 5. Modelov\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hladin podzemn\u00edch vod na p\u0159\u00edkladu sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi odb\u011bry a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed evapotranspirac\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti H\u0159ensko-K\u0159inice
\nFig. 5. Situation of model scenario groundwater levels decreasing by dry period and extension of water use in area H\u0159ensko-K\u0159inice<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n

P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje na \u00fazem\u00ed H\u0159ensko-K\u0159inice (oblast \u010cesko-sask\u00e9ho \u0160v\u00fdcarska) byly modelem ov\u011b\u0159eny na 250 mm za rok, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 1 481 l\/s. Vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zajist\u00ed nep\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hydrogeologick\u00e9 struktury, \u010din\u00ed 623 l\/s. P\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00fdch odb\u011brech ve v\u00fd\u0161i 105 l\/s\u00a0jsou disponibiln\u00ed zdroje podzemn\u00ed vody 518 l\/s.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje \u00fazem\u00ed D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edku byly modelem ov\u011b\u0159eny na 130\u00a0mm za rok, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 724 l\/s. Vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zajist\u00ed nep\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hydrogeologick\u00e9 struktury, \u010din\u00ed 321 l\/s. P\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00fdch odb\u011brech ve v\u00fd\u0161i 78\u00a0l\/s\u00a0jsou disponibiln\u00ed zdroje podzemn\u00ed vody 243 l\/s.<\/p>\n

Sestaven\u00e9 modely proud\u011bn\u00ed podzemn\u00ed vody jsou zjednodu\u0161enou simulac\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch proces\u016f. Modelov\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00e9 testy prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee v\u00a0oblastech H\u0159ensko-K\u0159inice i\u00a0D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edk by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161it \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00edch povolen\u00fdch odb\u011br\u016f hlavn\u00edho turonsk\u00e9ho kolektoru a\u017e na 115 %, a\u00a0to i\u00a0za sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 infiltrace (tedy v\u00a0such\u00e9m obdob\u00ed). To by znamenalo pro oblast H\u0159ensko-K\u0159inice na \u010desk\u00e9 stran\u011b a\u017e 125,9 l\/s\u00a0a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u011b na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 stran\u011b 80,5 l\/s. Obdobn\u011b v\u00a0oblasti D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho Sn\u011b\u017en\u00edku by toto zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed na \u010desk\u00e9 stran\u011b mohlo dos\u00e1hnout a\u017e 106,8 l\/s\u00a0a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u011b na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 stran\u011b 13,8 l\/s. V\u00a0uveden\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba po\u010d\u00edtat s\u00a0poklesy hladin podzemn\u00edch vod a\u017e v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch jednotek metr\u016f. P\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e1 nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed odb\u011br\u016f v\u0161ak mohou m\u00edt (p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed) dopady nejen na v\u00fd\u0161i hladin podzemn\u00edch vod, ale i\u00a0na poklesy vydatnosti a\u017e vysych\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch pramen\u016f \u010di drobn\u00fdch vodote\u010d\u00ed. Proto je ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odb\u011br podzemn\u00edch vod t\u0159eba d\u016fkladn\u011b zv\u00e1\u017eit. K\u00a0posouzen\u00ed mohou napomoci i\u00a0sestaven\u00e9 modely proud\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pro pot\u0159eby z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva pitnou vodou se v\u00a0dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b turonsk\u00fd kolektor (BC \u010di 2 + 3), a\u00a0to pouze ve vybran\u00fdch oblastech. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee vyu\u017eit\u00ed dob\u0159e chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9ho baz\u00e1ln\u00edho k\u0159\u00eddov\u00e9ho kolektoru (A\u00a0\u010di 4) je zde n\u00edzk\u00e9, v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech nulov\u00e9, je mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eovat tento kolektor za v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rezervn\u00ed zdroj podzemn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

C\u00edlem proveden\u00e9 studie byl v\u00fdzkum mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed a\u00a0ochrana p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch podzemn\u00edch vod. Na p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch \u010desko-sask\u00fdch oblastech s\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi z\u00e1sobami podzemn\u00edch vod byl realizov\u00e1n podrobn\u00fd geologick\u00fd i\u00a0hydrogeologick\u00fd pr\u016fzkum, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed i\u00a0proveden\u00ed dvou hlubok\u00fdch hydrogeologick\u00fdch vrt\u016f.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00edskan\u00fdch poznatk\u016f byly sestaveny matematick\u00e9 modely\u00a0ve stacion\u00e1rn\u00edm a\u00a0pozd\u011bji i\u00a0v\u00a0transientn\u00edm re\u017eimu. V\u00a0p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch \u010desko-sask\u00fdch oblastech byly mj. vypo\u010dteny p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159eny zdroje vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9. Modelov\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00e9 testy prok\u00e1zaly mo\u017en\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed odb\u011br\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod i\u00a0za klimaticky nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje, ov\u0161em za cenu pokles\u016f hladin podzemn\u00edch vod, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vydatnosti pramen\u016f.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0proveden\u00fdch studi\u00ed a\u00a0model\u016f vyplynulo, \u017ee d\u016fvodem zm\u011bn vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu a\u00a0vodn\u00ed bilance v\u00a0krajin\u011b jsou v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e jak klimatick\u00e9 vlivy, tak i\u00a0vlivy antropogenn\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na odb\u011bry podzemn\u00edch vod. Ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod t\u00e9to oblasti existuj\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rezervy.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Projekt ResiBil byl financov\u00e1n z\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9ho fondu pro region\u00e1ln\u00ed rozvoj z\u00a0Programu spolupr\u00e1ce \u010cesk\u00e1 republika\u00a0\u2013 Svobodn\u00fd st\u00e1t Sasko 2014\u20132020, registrovan\u00fd pod \u010d\u00edslem 100267011.<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl za finan\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00ed intern\u00edho grantu V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho T.\u00a0G. Masaryka, v. v. i. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

An interesting and useful topic that can be addressed within the European Union is the issue of transboundary aquifers. Groundwater is often used as an important water resource on both sides of a\u00a0common state border and can therefore be affected by cross-border waters.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":8620,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[308,1997,1996,1935],"coauthors":[331,1900,851,1991],"class_list":["post-8621","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-groundwater","tag-groundwater-protection","tag-groundwater-use","tag-numerical-model"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8621","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8621"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8621\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30602,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8621\/revisions\/30602"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8620"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8621"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8621"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8621"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=8621"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}