{"id":8531,"date":"2020-08-24T14:13:33","date_gmt":"2020-08-24T13:13:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=8531"},"modified":"2024-07-17T10:49:14","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T09:49:14","slug":"impact-of-the-nuclear-power-plant-temelin-on-concentration-of-selected-radionuclides-in-the-hydrosphere","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2020\/08\/impact-of-the-nuclear-power-plant-temelin-on-concentration-of-selected-radionuclides-in-the-hydrosphere\/","title":{"rendered":"Impact of the Nuclear power plant Temel\u00edn on concentration of selected radionuclides in the hydrosphere"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku jsou prezentov\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky dlouhodob\u00e9ho sledov\u00e1n\u00ed radionuklid\u016f cesia 137, stroncia 90 a\u00a0tritia v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vod\u011b v\u00a0okol\u00ed Jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny Temel\u00edn (d\u00e1le jen JE Temel\u00edn). Tyto radionuklidy poch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0rezidu\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed po atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch testech jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed a\u00a0hav\u00e1rii jadern\u00e9ho reaktoru v\u00a0\u010cernobylu v\u00a0minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed. Na v\u0161ech lokalit\u00e1ch byl pozorov\u00e1n pokles objemov\u00fdch aktivit cesia 137 a\u00a0stroncia 90. I\u00a0p\u0159esto, \u017ee velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st hodnot koncentrac\u00ed t\u011bchto radionuklid\u016f je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti na \u00farovni nejmen\u0161\u00edch detekovateln\u00fdch aktivit, st\u00e1le je rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jsou v\u00fdpusti t\u011bchto radionuklid\u016f, resp. aktiva\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0\u0161t\u011bpn\u00fdch produkt\u016f, z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tritia byl v\u00a0profilech neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch provozem JE pozorov\u00e1n pomal\u00fd pokles objemov\u00fdch aktivit, kter\u00e9 se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu pozad\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edmu geografick\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. V\u00a0profilech ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch provozem JE Temel\u00edn byl pozorov\u00e1n postupn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst aktivit tritia, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdpustem ud\u00e1van\u00fdch provozovatelem. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity hodnocen\u00fdch radionuklid\u016f vyhovuj\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016fm na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy 401\/2015 Sb. v\u00a0ukazatel\u00edch radioaktivn\u00edch l\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou a\u00a0provozem JE Temel\u00edn byla realizov\u00e1na \u0159ada projekt\u016f zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se mo\u017en\u00fdmi vlivy provozu elektr\u00e1rny na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Na projekty z\u00a0p\u0159edprovozn\u00edho obdob\u00ed [1, 2] n\u00e1sledn\u011b nav\u00e1zal zejm\u00e9na Program sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed vlivu Jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny Temel\u00edn na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed [3]. Provoz ka\u017ed\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny je doprov\u00e1zen produkc\u00ed radionuklid\u016f, z\u00a0toho d\u016fvodu je v\u00a0r\u00e1mci sledov\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e1 pozornost v\u011bnov\u00e1na v\u00fdskytu vybran\u00fdch radionuklid\u016f v\u00a0okol\u00ed jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny. Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek se zam\u011b\u0159uje na zhodnocen\u00ed vlivu JE\u00a0Temel\u00edn na obsah vybran\u00fdch radionuklid\u016f\u00a0\u2013 cesia 137, stroncia 90 a\u00a0tritia\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1990\u20132019 na z\u00e1klad\u011b sledov\u00e1n\u00ed citovan\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161e [1\u20133].<\/p>\n

V\u00fdstavba JE Temel\u00edn byla schv\u00e1lena ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1980, vlastn\u00ed realizace byla zah\u00e1jena v\u00a0roce 1987. Z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u011b pl\u00e1novan\u00fdch \u010dty\u0159 blok\u016f byly postaveny dva. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0tlakovodn\u00ed reaktory VVER 1000 typu V\u00a0320. V\u00fdroba elekt\u0159iny byla zah\u00e1jena v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru roku 2000. Aktu\u00e1ln\u011b elektr\u00e1rna pracuje na v\u00fdkonu 2 \u00d7 1082\u00a0MWe [4]. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti je zva\u017eov\u00e1na v\u00fdstavba nov\u00e9ho jadern\u00e9ho zdroje v\u00a0lokalit\u011b Temel\u00edn [5]. JE Temel\u00edn odeb\u00edr\u00e1 surovou vodu z\u00a0vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Hn\u011bvkovice a\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vody vypou\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159es vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e Ko\u0159ensko. Ve sv\u011bt\u011b jsou odpadn\u00ed vody z\u00a0jadern\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed obvykle vypou\u0161t\u011bny do velk\u00fdch \u0159ek, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b do mo\u0159e. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0\u0159ekami, jako jsou nap\u0159. Dunaj nebo R\u00fdn, je Vltava v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fd tok. Vzhledem k\u00a0o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdm klimatick\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m v\u010detn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu hydrologick\u00e9ho sucha se lze ob\u00e1vat mo\u017en\u00e9ho n\u00e1r\u016fstu objemov\u00fdch aktivit radionuklid\u016f pod za\u00fast\u011bn\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod. Proto je jejich sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bnov\u00e1na velk\u00e1 pozornost.<\/p>\n

Tritium (3<\/sup>H), cesium 137 (137<\/sup>Cs) a\u00a0stroncium 90 (90<\/sup>Sr) jsou nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed radionuklidy potenci\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch. Tritium je radioaktivn\u00ed izotop vod\u00edku s\u00a0polo\u010dasem rozpadu 12,32 r, kter\u00fd se p\u0159irozen\u011b vyskytuje v\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed 1 atom na 1018<\/sup> atom\u016f vod\u00edku [6]. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b vznik\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0horn\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch atmosf\u00e9ry p\u016fsoben\u00edm kosmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Vznik\u00e1 i\u00a0p\u0159i um\u011bl\u00fdch jadern\u00fdch reakc\u00edch, stejn\u011b jako cesium 137 a\u00a0stroncium 90, kter\u00e9 jsou radioekologicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vzhledem k\u00a0polo\u010dasu rozpadu 30,2 r, resp. 28,8 r [7]. Ro\u010dn\u00ed kapaln\u00e9 v\u00fdpusti tritia a\u00a0ostatn\u00edch aktiva\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0\u0161t\u011bpn\u00fdch produkt\u016f (AA\u0160P), mezi kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed i\u00a0137<\/sup>Cs a\u00a090<\/sup>Sr, podle \u010cEZ, a. s., [8, 9] jsou uvedeny na obr. 1<\/em>. Z\u00a0\u00fadaj\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee ro\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdpusti 3<\/sup>H jsou v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du des\u00edtek TBq (TBq = 1012<\/sup> Bq), v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2000\u20132019 v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru 40 TBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>. Zat\u00edmco v\u00fdpusti ostatn\u00edch AA\u0160P v \u0159\u00e1du desetin GBq (GBq = 109<\/sup> Bq), v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru 0,2 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>, v\u00fdpusti 137<\/sup>Cs a\u00a090<\/sup>Sr jsou tedy v\u00edce ne\u017e o\u00a0p\u011bt \u0159\u00e1d\u016f men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00fdpusti tritia. Z\u00a0radioekologick\u00e9ho hlediska je tedy v\u00a0kapaln\u00fdch v\u00fdpust\u00edch p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m provozu nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm radionuklidem tritium. Pro posouzen\u00ed vlivu v\u00fdpust\u00ed na obsah hodnocen\u00fdch radionuklid\u016f v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm faktem to, \u017ee odpadn\u00ed vody s\u00a0obsahem radionuklid\u016f jsou po kontroln\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00edch vypou\u0161t\u011bny diskontinu\u00e1ln\u011b, v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru asi 3\u20134 hodiny denn\u011b.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1.\u00a0Ro\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdpusti 3<\/sup>H a AA\u0160P podle \u010cEZ, a. s., JETE [8, 9]
\nFig. 1.\u00a0Annual discharges of 3<\/sup>H and activation and fission products according \u010cEZ, a. s., JETE [8, 9]<\/h6>\n

Hodnocen\u00e9 radionuklidy se v\u00a0okol\u00ed JE Temel\u00edn vyskytovaly je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed jej\u00edm spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm. D\u016fvodem je dozn\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed po testech jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed v\u00a0pades\u00e1t\u00fdch a\u00a0\u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a\u00a0hav\u00e1rii jadern\u00e9ho reaktoru v\u00a0\u010cernobylu v\u00a0roce 1986. Okol\u00ed JE Temel\u00edn pat\u0159\u00ed mezi oblasti u\u00a0n\u00e1s nejv\u00edce zasa\u017een\u00e9 spadem po hav\u00e1rii v\u00a0\u010cernobylu [10]. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tritia se jedn\u00e1 i\u00a0o\u00a0jeho p\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdskyt. I\u00a0proto m\u011bly velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam studie, kter\u00e9 se uskute\u010dnily je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed uveden\u00edm JE Temel\u00edn do provozu, a\u00a0kter\u00e9 zji\u0161\u0165ovaly referen\u010dn\u00ed stav [1, 2].<\/p>\n

D\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky citovan\u00fdch studi\u00ed byly prezentov\u00e1ny nap\u0159. [11\u201313]. Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je prezentovat aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdsledky nyn\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159icetilet\u00e9ho sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdskytu vybran\u00fdch radionuklid\u016f v\u00a0\u0159ece Vltav\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 provozem JE Temel\u00edn a\u00a0zhodnotit p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek elektr\u00e1rny.<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Radionuklidy 3<\/sup>H, 90<\/sup>Sr a\u00a0137<\/sup>Cs byly stanovov\u00e1ny v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vod\u011b ve ve\u0161ker\u00fdch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch. Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo zah\u00e1jeno v\u00a0roce 1990 na profilech Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice, Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje, Otava-P\u00edsek (pozd\u011bji zm\u011bn\u011bn na profil Otava-Top\u011blec, hodnocen\u00ed je pod t\u00edmto ozna\u010den\u00edm)\u00a0\u2013 profily v\u00a0budoucnu p\u0159\u00edmo neovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00fdpustmi odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn, d\u00e1le ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 pouze jako neovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 profily, a\u00a0Vltava-Solenice\u00a0\u2013 profil v\u00a0budoucnu ovlivn\u011bn\u00fd v\u00fdpustmi JE\u00a0Temel\u00edn. Od roku 1996 bylo sledov\u00e1n\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno o\u00a0profil Vltava-Hladn\u00e1, profil cca\u00a04 km pod za\u00fast\u011bn\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod. Mapa odb\u011brov\u00fdch m\u00edst je na obr. 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Mapa odb\u011brov\u00fdch profil\u016f
\nFig. 2. Map of the sampling sites<\/h6>\n

Vzorky byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny podle norem \u010cSN EN ISO 5667 a\u00a0\u010cSN ISO 5667 (soubor) [14\u201317] v\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed 0,25 l (3<\/sup>H), resp. 50 l (137<\/sup>Cs a\u00a090<\/sup>Sr), frekvence odb\u011br\u016f byla \u010dtvrtletn\u00ed. Vzorky na stanoven\u00ed 3<\/sup>H byly konzervov\u00e1ny chlazen\u00edm. Velkoobjemov\u00e9 vzorky pro stanoven\u00ed 137<\/sup>Cs a\u00a090<\/sup>Sr byly stabilizov\u00e1ny okyselen\u00edm kyselinou dusi\u010dnou na pH < 2 a\u00a0p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm sm\u011bsn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de. V\u00a0laborato\u0159i byly vzorky odpa\u0159eny pod bodem varu do sucha, n\u00e1sledn\u011b byly vysu\u0161eny p\u0159i 105 \u00b0C a\u00a0vy\u017e\u00edh\u00e1ny p\u0159i 350\u00a0\u00b0C. Vy\u017e\u00edhan\u00fd odparek byl uzav\u0159en do p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed n\u00e1doby. Stanoven\u00ed 137<\/sup>Cs a\u00a090<\/sup>Sr tedy postihuje ve\u0161ker\u00e9 l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n

Stanoven\u00ed objemov\u00e9 aktivity tritia bylo uskute\u010dn\u011bno podle \u010cSN EN ISO 9698 [18]. Pro stanoven\u00ed byly pou\u017eity n\u00edzkopoza\u010fov\u00e9 kapalinov\u00e9 scintila\u010dn\u00ed spektrometry Quantulus 1220 od firmy WALLAC a\u00a0TriCarb 3170\/TRSL od firmy Canberra Packard. Podm\u00ednky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzork\u016f z\u00a0lokalit ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdpustmi z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn byly nastaveny tak, aby pro tritium byla nejmen\u0161\u00ed detekovateln\u00e1 aktivita (cND<\/sub>) cca 2 Bq\/l, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch vzork\u016f cca 1 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ve velkoobjemov\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch vod po p\u0159ed\u00faprav\u011b bylo nejd\u0159\u00edve gamaspektrometricky stanoveno 137<\/sup>Cs (podle \u010cSN EN ISO 10\u00a0703 [19]) a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b bylo radiochemicky analyzov\u00e1no 90<\/sup>Sr [20]. Pro stanoven\u00ed 137<\/sup>Cs byla pou\u017eita gamaspektrometrick\u00e1 trasa s\u00a0polovodi\u010dov\u00fdm germaniov\u00fdm detektorem REGe fy Canberra Packard. Nejmen\u0161\u00ed detekovateln\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita (cND<\/sub>) pro 137<\/sup>Cs na hladin\u011b v\u00fdznamnosti chyb pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed prvn\u00edho a\u00a0druh\u00e9ho typu \u03b1 = \u03b2 = 0,05 byla v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na dob\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed zpracovan\u00e9ho vzorku cca 0,5 mBq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>. Stanoven\u00ed 90<\/sup>Sr bylo provedeno \u0161\u0165avelanovou sr\u00e1\u017eec\u00ed metodou [20]. Pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed aktivity byl pou\u017eit proporcion\u00e1ln\u00ed detektor fy TESLA s\u00a0vyhodnocovac\u00ed jednotkou MC 2256, pozd\u011bji alfa\u00a0\u2013 beta automat EMS 3 s\u00a0plynovou pr\u016fto\u010dnou sondou POB 302 fy EMPOS. Nejmen\u0161\u00ed detekovateln\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita (cND<\/sub>) na hladin\u011b v\u00fdznamnosti \u03b1 = \u03b2 = 0,05 byla pro 90<\/sup>Sr v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na dob\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed zpracovan\u00e9ho vzorku a\u00a0chemick\u00e9ho v\u00fdt\u011b\u017eku cca 2 mBq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hodnot men\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e nejmen\u0161\u00ed detekovateln\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita byl pro jejich dal\u0161\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed aplikov\u00e1n postup podle sm\u011brnice Komise 2009\/90\/ES, resp. Nesm\u011br\u00e1ka [21]. Byl pou\u017eit reduk\u010dn\u00ed koeficient k\u00a0= 0,5, tj. byla pou\u017eita hodnota rovn\u00e1 0,5 cND<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

Pro hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje objemov\u00fdch aktivit radionuklid\u016f v\u00a0\u010dase byla pou\u017eita regresn\u00ed anal\u00fdza rovnice vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed \u00fapravou rovnice (1) pro radioaktivn\u00ed p\u0159em\u011bnu:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nC<\/em>t<\/sub><\/td>\nje<\/td>\nobjemov\u00e1 aktivita radionuklidu v\u00a0\u010dase t<\/em> (Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>),<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n \u03bb<\/em>ef<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/td>\nefektivn\u00ed (pozorovan\u00e1) p\u0159em\u011bnov\u00e1 konstanta, z\u00edskan\u00e1 jako sm\u011brnice p\u0159\u00edmky poklesu (r-1<\/sup>),<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nt<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u010das (r),<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nC<\/em>0<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/td>\nobjemov\u00e1 aktivita radionuklidu v\u00a0\u010dase t <\/em>= 0 (Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Statistick\u00e1 v\u00fdznamnost regresn\u00ed k\u0159ivky byla ov\u011b\u0159ena pomoc\u00ed Pearsonova koeficientu. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byl vypo\u010dten efektivn\u00ed (pozorovan\u00fd) polo\u010das radionuklidu T<\/em>ef<\/sub> (r) podle rovnice (2) [22]:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Ro\u010dn\u00ed bilance aktivity (B) radionuklidu v\u00a0profilu (Bq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>) byla vypo\u010dtena podle rovnice (3):<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nC<\/em>j<\/sub><\/td>\nje<\/td>\nro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita radionuklidu v\u00a0profilu j<\/em> (Bq\u00b7m-3<\/sup>),<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nQ<\/em>j<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/td>\nro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd pr\u016ftok v\u00a0profilu j<\/em> v\u00a0roce (m3<\/sup>\u00b7s-1<\/sup>),<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nt<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\ndoba trv\u00e1n\u00ed 1 roku (s\u00b7r-1<\/sup>).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n

Nejd\u00e9le sledovan\u00fdm radionuklidem je 137<\/sup>Cs, kter\u00e9 je v\u00a0hodnocen\u00fdch profilech sledov\u00e1no od roku 1990. V\u00fdvoj objemov\u00e9 aktivity 137<\/sup>Cs je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn na obr. 3<\/em>. Pro uk\u00e1zku je uveden v\u00e1\u017een\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch objemov\u00fdch aktivit v\u00a0neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech\u00a0\u2013 Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice, Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje, Otava-Top\u011blec a\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity v\u00a0profilu Vltava-Solenice ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m v\u00fdpustmi z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0obr. 3<\/em> je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee zat\u00edmco na za\u010d\u00e1tku sledovan\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed byly zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity a\u017e des\u00edtky mBq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>, v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru tohoto obdob\u00ed to bylo < 1 mBq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>, a\u00a0to jak na profilech neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch, tak v\u00a0profilu ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m provozem JE Temel\u00edn. V\u011bt\u0161ina hodnot v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru hodnocen\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed byla <\u00a0cND<\/sub>. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 hodnoty jsou po celou dobu \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je hodnota p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed cmax<\/sub>= 2 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> i\u00a0ne\u017e norma environment\u00e1ln\u00ed kvality, ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br NEK-RP = 0,5 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> podle na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy 401\/2015 Sb [23]. V\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let byl pozorov\u00e1n v\u00fdrazn\u011b rychlej\u0161\u00ed pokles aktivit. Pro obdob\u00ed 1990\u20131994 byly v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch profilech vyhodnocen\u00e9 efektivn\u00ed polo\u010dasy 137<\/sup>Cs v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 1,1\u20132,8 r, na neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech to bylo pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 1,3 r, v\u00a0profilu Vltava-Solenice 1,4 r (p\u0159ehled pro v\u0161echny profily je uveden v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em>). Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0dozn\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed vliv hav\u00e1rie jadern\u00e9ho reaktoru v\u00a0\u010cernobylu. Po roce 1995 bylo pozorov\u00e1no zpomalen\u00ed rychlosti ub\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed 137<\/sup>Cs. V\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1995\u20132019 byly pozorovan\u00e9 polo\u010dasy v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 9,4\u201312,4 r. Pro neovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 profily to bylo 11,5\u00a0r, pro profil Vltava-Solenice 12,4 r. Trval\u00fd pokles objemov\u00fdch aktivit pokra\u010doval i\u00a0po roce 2000, kdy byla uvedena do provozu JE Temel\u00edn.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. V\u00fdvoj objemov\u00e9 aktivity 137<\/sup>Cs (c137Cs<\/sub>) v\u00a0profilech neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdpustmi z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn, v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m profilu Vltava-Solenice a\u00a0hodnota p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Cmax<\/sub> a\u00a0NEK-RP podle NV 401\/2015 Sb. [23]
\nFig. 3. Temporal changes of 137<\/sup>Cs concentration (c137Cs<\/sub>) in profiles not effected by discharges from the NPP Temel\u00edn, in the Vltava River at Solenice (effected profile) and value of permissible pollution Cmax<\/sub> and environmental quality standard-annual average NEK-RP according NV 401\/2015 Sb. [23]<\/h6>\n

S\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed 137<\/sup>Cs a\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f vody v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m profilu byly podle rovnice (3) vypo\u010dteny ro\u010dn\u00ed bilance 137<\/sup>Cs (B137Cs<\/sub>) ve sledovan\u00fdch profilech.<\/p>\n

Vypo\u010dten\u00e9 bilance byly porovn\u00e1ny s\u00a0publikovan\u00fdmi\u00a0\u00fadaji o\u00a0v\u00fdpustech AA\u0160P [8,\u00a09]. Z\u00a0podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho hodnocen\u00ed byl vylou\u010den rok 2002, kter\u00fd byl ovlivn\u011bn extr\u00e9mn\u00edmi pr\u016ftoky. Podrobn\u011bji bylo tedy zpracov\u00e1no obdob\u00ed 2003\u20132019. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 vypo\u010dten\u00e1 bilance v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1996\u20132019 (resp. 2003\u20132019) byla na neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice 1,0 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> (resp. 0,6 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>), Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje 1,4 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> (resp. 1,1 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>) a\u00a0Otava-Top\u011blec 1,5 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> (resp. 1,0 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>), v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech Vltava-Hladn\u00e1 2,8 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> (resp. 2,1 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>) a\u00a0Vltava-Solenice 1,7 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> (resp. 1,1 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>). V\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn tedy antropogenn\u00ed pozad\u00ed 137<\/sup>Cs v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2003-2019 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9 jako sou\u010det pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch bilanc\u00ed v\u00a0profilech Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice a\u00a0Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje bylo 1,7 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>, zat\u00edmco pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00fdpust AA\u0160P v\u00a0tomto obdob\u00ed byla 0,2 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> [8, 9]. Na obr.\u00a04<\/em> je zobrazen v\u00fdvoj \u201epozad\u00ed 137<\/sup>Cs\u201c v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9ho jako sou\u010det bilance 137<\/sup>Cs v\u00a0profilech Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice a\u00a0Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje, bilance 137<\/sup>Cs v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m profilu Vltava-Solenice a\u00a0v\u00fdpust\u00ed AA\u0160P. I\u00a0p\u0159i provozu JE Temel\u00edn byly na ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m profilu Vltava-Solenice zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1ny po celou dobu men\u0161\u00ed koncentrace i\u00a0bilance 137<\/sup>Cs ne\u017e v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech. Je to zp\u016fsobeno vazbou 137<\/sup>Cs na nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky a\u00a0jejich sedimentac\u00ed ve vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei Orl\u00edk. Vliv JE Temel\u00edn tedy nebyl detekov\u00e1n na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m profilu, resp. mo\u017en\u00fd vliv je zcela p\u0159ekryt\u00fd rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 4. V\u00fdvoj antropogenn\u00edho pozad\u00ed 137<\/sup>Cs v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9ho jako sou\u010det bilance 137<\/sup>Cs v\u00a0profilech Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice a\u00a0Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje, bilance 137<\/sup>Cs v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m profilu Vltava-Solenice a\u00a0v\u00fdpusti AA\u0160P podle \u010cEZ, a. s., JETE [8, 9]
\nFig. 4. Temporal changes of activity 137<\/sup>Cs balances (artificial bacground of 137<\/sup>Cs, calculated as a\u00a0sum of 137<\/sup>Cs balances in the Vltava River at Hn\u011bvkovice and the Lu\u017enice River at Kolod\u011bje), balance at effected in the Vltava River at Solenice and discharges of activation and fission products according \u010cEZ, a. s., JETE [8, 9]<\/h6>\n

Stanoven\u00ed 90<\/sup>Sr je prov\u00e1d\u011bno od roku 1993. V\u00fdvoj objemov\u00e9 aktivity 90<\/sup>Sr je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn na obr. 5<\/em>. Je uveden v\u00e1\u017een\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br ro\u010dn\u00edch objemov\u00fdch aktivit na neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech a\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity v\u00a0profilu Vltava-Solenice ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m v\u00fdpustmi z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku sledovan\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed byly pozorov\u00e1ny ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity do 10 mBq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>, na konci obdob\u00ed pak pouze < 2 mBq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>. Na v\u0161ech sledovan\u00fdch profilech byly pozorovan\u00e9 hodnoty velmi podobn\u00e9, jak v\u00a0profilech neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch, tak v\u00a0profilu Vltava-Solenice ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m provozem JE Temel\u00edn. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 hodnoty jsou tedy po celou dobu \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e je hodnota p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed cmax<\/sub>= 1 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> i\u00a0norma environment\u00e1ln\u00ed kvality ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br NEK-RP= 0,2 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> podle na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy 401\/2015 Sb. [23].<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 5. V\u00fdvoj objemov\u00e9 aktivity 90<\/sup>Sr (c90Sr<\/sub>) v\u00a0profilech neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdpustmi z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn, v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m profilu Vltava-Solenice a\u00a0hodnota p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Cmax<\/sub> a\u00a0NEK-RP podle NV 401\/2015 Sb. [23]
\nFig. 5. Temporal changes of 90<\/sup>Sr concentration (c90Sr<\/sub>) in profiles not effected by discharges from the NPP Temel\u00edn and in the Vltava River at Solenice (effected profile), value of permissible pollution Cmax<\/sub> and environmental quality standard-annual average NEK-RP according NV 401\/2015 Sb. [23]<\/h6>\n

Po cel\u00e9 sledovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed byl pozorov\u00e1n trval\u00fd pokles ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch objemov\u00fdch aktivit 90<\/sup>Sr. Na rozd\u00edl od 137<\/sup>Cs nebyla zji\u0161t\u011bna zm\u011bna v\u00a0rychlosti tohoto poklesu. Vyhodnocen\u00fd efektivn\u00ed polo\u010das byl na v\u0161ech profilech shodn\u011b cca 10 r (tabulka 1<\/em>). Tak jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b 137<\/sup>Cs byly s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch objemov\u00fdch aktivit 90<\/sup>Sr a\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f vody v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m profilu vypo\u010dteny ro\u010dn\u00ed bilance 90<\/sup>Sr (B90Sr<\/sub>) ve sledovan\u00fdch profilech. Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed bylo provedeno shodn\u011b jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b 137<\/sup>Cs\u00a0\u2013 bylo hodnoceno obdob\u00ed 2003\u20132019. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 vypo\u010dten\u00e1 bilance v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1996\u20132019, (resp. 2003\u20132019) byla na neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice 3,6\u00a0GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> (3,3\u00a0GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>), Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje 3,5 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> (3,1 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>) a\u00a0Otava-Top\u011blec 2,4 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> (2,2 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>), v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech Vltava-Hladn\u00e1 7,7 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> (6,8 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>) a\u00a0Vltava-Solenice 12,1 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> (10,9 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>). V\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn tedy antropogenn\u00ed pozad\u00ed 90<\/sup>Sr v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2003\u20132019 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9 jako sou\u010det pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch bilanc\u00ed v\u00a0profilech Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice a\u00a0Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje bylo 5,1\u00a0GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>, zat\u00edmco pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00fdpust AA\u0160P v\u00a0tomto obdob\u00ed byla 0,2 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> [8, 9]. Na obr. 6<\/em> je zobrazen v\u00fdvoj \u201epozad\u00ed 90<\/sup>Sr\u201c v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9ho jako sou\u010det bilance 90<\/sup>Sr v\u00a0profilech Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice a\u00a0Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje, bilance 90<\/sup>Sr v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m profilu Vltava-Solenice a\u00a0v\u00fdpust\u00ed AA\u0160P. Tak jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b 137<\/sup>Cs m\u016f\u017eeme konstatovat, \u017ee vliv JE Temel\u00edn v\u00a0ukazateli 90<\/sup>Sr nebyl detekov\u00e1n na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m profilu, resp. mo\u017en\u00fd vliv je zcela p\u0159ekryt\u00fd rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 6. V\u00fdvoj antropogenn\u00edho pozad\u00ed 90<\/sup>Sr v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9ho jako sou\u010det bilance 90<\/sup>Sr v\u00a0profilech Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice a\u00a0Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje, bilance 90<\/sup>Sr v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m profilu Vltava-Solenice a\u00a0v\u00fdpust\u00ed AA\u0160P podle \u010cEZ, a. s., JETE [8, 9]
\nFig. 6. Temporal changes of activity 90<\/sup>Sr balances (artificial bacground of 90<\/sup>Sr, calculated as sum of 90<\/sup>Sr balances in the Vltava River at Hn\u011bvkovice and the Lu\u017enice River at Kolod\u011bje), balance at effected in the Vltava River at Solenice and discharges of activation and fission products according \u010cEZ, a. s., JETE [8, 9]<\/h6>\n
Tabulka 1. P\u0159ehled vyhodnocen\u00fdch efektivn\u00edch polo\u010das\u016f Tef<\/sub>\u00a0 hodnocen\u00fdch radionuklid\u016f v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vod\u011b
\nTable 1. Overview of evaluated effective half lifes in surface water<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed tritia bylo v\u00a0hodnocen\u00fdch profilech zah\u00e1jeno t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed uveden\u00edm JE Temel\u00edn do provozu. V\u00fdvoj ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch objemov\u00fdch aktivit 3<\/sup>H v\u00a0neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech a\u00a0profilech ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch provozem elektr\u00e1rny je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn na obr. 7.<\/em><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 7. V\u00fdvoj objemov\u00e9 aktivity 3<\/sup>H (c3H<\/sub>) v\u00a0profilech neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdpustmi z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn, v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech Vltava-Hladn\u00e1 a\u00a0Solenice a\u00a0hodnoty p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Cmax<\/sub> a\u00a0CRP<\/sub> a\u00a0NEK-RP podle NV 401\/2015 Sb. [23]
\nFig. 7. Temporal changes of 3<\/sup>H concentration (c3H<\/sub>) in profiles not effected by discharges of wastewaters from the NPP Temel\u00edn and in Vltava River at Solenice and Hladn\u00e1 (effected profiles) and value of permissible pollution Cmax<\/sub> and CRP<\/sub> and environmental quality standard-annual average NEK-RP according NV 401\/2015 Sb. [23]<\/h6>\n

P\u0159ed spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm JE Temel\u00edn byla pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed objemov\u00e1 aktivita ve v\u0161ech profilech shodn\u011b cca 1,5 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>, od jej\u00edho spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je vid\u011bt postupn\u00e9 navy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed objemov\u00fdch aktivit 3<\/sup>H v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech, zat\u00edmco na neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech je pozorov\u00e1n m\u00edrn\u00fd, ale trval\u00fd pokles zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch aktivit. Na konci hodnocen\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed (2019) byla pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita v\u00a0neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech < 1 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> (v\u011bt\u0161ina hodnot byla < cND<\/sub>), v\u00a0profilu Vltava-Hladn\u00e1 to bylo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 13\u00a0Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> a\u00a0v\u00a0profilu Solenice 20\u00a0Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>. V\u00a0profilu Vltava-Hladn\u00e1 m\u011bly zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity (jak okam\u017eit\u00e9, tak ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9) v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozp\u011bt\u00ed hodnot ne\u017e v\u00a0profilu Vltava-Solenice. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 hodnoty jsou po celou dobu ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je hodnota p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed cmax<\/sub>= 3 500\u00a0Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> i\u00a0norma environment\u00e1ln\u00ed kvality ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br NEK-RP = 1 000 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> a\u00a0v\u00a0profilu Vltava-Solenice, kde je relevantn\u00ed i\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed, zda povrchov\u00e1 voda vyhovuje u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pro \u00fapravu na vodu pitnou, i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br cRP<\/sub>= 100 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> podle na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy 401\/2015 Sb. [23].<\/p>\n

I\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b 3<\/sup>H byly porovn\u00e1ny bilance (B3H<\/sub>) v\u00a0hodnocen\u00fdch profilech vypo\u010dten\u00e9 na z\u00e1klad\u011b ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch objemov\u00fdch aktivit a\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f vody, kter\u00e9 byly porovn\u00e1ny s\u00a0\u00fadaji o\u00a0kapaln\u00fdch v\u00fdpustech 3<\/sup>H z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn. Zat\u00edmco pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 pozad\u00ed 3<\/sup>H (souhrnn\u011b antropogenn\u00edho a\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu) v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod bylo 1,5 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>. Bilance 3<\/sup>H v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech je v\u00fdznamn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Jak bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, objemov\u00e9 aktivity 3<\/sup>H v\u00a0profilu Vltava-Hladn\u00e1, jsou ve velk\u00e9m rozp\u011bt\u00ed, to se t\u00fdk\u00e1 i\u00a0vypo\u010dten\u00fdch bilanc\u00ed (v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2003\u20132019: 1\u2013230 TBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 30 TBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>), kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 neodpov\u00eddaj\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdm v\u00fdpustem 3<\/sup>H [8, 9]. Je to zp\u016fsobeno p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm malou vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed tohoto profilu od za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z JE Temel\u00edn (cca 4 km) a diskontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod. Vzhledem k \u010detnosti vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed (4\u00d7 ro\u010dn\u011b) nen\u00ed takto vypo\u010dten\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota v tomto profilu p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vypov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed. V\u00a0profilu Vltava-Solenice, po prom\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed vod ve vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei Orl\u00edk, je u\u017e v\u00fdpov\u011bdn\u00ed hodnota v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0vypo\u010dten\u00e1 bilance (v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2003\u20132019: 8\u201379 TBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 43 TBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>) odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u00fdpustem tritia ud\u00e1van\u00fdch provozovatelem (v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2003\u20132019: 23\u201364 TBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 42 TBq\/r) [8, 9], jak je z\u0159ejm\u00e9 i\u00a0z\u00a0obr. 8.<\/em><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 8. V\u00fdvoj pozad\u00ed 3<\/sup>H v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9ho jako sou\u010det bilance 3<\/sup>H v\u00a0profilech Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice a\u00a0Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje, bilance 3<\/sup>H v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech Vltava-Hladn\u00e1 a\u00a0Solenice a\u00a0v\u00fdpust\u00ed 3<\/sup>H podle \u010cEZ, a. s., JETE [8, 9]
\nFig. 8. Temporal changes of activity 3<\/sup>H balances (artificial + natural bacground of 3<\/sup>H in the Vltava River at Hn\u011bvkovice and the Lu\u017enice River at Kolod\u011bje), the Vltava River at Solenice and discharges of 3<\/sup>H according \u010cEZ, a. s., JETE [8, 9]<\/h6>\n

Jak u\u017e bylo uvedeno d\u0159\u00edve, v\u00a0profilech neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch provozem JE Temel\u00edn byl pozorov\u00e1n m\u00edrn\u00fd pokles ro\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot v\u00a0cel\u00e9m sledovan\u00e9m obdob\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou profilu Otava-Top\u011blec, kde tento pokles nebyl statisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd. Vyhodnocen\u00e9 efektivn\u00ed polo\u010dasy byly del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 20 r. To je v\u00edce ne\u017e je polo\u010das p\u0159em\u011bny 3<\/sup>H 12,3 r [6]. Je to d\u00e1no t\u00edm, \u017ee obsah tritia v\u00a0atmosf\u00e9\u0159e po testech jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed v\u00a0atmosf\u00e9\u0159e v\u00a0minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed u\u017e je velmi mal\u00fd a\u00a0\u00farove\u0148 tritia se postupn\u011b bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu pozad\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je v\u00a0\u010cR odhadov\u00e1no na 0,6 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> [24, 25]. P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek tritia z\u00a0produkce jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren jinde ve sv\u011bt\u011b i\u00a0u\u00a0n\u00e1s je na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed velmi mal\u00fd a\u00a0v\u00a0r\u00e1mci celkov\u00fdch nejistot jej m\u016f\u017eeme zanedbat [25].<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Byl sledov\u00e1n v\u00fdvoj radionuklid\u016f 3<\/sup>H, 137<\/sup>Cs a\u00a090<\/sup>Sr v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch v\u00a0okol\u00ed JE Temel\u00edn. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159icetilet\u00e9 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zahrnuje obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed a\u00a0po uveden\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny do provozu, kdy byly sledov\u00e1ny profily nad i\u00a0pod za\u00fast\u011bn\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto v\u00fdsledk\u016f je proto mo\u017en\u00e9 hodnotit vliv elektr\u00e1rny na obsah t\u011bchto radionuklid\u016f ve sledovan\u00fdch profilech.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b 137<\/sup>Cs a\u00a090<\/sup>Sr byl pozorov\u00e1n trval\u00fd pokles objemov\u00fdch aktivit na v\u0161ech hodnocen\u00fdch profilech\u00a0\u2013 neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch i\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdpustmi z\u00a0JE Temel\u00edn. Zat\u00edmco na po\u010d\u00e1tku sledovan\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed byly pozorovan\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity a\u017e des\u00edtky mBq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>, na konci toho obdob\u00ed byla v\u011bt\u0161ina hodnot men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e cND<\/sub>, tj. < 0,5\u00a0mBq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> (137<\/sup>Cs), resp. < 2 mBq\u00b7l-1<\/sup> (90<\/sup>Sr). Byly vypo\u010dteny ro\u010dn\u00ed bilance t\u011bchto radionuklid\u016f a\u00a0porovn\u00e1ny s\u00a0\u00fadaji provozovatele \u010cEZ,\u00a0a.\u00a0s., JE Temel\u00edn o\u00a0v\u00fdpustech AA\u0160P. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b bilanc\u00ed v\u00a0profilech nad za\u00fast\u011bn\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod\u00a0\u2013 Vltava-Hn\u011bvkovice a\u00a0Lu\u017enice-Kolod\u011bje v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2003\u20132019 bylo odvozeno pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 \u201epozad\u00ed\u201c ro\u010dn\u00ed bilance aktivity 137<\/sup>Cs 1,7\u00a0GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> a\u00a090<\/sup>Sr 5,1\u00a0GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>, zat\u00edmco pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdpusti AA\u0160P nep\u0159es\u00e1hly 0,2 GBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>. Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 pozad\u00ed 137<\/sup>Cs a\u00a090<\/sup>Sr, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace po testech jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed a\u00a0\u010dernobylsk\u00e9 hav\u00e1rii, zat\u00edm zcela p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed kapaln\u00e9 v\u00fdpusti JE Temel\u00edn pro AA\u0160P.<\/p>\n

U\u00a0tritia byl zaznamen\u00e1n v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozd\u00edl ve v\u00fdvoji objemov\u00fdch aktivit na ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch a\u00a0neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech. Na neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech byl pozorov\u00e1n m\u00edrn\u00fd, ale trval\u00fd pokles zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch aktivit. Na konci hodnocen\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed (2019) byla v\u011bt\u0161ina hodnot < cND<\/sub>, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b < 1 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>. Rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed obsah tritia v\u00a0atmosf\u00e9\u0159e po testech jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed v\u00a0minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed u\u017e je velmi mal\u00fd a\u00a0\u00farove\u0148 objemov\u00e9 aktivity tritia v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch se postupn\u011b bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu pozad\u00ed (cca 0,6 Bq\u00b7l-1<\/sup>). V\u00a0profilech ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch provozem JE Temel\u00edn byl po spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny pozorov\u00e1n postupn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst jak sledovan\u00fdch objemov\u00fdch aktivit, tak i\u00a0vypo\u010dten\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edch bilanc\u00ed tritia. Bilance pozad\u00ed tritia p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho i\u00a0antropogenn\u00edho p\u016fvodu v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b v\u00fdpust\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 1,5 TBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 bilance v\u00a0profilu Vltava-Solenice v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2003\u20132019 byla 43 TBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup> a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdpust 3<\/sup>H v\u00a0hodnocen\u00e9m obdob\u00ed byla 42 TBq\u00b7r-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Souhrnn\u011b lze konstatovat, \u017ee provoz dvou blok\u016f elektr\u00e1rny s\u00a0v\u00fdkonem 2000, resp. 2164 MWe, nevedl k\u00a0p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed hodnot p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ani norem environment\u00e1ln\u00ed kvality podle na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy 401\/2015 Sb. v\u00a0ukazatel\u00edch radioaktivn\u00edch l\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The paper presents results and interpretation of long-term monitoring of occurrence and behaviour of selected radionuclides in the vicinity of the Temel\u00edn Nuclear Power Plant (Temelin NPP).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":8528,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[389,480,388,316,213],"coauthors":[327,239,237],"class_list":["post-8531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","tag-caesium-137","tag-radionuclides","tag-strontium-90","tag-surface-water","tag-wastewater"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8531","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8531"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8531\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30593,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8531\/revisions\/30593"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8528"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8531"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8531"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8531"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=8531"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}