![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Richter-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nObr. 1. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed komponenty mok\u0159ad\u016f [8]
\nFig. 1. Basic components of wetlands [8]<\/h6>\n
Podle Mitsche a\u00a0Gosselinga [8] lze d\u016fvody nejednozna\u010dnosti definov\u00e1n\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f shrnout do n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch bod\u016f:<\/p>\n
- \n
- voda je v\u00a0mok\u0159adech p\u0159\u00edtomna po v\u011bt\u0161inu roku, ale jej\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku nebo i\u00a0n\u011bkolika let zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161it; n\u011bkter\u00e9 mok\u0159ady jsou zaplaveny kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b, jin\u00e9 pouze sezonn\u011b,<\/li>\n
- mok\u0159ady jsou jist\u00fdm prodlou\u017een\u00edm terestrick\u00e9ho a\u00a0vodn\u00edho ekosyst\u00e9mu, z\u00e1rove\u0148 nesou znaky obou a\u00a0nemaj\u00ed identitu vodn\u00edch ani such\u00fdch stanovi\u0161\u0165,<\/li>\n
- mok\u0159adn\u00ed druhy rostlin a\u00a0\u017eivo\u010dich\u016f mohou b\u00fdt adaptov\u00e1ny na ekologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky mok\u0159ad\u016f fakultativn\u011b (druhy vyhled\u00e1vaj\u00ed mok\u0159ady) nebo oblig\u00e1tn\u011b (druhy mohou existovat pouze na mok\u0159adu nebo jeho typu, jsou to indik\u00e1tory mok\u0159ad\u016f),<\/li>\n
- r\u016fznorodost mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0nesnadnost jejich definice se projevuje tak\u00e9 v\u00a0jejich rozloze; mok\u0159ady mohou m\u00edt pouze n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo ha nebo i\u00a0m2<\/sup>, ale mohou tak\u00e9 zab\u00edrat obrovsk\u00e9 plochy,<\/li>\n
- velikost mok\u0159ad\u016f je velice d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na pro jejich ochranu a\u00a0management; r\u016fznorod\u00e9 je i\u00a0rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch typech krajin,<\/li>\n
- stav mok\u0159ad\u016f nebo stupe\u0148 jejich antropogenn\u00edho ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed se li\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci st\u00e1t\u016f, jednotliv\u00fdch region\u016f nebo v\u00a0r\u00e1mci r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f mok\u0159ad\u016f; odli\u0161n\u00e9 probl\u00e9my se objevuj\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9, industrializovan\u00e9 nebo urbanizovan\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
V\u00a0Ramsarsk\u00e9 \u00famluv\u011b o\u00a0mok\u0159adech [9] se mok\u0159ady rozum\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly, slatinami, ra\u0161elini\u0161ti a\u00a0vodami p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi nebo um\u011bl\u00fdmi, trval\u00fdmi nebo do\u010dasn\u00fdmi, stojat\u00fdmi i\u00a0tekouc\u00edmi, sladk\u00fdmi, brakick\u00fdmi nebo slan\u00fdmi, v\u010detn\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0mo\u0159skou vodou, jej\u00ed\u017e hloubka p\u0159i odlivu nep\u0159esahuje \u0161est metr\u016f.<\/p>\n
V\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky jsou k\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016fm \u0159azeny zejm\u00e9na rybn\u00edky a\u00a0jejich litor\u00e1ly, zaplavovan\u00e9 nebo mokr\u00e9 louky a\u00a0prameni\u0161t\u011b, t\u016fn\u011b, r\u00e1kosiny, ost\u0159icov\u00e9 louky, \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed nivy v\u010detn\u011b lu\u017en\u00edch les\u016f, ra\u0161elini\u0161t\u011b, podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 smr\u010diny, zatopen\u00e9 lomy, \u0161t\u011brkovny, p\u00edskovny a\u00a0tak\u00e9 mok\u0159ady um\u011bl\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny odpadn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n
Historick\u00e9 souvislosti a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav krajiny<\/h2>\n
Ji\u017e od sam\u00fdch po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f existence lidsk\u00e9 civilizace \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, a\u0165 ji\u017e v\u011bdom\u011b nebo nev\u011bdom\u011b, sv\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. S\u00a0n\u00e1sledky t\u00e9to \u010dinnosti se p\u0159\u00edroda vyrovn\u00e1vala bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0bez trval\u00e9ho negativn\u00edho vlivu na fungov\u00e1n\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Teprve s\u00a0p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm po\u010dtem lid\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159echodem na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny doch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f, v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 \u010dlov\u011bkem, av\u0161ak bez podstatn\u00e9ho naru\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy. V\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my nast\u00e1vaj\u00ed teprve s\u00a0prudk\u00fdm n\u00e1r\u016fstem po\u010dtu jedinc\u016f v\u00a0lidsk\u00e9 populaci. Zem\u011bd\u011blci nikdy nevytv\u00e1\u0159eli krajinu na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00fdch estetick\u00fdch z\u00e1m\u011br\u016f, ale krajina byla vedlej\u0161\u00edm produktem jejich hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. V\u017edy bojovali s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodou, jejich z\u00e1kladn\u00ed starost\u00ed bylo u\u017eivit vlastn\u00ed rodiny a\u00a0uspokojit po\u017eadavky vlastn\u00edk\u016f p\u016fdy. Av\u0161ak zku\u0161enost je nau\u010dila nap\u0159. udr\u017eovat meze, chr\u00e1nit pole a\u00a0krajinu p\u0159ed eroz\u00ed a\u00a0udr\u017eovat v\u00a0p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9m rozsahu lesy. Postoje zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b jako k\u00a0n\u011b\u010demu, s\u00a0\u010d\u00edm se mus\u00ed bojovat, p\u0159etrv\u00e1valy i\u00a0v\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b, kdy byly v\u00fdnosy z\u00a0pol\u00ed mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, a\u00a0nemuseli m\u00edt takov\u00e9 obavy o\u00a0u\u017eiven\u00ed rodiny. P\u0159esto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edrodu omezovali a\u00a0sna\u017eili se ji co nejv\u00edce eliminovat, nebyli a\u017e do ur\u010dit\u00e9 doby, schopni dos\u00e1hnout dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00edho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich technologick\u00e1 vysp\u011blost nebyla dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed [10]. Krajinn\u00e9 prvky jako jsou ke\u0159e, pestr\u00e9 porosty mez\u00ed a\u00a0luk, spole\u010denstva drobn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f aj., ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 a\u00a0ekologicky cenn\u00e9, jsou v\u00a0podstat\u011b drobn\u00fdmi \u00fasp\u011bchy p\u0159\u00edrody, na kter\u00e9 bylo lidsk\u00e9 sna\u017een\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 [11]. V\u00fdrazn\u00e9 stopy zanechalo v\u00a0krajin\u011b p\u016fsoben\u00ed mocensk\u00fdch elit v\u00a0letech 1948\u20131989. K\u00a0nejpatrn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm trval\u00fdm krajinn\u00fdm z\u00e1sah\u016fm pat\u0159ila kolektivizace zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Rozor\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm mez\u00ed, ru\u0161en\u00edm mnoha poln\u00edch cest a\u00a0scelov\u00e1n\u00edm pol\u00ed a\u00a0luk vznikaly pozemky s\u00a0mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozlohou [12]. V\u00a060. a\u00a070. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed do\u0161lo vlivem meliorac\u00ed, regulac\u00ed drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0vysu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm mok\u0159ad\u016f k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vodn\u00edch a\u00a0mok\u0159adn\u00edch ploch. Trendem bylo postupn\u00e9 zv\u011bt\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bry pozemk\u016f zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0postupn\u00e1 likvidace zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch usedlost\u00ed ve prosp\u011bch kolektivn\u00edch socialistick\u00fdch podnik\u016f [13, 14]. Tlak na roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bry orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy se zvy\u0161oval i\u00a0v\u00a080.\u00a0letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Do\u0161lo k\u00a0\u00fabytku trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f, rozor\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00ed luk v\u00a0\u00fadoln\u00edch niv\u00e1ch, likvidaci stabiliza\u010dn\u00edch prvk\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajin\u011b. Struktura na\u0161\u00ed krajiny se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zjednodu\u0161ila [15]. Touto \u010dinnost\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk urychlil cyklus vody, ta nyn\u00ed odt\u00e9k\u00e1 rychle p\u0159es drobn\u00e9 vodote\u010de anebo p\u0159\u00edmo do velk\u00fdch \u0159ek a\u00a0odtud do mo\u0159\u00ed a\u00a0vrac\u00ed se zp\u011bt a\u017e v\u00a0podob\u011b front\u00e1ln\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek. Obdob\u00ed mezi velk\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami jsou such\u00e1, extr\u00e9mn\u011b vysok\u00e9 teploty a\u00a0mal\u00e1 vlhkost po\u0161kozuj\u00ed trvalou vegetaci. Voda v\u00a0krajin\u011b ji\u017e tak\u0159ka neob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00a0kolob\u011bhu v\u00fdparu a\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek (kr\u00e1tk\u00fd vodn\u00ed cyklus) [5]. Mezi hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny utlumen\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho cyklu pat\u0159\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e1 sorp\u010dn\u00ed schopnost p\u016fdy, utu\u017een\u00ed p\u016fdy a\u00a0likvidace trval\u00fdch porost\u016f (lesn\u00edch i\u00a0bylinn\u00fdch) s\u00a0vysokou kapacitou v\u00e1zat vodu [16]. Sou\u010dasn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem hospoda\u0159en\u00ed je krajina vysou\u0161ena, v\u00a0d\u016fsledku \u010deho\u017e byl v\u00a0podstat\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00fd cyklus vody zru\u0161en a\u00a0bylo tak znemo\u017en\u011bno utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed m\u00edrn\u00e9ho m\u00edstn\u00edho klimatu [5].<\/p>\n
Bohu\u017eel, od 90. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed spole\u010dnost promarnila jedine\u010dnou \u0161anci ke zm\u011bn\u011b a\u00a0zapo\u010dat\u00e9 trendy pokra\u010duj\u00ed, co\u017e se siln\u011b negativn\u011b nyn\u00ed projevuje jak v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, tak v\u00a0lesnictv\u00ed v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdm suchem. Bylo by zapot\u0159eb\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b na vhodn\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch neprodlen\u011b za\u010d\u00edt budovat a\u00a0obnovovat vodoz\u00e1dr\u017en\u00e9 prvky. Pro krajinn\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed je pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 hledat inspiraci ve star\u00fdch map\u00e1ch. Ty jsou vhodn\u00e9 jako podklad k\u00a0obnov\u011b prameni\u0161\u0165, rybn\u00edk\u016f, mok\u0159ad\u016f nebo alej\u00ed [17]. Pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed podklad\u016f pro krajinnou obnovu lze vyu\u017e\u00edt historick\u00fdch leteck\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f a\u00a0map stabiln\u00edho katastru s\u00a0ohledem na p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed stavu krajiny jej\u00ed podob\u011b p\u0159ed scelov\u00e1n\u00edm pozemk\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci kolektivizace zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 spole\u010dnost st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b vn\u00edm\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 hospoda\u0159en\u00ed jako prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dinnost v\u00a0krajin\u011b, bez ohledu na dal\u0161\u00ed krajinn\u00e9 funkce, je\u017e jsou zna\u010dn\u011b potla\u010dov\u00e1ny. Lid\u00e9 si neuv\u011bdomuj\u00ed, \u017ee zp\u016fsob hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, distribuce kultur a\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00e9 vegetace se projevuj\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b z\u0159eteln\u00fdmi rozd\u00edly v\u00a0disipaci slune\u010dn\u00ed energie, v\u00a0dynamice vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu a\u00a0v\u00a0kvalit\u011b povrchov\u00e9 i\u00a0podzemn\u00ed vody. Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b toti\u017e ur\u010duje hlavn\u00ed toky energie a\u00a0l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 jsou hlavn\u00edmi faktory pro celkov\u00e9 fungov\u00e1n\u00ed krajinn\u00fdch celk\u016f [18]. Jednou z\u00a0p\u0159\u00ed\u010din sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu \u010desk\u00e9 krajiny je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee sedl\u00e1k, pro kter\u00e9ho p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0p\u016fdu a\u00a0krajinu byla p\u0159irozen\u00e1, byl nahrazen zem\u011bd\u011blcem, na n\u011bj\u017e mus\u00ed dohl\u00ed\u017eet \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk. Krajina odpov\u011bdn\u00fdch vlastn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0hospod\u00e1\u0159\u016f byla za posledn\u00edch \u0161edes\u00e1t let transformov\u00e1na v\u00a0krajinu alibist\u016f a\u00a0byrokrat\u016f. Vlastnictv\u00ed p\u016fdy je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti natolik rozdroben\u00e9, \u017ee se vlastn\u00edkem krajiny nec\u00edt\u00ed v\u00a0podstat\u011b nikdo. V\u011bt\u0161ina p\u016fdy v\u00a0t\u00e9to zemi pat\u0159\u00ed soukrom\u00fdm vlastn\u00edk\u016fm. St\u00e1t, kter\u00fd vlastn\u00edk\u016fm p\u016fdu znemo\u017enil u\u017e\u00edvat po dlouh\u00fdch v\u00edce ne\u017e \u010dty\u0159icet let, ji neodevzdal v\u00a0nejlep\u0161\u00edm stavu. Vlastn\u00edci v\u011bt\u0161inou sv\u00e9 pozemky propachtuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Ta na nich chce hlavn\u011b vyd\u011bl\u00e1vat a\u00a0ne se o\u00a0n\u011b starat, proto\u017ee nejsou v\u00a0jej\u00edm vlastnictv\u00ed [19]. Vztah spole\u010dnosti ke krajin\u011b z\u0159ejm\u011b nez\u00e1vis\u00ed jen na historick\u00fdch souvislostech, kter\u00e9 k\u00a0tomuto stavu vedly. Obdobn\u00fd stav krajiny jako v\u00a0\u010cR obecn\u011b je v\u00a0povod\u00ed Mississippi v\u00a0USA. Do\u0161lo ke zmen\u0161en\u00ed mocnosti ornice v\u00a0oblasti na polovinu. P\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 se to tomu, \u017ee farm\u00e1\u0159i si pronaj\u00edmaj\u00ed p\u016fdu na kr\u00e1tkou dobu a\u00a0v\u00a0d\u016fsledku toho se obvykle nestaraj\u00ed o\u00a0budoucnost. Kdy\u017e je ornice degradov\u00e1na, prost\u011b jdou d\u00e1le. Skute\u010dn\u00e9mu vlastn\u00edkovi se t\u011b\u017eko soupe\u0159\u00ed s\u00a0n\u011bk\u00fdm, komu nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na dlouhodob\u00e9 perspektiv\u011b [20]. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vodoz\u00e1dr\u017en\u00fdch prvk\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b jsou mok\u0159ady. Maj\u00ed mj. velkou schopnost zadr\u017eovat vodu v\u00a0obdob\u00ed nadm\u011brn\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha ji pak postupn\u011b uvol\u0148ovat [8], tzn. \u017ee v\u00a0krajin\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed z\u00a0hlediska vody jako jak\u00e1si houba. Lokalizace a\u00a0struktura mok\u0159ad\u016f se v\u00a0\u010dase m\u011bn\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako se m\u011bn\u00ed krajina vlivem p\u016fsoben\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch, ale hlavn\u011b antropogenn\u00edch faktor\u016f. V\u00a0minulosti lid\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010cR vyu\u017e\u00edvali mok\u0159adn\u00ed biotopy pro sv\u016fj prosp\u011bch, ani\u017e by je t\u00edm ohro\u017eovali nebo do nich nevhodn\u011b zasahovali. Pravideln\u011b kosili mok\u0159adn\u00ed louky a\u00a0sekali r\u00e1kos. Pomoc\u00ed meliora\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edkop\u016f z\u00e1rove\u0148 udr\u017eovali optim\u00e1ln\u00ed vlhkost p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f [21]. V\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b se, a\u017e na v\u00fdjimky, v\u011bt\u0161inou ze strany Spr\u00e1vy CHKO, nic podobn\u00e9ho ned\u011bje. Z\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed krajiny mok\u0159ady, nepo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me-li rybn\u00edky a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 lokality ve zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch, tak\u0159ka vymizely. Krajina v\u00a0minulosti byla v\u00a0mnoha ohledech l\u00e9pe funk\u010dn\u00ed (ekologicky, prakticky, z\u00a0hlediska hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho nebo protierozn\u00ed ochrany atd.) ne\u017e v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti.<\/p>\n
Koncem \u010dervna 2020 pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b od roku 2014 ji\u017e sedm\u00fd such\u00fd rok, co\u017e se po ni\u010div\u00e9 povodni v\u00a0roce 2013 jev\u00ed v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b jako paradox. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b ve druh\u00e9 \u010dervnov\u00e9 dek\u00e1d\u011b roku 2020 p\u0159i\u0161la v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 \u010dinnost, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla za n\u00e1sledek rychl\u00fd n\u00e1stup povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho stavu, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0povod\u00ed Odry ale tak\u00e9 v\u00a0povod\u00ed Labe v\u00a0Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9hradeck\u00e9m a\u00a0Pardubick\u00e9m kraji. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my byly na drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 se ji\u017e vyl\u00e9valy z\u00a0koryt, zat\u00edmco vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee byly p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na \u00farovni z\u00e1sobn\u00edch hladin a\u00a0jejich reten\u010dn\u00ed prostory pro zachycen\u00ed povodn\u011b byly vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00e9. Nam\u00edsto dosycen\u00ed krajiny vodou a\u00a0zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu vznikl\u00e9ho v\u00a0d\u016fsledku dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00edho sucha p\u0159inesla intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 \u010dinnost do krajiny povode\u0148. Obdobn\u00e1 situace byla na p\u0159elomu kv\u011btna a\u00a0\u010dervna 2013 ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9ho kraje v\u00a0povod\u00ed Labe a\u00a0Vltavy, kde rozvodn\u011bn\u00e9 drobn\u00e9 vodn\u00ed toky nakonec zap\u0159\u00ed\u010dinily ni\u010divou povode\u0148 mj. v\u00a0Praze, kde se mezi zaplaven\u00fdmi oblastmi ocitl tak\u00e9 are\u00e1l V\u00daV TGM, v. v. i. Z\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho textu vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee z\u00e1plavy a\u00a0sucha jsou dv\u011b strany jedn\u00e9 mince, kter\u00e1 je odrazem zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch negativn\u00edch dopad\u016f pr\u00e1v\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny je vliv na vodn\u00ed re\u017eim a\u00a0vodn\u00ed zdroje v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159esunu nejintenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek do letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, kdy panuj\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci celkov\u00e9 vodn\u00ed bilance tak rostou ztr\u00e1ty evapotranspirac\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 de\u0161t\u011b zrychluj\u00ed povrchov\u00fd odtok a\u00a0omezuj\u00ed schopnost infiltrace sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody. V\u00a0obdob\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed spot\u0159eby vody pro pr\u016fmysl, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed i\u00a0dom\u00e1cnosti tak kles\u00e1 disponibiln\u00ed objem vody.<\/p>\n
Nyn\u00ed jsme tak\u00e9 zaplaveni zpr\u00e1vami o\u00a0k\u016frovcov\u00e9 kalamit\u011b, na vin\u011b v\u0161ak nen\u00ed k\u016frovec, ale \u010dlov\u011bk se sv\u00fdm zaslepen\u00fdm opakovan\u00fdm masov\u00fdm vysazov\u00e1n\u00edm smrkov\u00fdch monokultur na nep\u016fvodn\u00edch stanovi\u0161t\u00edch. Usychaj\u00ed dokonce ji\u017e i\u00a0borov\u00e9 lesy. Na vyt\u011b\u017een\u00fdch m\u00edstech vzniknou paseky a\u00a0ty budou m\u00edt vliv na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vysu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny. Stejn\u011b tak trp\u00ed suchem i\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blci, z\u0159ejm\u011b bude op\u011bt men\u0161\u00ed \u00faroda a\u00a0oni budou \u017e\u00e1dat finan\u010dn\u00ed kompenzace za \u0161kody zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 suchem. Ale pravda je takov\u00e1, \u017ee \u0161kody nezp\u016fsobuje prim\u00e1rn\u011b sucho, ale pr\u00e1v\u011b ti zem\u011bd\u011blci, kte\u0159\u00ed sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem hospoda\u0159en\u00ed op\u011bt vysu\u0161uj\u00ed krajinu. \u0158e\u0161en\u00edm by bylo nam\u00edsto sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu vypl\u00e1cen\u00ed dotac\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blskou \u010dinnost v\u00a0krajin\u011b (zac\u00edlen\u00e9 v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b pouze na kvantitu nikoli kvalitu) a\u00a0kompenzac\u00ed za ne\u00farodu zac\u00edlit tyto finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky na spr\u00e1vn\u00fd zp\u016fsob hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0obnovu a\u00a0vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vodoz\u00e1dr\u017en\u00fdch prvk\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b. K\u00a0tomu je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zn\u00e1t historick\u00fd stav na\u0161\u00ed krajiny, kdy lid\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b nem\u011bli prost\u0159edky na to, aby krajinu ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159eli a\u00a0nezbylo jim pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho, ne\u017e \u017e\u00edt s\u00a0n\u00ed v\u00a0souladu. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, ne\u017eili podle hesla \u201ePoru\u010d\u00edme v\u011btru, de\u0161ti\u201c, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e \u201ePorozum\u00edme v\u011btru, de\u0161ti a\u00a0p\u0159izp\u016fsob\u00edme tomu sv\u00e9 hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b\u201c. Na\u0161i p\u0159edci nem\u011bli \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dotace a\u00a0tak se museli \u0159\u00eddit selsk\u00fdm rozumem pro to, aby p\u0159e\u017eili a\u00a0mohli v\u00a0zachoval\u00e9 funk\u010dn\u00ed krajin\u011b hospoda\u0159it oni i\u00a0jejich potomci. Obnova mok\u0159ad\u016f, rem\u00edzk\u016f, drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, revitalizace drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0zatrav\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fadolnic spolu s\u00a0n\u00e1vratem k\u00a0tradi\u010dn\u00edmu obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy jsou st\u0159\u00edpky do mozaiky ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu na\u0161\u00ed krajiny pro zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Tou naopak nen\u00ed navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed bez souvisej\u00edc\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu t\u011bchto n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed se z\u0159ejm\u011b nebere v\u00a0\u00favahu evapotranspirace, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 se p\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 situaci ro\u010dn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee uvolnit do atmosf\u00e9ry tak\u0159ka takov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody rovnaj\u00edc\u00ed se objemu zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0z\u00e1sobn\u00edch prostorech jednotliv\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed by bylo v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 krajin\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161e vhodn\u00e9 pro zadr\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu \u010dasov\u011b omezen\u00e9mu nadlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/p>\n
Nikoli v\u0161ak pro za\u017eit\u00fd zp\u016fsob hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, kdy ve st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch vlivem sou\u010dasn\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek ub\u00fdv\u00e1 voda a\u00a0obvykl\u00fdm jevem je napln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edho prostoru n\u00e1dr\u017ee pouze ze t\u0159\u00ed \u010dtvrtin. N\u00e1sledn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem je tak\u00e9 eutrofizace takto \u201enapln\u011bn\u00fdch\u201c n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Jak uk\u00e1zala mj. povod\u0148ov\u00e1 situace z\u00a0roku 2013 i\u00a0nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0\u010dervna 2020, v\u00fdstavba nov\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed ur\u010dit\u011b nevy\u0159e\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho odtoku z\u00a0pol\u00ed a\u00a0rychl\u00e9ho vzestupu hladin v\u00a0drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny nap\u0159\u00edmen\u00e9 a\u00a0nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd prostor pro p\u0159irozen\u00fd rozliv do krajiny mimo z\u00e1stavbu.<\/p>\n
Archivn\u00ed mapov\u00e9 podklady<\/h2>\n
N\u00ed\u017ee je stru\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159ehled archivn\u00edch mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou dob\u0159e dostupn\u00e9 a\u00a0vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ehledu o\u00a0historick\u00e9 lokalizaci mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsou dob\u0159e vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 pro GIS anal\u00fdzy.<\/p>\n
- \n
- Stabiln\u00ed katastr (mapov\u00e1no 1824\u20131836 Morava\/1826\u20131843 \u010cechy): Jednotliv\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 listy, pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0GIS nutno georeferencovat, prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0objedn\u00e1n\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 na webu Archivn\u00ed mapy \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho archivu zem\u011bm\u011b\u0159ictv\u00ed a\u00a0katastru [22]. M\u011b\u0159\u00edtko 1 : 2 880, resp. 1 : 5 760 v\u00a0horsk\u00fdch oblastech. N\u011bkter\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice jsou ji\u017e georeferencov\u00e1na a\u00a0prezentov\u00e1na na v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch jako C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 otisky SK spojen\u00e9 ve form\u011b beze\u0161v\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 vrstvy. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0Moravskoslezsk\u00fd kraj, Hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Prahu, \u010d\u00e1st st\u0159edn\u00ed Moravy, v\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u010cech a\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy zpracovanou kolektivem v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f z\u00a0Centra dopravn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu. V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku 2020 by m\u011blo b\u00fdt zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bno \u00fazem\u00ed cel\u00e9ho Jihomoravsk\u00e9ho kraje zpracovan\u00e9 ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zak\u00e1zce kraje soukrom\u00fdm subjektem ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0odborn\u00edky z\u00a0Centra dopravn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu a\u00a0V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a\u00a0okrasn\u00e9 zahradnictv\u00ed, v. v. i.<\/li>\n
- II. vojensk\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed (mapov\u00e1no 1836\u20131852): Pro prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 na N\u00e1rodn\u00edm geoport\u00e1lu INSPIRE [23], z\u00e1rove\u0148 tak\u00e9 jako WMS slu\u017eba [24]. M\u011b\u0159\u00edtko 1 : 28 800. Toto mapov\u00e1n\u00ed je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 tak\u00e9 na mapov\u00e9m port\u00e1lu Mapy.cz jako mapa z 19. stolet\u00ed [25] a tak\u00e9 je zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9 spolu s velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm star\u00fdch topografick\u00fdch map z t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9 Evropy na mapov\u00e9m port\u00e1lu Maps of Europe [26].<\/li>\n
- Ortofotomapa 50. l\u00e9ta 20. stolet\u00ed: Pro prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed dostupn\u00e1 na N\u00e1rodn\u00edm geoport\u00e1lu INSPIRE [23]. Nen\u00ed dostupn\u00e1 jako WMS slu\u017eba. Pro pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0GIS je mo\u017eno ji zakoupit na z\u00e1klad\u011b licen\u010dn\u00ed smlouvy. Takt\u00e9\u017e jsou ortofotosn\u00edmky z\u00a0tohoto obdob\u00ed k\u00a0dispozici pro prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch N\u00e1rodn\u00edho archivu leteck\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159ick\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f \u010c\u00daZK [27] jako polo\u017eka historick\u00e1 ortofotomapa.<\/li>\n
- Historick\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ick\u00e9 sn\u00edmky (LMS) (sn\u00edmkov\u00e1no 1937\u20132002): Jednotliv\u00e9 sn\u00edmky, pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0GIS nutno georeferencovat, zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dostupnosti a\u00a0objedn\u00e1n\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 na webu Geografick\u00e9 slu\u017eby A\u010cR [28]. N\u00e1hled dostupnosti t\u011bchto sn\u00edmk\u016f je mo\u017en\u00fd tak\u00e9 na ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m N\u00e1rodn\u00edm archivu leteck\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159ick\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f \u010c\u00daZK [27] v\u00fdb\u011brem \u00fazem\u00ed nebo kliknut\u00edm do plochy mapy, odkud je u\u017eivatel v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u00e1jmu o\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed sn\u00edmky odk\u00e1z\u00e1n na v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky Geografick\u00e9 slu\u017eby A\u010cR [28].<\/li>\n
- Ortofotomapy (sou\u010dasn\u00e1, aktu\u00e1ln\u011b 2018\/2019 a\u00a0archivn\u00ed, sn\u00edmkov\u00e1no\u20281998\u20132017): Pro prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 jako WMS slu\u017eba dostupn\u00e9 na Geoport\u00e1lu \u010c\u00daZK [29, 30], v\u011bt\u0161inou jen \u010d\u00e1st \u00fazem\u00ed, podle etap sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cR.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Identifikace mok\u0159ad\u016f na archivn\u00edch mapov\u00fdch podkladech<\/h2>\n
Nejstar\u0161\u00edm vyu\u017eiteln\u00fdm mapov\u00fdm podkladem zobrazen\u00edm mok\u0159ad\u016f jsou mapy stabiln\u00edho katastru, p\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 otisky stabiln\u00edho katastru. Je na nich zaznamen\u00e1n historick\u00fd stav krajiny z\u00a0poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed. Mapy byly vyhotoveny v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1 : 2\u00a0880, resp. 1 : 5 760 v\u00a0horsk\u00fdch oblastech. Origin\u00e1ln\u00ed mapy byly po\u0159izov\u00e1ny v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu a\u00a0zachycuj\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fd stav krajiny p\u0159ed rozmachem pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 revoluce. Obsahuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 informace o\u00a0sm\u011bru proud\u011bn\u00ed vody v\u00a0toc\u00edch a\u00a0o\u00a0um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0tvaru hr\u00e1z\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. V\u00a0legend\u011b jsou \u010dty\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f: mo\u010d\u00e1ly, mo\u010d\u00e1ly s\u00a0r\u00e1kosov\u00fdm porostem, mokr\u00e9 louky a\u00a0ra\u0161elini\u0161t\u011b (obr. 2<\/em>). Jsou zde zobrazeny samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 rybn\u00edky, kter\u00e9 z definice pat\u0159\u00ed mezi mok\u0159ady, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsou nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1ny k vodn\u00edm ploch\u00e1m. Mapov\u00e1n\u00ed stabiln\u00edho katastru prob\u00edhalo 20 let a tak doch\u00e1zelo k r\u016fzn\u00fdm odchylk\u00e1m od p\u0159edepsan\u00e9 legendy, nicm\u00e9n\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech obdob\u00edch se vyskytuj\u00ed krom\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00edho zobrazen\u00ed mokr\u00fdch luk tak\u00e9 mokr\u00e9 louky s d\u0159evinami. P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o symbol listnat\u00fdch strom\u016f, stejn\u00fd jako u zobrazen\u00ed listnat\u00fdch les\u016f. Tak\u00e9 existuj\u00ed mapov\u00e9 listy se symbolem ovocn\u00fdch strom\u016f na podklad\u011b mokr\u00fdch luk, obdobn\u011b jako na zobrazen\u00ed ovocn\u00fdch zahrad a\u00a0pol\u00ed nebo luk s\u00a0ovocn\u00fdmi stromy (obr. 3<\/em>).<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\")
<\/a>\nObr. 2. Zobrazen\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f (vyjma rybn\u00edk\u016f) v\u00a0legend\u011b C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisk\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru [22]
\nFig. 2. Image of wetlands (excluding ponds) in the legend of the Imperial Imprints of the Stable Cadastre [22]<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 3. Mokr\u00e9 louky s\u00a0listnat\u00fdmi (vlevo) a\u00a0ovocn\u00fdmi (vpravo uprost\u0159ed) d\u0159evinami na C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisc\u00edch stabiln\u00edho katastru [22]
\nFig. 3. Wet meadows with deciduous (left) and fruit (middle right) woody plants in the Imperial Imprints of the Stable Cadastre [22]<\/h6>\nMapov\u00e9 listy C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisk\u016f Stabiln\u00edho katastru se mus\u00ed pro pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0GIS georeferencovat. Pro v\u00fdb\u011br \u00fazem\u00ed je vhodn\u00e9 nejprve vyu\u017e\u00edt mapu II.\u00a0vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je k\u00a0dispozici pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed pomoc\u00ed WMS slu\u017eby. Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0generalizovan\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed jako stabiln\u00ed katastr, jen zaktualizovan\u00e9, tak\u017ee jsou zde ji\u017e zaznamen\u00e1ny prvn\u00ed \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed trat\u011b. Jednotliv\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 listy se ob\u010das li\u0161\u00ed barevn\u00fdm proveden\u00edm. Na obr. 4<\/em> a\u00a05<\/em> je porovn\u00e1n\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f na C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisc\u00edch stabiln\u00edho katastru a\u00a0na map\u011b II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed. Zobrazen\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0Polab\u00ed je zde na map\u011b II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed dob\u0159e patrn\u00e9. V\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 krajin\u011b (zde k.\u00a0\u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic) je na map\u011b II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed tak\u00e9 dob\u0159e patrn\u00e9 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 toto\u017en\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed mokr\u00fdch a\u00a0such\u00fdch luk. Pro indikaci, zda se ve zvolen\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed nach\u00e1zely trval\u00e9 travn\u00ed porosty, je toto zobrazen\u00ed posta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed. Detailn\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 a\u017e podle C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisc\u00edch stabiln\u00edho katastru. Zobrazen\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f na ortofotomap\u00e1ch a\u00a0historick\u00fdch LMS samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nen\u00ed samo o\u00a0sob\u011b \u00fapln\u011b jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 ale v\u00a0n\u00e1vaznosti na historickou lokalizaci mok\u0159ad\u016f na C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisc\u00edch stabiln\u00edho katastru a\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu ter\u00e9nn\u00edm pr\u016fzkumem je prokazateln\u00e9.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 4. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0Polab\u00ed na C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisc\u00edch stabiln\u00edho katastru (1841) [22] a\u00a0na map\u011b II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed (1836\u20131852) [23, 24]
\nFig. 4. Comparison of the Elbe river basin wetlands in the Imperial Imprints of the Stable Cadastre (1841) [22] and on Map II. Military Mapping (1836\u20131852) [23, 24]<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 5. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed mokr\u00fdch luk v\u00a0k.\u00a0\u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic na C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisc\u00edch stabiln\u00edho katastru (1838) [22] a\u00a0na map\u011b II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed (1836\u20131852) [23, 24]
\nFig. 5. Comparison wet meadows in cadastral area of Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic in the Imperial Imprints of the Stable Cadastre (1841) [22] and on Map II. Military Mapping (1836\u20131852) [23,24]<\/h6>\nVyu\u017eit\u00ed archivn\u00edch mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f pro anal\u00fdzu historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h3>\n
Pro prim\u00e1rn\u00ed detekci v\u00fdskytu mok\u0159ad\u016f, pota\u017emo TTP na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b je nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mapa II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed, zpracovan\u00e1 v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1\u00a0:\u00a028\u00a0800. Na obr. 6<\/em> je vlevo prezentov\u00e1na lokalita v\u00a0k.\u00a0\u00fa. Drahl\u00edn (podrobn\u011bji analyzovan\u00e1 na obr. 7<\/em>) a\u00a0vpravo lokalita v\u00a0k.\u00a0\u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic (podrobn\u011bji analyzovan\u00e1 na obr. 8<\/em>). V\u00a0horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti jsou ob\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na map\u011b II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00a0doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti pak na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ZM 10. Z\u00a0t\u011bchto podklad\u016f je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee mok\u0159adn\u00ed lokality v\u00a0krajin\u011b byly dosti stabiln\u00ed a\u00a0jsou na map\u011b II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u0159eteln\u011b zaznamen\u00e1ny. Na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ZM 10 je v\u00a0t\u011bchto m\u00edstech zobrazena jen orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, a\u010dkoli sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ortofotomapa zobrazuje v\u00a0obou lokalit\u00e1ch mok\u0159adn\u00ed biotop (obr. 7<\/em> a\u00a08<\/em>). Tento stav byl potvrzen ter\u00e9nn\u00edmi pr\u016fzkumy. Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ZM 10 dob\u0159e zobrazuje pomoc\u00ed sou\u0159adnic sva\u017eitost obou pozemk\u016f.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 6. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fdch zamok\u0159en\u00fdch lokalit v\u00a0k.\u00a0\u00fa. Drahl\u00edn a\u00a0v\u00a0k.\u00a0\u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic na podkladech II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed (1836\u20131852) [24] a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ZM 10 [29]
\nFig. 6. Comparison of historic wet meadows with current wet localities in cadastral area of Drahl\u00edn and in cadastral area of Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic on Map II. Military Mapping (1836\u20131852) [24] along with the current base map 1 : 10 000 [29]<\/h6>\nNa obr. 7<\/em> je na archivn\u00edch mapov\u00fdch podkladech prezentov\u00e1n v\u00fdvoj zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajiny a\u00a0mok\u0159adn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00a0k.\u00a0\u00fa. Drahl\u00edn (okres P\u0159\u00edbram). Pou\u017eity jsou C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 otisky stabiln\u00edho katastru, ortofotomapa z\u00a050. let 20. stolet\u00ed, archivn\u00ed ortofotomapy z\u00a0let 2005, 2011 a\u00a02015 a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ortofotomapa. Je zde patrn\u00e1 zachoval\u00e1 historick\u00e1 lokalizace mokr\u00fdch luk i\u00a0v\u00a0roce 1953. V\u00a0letech 2005\u20132019 jsou v\u00a0t\u00e9to lokalit\u011b pouze dva v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mok\u0159ady, kter\u00e9 odol\u00e1vaj\u00ed disturbanci zem\u011bd\u011blskou technikou, jsou zde tak\u00e9 dob\u0159e viditeln\u00e9 stopy vodn\u00ed eroze. Je tak\u00e9 dob\u0159e patrn\u00fd \u00fastup lesa z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed lokality z\u00a0roku 1839 a\u00a0jeho nahrazen\u00ed ornou p\u016fdou. V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch letech je les z\u0159eteln\u00fd jen v\u00a0prav\u00e9m doln\u00edm rohu sn\u00edmk\u016f.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 7. Historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj zamok\u0159en\u00e9 lokality v\u00a0k.\u00a0\u00fa. Drahl\u00edn na podkladech C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisk\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru (1839) [22], ortofotomap\u011b z\u00a050. let 20. stol. [24], archivn\u00edch ortofotomap\u00e1ch (2005\u20132015) a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ortofotomap\u011b (2019) [29]
\nFig. 7. Historical development of the wet localities in cadastral area of Drahl\u00edn in the Imperial Imprints of the Stable Cadastre (1839) [22], orthophotomap from the 1950\u2018s [24], archival orthophotomaps (2005\u20132015) and current orthophotomap (2019) [29]<\/h6>\nNa obr. 8<\/em> je podrobn\u011bji prezentov\u00e1na lokalita nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00a0k.\u00a0\u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic (okres Kutn\u00e1 Hora), kde se vyv\u00edj\u00ed (obnovuje) mok\u0159adn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti pramennou oblast\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav nen\u00ed v\u00fdsledkem c\u00edlen\u00e9ho managementu ale pouze odrazem aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho stavu p\u016fdy, kter\u00e1 neumo\u017e\u0148uje obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Pou\u017eity jsou stejn\u00e9 podklady, jako u\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00ed lokality, jen je nav\u00edc zobrazen stav krajiny na LMS z\u00a0roku 1981. Historick\u00e9 ortofotomapy zobrazuj\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed v\u00a0rozsahu let 2000\u20132017. Z\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00fdch podklad\u016f je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee nejpozd\u011bji od roku 2008 za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 trend v\u00a0rozr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to lokality vlivem sukcese na okoln\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu. Z\u00a0mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f z\u00a0roku 1838 plyne, \u017ee vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m se velkou p\u0159esnost\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017euje tvaru a\u00a0lokalizaci b\u00fdval\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti. Tato skute\u010dnost je potvrzena tak\u00e9 leteck\u00fdm sn\u00edmkem z\u00a0roku 1954. Z\u00a0archivn\u00edch ortofotomap je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v\u00a0letech 2005 a\u017e 2008 byla na t\u00e9to lokalit\u011b pouze orn\u00e1 p\u016fda. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b na sn\u00edmku z\u00a0roku 2005 je v\u00a0lokalit\u011b, na n\u00ed\u017e se v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti nach\u00e1z\u00ed mok\u0159ad, patrn\u00e1 erozn\u00ed r\u00fdha a\u00a0v\u00a0roce 2008 pak rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e1 oblast. V\u00a0roce 2010 pokra\u010doval trend rozr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed mok\u0159adu do okol\u00ed. V\u00a0roce 2013 (povod\u0148ov\u00fd rok) je patrn\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zamok\u0159en\u00e9 oblasti, v\u00a0letech 2017\u20132019 se podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e1 oblast lehce zmen\u0161ila, nicm\u00e9n\u011b celkov\u011b situace poukazuje na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed trend rozr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed mok\u0159adu do okol\u00ed. Ob\u011b lokality v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti nejsou p\u0159edm\u011btem \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u00fazemn\u00ed ochrany a\u00a0podle evidence v\u00a0katastru nemovitost\u00ed je zde pouze orn\u00e1 p\u016fda.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 8. Historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj a\u00a0\u201esukcesn\u00ed\u201c obnova mok\u0159adu v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajin\u011b v\u00a0k.\u00a0\u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic na podkladech C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisk\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru (1838) [22], ortofotomap\u011b z\u00a050. let 20. stol. [24], archivn\u00edm leteck\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159ick\u00e9m sn\u00edmku (1981) [25], archivn\u00edch ortofotomap\u00e1ch (2000\u20132017) a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ortofotomap\u011b (2019) [29]
\nFig. 8. Historical development and \u201esuccessional\u201c restoration of wetlands in the agricultural landscape of cadastral area of Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic in the Imperial Imprints of the Stable Cadastre (1838) [22], orthophotomap from the 1950\u2018s [24], historical aerial photography (1981) [25], archival orthophotomaps (2000\u20132017) and current orthophotomap (2019) [29]<\/h6>\nDiskuse<\/h2>\n
V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku je ozna\u010dena mapa II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed jako nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro prim\u00e1rn\u00ed detekci mok\u0159ad\u016f. Tato mapa zobrazuje v podstat\u011b v\u011brn\u011b stav krajiny v polovin\u011b 19. stol. Jen soudob\u00e9 postupy nebyly zcela dokonal\u00e9 a tak zde doch\u00e1zelo p\u0159i zakreslov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch prvk\u016f k posun\u016fm a\u017e o 50 m r\u016fzn\u00fdmi sm\u011bry. Tato problematika je mj. pops\u00e1na v publikaci o historick\u00fdch rybn\u00edc\u00edch [31]. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b podklad\u016f II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed anebo C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisk\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru nelze ur\u010dit historick\u00fd v\u00fdskyt podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fdch les\u016f, a proto by mohlo doj\u00edt ke zkreslen\u00ed historick\u00e9 rozlohy mok\u0159ad\u016f, pokud by se tam v minulosti podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fd les vyskytoval. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b studia archivn\u00edch mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f je prokazateln\u00e9, \u017ee mok\u0159ady byly historicky b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed krajiny. To potvrzuje skute\u010dnost, \u017ee Evropa je poznamen\u00e1na dlouhou histori\u00ed ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny \u010dlov\u011bkem [32]. Ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b byla obrovsk\u00e1 plocha mok\u0159adn\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bna b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika uplynul\u00fdch stalet\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu [33]. Tento trend v \u010cR potvrzuje anal\u00fdza zm\u011bny lokalizace mok\u0159ad\u016f v krajin\u011b n\u00ed\u017ein a pahorkatin. Plocha mok\u0159ad\u016f p\u0159ed polovinou 19. stolet\u00ed tvo\u0159ila na sledovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed zhruba 10 % celkov\u00e9 rozlohy, zat\u00edmco v roce 2015 jen 1 % p\u016fvodn\u00ed rozlohy mok\u0159ad\u016f, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 dramatick\u00fd \u00fabytek mok\u0159ad\u016f v krajin\u011b. Na m\u00edst\u011b zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f je v sou\u010dasnosti nejdominantn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm land use\/cover typem orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, tvo\u0159\u00ed 50 % jejich plochy [34, 35]. Obdobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky vykazovala anal\u00fdza zm\u011bny lokalizace mok\u0159ad\u016f za posledn\u00edch 150 let v kantonu Z\u00fcrich ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku.<\/p>\n
Rozloha mok\u0159ad\u016f zde dramaticky poklesla z\u00a08 % studovan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0roce 1850 na m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1 % v\u00a0roce 2000. Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 oblasti mok\u0159adn\u00edch ploch lid\u00e9 nevn\u00edmali jako zdroj v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 prosperity. Mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak potenci\u00e1l \u00fazem\u00ed z\u00a0hlediska hospoda\u0159en\u00ed l\u00e9pe vyu\u017e\u00edt, bylo \u00fazem\u00ed odvodnit a\u00a0intenzivn\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvat [33]. Tyto tendence byly v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e uplat\u0148ov\u00e1ny je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e v\u00a019.\u00a0a\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed, kdy nade\u0161el trend velkoplo\u0161n\u00fdch meliorac\u00ed. Jako p\u0159\u00edklad slou\u017e\u00ed sladkovodn\u00ed subtropick\u00fd mok\u0159adn\u00ed syst\u00e9m Everglades na Florid\u011b o\u00a0historick\u00e9 rozloze 11 000 km2<\/sup>. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed bylo rozs\u00e1hlou meliorac\u00ed vysu\u0161eno 65 % p\u016fvodn\u00ed plochy, dnes p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 k\u00a0p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed cukrov\u00e9 t\u0159tiny [36]. Trend zv\u011bt\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemk\u016f nebyl spjat jen s\u00a0\u00e9rou re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho socialismu, ale prob\u00edhal t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech zem\u00edch, kde do\u0161lo k\u00a0intenzivn\u00edmu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9mu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku [37] nebo Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii [38]. Obdobn\u011b nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f neprob\u00edhalo jen v\u00a0\u010cR, ale nap\u0159\u00edklad i\u00a0v\u00a0N\u011bmecku do\u0161lo k\u00a0nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed R\u00fdna a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f [39]. Tam se ale jednalo p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b jen o\u00a0velk\u00e9 vodn\u00ed toky kv\u016fli splavn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Nicm\u00e9n\u011b negativn\u00ed zm\u011bny v\u00a0krajin\u011b \u010cR jsou prokazateln\u00e9 (k\u00a0potvrzen\u00ed si sta\u010d\u00ed prohl\u00e9dnout ve\u0159ejn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 archivn\u00ed a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 podklady), zejm\u00e9na jde o\u00a0\u00fabytek vodoz\u00e1dr\u017en\u00fdch prvk\u016f z\u00a0krajiny a\u00a0zm\u011bnu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b. Zp\u016fsob hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, zapo\u010dat\u00fd v\u00a050. letech 20. stolet\u00ed, nejen\u017ee nebyl zastaven ale naopak, zdokonalen. Bohu\u017eel lze konstatovat, \u017ee v\u00a0n\u011bkolika ohledech bylo socialistick\u00e9 hospoda\u0159en\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b devastuj\u00edc\u00ed, ne\u017e to nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Oba zp\u016fsoby spojuje pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f a\u00a0snaha o\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00ed obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch pozemk\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b d\u0159\u00edve byly hranice uzav\u0159en\u00e9, mnoho se toho nedov\u00e1\u017eelo, tak byla nutn\u00e1 tzv. potravinov\u00e1 sob\u011bsta\u010dnost. Nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1 epidemiologick\u00e1 situace, kter\u00e1 v\u00a0\u010cR nastala po\u010d\u00e1tkem b\u0159ezna 2020 (nyn\u00ed se postupn\u011b zlep\u0161uje, ale existuj\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e, \u017ee se situace bude op\u011bt zhor\u0161ovat) n\u00e1m ukazuje, \u017ee bude nutn\u00e9 potravinovou sob\u011bsta\u010dnost obnovit. To ale nep\u016fjde se sou\u010dasn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem vypl\u00e1cen\u00ed dotac\u00ed, kdy je ornice degradov\u00e1na eroz\u00ed a\u00a0zp\u016fsobem hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, co\u017e v\u00fdhledov\u011b znamen\u00e1, \u017ee na t\u011bchto ploch\u00e1ch nep\u016fjde nic smyslupln\u011b p\u011bstovat. Pokud by v\u00a0tomto ohledu (v\u00a0tzv. boji proti suchu) byli politici ak\u010dn\u00ed u\u017e od roku 2014 nebo 2015 stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0boji proti sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu epidemiologick\u00e9mu nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, jsem toho n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e1 situace s\u00a0vodou v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch a\u00a0se zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b by byla mnohem p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Mapy stabiln\u00edho katastru, historick\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ick\u00e9 sn\u00edmky a\u00a0ortofotomapy jsou velmi p\u0159esn\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed o\u00a0stavu tehdej\u0161\u00ed krajiny, zejm\u00e9na pro lokalizaci mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0pro p\u0159edstavu o\u00a0krajin\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neregulovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. Pozn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b n\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee pomoci pochopit hlavn\u00ed hybn\u00e9 s\u00edly a\u00a0tlaky, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly vliv na jejich zm\u011bny. Tyto informace lze pak vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny s\u00a0ohledem na obnovu, ochranu a\u00a0management mok\u0159ad\u016f. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem bychom mohli navr\u00e1tit p\u0159irozen\u00e9 mimoproduk\u010dn\u00ed funkce na\u0161\u00ed krajin\u011b. To je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00a0t\u00e9to dob\u011b, proto\u017ee jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejt\u00ed\u017eiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f spojen\u00fdch se sou\u010dasnou klimatickou zm\u011bnou je velmi mal\u00e1 reten\u010dn\u00ed schopnost b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 krajiny v\u00a0\u010cR, tzn. \u017ee t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nezadr\u017e\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vodu. Prim\u00e1rn\u00edm c\u00edlem sou\u010dasn\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti by proto m\u011bla b\u00fdt snaha zpomalit odtok povrchov\u00e9 vody z\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 zde zv\u00fd\u0161it reten\u010dn\u00ed schopnost krajiny.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
This article presents easily accessible archive maps that provide an overview of the historical location of wetlands and they are also suitable for GIS analysis.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":8490,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[1983,1980,279,1982,1981],"coauthors":[1421],"class_list":["post-8496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-informatics-cartography-in-water-management","tag-agricultural-management","tag-archival-maps","tag-gis","tag-water-retention-in-the-landscape","tag-wetlands"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8496","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8496"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8496\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30594,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8496\/revisions\/30594"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8490"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8496"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8496"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8496"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=8496"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}