{"id":8470,"date":"2020-08-24T14:13:39","date_gmt":"2020-08-24T13:13:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=8470"},"modified":"2024-07-17T10:50:48","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T09:50:48","slug":"organic-pollution-of-streams-depends-on-economic-development-in-the-czech-republic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2020\/08\/organic-pollution-of-streams-depends-on-economic-development-in-the-czech-republic\/","title":{"rendered":"Organic pollution of streams depends on economic development in the Czech Republic"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Vztah mezi ekonomick\u00fdm rozvojem a\u00a0kvalitou tekouc\u00edch vod byl hypoteticky testov\u00e1n pou\u017eit\u00edm modelu Environment\u00e1ln\u00ed Kuznetsovy k\u0159ivky (EKC)\u00a0\u2013 obdob\u00ed let 1979\u20132019. Dva hlavn\u00ed indik\u00e1tory organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, BSK5<\/sub> and CHSKCr<\/sub>, vyjad\u0159ovaly v\u00fdvoj kvality vody. Konsolidovan\u00e1 \u0159ada dat HDP byla vyu\u017eita pro model EKC za posledn\u00edch zhruba 10 let socialistick\u00e9 ekonomiky a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 zm\u011bny v\u00a0ekonomiku tr\u017en\u00ed. Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj obou indik\u00e1tor\u016f je plynule sestupn\u00fd s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou posledn\u00edch p\u011bti let. N\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum EKC pro jin\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky a\u00a0zem\u011b, jako\u017e i\u00a0aplikace dal\u0161\u00edch metodick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f, by mohly p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0lep\u0161\u00edmu pochopen\u00ed modelu EKC, v\u010detn\u011b ekonomick\u00fdch a\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f jeho platnosti, a\u00a0jeho teoretick\u00e9ho kontextu.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed polutanty p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed negativn\u00ed ekologick\u00e9 dopady, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0praxi znamenaj\u00ed omezen\u00ed nebo znemo\u017en\u011bn\u00ed obecn\u00e9ho nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodami. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed tak k\u00a0celkov\u00e9mu znehodnocen\u00ed vodn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu nejenom pro vodn\u00ed organismy, ale tak\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad pro \u00fapravu vody pro pr\u016fmysl, nebo vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Vznikaj\u00ed tak vedlej\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1klady, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo nejsou prom\u00edtnuty do ceny v\u00fdrobk\u016f\u00a0\u2013 negativn\u00ed externality [1]. Tyto negativn\u00ed externality druhotn\u011b p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed ztr\u00e1tu jin\u00fdm subjekt\u016fm [2]. Formou restriktivn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f jsou tv\u016frci negativn\u00edch externalit nuceni investovat \u010d\u00e1st n\u00e1klad\u016f do sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed polutant\u016f. Postupn\u011b tak doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu a\u00a0poklesu k\u0159ivky [3].<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0model\u016f vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed mezi \u010dasov\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem, indik\u00e1tory znehodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed per capita a\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161\u00ed hrub\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho produktu na osobu je Environment\u00e1ln\u00ed Kuznetsova k\u0159ivka (EKC) [4]. Vztah m\u00e1 v\u00a0ide\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tvar obr\u00e1cen\u011b postaven\u00e9ho p\u00edsmene \u201eU\u201c [5]. S\u00a0industri\u00e1ln\u00edm rozvojem spole\u010dnosti doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, av\u0161ak za jist\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed tento jev lze pova\u017eovat za akceptovateln\u00fd vedlej\u0161\u00ed efekt ekonomick\u00e9ho r\u016fstu [6]. Vzestupn\u00fd trend v\u00a0\u010dasov\u00e9 ose nen\u00ed trval\u00fd. P\u0159i napln\u011bn\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00ed kapacity za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 doch\u00e1zet k\u00a0negativn\u00edmu dopadu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na \u017eivot spole\u010dnosti. Spole\u010dnost je nucena nadm\u011brn\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kv\u016fli jeho negativn\u00edm d\u016fsledk\u016fm pro spole\u010dnost a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodu \u0159e\u0161it. C\u00edlem environment\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky je v\u00a0koncov\u00e9m procesu zajistit nov\u00e9 environment\u00e1ln\u011b \u0161etrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed technologie [7]. Prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto technologick\u00fdch zm\u011bn je uskute\u010dn\u011bno p\u016fsoben\u00edm trh\u016f i\u00a0regulac\u00ed ze strany st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

Organick\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod indikuj\u00ed v\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch \u0159ad\u00e1ch nejl\u00e9pe dva ukazatele\u00a0\u2013 BSK5<\/sub>\u00a0\u2013 biochemick\u00e1 spot\u0159eba kysl\u00edku a\u00a0CHSKCr<\/sub>\u00a0\u2013 chemick\u00e1 spot\u0159eba kysl\u00edku. Probl\u00e9m dostupnosti dat spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee ukazatele v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cR za\u010daly b\u00fdt dlouhodob\u011b systematicky monitorov\u00e1ny a\u017e v\u00a0sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, zat\u00edmco nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vod t\u011bmito polutanty spad\u00e1 do obdob\u00ed industrializace spole\u010dnosti v\u00a0letech pades\u00e1t\u00fdch a\u00a0\u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu v\u00a0modelu EKC postr\u00e1d\u00e1me v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st transcendentn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti k\u0159ivek.<\/p>\n

C\u00edlem v\u00fdzkumu bylo ov\u011b\u0159it, jak ve vodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed \u010cR prob\u00edh\u00e1 vztah mezi ekonomick\u00fdm r\u016fstem a\u00a0organick\u00fdm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm tekouc\u00edch vod od 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu tak mohou p\u0159eklenout mezeru v\u00a0pozn\u00e1n\u00ed ekologicko-ekonomick\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f a\u00a0porovnat je s\u00a0r\u00e1mcem podobn\u00fdch model\u016f proveden\u00fdch v\u00a0jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed EKC bylo provedeno konsolidovan\u00fdmi daty o\u00a0\u00farovni ekonomick\u00e9 v\u00fdkonnosti n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Hrub\u00fd dom\u00e1c\u00ed produkt na osobu (HDP\/P), spo\u010dten\u00fd v\u00fdrobn\u00ed metodou (ceny 2019), byl p\u0159evzat z\u00a0datab\u00e1ze n\u00e1rodn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dt\u016f veden\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00fdm statistick\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159adem [8]. M\u00edra zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed vod za obdob\u00ed let 1979\u20132019 byla ur\u010dena z\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edch emisn\u00edch bilanc\u00ed stacion\u00e1rn\u00edch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed vod\u00a0\u2013 ukazatele BSK5<\/sub> a\u00a0CHSKCr<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

BSK5<\/sub>\u00a0\u2013 biochemick\u00e1 spot\u0159eba kysl\u00edku indikuje m\u00edru organick\u00e9ho biologicky odbourateln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed za p\u011bt dn\u00ed p\u0159i konstantn\u00ed teplot\u011b 20 \u00b0C. CHSKCr<\/sub>\u00a0\u2013 chemick\u00e1 spot\u0159eba kysl\u00edku indikuje oxidaci, kter\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky podlehnou vlivem oxida\u010dn\u00edch \u010dinidel. V\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je oxida\u010dn\u00edm \u010dinidlem dichroman draseln\u00fd. T\u011bmito daty disponujeme v\u00a0\u010cR v\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b dlouh\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b a\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u011b indikuj\u00ed m\u00edru organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky byly interpretov\u00e1ny formou Giniho indexu [9] podle\u00a0vzorce (1):<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\np \u2212 L(p)<\/em><\/td>\nje<\/td>\nfunkce tzv. sk\u00f3ringov\u00e9ho modelu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Projekce dat do modelu EKC, p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed k\u0159ivky z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0k\u0159ivky ekonomick\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu byla provedena v\u00a0software R core 3.6.2. [10].<\/p>\n

Odhad standardn\u00edho regresn\u00edho modelu EKC pro oba emisn\u00ed ukazatele byl proveden modifikovanou rovnic\u00ed [11] (2):<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nE<\/em><\/td>\nje<\/td>\nobjem emis\u00ed,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nP<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\npo\u010detnost populace,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nGDP<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nhrub\u00fd dom\u00e1c\u00ed produkt,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nln<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\np\u0159irozen\u00fd logaritmus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

V\u00fdsledky a diskuse<\/h2>\n

BSK5<\/sub> a\u00a0CHSKCr<\/sub> kulminovaly kolem roku 1980 (obr.<\/em> 1<\/em> a\u00a02<\/em>). P\u0159i prolo\u017een\u00ed hodnot polynomick\u00fdm trendem je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee po sestupu v\u00a0obdob\u00ed let 1981\u20132014 doch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0posledn\u00edm p\u011btilet\u00e9m obdob\u00ed k\u00a0jejich ust\u00e1len\u00ed. Ur\u010dit bod zlomu je vzhledem k\u00a0\u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 absenci vzestupn\u00e9ho trendu obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9, nicm\u00e9n\u011b z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee by se m\u011bl nach\u00e1zet v\u00a0oblasti HDP\/P\u00a0\u2013 46\u00a0500 K\u010d.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Model EKC pro BSK5<\/sub>\u00a0\u2013 \u010cR 1979\u20132019, GI\u00a0\u2013 Giniho index
\nFig. 1. EKC model for BOD in the Czech Republic between 1979 and 2019, GI\u00a0\u2013 Gini index<\/h6>\n

Posouzen\u00ed odhadu obou EKC pomoc\u00ed Sternovy rovnice a\u00a0z\u00a0n\u00ed odvozen\u00e9ho matematick\u00e9ho modelu p\u0159inesly velmi signifikantn\u00ed pr\u016fkaznost v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje. P\u0159i standardn\u00ed chyb\u011b v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru 0,18, resp. 0,22, a\u00a0t hodnot\u011b 9,7, resp. 9,8, n\u00e1m v\u00a0obou p\u0159\u00edpadech vych\u00e1z\u00ed P < 0,05*\u00a0\u2013 pr\u016fkazn\u00e1 diference a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 P < 0,01** vysoce pr\u016fkazn\u00e1 diference.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkum EKC se od po\u010d\u00e1tku odehr\u00e1val v\u00a0rovin\u011b teoretick\u00e9 a\u00a0empirick\u00e9, kter\u00e9 byly vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojeny. V\u00a0teoretick\u00e9 rovin\u011b se jednalo o\u00a0synt\u00e9zu dosavadn\u00edch poznatk\u016f a\u00a0vkl\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed vlastn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f do tohoto r\u00e1mce. V\u00a0empirick\u00e9 rovin\u011b bylo c\u00edlem zkoumat EKC v\u00a0\u00farovni platnosti pro jednotliv\u00e9 ukazatele organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tekouc\u00edch vod a\u00a0jejich vazb\u011b na HDP.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Model EKC pro CHSKCr<\/sub> \u2013 \u010cR 1979\u20132019, GI\u00a0\u2013 Giniho index
\nFig. 2. EKC model for COD in the Czech Republic between 1979 and 2019, GI\u00a0\u2013 Gini index<\/h6>\n

Teoretick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum ekonomick\u00fdch dopad\u016f na vodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed zapo\u010dal Frisch [12]. Model EKC je\u0161t\u011b nebyl v\u00a0t\u00e9to dob\u011b zn\u00e1m a\u00a0tak se jednalo o\u00a0vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed m\u00edry zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pomoc\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch index\u016f. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed teoretick\u00e9 modely byly zalo\u017eeny na agregovan\u00fdch produk\u010dn\u00edch funkc\u00edch a\u00a0vysv\u011btlovan\u00e9 veli\u010diny jako kvantita a\u00a0kvalita byly konfrontov\u00e1ny s\u00a0rozvojem kapit\u00e1lu a\u00a0technologi\u00ed [13]. Po formulov\u00e1n\u00ed EKC pro\u0161el tento model dlouhodob\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem a\u00a0kritikou, \u017ee projekt je chybn\u00fd. Mnoho autor\u016f se n\u00e1sledn\u011b v\u011bnovalo odli\u0161n\u00fdm v\u00fdzkum\u016fm, nap\u0159\u00edklad Lopez [14] se zab\u00fdval zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm liberalizace obchodu na EKC, zat\u00edmco koncept ekonomick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu podle Matkowsk\u00e9ho a\u00a0Prochanika [15] byl sestaven ze dvou hledisek, n\u00e1r\u016fstu HDP\/P a\u00a0ekonomick\u00e9ho r\u016fstu nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d regiony a\u00a0tendenc\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00e9ho parametru v\u00a0ekonomick\u00e9m cyklu.<\/p>\n

Model EKC v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9m kontextu je zaznamen\u00e1n v\u00a0celosv\u011btov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku [16], p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u0161ak\u00a0v\u00a0Asii [17, 18]. V\u00a0postkomunistick\u00fdch zem\u00edch je situace nejl\u00e9pe zmapov\u00e1na na Ukrajin\u011b [19]. Vzhledem k\u00a0opo\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9mu trendu oproti zem\u00edm z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy se kolektivu t\u011bchto autor\u016f poda\u0159ilo namodelovat z\u00a0dostupn\u00fdch dat celou EKC v\u00a0jednovrcholov\u00e9 dynamice.<\/p>\n

Empirick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza byla provedena na ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed platnosti EKC pro v\u00fdvoj \u00farovn\u00ed degradace \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Proveden\u00ed takov\u00e9ho modelu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed tak\u00e9 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos, kter\u00fdm je vytvo\u0159en\u00ed jednoho z\u00a0podklad\u016f pro v\u00fdpo\u010det marketingov\u00e9ho bodu zvratu pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed polutanty a\u00a0\u00farovn\u00ed d\u016fchod\u016f a\u00a0spot\u0159eby na hlavu [20].<\/p>\n

Vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky a\u00a0jejich p\u0159esn\u00e1 interpretace jsou z\u00e1visl\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m v\u00fdb\u011bru datov\u00fdch sad a\u00a0jejich statistick\u00e9m vyhodnocen\u00ed [21]. Sestaven\u00ed datasetu v\u00a0na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bylo omezeno dostupnost\u00ed dat o\u00a0\u00farovni environment\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0\u010dasov\u00e9 ose. Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledkov\u00e9 \u0159ady uveden\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 pr\u016fkazn\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed polutant\u016f v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na r\u016fstu HDP\/P, ale v\u00fdklad nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u017edy jednozna\u010dn\u00fd. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Katz [22] zjistil, \u017ee pouze pod\u00edl pr\u016fmyslu na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed produkci sleduje trajektorii typu Kuznets, neplat\u00ed to v\u0161ak pro ostatn\u00ed determinanty, jak\u00fdmi jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad slu\u017eby nebo zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 produkce.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee navrhovan\u00fd koncept modeluje pozitivn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj postupn\u00e9ho sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na postupn\u00e9m bohatnut\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Takov\u00e1 situace v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee platit jen pro vysp\u011bl\u00e9 industri\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomiky. V\u00a0glob\u00e1ln\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst degradace \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. P\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k\u00a0tomu p\u0159elidn\u011bn\u00ed planety, p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00e1 nerovnost v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch spole\u010dnosti, neschopnost vl\u00e1d jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00ed spolu \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b spolupracovat. Ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st koordinace n\u00e1rodn\u00edch politik rozvoje \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0konsekvenci udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho rozvoje.<\/p>\n

Souhrnn\u011b lze uv\u00e9st, \u017ee projekt EKC byl p\u0159es sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e1 hodnocen\u00ed pozitivn\u011b p\u0159ijat [23]. K interpretaci v\u00fdsledk\u016f je v\u0161ak zapot\u0159eb\u00ed p\u0159istupovat kriticky, proto\u017ee jsou podm\u00edn\u011bny mnoha faktory. Kter\u00fdmi jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad druh zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky a\u00a0jej\u00ed disperze ve vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, typ a\u00a0metodika m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed polutant\u016f ve vod\u00e1ch, po\u010det zkouman\u00fdch prom\u011bnn\u00fdch, st\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0vl\u00e1dn\u00ed politika a\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 modely [24].<\/p>\n

Po\u010det \u010dist\u00edren odpadn\u00edch vod se od po\u010d\u00e1tku stolet\u00ed prudce navy\u0161uje (tabulka\u00a01<\/em>). S\u00a0t\u00edm je spojena vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed celkov\u00e1 kapacita \u010cOV. Vyj\u00e1d\u0159it jednozna\u010dn\u011b jejich \u00fa\u010dinnost nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 [25]. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na druhu pou\u017eit\u00e9 technologie a\u00a0tak\u00e9 dodr\u017een\u00ed technologick\u00e9 k\u00e1zn\u011b obsluhy za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Pokles emis\u00ed do vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed je tak\u00e9 zp\u016fsoben rozvojem nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod. Ekonomika se tak m\u016f\u017ee rozv\u00edjet bez dal\u0161\u00edho negativn\u00edho vlivu na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Je to tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 z\u00a0d\u016fvodu prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny a\u00a0z\u00a0n\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edho dlouhodob\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed sucha. P\u0159i sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke \u201ezkoncentrov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c zbytkov\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. V\u00fdvoj po\u010dtu \u010dist\u00edren odpadn\u00edch vod v\u00a0\u010cR a\u00a0jejich celkov\u00e9 kapacity
\nTable 1. Development and total capacity of wastewater treatment plants in the Czech Republic<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

V\u00a0posledn\u00edch dvaceti letech do\u0161lo k\u00a0poklesu produkce zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod o\u00a021 % [26]. Tato skute\u010dnost je zp\u016fsobena nejenom syst\u00e9mem recirkulac\u00ed a\u00a0\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed vodou, ale tak\u00e9 uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm \u201e\u010dist\u0161\u00ed\u201c produkce a\u00a0technologi\u00ed [27].<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Environment\u00e1ln\u00ed Kuznetsova k\u0159ivka byla ov\u011b\u0159ena pro p\u0159\u00edpad organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed vod v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice v\u00a0\u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu 1979\u20132019. V\u00fdsledky p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enou interpretovatelnost a\u00a0zev\u0161eobecnitelnost testovan\u00e9ho modelu. Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch rozvinut\u00e9 ekonomiky postkomunistick\u00e9 zem\u011b p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst HDP vhodn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed k\u00a0omezen\u00ed takov\u00fdch negativn\u00edch externalit, jak\u00fdmi jsou emise polutant\u016f organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed slabinou modelu je nedostupnost dat v\u00a0obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed rokem 1979\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0modelu tud\u00ed\u017e absentuje vzestupn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st EKC. I\u00a0p\u0159es tento nedostatek je s\u00a0modelem mo\u017en\u00e9 pracovat a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edt jej pro dal\u0161\u00ed makroekonomick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

V\u00fdsledky \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed byly provedeny v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Projektu \u010d. F\/2\/15\/2019\u00a0\u2013 Ekonomie a\u00a0politika pstruhov\u00e9ho rybolovu Fakulty mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch vztah\u016f V\u0160E v\u00a0Praze. Touto cestou d\u011bkujeme za finan\u010dn\u00ed podporu. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The relationship between economic development and stream water quality in the Czech Republic between 1975 and 2019 was assessed based on an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model using two main organic pollution indicators: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":8467,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91],"tags":[1974,1975,1972,1971,1973,301],"coauthors":[1951],"class_list":["post-8470","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-applied-ecology","tag-bod","tag-cod","tag-economic-development","tag-environmental-kuznets-curve","tag-mathematical-model","tag-water-quality"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8470","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8470"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8470\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30595,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8470\/revisions\/30595"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8467"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8470"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8470"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8470"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=8470"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}