{"id":8278,"date":"2020-06-19T10:34:54","date_gmt":"2020-06-19T09:34:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=8278"},"modified":"2024-07-17T10:35:23","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T09:35:23","slug":"coronavirus-sars-cov-2-in-surface-and-wastewater","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2020\/06\/coronavirus-sars-cov-2-in-surface-and-wastewater\/","title":{"rendered":"Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in surface and wastewater"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

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Souhrn<\/h2>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ehledn\u00e9 informace o\u00a0virech a\u00a0koronavirech v\u010detn\u011b SARS-CoV-2, mo\u017enostech kontaminace povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod t\u00edmto virem, zp\u016fsobu jeho stanoven\u00ed ve vod\u00e1ch metodou RT-qPCR a\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed monitoringu p\u0159\u00edtomnosti viru v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch jako biomarkeru pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho v\u00fdskytu v\u00a0populaci a\u00a0jako n\u00e1stroje v\u010dasn\u00e9ho varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdm n\u00e1stupem nov\u00e9 vlny choroby.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Od po\u010d\u00e1tku roku 2020 je slovo koronavirus jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nej\u010dast\u011bji u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch slov ve sv\u011bt\u011b. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je jeden ze z\u00e1stupc\u016f t\u00e9to skupiny vir\u016f, SARS-CoV-2, p\u016fvodce respira\u010dn\u00edho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed COVID-19, kter\u00e9 ve velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 dob\u011b dos\u00e1hlo pandemick\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f. Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed stru\u010dnou informaci o\u00a0virov\u00fdch agens se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na koronaviry a\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u011b dostupn\u00e9 informace o\u00a0SARS-CoV-2, jeho mo\u017en\u00e9m v\u00fdskytu v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch v\u010detn\u011b mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed monitoringu t\u011bchto druh\u016f vod.<\/p>\n

N\u011bco o\u00a0virech a\u00a0koronavirech<\/h2>\n

Viry jsou jedine\u010dn\u00e9 organismy zn\u00e1m\u00e9 od konce 19. stolet\u00ed. Od ostatn\u00edch mikrob\u016f se li\u0161\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee obsahuj\u00ed jen jedin\u00fd typ nukleov\u00e9 kyseliny (RNA nebo DNA) a\u00a0ke sv\u00e9mu pomno\u017een\u00ed pln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vn\u00edmavou hostitelskou bu\u0148ku. Odolnost vir\u016f z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jejich stavb\u011b a\u00a0na charakteru prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e se nach\u00e1z\u00ed. Koronaviry jsou vybaven\u00e9 lipidov\u00fdm obalem s\u00a0v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky tvo\u0159en\u00fdmi glykoproteiny. Na rozd\u00edl od vir\u016f, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed proteinov\u00e9 obaly, jsou citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k\u00a0\u00e9teru, desinfek\u010dn\u00edm prost\u0159edk\u016fm i\u00a0k\u00a0detergent\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Koronaviry, jejich\u017e n\u00e1zev byl odvozen od tvaru podobn\u00e9ho korun\u011b (latinsky corona<\/em>), jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako p\u016fvodci infekc\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at (pt\u00e1k\u016f a\u00a0savc\u016f) od 30. let 20. stolet\u00ed, kdy byly prok\u00e1z\u00e1ny jako p\u016fvodci akutn\u00edho respira\u010dn\u00edho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed ku\u0159at. Genom koronavir\u016f je zak\u00f3dov\u00e1n v\u00a0jedno\u0159et\u011bzcov\u00e9 RNA s\u00a0pozitivn\u00ed polaritou dosahuj\u00edc\u00ed velikosti 30\u00a0000 b\u00e1z\u00ed, co\u017e je nejv\u00edce mezi zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi RNA viry s\u00a0nesegmentovan\u00fdm genomem. Od 60. let 20. stolet\u00ed jsou tyto viry zn\u00e1my i\u00a0u\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bka jako p\u016fvodci infekc\u00ed d\u00fdchac\u00edho \u00fastroj\u00ed a\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i\u00a0tr\u00e1vic\u00edho traktu, u\u00a0zv\u00ed\u0159at zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b st\u0159evn\u00edch. P\u0159enos infekce je prim\u00e1rn\u011b vzdu\u0161nou cestou, tj. inhalac\u00ed kap\u00e9nek nebo aerosol\u016f, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed p\u0159i ka\u0161li a\u00a0k\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed infikovan\u00fdch osob, a\u00a0rovn\u011b\u017e kontaminovan\u00fdmi p\u0159edm\u011bty. Nalezeny byly tak\u00e9 ve stolici [1, 2].<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 2002 byl v\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b identifikov\u00e1n koronavirus SARS-CoV, kter\u00fd zp\u016fsoboval t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd akutn\u00ed respira\u010dn\u00ed syndrom (SARS = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). Virus byl identifikov\u00e1n a\u017e po n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, \u010d\u00edm\u017e do\u0161lo k\u00a0jeho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed do 29 zem\u00ed sv\u011bta na v\u0161ech kontinentech. B\u011bhem dvou let se nakazilo 8\u00a0000 lid\u00ed a\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 10 % z\u00a0nich zem\u0159elo. Ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd nov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad nevyskytl, proto nebyla ani odzkou\u0161ena vyvinut\u00e1 vakc\u00edna. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee virus p\u0159e\u0161el na \u010dlov\u011bka z\u00a0netop\u00fdra a\u00a0aktivn\u00edm mezihostitelem byli drobn\u00ed savci, nap\u0159. cibetky [3\u20135]. U\u00a0tohoto viru byla zkoum\u00e1na distribuce v\u00a0t\u011ble zem\u0159el\u00fdch a\u00a0byl nalezen v\u00a0mnoha org\u00e1nech, v\u010detn\u011b st\u0159evn\u00edho traktu, co\u017e potvrdilo p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vylu\u010dov\u00e1n i\u00a0mo\u010d\u00ed, v\u00fdkaly nebo potem [6].<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed zoon\u00f3zou koronavirov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, kter\u00e1 po p\u0159enosu na \u010dlov\u011bka zp\u016fsobila akutn\u00ed respira\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed MERS (tj. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), zp\u016fsobil virus MERS-CoV, zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd v\u00a0roce 2012 u\u00a0osob, kter\u00e9 p\u0159icestovaly z\u00a0Arabsk\u00e9ho poloostrova. N\u00e1kaza prob\u011bhla ve dvou vln\u00e1ch v\u00a0letech 2012 a\u00a02014 a\u00a0postihla 1 250 lid\u00ed, z\u00a0nich\u017e j\u00ed podlehlo p\u0159es 450 osob (36 %). Nemoc se znovu objevila na konci roku 2019 v\u00a0Sa\u00fadsk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bii (z\u00a019 naka\u017een\u00fdch zem\u0159elo do konce ledna 2020 v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0nemoc\u00ed 8 pacient\u016f). Pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdm zdrojem byli infikovan\u00ed velbloudi [7].<\/p>\n

Nov\u00fd virus SARS-CoV-2 se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il z\u00a0\u010c\u00edny na konci roku 2019 postupn\u011b do v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 zem\u00ed. Ke dni 24. 4. 2020 byl prok\u00e1z\u00e1n u\u00a02,48 milionu lid\u00ed, z\u00a0toho u\u00a0cca 170\u00a0000 zem\u0159el\u00fdch (6,87 %) [8], v\u00a0\u010cR u\u00a07\u00a0188, z\u00a0toho 213 zem\u0159el\u00fdch (2,9 %). P\u0159i p\u0159enosu tohoto koronaviru z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edho hostitele, kter\u00fdm byli patrn\u011b netop\u00fd\u0159i, hr\u00e1l roli n\u011bkter\u00fd mezihostitel, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b drobn\u00ed savci luskouni [9]. Virus se extr\u00e9mn\u011b rychle \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed d\u00edky jeho pozdn\u00edm symptomatick\u00fdm projev\u016fm a\u00a0schopnosti p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat na povr\u0161\u00edch [10].<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Obr. 1. Mikroskopick\u00fd sn\u00edmek koronaviru SARS-CoV-2
\nFig. 1. Microscopic picture of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2<\/h6>\n

Kontaminace vod<\/h2>\n

Koronaviry jsou p\u0159ednostn\u011b vylu\u010dov\u00e1ny respira\u010dn\u00edmi sekrety, genov\u00e9 segmenty v\u0161ak byly prok\u00e1z\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 ve stolici infikovan\u00fdch osob [11\u201317]. Vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed viru stolic\u00ed bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno u\u00a0cca 50 % naka\u017een\u00fdch, pr\u016fkaz \u017eivotaschopn\u00fdch virion\u016f ze st\u0159evn\u00edho traktu v\u0161ak nen\u00ed jednozna\u010dn\u00fd [18, 19]. Genov\u00e9 segmenty SARS-\u2028-CoV-2 byly detekov\u00e1ny i\u00a0ve stolici osob, v\u010detn\u011b d\u011bt\u00ed, vykazuj\u00edc\u00edch pouze m\u00edrn\u00e9 nebo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, a\u00a0to i\u00a0dlouho po jejich odezn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0negativn\u00edm vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed respira\u010dn\u00edch sekret\u016f [20, 21]. Kontaminace odpadn\u00edch vod je tedy mo\u017en\u00e1 respira\u010dn\u00edmi sekrety a\u00a0fek\u00e1liemi, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b mo\u010d\u00ed (nebylo jednozna\u010dn\u011b prok\u00e1z\u00e1no) infikovan\u00fdch osob nebo jimi kontaminovan\u00fdmi p\u0159edm\u011bty (vlh\u010den\u00e9 ubrousky, pleny apod.). Jedin\u00fdm zdrojem kontaminace vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed virem SARS-CoV-2 mohou tedy b\u00fdt odpadn\u00ed vody a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b vody povrchov\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Rizika odpadn\u00edch a\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod<\/h2>\n

Prvotn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy p\u0159\u00edtomnosti viru SARS-CoV-2 v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch byly aktu\u00e1ln\u011b provedeny v\u00a0Nizozem\u00ed. Metodou RT-qPCR (polymer\u00e1zov\u00e1 \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e1 reakce v\u00a0re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase s\u00a0reverzn\u00ed transkripc\u00ed) byly nalezeny specifick\u00e9 genov\u00e9 sekvence RNA, kter\u00e9 prok\u00e1zaly p\u0159\u00edtomnost genomu viru SARS-CoV-2 v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch p\u0159ed \u00fapravou na \u010cOV, dokonce ji\u017e p\u0159ed prvn\u00edm prok\u00e1zan\u00fdm klinick\u00fdm pr\u016fkazem u\u00a0pacient\u016f. Pou\u017eitou metodou v\u0161ak nelze ur\u010dit \u017eivotaschopnost a\u00a0virulenci viru ve vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed [22, 23]. Vzhledem k\u00a0mal\u00e9 stabilit\u011b koronavir\u016f, pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 deaktivaci technologick\u00fdmi procesy \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod, nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdmi fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0dobou zdr\u017een\u00ed lze v\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat p\u0159\u00edtomnost pouze virov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic v\u00a0neinfek\u010dn\u00edm stavu. Stanoven\u00ed vir\u016f SARS-CoV-2 v\u00a0upraven\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch v\u0161ak dosud nebyly provedeny.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0pohledu rizikovosti odpadn\u00edch vod je nutn\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee se v\u00a0nich mohou vyskytovat vodou mnohem snadn\u011bji (fek\u00e1ln\u011b or\u00e1ln\u00ed cestou) p\u0159enosn\u00e9 patogenn\u00ed mikroorganismy\u00a0\u2013 noroviry, adenoviry, rotaviry, virus hepatitidy\u00a0A\u00a0a\u00a0E, paraziti\u010dt\u00ed prvoci, patogenn\u00ed bakterie, nap\u0159. Campylobacter<\/em>, Escherichia coli<\/em>, v\u010detn\u011b vysoce rizikov\u00fdch patogen\u016f se z\u00edskanou rezistenc\u00ed na antibiotika aj. [24]. Od roku 2011 se v\u00a0EU zdvojn\u00e1sobil po\u010det infekc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed souvislost s\u00a0kontaminovanou vodou. Jedn\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na o\u00a0viry se zv\u00fd\u0161enou odolnost\u00ed ve vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed (mezi n\u011b\u017e v\u0161ak koronaviry nepat\u0159\u00ed) [25].<\/p>\n

Virus SARS-CoV-2 je velmi citliv\u00fd k\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm antiseptick\u00fdm prost\u0159edk\u016fm, proto p\u0159i dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed standardn\u00edch postup\u016f dezinfekce p\u0159i styku s\u00a0odpadn\u00edmi a\u00a0recyklovan\u00fdmi vodami nelze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko n\u00e1kazy [26, 27].<\/p>\n

Rizikem kontaminace povrchov\u00fdch vod a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edho \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed infek\u010dn\u00edch agens ve vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt zejm\u00e9na ne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 (mal\u00e9 komun\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroje bez \u010cOV) a\u00a0nedostate\u010dn\u011b \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody (men\u0161\u00ed obce bez dob\u0159e funguj\u00edc\u00edch \u010cOV, technologick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my na \u010cOV, mj. i\u00a0vyvolan\u00e9 prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed pandemi\u00ed [28], de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 odleh\u010dova\u010de, po\u0161kozen\u00e9 kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my a\u00a0septiky. P\u0159\u00edtomnost infek\u010dn\u00edch koronavir\u016f v\u00a0upravovan\u00fdch pitn\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vylou\u010dena d\u00edky proces\u016fm \u00fapravy a\u00a0dezinfekce pitn\u00fdch vod z\u00a0podzemn\u00edch i\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. P\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed viru SARS-CoV-2 ve vod\u011b a\u00a0fek\u00e1li\u00edch nebylo dosud prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, nicm\u00e9n\u011b bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd virus SARS-CoV dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch, ve stolici a\u00a0mo\u010di po dobu a\u017e 2 dn\u016f p\u0159i 20 \u00b0C a\u00a0p\u0159i 4\u00a0\u00b0C nejm\u00e9n\u011b 14 dn\u00ed [29].<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edtomnost viru ve vod\u00e1ch ovliv\u0148uje mno\u017estv\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch faktor\u016f jako teplota, pH, chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed, doprovodn\u00e1 mikrofl\u00f3ra a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed kontaminace vody, doba zdr\u017een\u00ed v\u00a0kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edti, technologick\u00e9 procesy \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod aj. Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00e9 technologie a\u00a0doba zdr\u017een\u00ed v\u00a0procesech \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00fd koronavirus inaktivuj\u00ed. Chov\u00e1n\u00ed viru v\u00a0\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kalech nebylo zat\u00edm studov\u00e1no nebo publikov\u00e1no. Spolehlivou likvidaci m\u00e1lo odoln\u00fdch koronavir\u016f i\u00a0odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch infek\u010dn\u00edch agens by zajistil dezinfek\u010dn\u00ed stupe\u0148, za\u0159azen\u00fd jako kone\u010dn\u00fd krok \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod. Tento stupe\u0148 v\u0161ak nen\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cR do \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch proces\u016f za\u0159azen [30]. Legislativn\u011b je dezinfek\u010dn\u00ed stupe\u0148 vy\u017eadov\u00e1n od \u00fanora 2020 pro odpadn\u00ed vody ze zdravotnick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed [31]. Naopak u\u00a0recyklovan\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod jak m\u011bstsk\u00fdch, tak \u0161ed\u00fdch riziko p\u0159enosu infek\u010dn\u00edch mikroorganism\u016f nehroz\u00ed, nebo\u0165 dezinfekce je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed operac\u00ed jejich \u00fapravy [32].<\/p>\n

Obecn\u011b je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pohl\u00ed\u017eet na odpadn\u00ed vodu, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159ed vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm, jako na vysoce rizikov\u00fd materi\u00e1l, a\u00a0to z\u00a0pohledu mo\u017en\u00e9ho p\u0159enosu cel\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly patogenn\u00edch a\u00a0podm\u00edn\u011bn\u011b patogenn\u00edch mikroorganism\u016f, jejich\u017e stanoven\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e1 legislativa zat\u00edm nevy\u017eaduje [33].<\/p>\n

Stanoven\u00ed SARS-CoV-2 ve vod\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n

Detekce vir\u016f ve vzorc\u00edch prost\u0159ed\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b vody) je odvozena od pr\u016fkazu virov\u00fdch agens v\u00a0klinick\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch. Postupy jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou zalo\u017eeny na molekul\u00e1rn\u011b-biologick\u00fdch metod\u00e1ch (tzn. na p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 detekci genomu viru). P\u0159esto je pr\u016fkaz vir\u016f ve vod\u011b oproti klinick\u00fdm vzork\u016fm \u010dasov\u011b i\u00a0metodicky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitost. Koncentrace virov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic ve vzorc\u00edch vod je v\u011bt\u0161inou velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1 (\u010dasto i\u00a0pod limitem detekce). Na rozd\u00edl od bakteri\u00ed nelze po\u010det virov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic nav\u00fd\u0161it pomno\u017een\u00edm p\u0159ed vlastn\u00ed anal\u00fdzou vzorku. Proto jsou vhodn\u00e9 metody izolace a\u00a0detekce virov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic jedn\u00edm z\u00a0kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch faktor\u016f pro \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd pr\u016fkaz a\u00a0stanoven\u00ed rizik spojen\u00fdch s\u00a0kontaminovan\u00fdmi matricemi.<\/p>\n

Anal\u00fdza vzork\u016f vody se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00a0n\u011bkolika na sebe navazuj\u00edc\u00edch krok\u016f. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 kritick\u00fdch bod\u016f je zakoncentrov\u00e1n\u00ed vir\u016f ze vzorku. K\u00a0tomuto \u00fa\u010delu lze pou\u017e\u00edt n\u011bkolika p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed s\u00a0ohledem na typ viru i\u00a0druhy analyzovan\u00e9ho vzorku vody. Nej\u010dast\u011bji vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi metodami pro zakoncentrov\u00e1n\u00ed virov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic ze vzork\u016f vod jsou techniky adsorp\u010dn\u011b-elu\u010dn\u00ed, v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0metody zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pozitivn\u011b \u010di negativn\u011b nabit\u00fdch filtrech. Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy pat\u0159\u00ed metody ultrafiltrace, ultracentrifugace, p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 flokulace, imunomagnetick\u00e1 separace nebo chromatografick\u00e9 techniky [34\u201336]. Jednotliv\u00e9 metody lze vz\u00e1jemn\u011b kombinovat \u010di prov\u00e1d\u011bt v\u00a0s\u00e9rii. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fdm dal\u0161\u00edm krokem v\u00a0r\u00e1mci procesu anal\u00fdzy vzorku doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m, a\u00a0tak sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed citlivosti. P\u0159i volb\u011b dan\u00e9 metody je t\u0159eba zv\u00e1\u017eit charakteristiku jak analyzovan\u00e9ho vzorku vody, tak virov\u00fdch agens, a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b prov\u00e9st optimalizaci metody pro jej\u00ed rutinn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed. Pou\u017eit\u00e1 metoda mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b specifick\u00e1, citliv\u00e1 a\u00a0standardizovan\u00e1.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Detekce SARS-CoV-2 v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch (Ma\u0148\u00e1sek, V\u00daVeL, 2020)
\nFig. 2. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater (Ma\u0148\u00e1sek, V\u00daVeL, 2020)<\/h6>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b metod pr\u016fkazu virov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic ve vzorc\u00edch vody, kter\u00e9 jsou zalo\u017eeny p\u0159\u00edmo na detekci genomu viru, je po zakoncentrov\u00e1n\u00ed virov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic nutn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st extrakci nukleov\u00fdch kyselin (DNA, RNA). V\u00a0r\u00e1mci tohoto kroku anal\u00fdzy vzorku jsou uvoln\u011bny nukleov\u00e9 kyseliny z\u00a0virov\u00fdch obal\u016f (proteinov\u00e9 a\u00a0lipidov\u00e9 vrstvy) a\u00a0pot\u00e9 jsou odstran\u011bny ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed zbytky a\u00a0inhibi\u010dn\u00ed faktory, kter\u00e9 mohou interferovat s\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdmi detek\u010dn\u00edmi metodami. K\u00a0tomuto \u00fa\u010delu jsou nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 soupravy, jejich\u017e v\u00fdhodou je snadn\u00e1 reprodukovatelnost a\u00a0relativn\u011b snadn\u00e9 proveden\u00ed. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm krokem anal\u00fdzy vzorku je v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 PCR v\u00a0re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase (qPCR), v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b RNA vir\u016f RT-qPCR (s reverzn\u00ed transkripc\u00ed). Evropsk\u00e1 komise zve\u0159ejnila standardizovan\u00e9 laboratorn\u00ed metody k\u00a0pr\u016fkazu a\u00a0kvantifikaci pouze norovir\u016f a\u00a0viru hepatitidy A, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vody se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0analytick\u00fd postup pouze pro balenou pitnou vodu [37, 38]. Vhodnost zde uveden\u00e9ho postupu pro anal\u00fdzu ostatn\u00edch druh\u016f vod je diskutabiln\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ISO metod je d\u00e1n syst\u00e9m kontrol jednotliv\u00fdch krok\u016f anal\u00fdzy ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednoho vzorku, co\u017e zaji\u0161\u0165uje validn\u00ed a\u00a0porovnateln\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky.<\/p>\n

I detekce SARS-CoV-2 je prov\u00e1d\u011bna molekul\u00e1rn\u011b-biologick\u00fdmi metodami (RT-qPCR), tj. ve vzorc\u00edch jsou hled\u00e1ny specifick\u00e9 \u00faseky virov\u00e9 RNA. Metoda tedy neprok\u00e1\u017ee, zda je virus v infek\u010dn\u00edm stavu. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b stanoven\u00ed virov\u00e9 RNA ve vod\u00e1ch je vhodn\u00e9 pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed tzv. biomarker\u016f epidemiologick\u00e9 situace v\u00fdskytu nemoci COVID 19 v populaci. Nen\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u017enosti \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed infekce vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm a p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed viru ve vod\u00e1ch. Pro stanoven\u00ed \u017eivotaschopn\u00fdch vir\u016f jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny kultiva\u010dn\u00ed metody, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako hostitelsk\u00e9 bu\u0148ky tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e9 kultury [1]. Tyto metody jsou \u010dasto n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 na proveden\u00ed a vy\u017eaduj\u00ed vysoce specializovan\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed laborato\u0159\u00ed, k rutinn\u00edm anal\u00fdz\u00e1m jsou tud\u00ed\u017e nepou\u017eiteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Je nutno zm\u00ednit, \u017ee i\u00a0s\u00a0t\u011bmito vzorky je t\u0159eba zach\u00e1zet, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i manipulaci s\u00a0prim\u00e1rn\u00edm vzorkem p\u0159ed jeho inaktivac\u00ed, podle pravidel pro vzdu\u0161nou a\u00a0kontaktn\u00ed n\u00e1kazu, tzn. pou\u017eit\u00ed biohazardn\u00edho boxu t\u0159\u00eddy II, za pou\u017eit\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00fdch osobn\u00edch ochrann\u00fdch pom\u016fcek; ochrana d\u00fdchac\u00edch cest, obli\u010deje (o\u010d\u00ed), rukou (tzv. lok\u00e1ln\u00ed re\u017eim BSL-3). P\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edch manipulac\u00edch s\u00a0ji\u017e inaktivovan\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem dodr\u017eovat postupy odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed BSL-2 re\u017eimu. P\u0159i pr\u00e1ci v\u00a0lamin\u00e1rn\u00edm boxu podle doporu\u010den\u00ed ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) nejsou vy\u017eadov\u00e1ny respir\u00e1tory FFP2 a\u00a0FFP3 [39].<\/p>\n

Monitoring odpadn\u00edch vod jako n\u00e1stroj v\u010dasn\u00e9ho varov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Epidemiologick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0odpadn\u00edm vod\u00e1m (WBE\u00a0\u2013 Wastewater Based Epidemiology) je interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed obor sdru\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed odborn\u00edky z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch v\u011bdn\u00edch oblast\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed o\u00a0aplikaci a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed kvantitativn\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch biomarker\u016f v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch za \u00fa\u010delem hodnocen\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu, zdrav\u00ed a\u00a0expozice populace nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup je aktu\u00e1ln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n nap\u0159\u00edklad\u00a0pro monitoring spot\u0159eby nez\u00e1konn\u00fdch drog a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0populaci nejen ve V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9m \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m T. G. Masaryka, v.\u00a0v. i., [40] ale i\u00a0jinde ve sv\u011bt\u011b [41].<\/p>\n

Epidemiologick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup nab\u00edz\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed tak\u00e9 p\u0159i predikci potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed infekc\u00ed, a\u00a0to detekc\u00ed v\u00fdskytu infek\u010dn\u00edch agens v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch. Vzhledem ke skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee aktu\u00e1ln\u011b se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed virus SARS-CoV-2 je vylu\u010dov\u00e1n tak\u00e9 stolic\u00ed infikovan\u00fdch osob, je nasnad\u011b, \u017ee se s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed bude vyskytovat v\u00a0komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch. Tuto skute\u010dnost potvrdil t\u00fdm expert\u016f z\u00a0V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu pro vodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed KWR v\u00a0Nieweigenu (Nizozem\u00ed), kter\u00fd ji\u017e 20. b\u0159ezna 2020 publikoval \u010dl\u00e1nek, ve kter\u00e9m jsou pops\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky experimentu zah\u00e1jen\u00e9ho t\u0159i t\u00fddny p\u0159ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm prvn\u00edho pozitivn\u00edho pacienta v\u00a0t\u00e9to zemi [22, 23]. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee s\u00a0po\u010dtem infikovan\u00fdch jedinc\u016f v\u00a0monitorovan\u00e9 populaci nar\u016fst\u00e1 i\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed vylou\u010den\u00fdch vir\u016f do odpadn\u00ed vody. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jejich detekce v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch je mo\u017en\u00e9 poskytnout jedine\u010dn\u00e9 epidemiologick\u00e9 informace o\u00a0v\u00fdskytu SARS-CoV-2 v\u00a0populaci (p\u0159\u00edtomnost, absence, trendy\u00a0\u2013 n\u00e1r\u016fst, stagnace, \u00fabytek) [42]. P\u0159i spr\u00e1vn\u011b nastaven\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu monitoringu odpadn\u00edch vod bude mo\u017en\u00e9 sledovat n\u00e1stup a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj po\u010dtu virov\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch obdob\u00edch, nebo monitoring vyu\u017e\u00edt jako n\u00e1stroj v\u010dasn\u00e9ho varov\u00e1n\u00ed pro nastaven\u00ed syst\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho dohledu nad \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm n\u00e1kazy.<\/p>\n

Problematikou SARS-CoV-2 v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 celosv\u011btov\u00e1 platforma \u201eWastewater-Based Epidemiology for COVID-19\u201c [43]. Monitoring odpadn\u00edch vod se rozb\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00a0Americe, \u0160pan\u011blsku [44], Austr\u00e1lii [45], Braz\u00edlii, Rakousku [46] a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch. P\u0159i testech v\u00a0Massachusetts 25. b\u0159ezna 2020 byly v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch zji\u0161t\u011bny v\u00fdznamn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed titry vir\u016f, ne\u017e se o\u010dek\u00e1valo na z\u00e1klad\u011b klinicky potvrzen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f [47].<\/p>\n

Epidemiologick\u00e1 situace v\u00a0\u010cR by mohla b\u00fdt \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b sledov\u00e1na s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm monitoringu odpadn\u00edch vod p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch na \u010cOV, kter\u00fdch je u\u00a0n\u00e1s podle informac\u00ed Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed 3\u00a0166 (9 nad 100\u00a0000 ekvivalentn\u00edch obyvatel (EO), 122 nad 10\u00a0000 EO, 417 nad 2\u00a0000 EO a\u00a02\u00a0618 do 2\u00a0000 EO). Ekvivalentn\u00ed obyvatel je um\u011ble zaveden\u00e1 jednotka pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 pro n\u00e1vrh pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 kapacity \u010dist\u00edren odpadn\u00edch vod pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed. Ekvivalentn\u00ed obyvatel p\u0159edstavuje normovou produkci odpadn\u00ed vody o\u00a0objemu 150 l\/den a\u00a0produkci zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed 60 g BSK5<\/sub>\/den. Podle po\u010dtu napojen\u00fdch obyvatel na \u010cOV by monitoringem jejich odpadn\u00edch vod mohl b\u00fdt podchycen stav u\u00a0cca 80 % obyvatel \u010cR, sledov\u00e1n\u00edm \u010cOV nad 10 000 EO by bylo podchyceno v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 % obyvatel \u010cR. Epidemiologick\u00e9 riziko by mohly p\u0159edstavovat tak\u00e9 voln\u00e9 v\u00fdusti ne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod do vod povrchov\u00fdch, kter\u00fdch je u\u00a0n\u00e1s evidov\u00e1no 4\u00a0545 (to odpov\u00edd\u00e1 cca 20 % obyvatel \u010cR) [48].<\/p>\n

Monitoring v\u00fdskytu SARS-CoV-2 v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch za\u010dal ve V\u00daV\u00a0TGM, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., v\u00a0polovin\u011b dubna 2020, a\u00a0to ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0analytickou laborato\u0159\u00ed V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu veterin\u00e1rn\u00edho l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., v\u00a0Brn\u011b (V\u00daVeL), kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 stanoven\u00edm vir\u016f ve vod\u00e1ch, a\u00a0provozovateli \u010cOV.<\/p>\n

Aktu\u00e1ln\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce s\u00a0cca 20\u00a0\u010cOV, v\u011bt\u0161ina je o\u00a0velikosti 10\u00a0000\u2013100\u00a0000\u00a0EO, ale jsou za\u0159azeny i\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed \u010cOV do 2\u00a0000 a\u00a0do 10\u00a0000 EO a\u00a0tak\u00e9 jedna \u010cOV nad 100\u00a0000 EO. Celkov\u011b je na tyto \u010cOV napojeno p\u0159es 760\u00a0000 obyvatel (cca 912\u00a0000\u00a0EO). V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch okresech bylo od za\u010d\u00e1tku epidemie do 29.\u00a04.\u00a02020 hl\u00e1\u0161eno cca\u00a01\u00a0280 naka\u017een\u00fdch osob, tj. 0,17\u00a0% napojen\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0prvn\u00ed etap\u011b monitoringu byly analyzov\u00e1ny vzorky z 20 lokalit, p\u0159\u00edtomnost specifick\u00fdch genov\u00fdch segment\u016f viru SARS-CoV-2 byla zji\u0161t\u011bna na 6 \u010cOV, tj. 30\u00a0%. Ve vzorc\u00edch byla molekul\u00e1rn\u011b-biologickou metodou PCR detekov\u00e1na tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnost dal\u0161\u00edch hygienicky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch skupin vir\u016f (norovir\u016f a\u00a0adenovir\u016f), kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159\u00edtomny i\u00a0v\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch, co\u017e potvrzuje, \u017ee pou\u017eit\u00e1 metoda je dostate\u010dn\u011b spolehliv\u00e1 a\u00a0citliv\u00e1.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee zvolen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup c\u00edlen\u00fd na pr\u016fkaz v\u00fdskytu viru SARS-CoV-2 v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch je pro dan\u00fd \u00fa\u010del vyu\u017eiteln\u00fd. Relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fd z\u00e1chyt pozitivn\u00edch n\u00e1lez\u016f ve\u00a0sledovan\u00fdch \u010cOV lze vysv\u011btlit mal\u00fdm pod\u00edlem naka\u017een\u00fdch ve sledovan\u00fdch oblastech. Dal\u0161\u00edmi faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost detekce virov\u00fdch segment\u016f nukleov\u00fdch kyselin ve vzorc\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mo\u017enost projevu nemoci COVID-19 bez gastrointestin\u00e1ln\u00edch symptom\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou podle dosavadn\u00edch zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f doprov\u00e1zeny vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm virov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic stolic\u00ed pouze ve 2\u201350\u00a0% p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, a\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fd mal\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek virov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic od asymptomatick\u00fdch osob (nebylo dosud dostate\u010dn\u011b studov\u00e1no).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. \u010cist\u00edrna odpadn\u00edch vod
\nFig. 3. Wastewater treatment plant<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd T. G. Masaryka, v. v. i., se aktu\u00e1ln\u011b zapojuje do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed iniciativy zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se anal\u00fdzou SARS-CoV-2 v odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch (SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater international collaborative study) pod z\u00e1\u0161titou asociace NORMAN, kter\u00e1 sdru\u017euje referen\u010dn\u00ed laborato\u0159e, v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 centra a organizace zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se monitoringem a biomonitoringem emergentn\u00edch l\u00e1tek (nov\u011b vznikl\u00fdch zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek) v \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu KWR Water Research Institute z Holandska. Jedn\u00edm z c\u00edl\u016f je vytvo\u0159it jednotn\u00fd postup pro odb\u011br, uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a anal\u00fdzu vzork\u016f pro stanoven\u00ed SARS-CoV-2 v odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1\u0161 dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum bude zam\u011b\u0159en na optimalizaci jednotliv\u00fdch krok\u016f metodick\u00e9ho postupu, na\u00a0hled\u00e1n\u00ed spodn\u00ed hranice pou\u017eitelnosti metody pro \u00fa\u010delov\u00fd monitoring odpadn\u00edch vod, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na stanoven\u00ed infek\u010dn\u00edch agens v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch a\u00a0na n\u00e1vrh pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed monitoringu jako syst\u00e9mu v\u010dasn\u00e9ho varov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav pozn\u00e1n\u00ed potvrzuje mo\u017enost v\u00fdskytu p\u016fvodce nemoci COVID-19 v\u00a0ne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch p\u0159ed \u00fapravou na \u010cOV, s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed zde ale nep\u0159edstavuje pro nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0t\u011bmito vodami v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed riziko ne\u017e jin\u00e1 infek\u010dn\u00ed agens, kter\u00e1 mohou b\u00fdt v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1. P\u0159i pr\u00e1ci s\u00a0odpadn\u00edmi vodami je v\u017edy nutn\u00e9 dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch hygienick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1 rizika eliminuj\u00ed [49\u201351].<\/p>\n

V\u00fdskyt koronaviru SARS-CoV-2 v\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch nebyl dosud sledov\u00e1n. Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee i\u00a0zde se\u00a0mohou vyskytovat fragmenty virov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic v\u00a0neinfek\u010dn\u00edm stavu. Tento p\u0159edpoklad vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0mal\u00e9 stability koronavir\u016f, k\u00a0jejich\u017e deaktivaci zde p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed technologick\u00e9 procesy \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod a\u00a0nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro jejich p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. Skute\u010dn\u00fd stav pro virus SARS-CoV-2 je t\u0159eba potvrdit c\u00edlen\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumem.<\/p>\n

Riziko infekce patogenn\u00edmi a\u00a0podm\u00edn\u011bn\u011b patogenn\u00edmi mikroorganismy mohou p\u0159edstavovat voln\u00e9 v\u00fdusti odpadn\u00edch vod, kter\u00e9 jsou vypou\u0161t\u011bny do recipient\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod bez \u00fapravy na komun\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010cOV.<\/p>\n

Hygienicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 kontaminace povrchov\u00fdch vod jako recipient\u016f odpadn\u00edch vod infek\u010dn\u00edm koronavirem SARS-CoV-2 je, i\u00a0p\u0159es sou\u010dasn\u00fd nedostatek konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch analytick\u00fdch dat, m\u00e1lo pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Systematick\u00fd monitoring komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e9st d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 informace o\u00a0v\u00fdskytu viru ve sledovan\u00e9 populaci. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se mo\u017enost jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed jako n\u00e1stroje v\u010dasn\u00e9ho varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdm n\u00e1stupem dal\u0161\u00ed vlny \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed choroby COVID-19 a\u00a0pot\u00e9 jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje epidemie \u010di \u00fa\u010dinnosti zaveden\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 situace rychle se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1kazy, vyvolan\u00e9 siln\u011b infek\u010dn\u00edm virem, pouk\u00e1zala na to, \u017ee v\u00fdskytu hygienicky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch mikroorganism\u016f ve vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed by bylo dobr\u00e9 v\u011bnovat zv\u00fd\u0161enou pozornost nejen v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9 pandemie.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek a\u00a0prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed monitoring je finan\u010dn\u011b podpo\u0159en z\u00a0Institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f na rozvoj v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 organizace V\u00daV TGM, v. v. i., v\u00a0r\u00e1mci intern\u00edho grantu \u010d.\u00a03600.52.33\/2020 a\u00a0z\u00a0projektu \u010cist\u00e1 voda\u00a0\u2013 zdrav\u00e9 m\u011bsto. Komun\u00e1ln\u00ed odpadn\u00ed voda jako diagnostick\u00e9 medium hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Prahy financuje Hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Praha v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Opera\u010dn\u00edho programu Praha\u00a0\u2013 p\u00f3l r\u016fstu \u010cR, CZ.07.1.02\/0.0\/0.0\/16_040\/0000378. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The paper provides actual clear information about viruses and coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the possibility of contamination of surface water and wastewater by this virus.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":8219,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[1916,1931,1912,1932,1913,316,213,1104],"coauthors":[494,599,1738,1899,239],"class_list":["post-8278","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","tag-biomarker","tag-contamination","tag-covid-19","tag-early-warning-tool","tag-sars-cov-2","tag-surface-water","tag-wastewater","tag-wastewater-based-epidemiology"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8278","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8278"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8278\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30586,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8278\/revisions\/30586"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8219"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8278"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8278"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8278"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=8278"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}