{"id":8274,"date":"2020-06-19T10:34:57","date_gmt":"2020-06-19T09:34:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=8274"},"modified":"2024-07-17T10:36:20","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T09:36:20","slug":"identification-of-non-point-agricultural-pollution-using-thermographic-imaging","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2020\/06\/identification-of-non-point-agricultural-pollution-using-thermographic-imaging\/","title":{"rendered":"Identification of non-point agricultural pollution using thermographic imaging"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle fa-3x pull-left\"><\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Souhrn<\/h2>\n<p>Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti vody v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice (\u010cR) nem\u00e1 tak dlouhou tradici jako sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jej\u00edho mno\u017estv\u00ed, a\u00a0to i\u00a0p\u0159esto, \u017ee pro spole\u010dnost, pr\u016fmysl i\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed je kvalita vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f strategick\u00e1. Pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd podpovrchov\u00fd odtok. S\u00a0podpovrchov\u00fdm (dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edm) odtokem je spojov\u00e1no p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed dusi\u010dnan\u016f, pesticid\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch ve vod\u011b rozpustn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (fosfore\u010dnany) aplikovan\u00fdch na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu. Stavby zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed byly v\u00a0minulosti budov\u00e1ny za \u00fa\u010delem podpory a\u00a0rozvoje zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Jejich tradice v\u00a0\u010cR sahaj\u00ed do konce 19. stolet\u00ed, nejintenzivn\u011bji v\u0161ak byly realizov\u00e1ny v\u00a0obdob\u00ed do 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, pozd\u011bji pak v\u00a0letech 1960\u20131990. Odvod\u0148ovac\u00ed stavby na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemc\u00edch byly navrhov\u00e1ny jako jedno\u00fa\u010delov\u00e9 k\u00a0odv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ebytku vody z\u00a0pozemku. Se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm se v\u00fdskytem hydrologick\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f (zejm\u00e9na sucha, ale i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch de\u0161\u0165\u016f) je jejich funkce v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch obdob\u00edch kontraproduktivn\u00ed. Proto jsou v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na opat\u0159en\u00ed na dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch syst\u00e9mech \u010di v\u00a0jejich n\u00e1vaznosti, kter\u00e1 mohou zm\u00edrnit a\u00a0eliminovat dopady obou hydrologick\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f. Pro n\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed jedno\u00fa\u010delovou funkci odvod\u0148ovac\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed \u010di jejich negativn\u00ed efekty minimalizuj\u00ed (dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed biofiltry, um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady a\u00a0t\u016fn\u011b na dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00edch, regula\u010dn\u00ed dren\u00e1\u017ee), je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e1 znalost um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch prvk\u016f plo\u0161n\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed. Informaci o\u00a0um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti lze z\u00edskat dohled\u00e1n\u00edm, naskenov\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0n\u00e1slednou orto-rektifikac\u00ed podrobn\u00fdch situac\u00ed staveb zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed. Tento postup v\u0161ak nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 aplikovat v\u017edy, proto\u017ee v\u00a0obdob\u00ed majetkov\u00fdch transformac\u00ed v\u00a0devades\u00e1t\u00fdch letech 20. stolet\u00ed byla zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st podklad\u016f ztracena nebo zni\u010dena. Z\u00a0t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f bylo testov\u00e1no termografick\u00e9 sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed jako nov\u00e1 metoda pro identifikaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed. P\u0159edpokladem pro jej\u00ed u\u017eit\u00ed je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee teplota dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed vody a\u00a0teplota vody v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9m toku jsou odli\u0161n\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b a\u00a0v\u00a0zim\u011b. Termografick\u00fdm sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00edm po d\u00e9lce vodn\u00edho toku lze identifikovat oblasti s\u00a0n\u00e1hlou zm\u011bnou teploty, kter\u00e1 identifikuj\u00ed m\u00edsta p\u0159\u00edtoku vody do vodn\u00edho toku. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00edskan\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f lze tvrdit, \u017ee termografie p\u0159edstavuje u\u017eite\u010dnou metodu k\u00a0identifikaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p>Plocha proveden\u00fdch odvodn\u011bn\u00ed dosahuje na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b podle dostupn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 milion\u016f hektar\u016f zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy [1]. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice bylo odvodn\u011bno celkem 1\u00a0016 500 ha, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje v\u00edce ne\u017e 25 % zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy [2]. Dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed syst\u00e9my jsou v\u00a0\u010cR obvykle koncipov\u00e1ny jako kombinace podrobn\u00e9ho odvod\u0148ovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (POZ), nej\u010dast\u011bji v\u00a0podob\u011b plo\u0161n\u00e9 podpovrchov\u00e9 trubkov\u00e9 dren\u00e1\u017ee (z\u00e1chytn\u00e9, sb\u011brn\u00e9 a\u00a0svodn\u00e9 dr\u00e9ny), kter\u00e1 je za\u00fast\u011bna do povrchov\u00fdch nebo zatrubn\u011bn\u00fdch hlavn\u00edch odvod\u0148ovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (HOZ) nebo p\u0159\u00edmo do drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f (DVT). Odtok z\u00a0dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159edstavuje z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky jeden z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch zdroj\u016f podpovrchov\u00e9ho plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod. Dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edm odtokem doch\u00e1z\u00ed zejm\u00e9na k\u00a0vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed dusi\u010dnan\u016f, n\u011bkter\u00fdch pesticid\u016f a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek rozpustn\u00fdch ve vod\u011b. Mno\u017estv\u00ed l\u00e1tek vyplavovan\u00e9 z\u00a0p\u016fdy dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edmi syst\u00e9my je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9 k\u00a0velikosti a\u00a0dynamice odtoku vody [3].<\/p>\n<p>Dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed syst\u00e9my obecn\u011b urychluj\u00ed odtok z\u00a0povod\u00ed. Dynamika koncentrac\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny l\u00e1tek je v\u00a0dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch vod\u00e1ch velmi prom\u011bnliv\u00e1. Dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed vody mohou m\u00edt pro jednotliv\u00e9 slo\u017eky odtoku zna\u010dnou \u010dasovou variabilitu ve vazb\u011b na pr\u016fb\u011bh po\u010das\u00ed, p\u016fdn\u00ed a\u00a0hydrogeologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky povod\u00ed, nasycenost p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu, dobu a\u00a0intenzitu aplikace hnojiv, biochemick\u00e9 reakce v\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zp\u016fsob vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0jeho morfologii. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd je tedy p\u016fvod vody a\u00a0cesty jej\u00edho odtoku do odvod\u0148ovac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu [4\u20136].<\/p>\n<p>Zabr\u00e1nit zhor\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed stavu povrchov\u00fdch i\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0zlep\u0161en\u00ed jejich jakostn\u00edho i\u00a0kvantitativn\u00edho stavu je c\u00edlem R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu a\u00a0Rady 2000\/60\/ES ze dne 23. \u0159\u00edjna 2000, ustavuj\u00edc\u00ed r\u00e1mec pro \u010dinnost Spole\u010denstv\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vodn\u00ed politiky. Pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vod je rozd\u011bleno do t\u0159\u00ed \u0161estilet\u00fdch obdob\u00ed. Plo\u0161n\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod v\u0161ak v\u00a0r\u00e1mci p\u0159edchoz\u00edch dvou pl\u00e1novac\u00edch obdob\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vod nebyly analyzov\u00e1ny ani hodnoceny. Problematika hodnocen\u00ed stavu vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f z\u00a0hlediska vlivu plo\u0161n\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u016fstala v\u00a0procesu pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vod dosud t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ne\u0159e\u0161ena [7]. T\u0159et\u00ed pl\u00e1novac\u00ed obdob\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 od po\u010d\u00e1tku roku 2016 do roku 2021 a\u00a0realizace opat\u0159en\u00ed t\u0159et\u00edho pl\u00e1novac\u00edho obdob\u00ed bude prob\u00edhat v\u00a0letech 2022 a\u017e 2027. Pro efektivn\u00ed n\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bude mo\u017en\u00e9 prom\u00edtnout do t\u0159et\u00edho pl\u00e1novac\u00edho obdob\u00ed, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt proto charakteristick\u00fd multifunk\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos. Navr\u017een\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed mus\u00ed nejen zajistit funk\u010dnost staveb odvodn\u011bn\u00ed zamok\u0159en\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemk\u016f, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 tak\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et z\u00e1soby vody pro letn\u00ed obdob\u00ed a\u00a0t\u00edm sni\u017eovat rizika i\u00a0dopady v\u00fdskytu sucha agronomick\u00e9ho, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b hydrologick\u00e9ho [8]. Navr\u017een\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e krom\u011b aspekt\u016f optimalizace vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemk\u016f, tj. eliminace hydrologick\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f, mus\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bt ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed samotn\u00e9 jakosti dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch vod. Opat\u0159en\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zam\u011b\u0159ena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed odnosu \u017eivin a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch polutant\u016f z\u00a0povod\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed [9\u201311].<\/p>\n<p>Kvalita proveden\u00fdch n\u00e1vrh\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0detailn\u00ed znalosti \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, jeho\u017e d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je znalost um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch prvk\u016f plo\u0161n\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Odtok z dren\u00e1\u017ee se soust\u0159e\u010fuje prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm svodn\u00fdch dr\u00e9n\u016f k dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edm v\u00fdust\u00edm. V dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch soustav\u00e1ch v \u010cR se b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti v m\u00edstech vy\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed svodn\u00fdch dr\u00e9n\u016f do odpadov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkop\u016f, kan\u00e1l\u016f \u010di vodn\u00edch tok\u016f [1]. Historicky znamenala realizace zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho po\u010dtu dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed stavebn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu bylo dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch vy\u00fast\u00ed realizov\u00e1no co nejm\u00e9n\u011b, a\u00a0sice zpravidla jedna pro ka\u017edou dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed skupinu [1]. Mezi po\u017eadavky na konstruk\u010dn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed voln\u00e9ho odtoku dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed vody, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1kladovost, trvanlivost a\u00a0jasn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b jasn\u00e1 identifikace v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu s\u00a0ohledem na st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed realizovan\u00fdch staveb odvodn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje z\u00e1sadn\u00ed probl\u00e9m pro n\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed na dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch syst\u00e9mech a\u00a0samotn\u00fdch dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00edch. Dochovan\u00e9 projektov\u00e9 dokumentace jednotliv\u00fdch staveb zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed vy\u017eaduj\u00ed navazuj\u00edc\u00ed pokro\u010dil\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pro p\u0159ibli\u017enou lokalizaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti (navazuj\u00edc\u00edch prvk\u016f odvodn\u011bn\u00ed). Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0nutn\u00e9 skenov\u00e1n\u00ed dochovan\u00fdch situac\u00ed staveb odvodn\u011bn\u00ed, jejich n\u00e1slednou rektifikaci a\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00ed digitalizaci. V\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9 \u010dinnosti v\u0161ak \u010dasto nevedou k\u00a0\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 identifikaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu (realizace stavby \u010dasto nebyla prov\u00e1d\u011bna v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0projektovou dokumentac\u00ed \u010di dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 byla po\u0161kozena). \u010c\u00e1st situac\u00ed staveb zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed tak\u00e9 nen\u00ed dochov\u00e1na. V\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se nab\u00edz\u00ed jako jedna z\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch metod identifikace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed za pomoci termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je v\u00a0termografii aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed zejm\u00e9na d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed discipl\u00edna v\u00a0podob\u011b termografick\u00e9 diagnostiky, kter\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159\u00ed charakteristiku vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed tepla za \u00fa\u010delem zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdskytu poruchy, zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nebo nemoci. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0typ infra\u010derven\u00e9ho zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 detekuje intenzitu tepeln\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0rozsahu elektromagnetick\u00e9ho spektra pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed obrazu\u00a0\u2013 termogramu [12]. N\u00e1stroje a\u00a0poznatky z\u00a0oboru termografie lze vyu\u017e\u00edt jako alternativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup pro identifikaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed se ji\u017e podobn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum uskute\u010dnil, byl v\u0161ak zam\u011b\u0159en prim\u00e1rn\u011b na identifikaci potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edkladn\u00fdmi studiemi jsou nap\u0159. [13\u201315], kde se auto\u0159i v\u011bnovali mo\u017enostem aplikace nov\u00fdch metod pro odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed kontaminace pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch vod s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm leteck\u00fdch platforem termografie, \u0159ady pokro\u010dil\u00fdch termovizn\u00edch kamer a\u00a0nov\u00e9ho detek\u010dn\u00edho softwaru.<\/p>\n<p>Hydrografick\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 (vodn\u00ed toky v\u010d. hlavn\u00edch odvod\u0148ovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed) je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za hlavn\u00ed prom\u011bnnou, kter\u00e1 ovliv\u0148uje rozmanitost (hydrologickou, biologickou \u010di produk\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 zem\u011bd\u011blskou slo\u017eku) v\u00a0samotn\u00e9m vodn\u00edm toku, ale i\u00a0v\u00a0cel\u00e9 navazuj\u00edc\u00ed plo\u0161e povod\u00ed. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti je jen m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1mo o\u00a0tepeln\u00e9 heterogenit\u011b v\u010detn\u011b jej\u00edch \u00fa\u010dinc\u00edch na jakostn\u00ed ukazatele vody \u010di vodn\u00ed biotu. Dynamikou a\u00a0vlivem tepeln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na vodn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m se pomoc\u00ed technik d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu Zem\u011b p\u0159\u00edkladn\u011b zab\u00fdval ve sv\u00e9 studii autor Tonolla a\u00a0kol. [16]. Slo\u017een\u00ed, uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0stupe\u0148 hydrologick\u00e9 propojenosti t\u011bchto biotop\u016f ur\u010duje stabilitu vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 procesy [17, 18].<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0oboru vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed lze s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm metod termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed diagnostikovat m\u00edsta ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch \u010di n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch se zv\u00fd\u0161enou teplotou, kter\u00e1 mohou m\u00edt negativn\u00ed dopad na ekologickou stabilitu lokality [19], p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b kompletn\u011b modelovat teplotn\u00ed re\u017eim vodn\u00edch tok\u016f [20]. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00e9 teploty mezi povrchovou a\u00a0podpovrchovou vodou je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e1 identifikace vyv\u011braj\u00edc\u00edch pramen\u016f vody [21]. Pramenn\u00e9 v\u00fdv\u011bry jsou potenci\u00e1ln\u011b zam\u011bniteln\u00e9 za dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti a\u00a0pro stanoven\u00ed jakosti dan\u00e9ho v\u00fdv\u011bru je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed laboratorn\u00ed ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, jeliko\u017e nutn\u011b nepodl\u00e9h\u00e1 plo\u0161n\u00e9mu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b navazuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed termografie, tedy identifikac\u00ed teplotn\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi vodn\u00edmi toky (n\u00e1dr\u017eemi) a\u00a0dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edmi vodami, se detailn\u011b zab\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159edstavovan\u00fd v\u00fdzkum. C\u00edlem tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je prezentovat dosa\u017een\u00e9 poznatky z\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed termografick\u00e9 metody pro identifikaci m\u00edst vtoku dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch vod do recipientu (dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed) a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159edstavit zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 nesoulady mezi dochovan\u00fdmi situa\u010dn\u00edmi v\u00fdkresy projektov\u00fdch dokumentac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch staveb zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0re\u00e1ln\u00fdm stavem zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Metodika<\/h2>\n<p>V\u00a0r\u00e1mci p\u0159edstaven\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu bylo vyu\u017eito pozemn\u00ed termografick\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Pomoc\u00ed termovizn\u00ed kamery byly sn\u00edmkov\u00e1ny oblasti p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdch dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed do vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, hlavn\u00edch odvod\u0148ovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010di mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozd\u00edl\u016f v\u00a0teplot\u011b vody byly identifikov\u00e1ny konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed polohy dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed lokalizace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti byla zam\u011b\u0159ena a\u00a0posl\u00e9ze porovn\u00e1na s\u00a0podklady z\u00a0projektov\u00fdch dokumentac\u00ed odvod\u0148ovac\u00ed stavby.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed my\u0161lenka, kter\u00e1 stoj\u00ed za t\u00edmto v\u00fdzkumem, je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed od detekce tepeln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed k\u00a0detekci zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod v\u00a0obecn\u00e9m slova smyslu. Pro\u00a0\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed termografie k\u00a0detekci vstupu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed do povrchov\u00fdch vod mus\u00ed b\u00fdt z\u00e1rove\u0148 spln\u011bny dva p\u0159edpoklady. Prvn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem je, \u017ee teplota vody podpovrchov\u00e9ho odtoku (dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edho) odtoku se bude li\u0161it od teploty vody odtoku povrchov\u00e9ho. Druh\u00fdm p\u0159edpokladem je, \u017ee se li\u0161\u00ed koncentrace l\u00e1tek v\u00a0dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edm a\u00a0povrchov\u00e9m odtoku. Vzhledem ke skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee teplota dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed vody vykazuje men\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edly mezi letn\u00edm a\u00a0zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed a\u00a0na zm\u011bnu teploty vzduchu reaguje se zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm oproti povrchov\u00e9mu odtoku [22] a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 koncentrace pro dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed odtok charakteristick\u00fdch polutant\u016f b\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u00a0dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch vod\u00e1ch vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9m odtoku [6, 9], termografick\u00e9 sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed by mohlo umo\u017enit identifikaci vtoku dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch vod i\u00a0zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edm odtokem vn\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9. D\u00e1le by vyu\u017eit\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed mohlo poskytnout jednoduchou vizualizaci a\u00a0popis jeho prostorov\u00e9ho rozlo\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159isp\u011bt tak ke snaz\u0161\u00edmu ur\u010den\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010din zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, respektive lokalizovat m\u00edsta pro n\u00e1vrh vhodn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>P\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00a0r\u00e1mci pozemn\u00edho termografick\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo testov\u00e1no vyu\u017eit\u00ed termografick\u00fdch kamer FLUKE\u00a0\u2013 TiS20 (<em>obr. 1<\/em>) a\u00a0FLIR \u0159ady E6 (<em>obr. 2<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h4>Termografick\u00e1 kamera FLUKE\u00a0\u2013 TiS20 se vyzna\u010duje\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed specifikac\u00ed<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>rozli\u0161en\u00ed 120 \u00d7 90 pixelu,<\/li>\n<li>obnovovac\u00ed frekvence 9 Hz,<\/li>\n<li>rozsah m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty\u00a0-20 \u00b0C a\u017e +350 \u00b0C (-4 \u00b0F a\u017e 662 \u00b0F),<\/li>\n<li>prostorov\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed (IFOV) 5,2 mRad,<\/li>\n<li>zorn\u00e9 pole 35,7\u00b0 \u00d7 26,8\u00b0,<\/li>\n<li>rozm\u011bry (V\u00a0\u00d7 \u0160 \u00d7 D): 26,7 \u00d7 10,1 \u00d7 14,5 cm,<\/li>\n<li>hmotnost 720 g.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"990\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8191 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-1-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-1-768x950.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/990;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 1. Termografick\u00e1 kamera FLUKE\u00a0\u2013 TiS20<br \/>\nFig. 1. FLUKE\u00a0\u2013 TiS20 Thermal Imaging Camera<\/h6>\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00ed termokameru pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed teplot. Samotn\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed dat prob\u00edh\u00e1 zam\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm na sn\u00edman\u00fd objekt a\u00a0stisknut\u00edm \u201espou\u0161t\u011b\u201c pro po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed termogramu. Kamera je vybavena funkc\u00ed prol\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed IR-Fusion\u00ae\u00a0\u2013 kdy jsou do samotn\u00e9ho termogramu prolnuty hrany z\u00edskan\u00e9 z\u00a0optick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmku, co\u017e napom\u00e1h\u00e1 snaz\u0161\u00ed orientaci v\u00a0po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9m termogramu a\u00a0identifikaci kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch detail\u016f. Termokamera disponuje displejem LCD 3,5\u201c 320 \u00d7 240, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e je dopln\u011bna o\u00a0digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1t s\u00a0rozli\u0161en\u00edm 5 Mpx.<\/p>\n<h4>Termografick\u00e1 kamera FLIR E6 se vyzna\u010duje\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed specifikac\u00ed<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>rozli\u0161en\u00ed 160 \u00d7 120 pixelu,<\/li>\n<li>obnovovac\u00ed frekvence 9 Hz,<\/li>\n<li>rozsah m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty\u00a0-20 \u00b0C a\u017e +250 \u00b0C (-4 \u00b0F a\u017e 482 \u00b0F),<\/li>\n<li>prostorov\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed (IFOV) 5,2 mRad,<\/li>\n<li>zorn\u00e9 pole 45\u00b0 \u00d7 34\u00b0,<\/li>\n<li>rozm\u011bry (V\u00a0\u00d7 \u0160 \u00d7 D): 24,4 \u00d7 9,5 \u00d7 14 cm,<\/li>\n<li>hmotnost 575 g.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"990\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8193 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-2-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-2-768x950.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/990;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 2. Termografick\u00e1 kamera FLIR E6<br \/>\nFig. 2. FLIR E6 Thermal Imaging Camera<\/h6>\n<p>Termokamery FLIR \u0159ady Ex, tj. konkr\u00e9tn\u011b termokamery FLIR E4, FLIR E5, FLIR E6, jsou ur\u010deny pro v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed ve stavebnictv\u00ed i\u00a0pr\u016fmyslu. Jsou vhodn\u00e9 i\u00a0pro termografickou anal\u00fdzu povrchov\u00fdch vod a\u00a0identifikaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed. V\u0161echny termokamery t\u00e9to \u0159ady jsou pln\u011b kompatibiln\u00ed se softwarem FLIR TOOLS a\u00a0FLIR TOOLS+ s\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed anal\u00fdzy jednotliv\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kamery je vestav\u011bn\u00fd digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1t, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fotografie z\u00e1rove\u0148 s\u00a0termogramem. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi testovan\u00fdmi kamerami je, \u017ee termokamera FLIR E6 disponuje funkc\u00ed detekce hran sn\u00edman\u00e9ho objektu (IR-Fusion\u00ae).<\/p>\n<h3>Pilotn\u00ed lokality a\u00a0termografick\u00e9 kampan\u011b<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00fdzkum zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na vyu\u017eit\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed pro pot\u0159eby identifikace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed prob\u00edhal v\u00a0letech 2018\u20132019. Jednalo se o\u00a0jednu m\u011b\u0159ickou kampa\u0148 zam\u011b\u0159enou obecn\u011b na identifikaci bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed dv\u011b m\u011b\u0159ick\u00e9 kampan\u011b pozemn\u00edho termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly speci\u00e1ln\u011b zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na identifikaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed. Dan\u00e9 kampan\u011b prob\u00edhaly v\u00a0term\u00ednech 17. 12. 2018\u00a0(lokalita Rokytky a\u00a0Kunratick\u00e9ho potoka) a\u00a015. 1.\u00a02019\u00a0(lokalita Dolsk\u00e9ho potoka v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u017dejbra). Z\u00a0d\u016fvodu \u0161patn\u00e9ho stavu projektov\u00e9 dokumentace a\u00a0rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se z\u00e1stavb\u011b (zejm\u00e9na na hydrologicky souvisej\u00edc\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed Prahy) bylo v\u00a0r\u00e1mci dvou kampan\u00ed provedeno ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed dan\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu celkem na p\u011bti vybran\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch (p\u011bti vybran\u00fdch stavb\u00e1ch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed). Vzhledem k\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdm p\u0159edpoklad\u016fm pro efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem identifikace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed byly kampan\u011b provedeny v\u00a0zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed, kdy je z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teplot dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed vody patrn\u00e9, \u017ee se jej\u00ed teplota v\u00a0zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed pohybuje okolo 5 \u00b0C [22, 23]. Pro vyhodnocen\u00ed termografick\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed byla zvolena barevn\u00e1 paleta s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem rainbow HC, je\u017e je prezentov\u00e1na na <em>obr. 3<\/em>. Barevn\u00e1 stupnice rainbow HC byla zvolena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0d\u016fvodu vysok\u00e9 citlivosti na zm\u011bnu teploty.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"190\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8195 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-3-300x71.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-3-768x182.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/190;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 3. Barevn\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la rainbow HC<br \/>\nFig. 3. Rainbow HC Thermal Palette<\/h6>\n<p>Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty jsou v\u017edy prezentov\u00e1ny b\u00edlou barvou, nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teploty barvou \u010dernou. Jednotliv\u00e9 termogramy jsou vyhodnoceny automaticky, tedy nebyly sjednoceny na stejnou teplotn\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lu. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu se u\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9ho termogramu teploty li\u0161\u00ed, a\u010dkoli mohou vypadat podobn\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3>Povod\u00ed Rakovnick\u00e9ho potoka<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00a0 povod\u00ed Rakovnick\u00e9ho potoka prob\u011bhlo dne 13. 12. 2018 termografick\u00e9 sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo v\u00e1z\u00e1no prim\u00e1rn\u011b na identifikaci bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na bodov\u00e9 zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed evidovan\u00e9 v\u00a0datab\u00e1zi spr\u00e1vc\u016f Povod\u00ed (Povod\u00ed Vltavy, st\u00e1tn\u00ed podnik)\u00a0\u2013 objekty vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Hlavn\u00ed poznatky z\u00a0termografick\u00e9 kampan\u011b byly prezentov\u00e1ny v\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku Marvala a\u00a0kol. [24]. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci t\u00e9to kampan\u011b byla identifikov\u00e1na v\u00a0povod\u00ed H\u00e1jevsk\u00e9ho potoka (<em>obr. 4<\/em>) v\u00a0lokalit\u011b Kn\u011b\u017eeves, krom\u011b definovan\u00e9ho objektu vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (\u010dist\u00edrna odpadn\u00edch vod), rovn\u011b\u017e dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165. Dan\u00e1 dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 (<em>obr. 5<\/em>) nebyla na prvn\u00ed pohled patrn\u00e1 a\u00a0jej\u00ed identifikace a\u00a0lokalizace prob\u011bhla pouze d\u00edky\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed termografick\u00e9 kamery. Povod\u00ed H\u00e1jevsk\u00e9ho potoka\u00a0(22,8 km<sup>2<\/sup>) se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na severoz\u00e1padn\u00edm okraji St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9ho kraje. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0intenzivn\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 povod\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e standardn\u00ed orn\u00e1 p\u016fda zab\u00edr\u00e1 70,6 % \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0chmelnice se rozl\u00e9haj\u00ed na 12,8\u00a0% plochy povod\u00ed. Odvodn\u011bn\u00e1 plocha se podle vrstvy b\u00fdval\u00e9 Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy (ZVHS) rozl\u00e9h\u00e1 na cca 2,5 km<sup>2<\/sup>, co\u017e \u010din\u00ed 11,0 % celkov\u00e9 plochy povod\u00ed. Nalezen\u00e1 dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 byla identifikov\u00e1na n\u00e1hodn\u011b, ani\u017e by p\u0159edem bylo z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee se na dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed stavba nach\u00e1z\u00ed. Vrstva odvodn\u011bn\u00ed podle b\u00fdval\u00e9 ZVHS takovouto stavbu nereflektuje, co\u017e je z\u0159ejm\u00e9 z\u00a0<em>obr. 4<\/em>. Stejn\u011b tak nen\u00ed zachov\u00e1n prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed v\u00fdkres stavby odvodn\u011bn\u00ed ve spisov\u00e9 a\u00a0archivn\u00ed dokumentaci b\u00fdval\u00fdch pracovi\u0161\u0165 ZVHS, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve spisovn\u011b Povod\u00ed Vltavy, s. p., na vodn\u00edm d\u00edle Orl\u00edk.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-4.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"628\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8197 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-4-300x236.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-4-768x603.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/628;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 4. Pilotn\u00ed lokalita\u00a0\u2013 povod\u00ed H\u00e1jevsk\u00e9ho potoka<br \/>\nFig. 4. The pilot location\u00a0\u2013 the H\u00e1jevsk\u00fd stream catchment<\/h6>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-5.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"186\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8199 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-5.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-5-300x70.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-5-768x179.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/186;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 5. Identifikovan\u00e1 dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 (DV1) v\u00a0povod\u00ed H\u00e1jevsk\u00e9ho potoka<br \/>\nFig. 5. The identified drainage outlet in the H\u00e1jevsk\u00fd stream catchment<\/h6>\n<p>Z\u00edskan\u00fd poznatek vyvolal pot\u0159ebu navazuj\u00edc\u00edch m\u011b\u0159ick\u00fdch kampan\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e byly prim\u00e1rn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159eny na mo\u017enou identifikaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed pomoc\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed. S\u00a0p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm k\u00a0nejistot\u011b dosa\u017een\u00fdch poznatk\u016f a\u00a0mo\u017enostem vyu\u017eit\u00ed termokamery v\u00a0oboru vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed byla prvn\u00ed kampa\u0148 provedena zap\u016fj\u010denou termokamerou FLUKE\u00a0\u2013 TiS20. V\u00a0n\u00e1vaznosti na nov\u011b z\u00edskan\u00e9 poznatky v\u00a0prvn\u00ed termografick\u00e9 kampani byl pro druhou a\u00a0t\u0159et\u00ed kampa\u0148 zaji\u0161t\u011bn obdobn\u00fd model termokamery (FLIR E6).<\/p>\n<h3>Povod\u00ed Kunratick\u00e9ho potoka a\u00a0Rokytky<\/h3>\n<p>Pro ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed mo\u017enosti identifikace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed termografickou kamerou byly na z\u00e1klad\u011b dostupnosti podklad\u016f ke stavb\u00e1m odvodn\u011bn\u00ed (data odvodn\u011bn\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 ZVHS, projektov\u00e9 dokumentace a\u00a0situace staveb zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed) vybr\u00e1ny dal\u0161\u00ed lokality, kde byly provedeny \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 termografick\u00e9 kampan\u011b. Mimo povod\u00ed H\u00e1jevsk\u00e9ho potoka byly \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b monitorov\u00e1ny dal\u0161\u00ed lokality\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed na vybran\u00fdch\u00a0povod\u00edch IV. \u0159\u00e1du. Jednou z\u00a0nich byla povod\u00ed v\u00a0hydrologicky souvisej\u00edc\u00edm\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed Prahy. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b se jednalo o\u00a0povod\u00ed Kunratick\u00e9ho potoka (\u010cHP 1-12-01-006) a\u00a0horn\u00ed povod\u00ed Rokytky k\u00a0B\u011bchovic\u00edm (\u010cHP 1-12-01-026).<\/p>\n<p>Pro hydrologicky souvisej\u00edc\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed Prahy, tj. \u00fazem\u00ed, ze kter\u00e9ho p\u0159it\u00e9k\u00e1 povrchov\u00e1 voda na \u00fazem\u00ed Prahy (vyjma povod\u00ed Vltavy a\u00a0Berounky), jsou v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti digitalizov\u00e1na data o\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00e9m zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m odvodn\u011bn\u00ed. Tato aktivita prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem \u201eN\u00e1stroje pro efektivn\u00ed a\u00a0bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 hospoda\u0159en\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vodou na \u00fazem\u00ed Prahy\u00a0\u2013 RainPRAGUE\u201c podpo\u0159en\u00fdm Opera\u010dn\u00edm programem\u00a0\u2013 Praha p\u00f3l r\u016fstu. Na podklad\u011b poskytnut\u00fdch prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edch situa\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdkres\u016f staveb zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed od spisovny Povod\u00ed Vltavy, s.\u00a0p., pro hydrologicky souvisej\u00edc\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed Prahy byly vytipov\u00e1ny dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti pro navazuj\u00edc\u00ed ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu. Na p\u0159edem ur\u010den\u00fdch m\u00edstech pot\u00e9 prob\u00edhalo ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed mo\u017enosti identifikace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed pomoc\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed. Bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed specifikace pilotn\u00edch lokalit v\u00a0okol\u00ed hl. m. Prahy je uvedena na <em>obr. 6<\/em>.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-6.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"646\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8201 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-6.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-6-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-6-768x620.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/646;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 6. Pilotn\u00ed lokality\u00a0\u2013 povod\u00ed Kunratick\u00e9ho potoka a\u00a0horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st povod\u00ed vodn\u00edho toku Rokytky<br \/>\nFig. 6. The pilot location\u00a0\u2013 the Kunratick\u00fd stream catchment and the upper part of the Rokytka catchment<\/h6>\n<h3>Povod\u00ed \u017dejbro<\/h3>\n<p>T\u0159et\u00ed lokalitou pro ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed mo\u017enosti identifikace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed byla vybr\u00e1na dv\u011b povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du v\u00a0povod\u00ed vodn\u00edho toku \u017dejbra. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0dlouhodob\u011b sledovanou lokalitu V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu meliorac\u00ed a\u00a0ochrany p\u016fd, v. v. i., (V\u00daMOP) pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed. Na t\u00e9to lokalit\u011b m\u00e1 V\u00daMOP zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 a\u00a0ortorektifikovan\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed v\u00fdkresy staveb zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed, na jejich\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b byly v\u00a0minulosti identifikovan\u00e9 dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci proveden\u00e9 termografick\u00e9 kampan\u011b byly tyto v\u00fdusti vyu\u017eit\u00e9 pro ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jejich identifikace pomoc\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed. Lokality v\u00a0povod\u00ed vodn\u00edho toku \u017dejbro jsou bl\u00ed\u017ee specifikov\u00e1ny na <em>obr. 7<\/em>.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-7.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"966\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8203 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-7.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-7.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-7-248x300.jpg 248w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-7-768x927.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/966;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 7. Pilotn\u00ed lokality\u00a0\u2013 povod\u00ed Dolsk\u00e9ho potoka<br \/>\nFig. 7. The pilot location\u00a0\u2013 the H\u00e1jevsk\u00fd stream catchment<\/h6>\n<h2>V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n<p>Dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky jsou prezentov\u00e1ny formou rektifikovan\u00e9ho situa\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdkresu stavby odvodn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdmi termogramy dopln\u011bn\u00e9 o\u00a0RGB sn\u00edmky. Teploty vody a\u00a0jej\u00ed rozd\u00edly v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch v\u00a0m\u00edstech dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed a\u00a0nad p\u0159\u00edtokem dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed vody jsou prezentov\u00e1ny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm <em>tabulky 1<\/em>, kde jsou uvedeny konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed teploty zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ru\u010dn\u00edho referen\u010dn\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 1. Teplota na m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00edch a\u00a0recipientu (p\u0159\u00edtok\/nad p\u0159\u00edtokem)<br \/>\nTable 1. Temperatures of the drainage outlet and the recipient<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-tabulka-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8213 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-tabulka-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-tabulka-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-tabulka-1-300x75.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-tabulka-1-768x192.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/200;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>Na <em>obr. 8<\/em> je prezentov\u00e1na identifikovan\u00e1 dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 (DV2) v\u00a0pilotn\u00ed lokalit\u011b Kunratick\u00e9ho potoka. Termogramy demonstruj\u00ed teplotn\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdust\u011b a\u00a0vodn\u00ed hladiny rybn\u00edku Nov\u00fd \u0160eberov. Vodn\u00ed hladina byla pokryta slabou vrstvou ledu a\u00a0dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed voda dosahovala teploty 5,7 \u00b0C. Za pomoci vysok\u00e9ho teplotn\u00edho rozd\u00edlu a\u00a0vodnosti stavby odvodn\u011bn\u00ed bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 danou v\u00fdus\u0165 identifikovat. Dan\u00e1 stavba odvodn\u011bn\u00ed (<em>obr. 8<\/em>) m\u00e1 rozlohu 2,8 ha a\u00a0cel\u00fd dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed odtok je soust\u0159ed\u011bn do jedin\u00e9 identifikovan\u00e9 dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti. P\u0159esto\u017ee byla stavba odvodn\u011bn\u00ed vybudov\u00e1na ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1977, je st\u00e1le funk\u010dn\u00ed. To se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti zm\u011bn\u00ed vzhledem k\u00a0faktu, \u017ee je plocha stavby zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u011b z\u00a060 % zalesn\u011bn\u00e1. Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee ko\u0159enov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti mlad\u00e9ho lesa, v\u00a0brzk\u00e9 budoucnosti funkci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed stavby v\u00fdznamn\u011b omez\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed n\u00e1znaky lok\u00e1ln\u00edho zamok\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vznik\u00e1 v\u00a0m\u00edstech poru\u0161en\u00ed dr\u00e9n\u016f, jsou ji\u017e patrn\u00e9 ze satelitn\u00edch sn\u00edmk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pozvoln\u00e9ho vtoku vody o\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplot\u011b (dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed vody) do stojat\u00e9 vody, jak je prezentov\u00e1no na <em>obr. 8<\/em>, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0relativn\u011b pomal\u00e9mu \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed tepla proud\u011bn\u00edm neboli konvekc\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0jev, kdy doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke\u00a0vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu pohybu jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed odli\u0161nou teplotu a\u00a0tedy r\u016fznou hustotu vnit\u0159n\u00ed energie, t\u00edm se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed teplo, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u010deho\u017e se dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed voda postupn\u011b ochlazuje. V\u00a0zemsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e obvykle hustota kapalin nebo plyn\u016f kles\u00e1 s\u00a0nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed teplotou. V\u00a0gravita\u010dn\u00edm poli tedy oh\u0159\u00e1t\u00e9 vrstvy kapaliny nebo plynu stoupaj\u00ed, zat\u00edmco ty chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed klesaj\u00ed ke dnu. Fakt, \u017ee \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed tepla po vodn\u00ed hladin\u011b nen\u00ed ovlivn\u011bno turbulentn\u00edm proud\u011bn\u00edm, zvy\u0161uje \u00fa\u010dinnost mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed. To je d\u00e1no velikost\u00ed oblasti s\u00a0vodou o\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplot\u011b, co\u017e souvis\u00ed s\u00a0prodlou\u017eenou dobou, po kterou dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed voda z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na hladin\u011b, a\u00a0proti vtoku do vodn\u00edho toku nen\u00ed ovlivn\u011bna turbulentn\u00edm proud\u011bn\u00edm. To v\u0161ak podmi\u0148uje vodnost dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti, kdy se zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm se pr\u016ftokem roste i\u00a0tepeln\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 plocha.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-8.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"700\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8205 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-8.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-8.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-8-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-8-768x672.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/700;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 8. Rektifikovan\u00e1 stavba odvodn\u011bn\u00ed, termogramy teplotn\u00edho rozlo\u017een\u00ed v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdust\u011b a\u00a0recipientu (rybn\u00edk Nov\u00fd \u0160eberov) a\u00a0fotodokumentace \u2013\u00a0povod\u00ed Kunratick\u00e9ho potoka<br \/>\nFig. 8. The rectified drainage system, thermograms showing temperature distribution at the drainage outlet and recipient (Nov\u00fd \u0160eberov pond) and photo documentation\u00a0\u2013 the Kunratick\u00fd stream catchment<\/h6>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 (DV3) identifikovan\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00ed vodn\u00edho toku Rokytky. V\u00a0dob\u011b termografick\u00e9 kampan\u011b byla vodnost hlavn\u00edho odvod\u0148ovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (HOZ) minim\u00e1ln\u00ed, p\u0159esto byla podniknuta rekognoskace cel\u00e9 lokality. Identifikovan\u00e1 v\u00fdus\u0165 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed cca\u00a013\u00a0m od p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 polohy podle rektifikovan\u00e9ho prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edho v\u00fdkresu, viz <em>obr.\u00a09<\/em>. P\u0159i poch\u016fzce pod\u00e9l HOZ byla detekov\u00e1na tepl\u00e1 oblast, viz termogram na <em>obr. 9<\/em>. Stav p\u0159ed a\u00a0po identifikaci je mo\u017en\u00e9 porovnat v\u00a0p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00e9 fotodokumentaci. Na prvn\u00ed pohled dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 nen\u00ed patrn\u00e1 a\u00a0a\u017e po odkryt\u00ed cca 5 cm siln\u00e9 vrstvy pokryvu bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdus\u0165 spat\u0159it. Pr\u016ftok dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti byl velmi n\u00edzk\u00fd, av\u0161ak pro identifikaci pomoc\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00fd i\u00a0vzhledem k\u00a0promrzl\u00e9mu okol\u00ed v\u00fdusti. Identifikovan\u00e1 dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 odv\u00e1d\u00ed vodu z\u00a0plochy 1,9 ha.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-9.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"700\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8207 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-9.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-9.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-9-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-9-768x672.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/700;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 9. Rektifikovan\u00e1 stavba odvodn\u011bn\u00ed, termogram dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti a\u00a0fotodokumentace p\u0159ed a\u00a0po proveden\u00e9 identifikaci v\u00a0povod\u00ed Rokytky<br \/>\nFig. 9. The rectified drainage structure, a\u00a0thermogram of the drainage outlet and photo documentation from before and after the identification in the Rokytka catchment<\/h6>\n<p>V\u00a0dokumentaci b\u00fdval\u00e9 ZVHS je uvedeno, \u017ee stavba odvodn\u011bn\u00ed byla budov\u00e1na v\u00a0roce 1970, je v\u0161ak pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee do\u0161lo k\u00a0jej\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 obnov\u011b vzhledem k\u00a0materi\u00e1lu, ze kter\u00e9ho je dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 vyrobena (tvrzen\u00fd plast). Podle prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edho v\u00fdkresu stavby zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed jsou za\u00fast\u011bny do HOZ dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i svodn\u00e9 dr\u00e9ny, ov\u0161em p\u0159i ter\u00e9nn\u00ed rekognoskaci se poda\u0159ilo identifikovat pouze jedinou v\u00fdus\u0165 na t\u00e9to lokalit\u011b. To bylo zap\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011bno z\u00a0d\u016fvodu n\u00edzk\u00e9 vodnosti nebo nefunk\u010dnosti dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed odvod\u0148ovac\u00ed stavby.<\/p>\n<p>Na <em>obr. 10<\/em> jsou prezentov\u00e1ny dv\u011b dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti (DV4 a\u00a0DV5), identifikovan\u00e9 termografick\u00fdm sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u017dejbro. Na rektifikovan\u00e9m situa\u010dn\u00edm v\u00fdkresu jsou zakreslen\u00e9 v\u00fdusti na obou stran\u00e1ch Dolsk\u00e9ho potoka. Na prav\u00e9m b\u0159ehu se re\u00e1ln\u00e1 poloha v\u00fdusti li\u0161\u00ed proti prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edmu v\u00fdkresu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o\u00a08\u00a0m a\u00a0na lev\u00e9m b\u0159ehu je rozd\u00edl 50 m. Re\u00e1ln\u00e9 polohy v\u00fdust\u00ed jsou oproti prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed dokumentaci posunuty severn\u00edm sm\u011brem. D\u00e1le byly ze situa\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdkresu ode\u010dteny plochy, odkud dan\u00e1 v\u00fdus\u0165 odv\u00e1d\u00ed vodu. Na prav\u00e9m b\u0159ehu se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0plochu cca 0,48 ha, na lev\u00e9m 0,38 ha. Vzhledem k\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00edm atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdm sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1m p\u0159ed proveden\u00edm termografick\u00e9 kampan\u011b byla funk\u010dnost plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0mal\u00fdch rozloh p\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00ed a\u00a0je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee situa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdkres plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 skute\u010dnosti a\u00a0identifikovan\u00e9 v\u00fdusti re\u00e1ln\u011b odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed vodu z\u00a0rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edch odvodn\u011bn\u00fdch ploch. V\u00a0prav\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti <em>obr. 10<\/em> je uvedena fotografie dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed, termogram zachycuj\u00edc\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed proti proudu Dolsk\u00e9ho potoka a\u00a0kombinace fotografie s\u00a0\u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zpr\u016fhledn\u011bn\u00fdm termogramem tepeln\u00e9ho \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed po proudu Dolsk\u00e9ho potoka.\u00a0Teplotn\u00ed rozd\u00edl dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch vod a\u00a0recipientu dosahoval 4,8 \u00b0C, respektive 6,1 \u00b0C. Spln\u011bn\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami (vodnost dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed a\u00a0vysok\u00fd teplotn\u00ed rozd\u00edl) byla op\u011btovn\u011b potvrzena vyu\u017eitelnost termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem identifikace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed, tedy potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho pozemku.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-10.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"700\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8209 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-10.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-10-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-10-768x672.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/700;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 10. Rektifikovan\u00e1 stavba odvodn\u011bn\u00ed, termogramy dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed a\u00a0fotodokumentace v\u00a0povod\u00ed Dolsk\u00e9ho potoka<br \/>\nFig. 10. The rectified drainage structure, thermograms of the drainage outlets and photo documentation from the Dolsk\u00fd stream catchment<\/h6>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-11.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-8274];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"700\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8211 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-11.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-11-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Marval-11-768x672.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/700;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 11. Rektifikovan\u00e1 stavba odvodn\u011bn\u00ed, termogramy dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed a\u00a0fotodokumentace v\u00a0povod\u00ed Dolsk\u00e9ho potoka<br \/>\nFig. 11. The rectified drainage structure, thermograms of the drainage outlets and photo documentation from the Dolsk\u00fd stream catchment<\/h6>\n<p>V\u00a0dan\u00e9m\u00a0povod\u00ed byla identifikov\u00e1na tak\u00e9 t\u0159et\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 (DV6). Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0v\u00fdus\u0165, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o\u00a0350 m v\u00fd\u0161e proti proudu Dolsk\u00e9ho potoka od DV4 a\u00a0DV5. P\u0159edm\u011btn\u00e1 dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdus\u0165 odv\u00e1d\u00ed vodu z\u00a0plochy 6,16 ha, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jej\u00ed vodnost byla srovnateln\u00e1 s\u00a0p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdmi dv\u011bma v\u00fdust\u011bmi v\u00a0povod\u00ed Dolsk\u00e9ho potoka, u\u00a0kter\u00fdch je sb\u011brn\u00e1 plocha podle dostupn\u00e9 dokumentace cca dvan\u00e1ctkr\u00e1t men\u0161\u00ed. Mimo t\u00e9to identifikovan\u00e9 v\u00fdusti by se v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m\u00a0okol\u00ed podle dokumentace m\u011blo nach\u00e1zet dal\u0161\u00edch p\u011bt dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed, av\u0161ak jejich skute\u010dnou polohu nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159it vyu\u017eit\u00edm termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0d\u016fvodu nulov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 kampan\u011b.<\/p>\n<h2>Diskuse<\/h2>\n<p>Podpovrchov\u00e9 zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jsou v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cR zastoupeny zejm\u00e9na plo\u0161n\u00fdm zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm odvodn\u011bn\u00edm, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuje mj. zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (dusi\u010dnany a n\u011bkter\u00e9 pesticidy). Vnos v\u0161ech t\u011bchto polutant\u016f do vod \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s dynamikou po\u010das\u00ed (zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se nepravidelnost sr\u00e1\u017eek, dlouh\u00e1 obdob\u00ed sucha, p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky) a n\u00edzkou retenc\u00ed vody v povod\u00ed [25]. Pro n\u00e1vrhy p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch a technick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b (stavb\u00e1ch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed), kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u011bj\u00ed k eliminaci podpovrchov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, je nutn\u00e1 znalost prostorov\u00e9ho rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch prvk\u016f staveb odvodn\u011bn\u00ed. Pro n\u00e1vrh konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m pozemku je proto znalost um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed odvod\u0148ovac\u00ed stavby v ter\u00e9nu rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed. Odvodn\u011bn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy bylo provedeno z\u00a0 98 % plo\u0161nou, tj. systematickou trubkovou dren\u00e1\u017e\u00ed. P\u0159es zna\u010dnou snahu archivovat a\u00a0v\u00a0dobr\u00e9m stavu uchov\u00e1vat projektov\u00e9 dokumentace ke stavb\u00e1m odvodn\u011bn\u00ed, je nutn\u00e9 konstatovat, \u017ee evidence proveden\u00fdch staveb odvodn\u011bn\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na podpovrchov\u00fdch) nen\u00ed kompletn\u00ed [26].<\/p>\n<p>Chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed datov\u00e9 podklady (\u010di dochovan\u00e9 s\u00a0ur\u010ditou m\u00edrou nep\u0159esnosti) je proto nutn\u00e9 zrevidovat, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pracovat s\u00a0podklady, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed samotn\u00e9 realizaci stavby plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti neexistuje ucelen\u00fd celost\u00e1tn\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m o\u00a0realizovan\u00fdch stavb\u00e1ch odvodn\u011bn\u00ed. Jedin\u00fdm dostupn\u00fdm podkladem v\u00a0digit\u00e1ln\u00ed podob\u011b je voln\u011b dostupn\u00e1 geoinforma\u010dn\u00ed vrstva odvodn\u011bn\u00fdch ploch ve vektorov\u00e9m form\u00e1tu shapefile (.shp). Uveden\u00fd datov\u00fd podklad p\u0159edstavuje historicky po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd datov\u00fd zdroj b\u00fdval\u00e9 Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy, kter\u00fd vznikl digitalizac\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch analogov\u00fdch map s\u00a0plochami realizovan\u00fdch staveb zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed [26]. Geometrick\u00fd i\u00a0atributov\u00fd rozsah dat t\u00e9to informa\u010dn\u00ed vrstvy je v\u0161ak nekompletn\u00ed a\u00a0\u010dasto i\u00a0lokaliza\u010dn\u011b nep\u0159esn\u00fd, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e informace o\u00a0realizovan\u00fdch v\u00fdust\u00edch dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f prakticky zcela chyb\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Alternativou pro ur\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edho identifika\u010dn\u00edho prvku p\u0159\u00edtomnosti stavby odvodn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0samotn\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu, v\u00a0podob\u011b dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti, se tak nab\u00edz\u00ed prezentovan\u00fd zp\u016fsob identifikace pomoc\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Prezentovan\u00e9 d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdsledky shrnuj\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry z\u00edskan\u00e9 z\u00a0prvotn\u00edch dvou kampan\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho na identifikaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed. Proveden\u00e9 kampan\u011b byly uskute\u010dn\u011bny jako referen\u010dn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed akce prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ru\u010dn\u00ed termokamery FLUKE\u00a0\u2013 TiS20\/FLIR E6. Dan\u00fd zp\u016fsob potvrdil potenci\u00e1l v\u011bdn\u00edho oboru termografie k\u00a0identifikaci konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed polohy dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu.<\/p>\n<p>Pro \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou identifikaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed pomoc\u00ed termografie mus\u00ed b\u00fdt spln\u011bny n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edpoklady:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vodnost p\u0159\u00edtoku (dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdusti) a\u00a0recipientu (vodn\u00ed tok, hlavn\u00ed odvod\u0148ovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e),<\/li>\n<li>teplotn\u00ed rozd\u00edl minim\u00e1ln\u011b 3 \u00b0C.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Proto se jako ide\u00e1ln\u00ed obdob\u00ed pro proveden\u00ed dan\u00fdch kampan\u00ed jev\u00ed za\u010d\u00e1tek zimy, kdy recipient nen\u00ed zamrzl\u00fd, av\u0161ak jeho teploty klesaj\u00ed k\u00a00 \u00b0C a\u00a0dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed voda si dr\u017e\u00ed teplotu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 4\u20138 \u00b0C [22, 23]. Dal\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednkou \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 identifikace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed je vodnost jak p\u0159\u00edtoku, tak i\u00a0recipientu. S\u00a0t\u00edm je v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cR pom\u011brn\u011b zna\u010dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tato podm\u00ednka omezuje dan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup aplikovat v\u00a0\u0161irok\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. Dal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je samotn\u00fd stav staveb zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed, kdy pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 procento pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nen\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160ir\u0161\u00ed aplikovatelnost termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed pro identifikaci dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 spat\u0159ovat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve vyu\u017eit\u00ed leteck\u00e9ho termografick\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed. Leteck\u00e1 termografie m\u00e1 bezesporu zna\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b tato technologie za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 neb\u00fdval\u00fd rozvoj a\u00a0je mo\u017en\u00e9 tedy o\u010dek\u00e1vat nov\u00e9 cesty v\u00fdvoje leteck\u00fdch termovizn\u00edch kamer a\u00a0jejich rozli\u0161en\u00ed i\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na v\u00fdvoj bezpilotn\u00edch letoun\u016f a\u00a0mo\u017enosti dru\u017eicov\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed. Leteck\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sb\u011bru dat m\u00e1 v\u00fdraznou v\u00fdhodu p\u0159i vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed teplotn\u00edch zm\u011bn v\u00a0m\u00edstech, kde nen\u00ed jist\u00e9, \u017ee se tyto jevy vyskytuj\u00ed. To je umo\u017en\u011bno p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm rychl\u00fdm z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm dat na velk\u00e9 plo\u0161e a\u00a0\u0161irok\u00fdm \u00fahlem z\u00e1b\u011bru (\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 hluch\u00e1 m\u00edsta, kde by mohly b\u00fdt nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 teplotn\u00ed zm\u011bny) [12].<\/p>\n<p>Naopak vyu\u017eit\u00ed pozemn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sb\u011bru dat, a\u0165 u\u017e dynamick\u00fdm, \u010di statick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdraznou flexibilitu a\u00a0operativnost. Limituj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem plo\u0161n\u00e9ho sb\u011bru dat pozemn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm je v\u0161ak jeho \u010dasov\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnost. Proto se do budoucna jako ide\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed jev\u00ed kombinace obou t\u011bchto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00a0podob\u011b rychl\u00e9ho plo\u0161n\u00e9ho sb\u011bru dat s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm leteck\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00fd o\u00a0data n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho dom\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pozemn\u00ed metodou v\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch vybran\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n<p>Sb\u011br termografick\u00fdch dat je jedn\u00edm z\u00a0\u0159ady nov\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dat o\u00a0vodn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech (identifikace zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u010di pr\u00e1v\u011b dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed). Samotn\u00e9 termografick\u00e9 sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed pozemn\u00ed i\u00a0leteck\u00e9 je dynamicky se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed obor, kter\u00fd v\u00a0oblasti vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nab\u00edz\u00ed efektivn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pro preventivn\u00ed diagnostiku z\u00a0pohledu identifikace zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod [12, 24]. Tepeln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ze stacion\u00e1rn\u00edch zdroj\u016f pod\u00e9l vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0ploch je samo o\u00a0sob\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem s\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi ekologick\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky pro m\u00edstn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my. Identifikace zdroj\u016f tepeln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0kvantifikace jejich vlivu je tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm prvn\u00edm krokem pro ochranu t\u011bchto ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je ur\u010den\u00ed m\u00edsta vtoku teplotn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 vody prvotn\u00edm indik\u00e1torem pro lokalizaci potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0pohledu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed vn\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch polutant\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku byla pozornost soust\u0159ed\u011bna na samotnou identifikaci teplotn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho zdroje vstupuj\u00edc\u00edho do hlavn\u00edho vodn\u00edho toku (hlavn\u00edho odvod\u0148ovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed) v\u00a0podob\u011b p\u0159\u00edtoku z\u00a0dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed. Sou\u010dasn\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u011b dostupn\u00e9 datov\u00e9 podklady neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ur\u010den\u00ed m\u00edsta dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed. Toto se st\u00e1v\u00e1 limituj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem p\u0159i n\u00e1vrz\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch k\u00a0omezen\u00ed podpovrchov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Zp\u016fsob identifikace dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch v\u00fdust\u00ed pomoc\u00ed termografick\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed prok\u00e1zal dobr\u00e9 mo\u017enosti uplatn\u011bn\u00ed. Jeho \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed je v\u00e1z\u00e1no p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na leteckou termografii, zejm\u00e9na na autonomn\u00ed bezpilotn\u00ed letouny. P\u0159edem nadefinovan\u00e9 trajektorie letu nad hlavn\u00edmi odvod\u0148ovac\u00edmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi\/vodn\u00edmi toky v\u00a0povod\u00edch s\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00fdm podpovrchov\u00fdm odvodn\u011bn\u00edm v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm sb\u011brem termografick\u00fdch dat p\u0159edur\u010duje danou metodu k\u00a0\u0161irok\u00e9mu uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0komer\u010dn\u00ed i\u00a0st\u00e1tn\u00ed sf\u00e9\u0159e.<\/p>\n<h3>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><em>Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl za podpory Technologick\u00e9 agentury \u010cR, projektu \u010d\u00edslo TH02030396 \u201eVyu\u017eit\u00ed leteck\u00e9 termografie jako nov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu pro identifikaci zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod z\u00a0bodov\u00fdch a\u00a0nebodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f\u201c a\u00a0za podpory Evropsk\u00e9 unie v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Opera\u010dn\u00edho programu Praha\u00a0\u2013 p\u00f3l r\u016fstu \u010cR, \u010d\u00edslo projektu CZ.07.1.02\/0.0\/0.0\/17_049\/<\/em><em>0000842, \u201eN\u00e1stroje pro efektivn\u00ed a\u00a0bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 hospoda\u0159en\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vodou na \u00fazem\u00ed Prahy\u00a0\u2013 RainPRAGUE\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Water quality monitoring has a\u00a0much shorter history in the Czech Republic (CR) than water quantity monitoring. Yet the quality of water resources is crucial for society, industry and agriculture.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":8231,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,88],"tags":[1930,1929,301,1928],"coauthors":[1409,1410,1250,1413,1414,1898],"class_list":["post-8274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-applied-ecology","category-informatics-cartography-in-water-management","tag-agricultural-drainage","tag-sources-of-pollution","tag-water-quality","tag-water-temperature"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8274","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8274"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8274\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30587,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8274\/revisions\/30587"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8274"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8274"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8274"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=8274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}