{"id":824,"date":"2015-09-03T13:52:34","date_gmt":"2015-09-03T13:52:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=824"},"modified":"2024-07-16T10:09:19","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T09:09:19","slug":"experience-with-measurement-of-water-levels-in-tgm-wri-hydrometric-stations-using-the-system-of-pressure-sensors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2015\/09\/experience-with-measurement-of-water-levels-in-tgm-wri-hydrometric-stations-using-the-system-of-pressure-sensors\/","title":{"rendered":"Experience with measurement of water levels in TGM WRI hydrometric stations (using the system of pressure sensors)"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek prezentuje zku\u0161enosti s m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm vodn\u00edch stav\u016f (zejm\u00e9na n\u00edzk\u00fdch) v p\u0159irozen\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch korytech prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm soustavy \u010didel zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch hydrostatick\u00fd tlak a tlak vzduchu. Jsou p\u0159edstaveny postupy \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edho ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed vodn\u00edho stavu p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi, um\u011bl\u00fdmi a nahodil\u00fdmi jevy a d\u00e1le pops\u00e1ny nejistoty spojen\u00e9 s vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00edm pr\u016ftok\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftoku hydrometrickou vrtul\u00ed a pomoc\u00ed Ch\u00e9zyho rovnice. Dlouhodob\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee uveden\u00e1 metoda m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vodn\u00edch stav\u016f je vhodn\u00fdm a p\u0159esn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed mal\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f v nepozorovan\u00fdch profilech.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Pro \u00fa\u010dely n\u011bkolika projekt\u016f, \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch v r\u00e1mci v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho, v.v.i., bylo v letech 2012\u20132015 v r\u00e1mci \u010cR z\u0159\u00edzeno p\u0159es sto vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic, osazen\u00fdch soustavou tlakov\u00fdch \u010didel (firma Solinst), umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00e1znam v\u00fd\u0161ky vodn\u00edho sloupce jako funkci hydrostatick\u00e9ho tlaku vody (\u010didlo levelogger) kompenzovan\u00e9ho na tlak vzduchu p\u0159i vodn\u00ed hladin\u011b (\u010didlo barologger).<\/p>\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku projektu v\u017edy prob\u011bhl p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic na toc\u00edch podle c\u00edlen\u00fdch hydrografick\u00fdch a hydrogeologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek. P\u0159esn\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed stanic spojen\u00e9 s v\u00fdb\u011brem vhodn\u00e9ho m\u011brn\u00e9ho hydrologick\u00e9ho profilu, v\u010detn\u011b jeho n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho geodetick\u00e9ho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, bylo n\u00e1sledn\u011b provedeno in situ. P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed stanice bylo postupov\u00e1no v souladu s hydrologickou prax\u00ed, aby se minimalizovaly ru\u0161iv\u00e9 vlivy ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ku zaznamen\u00e1van\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho stavu a pravideln\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftoku pomoc\u00ed hydrometrick\u00e9 vrtule (\u010cSN EN ISO 748), nebo v\u00fd\u0161ky p\u0159epadov\u00e9ho paprsku (\u010cSN ISO 3846) (prizmatick\u00e9 koryto, dostate\u010dn\u00e1 hloubka pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu a rychlost proud\u011bn\u00ed vody v pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9m profilu, vodom\u011brn\u00fd profil bez vegetace, vhodn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup apod.).<\/p>\n

Za dobu trv\u00e1n\u00ed projektu byl na jednotliv\u00fdch stanic\u00edch z\u00edsk\u00e1n t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159\u00edlet\u00fd kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1znam v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny vody nad \u010didlem (v hodinov\u00e9m kroku), zav\u011b\u0161en\u00fdm na \u0159et\u00edzku zn\u00e1m\u00e9 d\u00e9lky v ochrann\u00e9m kovov\u00e9m tubusu opat\u0159en\u00e9m vodo\u010dtem (vodn\u00ed stav byl pro dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely v\u017edy vzta\u017een k nule na vodo\u010dtu) a p\u0159ipevn\u011bn\u00e9m ke dnu a bok\u016fm \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho koryta, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b k t\u011blesu hr\u00e1ze Thomsonova p\u0159elivu. I p\u0159es v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed bylo u naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic nutn\u00e9 p\u0159istoupit k vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed datov\u00fdch \u0159ad, ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 extr\u00e9mn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami (zejm\u00e9na ledov\u00e9 jevy), ale i dal\u0161\u00edmi antropogenn\u00edmi (nap\u0159. stavba mostu, zcizen\u00ed barologgeru), technick\u00fdmi (nahodil\u00e9 chyby m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed) a n\u00e1hodn\u00fdmi vlivy (p\u00e1d v\u011btv\u011b do profilu, zanesen\u00ed profilu po povodni apod.). Po sta\u017een\u00ed dat bylo p\u0159i vracen\u00ed leveloggeru do tubusu rovn\u011b\u017e nutn\u00e9 se vyvarovat vzp\u0159\u00ed\u010den\u00ed sondy v tubusu nebo jej\u00edho proto\u010den\u00ed v karabin\u011b spojuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00ed\u010dko sondy s \u0159et\u00edzkem tak, aby byla zachov\u00e1na st\u00e1le stejn\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenost \u010didla k nule na vodo\u010dtu. Vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f z vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch datov\u00fdch \u0159ad bylo d\u00e1le spojeno s odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edrou nejistoty p\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 konsump\u010dn\u00ed k\u0159ivky.<\/p>\n

Ledov\u00e9 jevy a nahodil\u00e9 chyby m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Na 80\u2009% stanic do\u0161lo p\u0159i poklesu pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 denn\u00ed teploty vody pod 0 \u00b0C k ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed vodn\u00edho stavu zm\u011bnou tlakov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek proud\u011bn\u00ed vody pod ledem ( obr. 2<\/em>). Tento stav byl nej\u010dast\u011bji charakterizov\u00e1n prudk\u00fdm n\u00e1r\u016fstem a kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edho stavu bez ohledu na charakter hydrogramu z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch dn\u016f (obr. 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Pro odstran\u011bn\u00ed tohoto vlivu byl ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed vodn\u00ed stav p\u0159ed zamrznut\u00edm (pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 denn\u00ed teplota vody ~0 \u00b0C) a po kompletn\u00edm rozmrznut\u00ed hladiny (pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 denn\u00ed teplota vody >\u20091 \u00b0C), kde mezilehl\u00e9 vodn\u00ed stavy, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed dob\u011b z\u00e1mrzu hladiny, byly z d\u016fvodu absence vhodn\u00fdch analogon\u016f dopo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny aritmetick\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00edm obou odlehl\u00fdch hodnot v z\u00e1vislosti na d\u00e9lce z\u00e1mrzu a s ohledem na charakter hydrogramu p\u0159ed z\u00e1mrzem a po z\u00e1mrzu vodn\u00ed hladiny (korekce K1\u2013K4 a K6 na obr. 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n

\"zkusenosti-1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Obr. 1. Hydrogram stanice Oskava-Doln\u00ed Libina s vyzna\u010den\u00edm korekc\u00ed vlivu ledov\u00fdch jev\u016f a nahodil\u00fdch chyb m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed
\nFig. 1. Hydrograph of Oskava-Doln\u00ed Libina hydrometric station showing the correction of the ice-induced and random errors<\/h6>\n\"zkusenosti-2\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 2. Vodom\u011brn\u00e1 stanice V\u00daV v profilu Oskava-Doln\u00ed Libina (severn\u00ed Morava)
\nFig. 2. TGM Water Research Institute (TGM WRI) hydrometric station at Oskava-Doln\u00ed Libina (northern Moravia)<\/h6>\n

P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch byly v obdob\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1ny \u010detn\u00e9 nahodil\u00e9 chyby m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v n\u00e1hl\u00e9m, do\u010dasn\u00e9m (hodinov\u00e9m) poklesu vodn\u00edho stavu o n\u011bkolik cm, kter\u00e9 nebylo v harmonii s vodn\u00edmi stavy zaznamenan\u00fdmi p\u0159ed a po poklesu. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd chybn\u00fd vodn\u00ed stav byl pak nahrazen aritmetick\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brem p\u0159edchoz\u00ed a n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed hodnoty (korekce K5 a K7 na obr. 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Zm\u011bny v pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9m profilu, antropogenn\u00ed ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Probl\u00e9my s do\u010dasn\u00fdm sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm pr\u016fto\u010dnosti profilu a jeho op\u011btovn\u00fdm vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm, spojen\u00e9 s n\u00e1hl\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm, resp. poklesem vodn\u00edho stavu, byly zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1ny nahodile, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm po v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch povodn\u00edch (\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1nosy, naplaven\u00e9 balvany) a u Thomsonov\u00fdch p\u0159eliv\u016f (p\u00e1d v\u011btve do horn\u00ed zdr\u017ee, vzp\u0159\u00ed\u010den\u00ed v\u011btve v p\u0159elivu) ( obr. 3<\/em> a 4<\/em>). V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee byl na hydrogramu z\u0159eteln\u011b identifikov\u00e1n vzestup a pokles vodn\u00edho stavu, byl p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd \u00fasek opraven o hodnotu vzestupu\/poklesu hladiny (korekce K4 a K6 na obr. 3<\/em>).<\/p>\n

\"zkusenosti-3\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Obr. 3. Hydrogram vodom\u011brn\u00e9 stanice P8-Skryjsk\u00fd potok s vyzna\u010den\u00edm korekc\u00ed vlivu do\u010dasn\u00e9ho ucp\u00e1n\u00ed (omezen\u00ed) pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu Thomsonova p\u0159elivu povod\u0148ov\u00fdm pl\u00e1v\u00edm
\nFig. 3. Hydrograph of P8-Skryjsk\u00fd Stream hydrometric station showing the correction of temporal blockage (with flood debris) on Thomson weir<\/h6>\n\"zkusenosti-4\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 4. Vodom\u011brn\u00e1 stanice P8 osazen\u00e1 Thomsonov\u00fdm p\u0159elivem na \u0161tolov\u00e9m v\u00fdtoku Skryjsk\u00e9ho potoka u Dukovan
\nFig. 4. P8 hydrometric station fitted with Thomson weir on the undeground effluent of Skryjsk\u00fd Stream at Dukovany (southern Moravia)<\/h6>\n

Pokud do\u0161lo vlivem vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu k poklesu hladiny, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed vzestup hladiny nebyl jednozna\u010dn\u011b identifikov\u00e1n, bylo p\u0159istoupeno ke zp\u011btn\u00e9 \u00faprav\u011b p\u016fvodn\u00edch vodn\u00edch stav\u016f k nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 povod\u0148ov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti aritmetick\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00edm tak, \u017ee na za\u010d\u00e1tku ud\u00e1losti byl vodn\u00ed stav ponech\u00e1n a na konci revidovan\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed se ji\u017e shodoval s hodnotou odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9mu pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9mu profilu (korekce K1\u2013K3 a K5 na obr. 3<\/em>). Pro k<\/em> mezilehl\u00fdch hodnot byl spo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd pokles na jednu mezilehlou hodnotu \u2206H a ten byl postupn\u011b kumulativn\u011b ode\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n od p\u016fvodn\u00edch vodn\u00edch stav\u016f (Hp<\/em>) dle vztahu:<\/p>\n

Hi<\/em> = Hpi<\/em> \u2013 (i<\/em> \u00d7 \u2206H), i<\/em> = 1,2,…,k<\/p>\n

Antropogenn\u00ed ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed datov\u00fdch \u0159ad bylo zaznamen\u00e1no p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve spojitosti s nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1danou \u00fapravou koryta toku v okol\u00ed stanice (revitalizace koryta, rekonstrukce mostu, v\u00fdstavba jezu \u2013 \u010dty\u0159i stanice) a zcizen\u00edm barometrick\u00e9 sondy (\u0161est stanic), kdy se nap\u0159. rekonstrukce mostu spojen\u00e1 se stavbou bedn\u011bn\u00ed v \u0159e\u010di\u0161ti projevila obdobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak\u00fd \u0159e\u0161ily korekce K4 a K6 na obr. 3<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"zkusenosti-5\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Obr. 5. Vodom\u011brn\u00e1 stanice \u0160umice-N\u00e1m\u011b\u0161\u0165 na Han\u00e9 s vyzna\u010denou korekc\u00ed po kompenzaci na tlak vzduchu na n\u00e1hradn\u00ed vzduchov\u00e9 \u010didlo na p\u0159ilehl\u00e9 stanici Cholinka-Horka nad Moravou
\nFig. 5. \u0160umice-N\u00e1m\u011b\u0161\u0165 na Han\u00e9 hydrometric station showing the correction after the air pressure compensation based on substitute sensor (because of a loss) from nearby Cholinka-Horka nad Moravou hydrometric station (central Moravia)<\/h6>\n\"zkusenosti-6\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 6. \u010cidlo Solinst Barologger 3001 firmy ur\u010den\u00e9 pro kompenzaci hydrostatick\u00e9ho tlaku na tlak vzduchu
\nFig. 6. Solinst Barologger 3001 sensor used for compensation of hydrostatic pressure on air pressure<\/h6>\n

P\u0159i zcizen\u00ed barologgeru (obr. 6<\/em>) bylo t\u0159eba p\u0159istoupit ke kompenzaci na tlak vzduchu z barologgeru na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed vodom\u011brn\u00e9 stanici (v praxi vzd\u00e1lenost do 15 km). Tlakov\u00e9 zm\u011bny, dan\u00e9 r\u016fznou polohou stanic, zp\u016fsobily zm\u011bnu vodn\u00edho stavu typicky v \u0159\u00e1du n\u011bkolika centimetr\u016f (obr. 5<\/em>), co\u017e odpov\u00eddalo i 10\u201315\u2009% pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho stavu ve stanici. Na p\u016fvodn\u00ed datov\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b, kter\u00e1 se dochovala z posledn\u00edho sta\u017een\u00ed dat, byla proto zji\u0161t\u011bna pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 odchylka vodn\u00edch stav\u016f za celou dobu pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed oproti vodn\u00edm stav\u016fm p\u0159i vyu\u017eit\u00ed n\u00e1hradn\u00edho barologgeru (X1\u2013X3 na obr. 5<\/em>) a v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 hodnota pak byla zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1na v\u0161em n\u00e1sledn\u011b zaznamenan\u00fdm vodn\u00edm stav\u016fm po odcizen\u00ed (na obr. 5<\/em> nap\u0159. + 30,3 mm). Specifick\u00e1 poloha obou stanic a s n\u00ed spojen\u00e9 zm\u011bny tlaku vzduchu (v horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm i vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm sm\u011bru) se projevily v ne\u00fapln\u00e9 shod\u011b mezi p\u016fvodn\u00edm a n\u00e1hradn\u00edm hydrogramem (X4 a X5 na obr. 5<\/em>), zm\u011bny se v\u0161ak \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b pohybovaly v prvn\u00edch jednotk\u00e1ch % m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho stavu ve stanici a pro \u00fa\u010del projektu tak byly d\u00e1le pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za nepodstatn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f z datov\u00fdch \u0159ad<\/h2>\n

Pro vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f z vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch datov\u00fdch \u0159ad byly vyu\u017eity konsump\u010dn\u00ed k\u0159ivky (obr. 9<\/em>) sestrojen\u00e9 na z\u00e1klad\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f in situ (cca 12 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm n\u00edzk\u00fdch a st\u0159edn\u00edch vodn\u00edch stav\u016f) a extr\u00e9mn\u00edho pr\u016ftoku vypo\u010dten\u00e9ho podle \u010cSN ISO 1070 (Ch\u00e9zyho rovnice) pro nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zaznamenan\u00fd vodn\u00ed stav za celou dobu pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed (drsnostn\u00ed parametry koryta a pod\u00e9ln\u00fd skon koryta zji\u0161t\u011bny in situ, plocha pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu softwarov\u011b z geodeticky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu koryta toku ve stanici) (obr. 8<\/em>). Konsump\u010dn\u00ed k\u0159ivka pro ka\u017edou stanici je proto tvo\u0159ena v\u017edy dv\u011bma \u010d\u00e1stmi s vyzna\u010den\u00edm vodn\u00edho stavu, kde doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zm\u011bn\u011b v\u00fdpo\u010dtu pr\u016ftoku, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st k\u0159ivky je zprava omezena nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm pr\u016ftokem zm\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm in situ a druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st k\u0159ivky je empirick\u00e1, vznikl\u00e1 prolo\u017een\u00edm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho zm\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku in situ a pr\u016ftoku vypo\u010dten\u00e9ho pomoc\u00ed Ch\u00e9zyho rovnice. Pro v\u0161echny k\u0159ivky bylo zvoleno optimalizovan\u00e9 prolo\u017een\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm funkce s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnotou spolehlivosti (koeficient R ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f >\u200995 %).<\/p>\n

\"zkusenosti-7\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Obr. 7. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed hydrogramu z vodom\u011brn\u00e9 stanice Desn\u00e1-Rapot\u00edn (V\u00daV) s hydrogramem z vodom\u011brn\u00e9 stanice Desn\u00e1-\u0160umperk (povod\u00ed Moravy), le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed 5\u2009km po proudu \u0159eky
\nFig. 7. Comparison of Desn\u00e1-Rapot\u00edn hydrometric station (operated by TGM WRI) hydrograph with the hydrograph of Desn\u00e1-\u0160umperk hydrometric station (operated by Povod\u00ed Vltavy, State Enterprise), situated 5\u2009km downstream (northern Moravia)<\/h6>\n\"zkusenosti-8\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 8. Vodom\u011brn\u00e1 stanice Desn\u00e1-Rapot\u00edn s vyzna\u010den\u00edm nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho zaznamenan\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho stavu (120,5 cm), pro kter\u00fd byl dopo\u010dten odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016ftok s vyu\u017eit\u00edm Ch\u00e9zyho rovnice
\nFig. 8. Desn\u00e1-Rapot\u00edn hydrometric station with the highest recorded water level marked for which the respective water flow was calculated using the Ch\u00e9zy formula<\/h6>\n

Na obr. 7<\/em> je zobrazena pr\u016ftokov\u00e1 \u0159ada ve stanici Desn\u00e1-Rapot\u00edn, porovnan\u00e1 s pr\u016ftokovou \u0159adou ze stanice Desn\u00e1-\u0160umperk (profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed stanice povod\u00ed Moravy), nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se cca 5\u2009km n\u00ed\u017ee na toku. Zat\u00edmco v oblastech st\u0159edn\u00edch (X3 a X4 na obr. 7<\/em>) a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f (X5 a X6 na obr. 7<\/em>) je shoda (a tedy i kvalita m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f ve stanici V\u00daV) t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dokonal\u00e1, u n\u00edzk\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f je u stanice Desn\u00e1–\u0160umperk patrn\u00e9 jejich velk\u00e9 podhodnocen\u00ed, a to a\u017e o 50\u2009% (X1 a X2 na obr. 7<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Vzhledem k zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed projektu spojen\u00e9mu s d\u016fsledn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mal\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f ve stanic\u00edch V\u00daV lze konstatovat, \u017ee pokud mezi ob\u011bma stanicemi nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k z\u00e1sadn\u00edm odb\u011br\u016fm vody, bylo by \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed zp\u0159esnit m\u011brnou k\u0159ivku ve stanici Desn\u00e1-\u0160umperk pomoc\u00ed \u00fa\u010delov\u00e9ho hydrometrov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"zkusenosti-9\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Obr. 9. Sestrojen\u00e1 konsump\u010dn\u00ed k\u0159ivka pro stanici Desn\u00e1-Rapot\u00edn pro vodn\u00ed stavy do 48,8\u2009cm a nad 48,9\u2009cm
\nFig. 9. Constructed rating curve for Desn\u00e1-Rapot\u00edn hydrometric station for water levels up to 48.8\u2009cm and over 48.9\u2009cm<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Vyu\u017eit\u00ed soustavy tlakov\u00fdch \u010didel ve vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic\u00edch V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho se vzhledem k jejich mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 citlivosti uk\u00e1zalo jako velice p\u0159esn\u00fd a z\u00e1rove\u0148 spolehliv\u00fd zp\u016fsob m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vodn\u00edch stav\u016f (v\u010detn\u011b extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch) na profilech povrchov\u00fdch vod, a to i s ohledem na obt\u00ed\u017ee, kter\u00e9 jsou s m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm vodn\u00edch stav\u016f a vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00edm pr\u016ftok\u016f v nepozorovan\u00fdch povod\u00edch spojeny. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed nep\u0159esnosti m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vodn\u00edch stav\u016f byly zaznamen\u00e1ny v souvislosti s pravideln\u00fdm zamrz\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00ed hladiny v okol\u00ed stanice a nahodil\u00fdmi vlivy p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho i antropogenn\u00edho p\u016fvodu, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 podle zvolen\u00e9 metodiky uspokojiv\u011b eliminovat. Nejistota ve vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f z datov\u00fdch \u0159ad byla p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed dan\u00e9 metodiky spojena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi a povod\u0148ov\u00fdmi stavy, u mal\u00fdch a st\u0159edn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f lze v\u00fdsledky ozna\u010dit za robustn\u00ed a spolehliv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Po praktick\u00e9 str\u00e1nce se sondy samotn\u00e9 uk\u00e1zaly jako velice spolehliv\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj s minim\u00e1ln\u00ed chybovost\u00ed a velk\u00fdm pracovn\u00edm rozsahem (nejmen\u0161\u00ed interval m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed 0,1 s, pam\u011b\u0165 na 40 000 z\u00e1znam\u016f, citlivost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky vodn\u00edho sloupce 0,01\u2009mm, citlivost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty vody 0,01 \u00b0C, nevym\u011bniteln\u00e1 baterie po t\u0159ech letech provozu vykazovala 99\u2013100\u2009% kapacity, synchronizace \u010dasu, p\u0159ehledn\u00e9 u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed, optick\u00fd p\u0159enos dat). Po sta\u017een\u00ed dat z dvojice \u010didel (kv\u016fli kontrole koryta a mo\u017en\u00e9mu zcizen\u00ed barologgeru se prov\u00e1d\u011blo cca 3kr\u00e1t do roka) se pomoc\u00ed softwaru Solinst Levelogger 4.0.3 provedla p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 kompenzace na tlak vzduchu, exportovan\u00fd soubor typu .csv je mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u011b editovat v prost\u0159ed\u00ed MS Office.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The paper describes the experience with measurement of water levels (particularly low ones) in natural river beds using a system of sensors recording hydrostatic pressure and air pressure.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":746,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[99,100,101,102,103,105,104],"coauthors":[30],"class_list":["post-824","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-adjustment-and-correction-of-data-series","tag-hydrograph","tag-measurement-of-water-level","tag-pressure-compensation","tag-pressure-sensor","tag-uncertainty","tag-water-flow-measurement"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/824","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=824"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/824\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30291,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/824\/revisions\/30291"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/746"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=824"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=824"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=824"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=824"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}