{"id":7969,"date":"2020-05-04T14:54:44","date_gmt":"2020-05-04T13:54:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=7969"},"modified":"2024-07-17T10:28:01","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T09:28:01","slug":"space-time-dynamic-of-pesticide-loading-in-the-drinking-water-reservoir-svihov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2020\/05\/space-time-dynamic-of-pesticide-loading-in-the-drinking-water-reservoir-svihov\/","title":{"rendered":"Space-time dynamic of pesticide loading in the drinking water reservoir \u0160vihov"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek se v\u011bnuje dynamice vnosu nepol\u00e1rn\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0pol\u00e1rn\u00edch pesticid\u016f do vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0160vihov v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u017delivky b\u011bhem cel\u00e9 vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezony pomoc\u00ed pasivn\u00edch vzorkova\u010d\u016f. Monitoring prob\u00edhal od dubna do listopadu 2018 na dev\u00edti p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch do VN \u0160vihov a\u00a0na vstupu surov\u00e9 vody do \u00daV \u017delivka, a. s. Pro z\u00e1chyt \u0161irok\u00e9ho spektra l\u00e1tek bylo pou\u017eito v\u00edce typ\u016f membr\u00e1n: SR (m\u011b\u0159eno 61 l\u00e1tek), SPMD (m\u011b\u0159eno 43 l\u00e1tek) a\u00a0POCIS (m\u011b\u0159eno 38 l\u00e1tek). Doba jejich expozice ve vod\u011b \u010dinila 30 dn\u00ed. B\u011bhem pasivn\u00edho monitoringu byly zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1ny sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00e9 pom\u011bry z\u00a0on-line dostupn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch stanic v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u017delivky.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch do VN \u0160vihov bylo pasivn\u00edm monitoringem identifikov\u00e1no p\u0159es 80 organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Z\u00a0nepol\u00e1rn\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek byla potvrzena trval\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost ji\u017e d\u00e1vno nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch organochlorov\u00fdch pesticid\u016f HCH a\u00a0DDT. Pom\u011br zastoupen\u00fdch kongener\u016f PCB odpov\u00edd\u00e1 d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdrobk\u016f obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch Delor 106. V\u00fdskyt pesticid\u016f v\u00a0membr\u00e1n\u00e1ch odpov\u00eddal druhov\u00e9 skladb\u011b p\u011bstovan\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin v\u00a0povod\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f. M\u00edra zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod z\u00e1visela v\u00fdznamn\u011b na sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011brech, erozi p\u016fdy a\u00a0charakteru d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed. K\u00a0nejv\u00edce zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtok\u016fm n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed Medul\u00e1n a\u00a0Lohenick\u00fd potok. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch pesticid\u016f p\u0159eva\u017eoval obsah metabolit\u016f nad mate\u0159skou l\u00e1tkou. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed obsahy v\u00a0membr\u00e1n\u00e1ch byly zaznamen\u00e1ny v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b metazachloru (max. 19 000 ng\/membr\u00e1nu), metolachloru (max. 1 300\u00a0ng\/membr\u00e1nu) a\u00a0terbuthylazinu-2-hydroxy (max. 1 800 ng\/membr\u00e1nu), z\u00a0nepol\u00e1rn\u00edch l\u00e1tek fluoranthenu (683 ng\/membr\u00e1nu).<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159edstavuje v\u00fdsledky \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu \u010cist\u00e1 voda\u00a0\u2013 zdrav\u00e9 m\u011bsto, Konceptu I: \u201eStudie vnosu pesticid\u016f do vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0160vihov (\u017delivka) s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm nov\u00fdch vzorkovac\u00edch technik a\u00a0odstran\u011bn\u00ed organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek ze sorp\u010dn\u00edch filtr\u016f za ozonizac\u00ed vysoce-\u00fa\u010dinnou chemickou destrukc\u00ed\u201c a\u00a0je zam\u011b\u0159en na dynamiku vnosu organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek vybran\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edtoky do vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0160vihov.<\/p>\n

Vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 d\u00edlo \u0160vihov (d\u00e1le VN \u0160vihov) v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u0159eky \u017delivky je z\u00a0hlediska objemu povrchov\u00e9 vody v\u00a0z\u00e1sobn\u00edm prostoru i\u00a0z\u00a0pohledu odeb\u00edran\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed pro \u00fapravu na vodu pitnou nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdm zdrojem v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Pitnou vodou z\u00a0\u00fapravny vody \u017delivka, a. s., je z\u00e1sobov\u00e1no obyvatelstvo hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Prahy, st\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9 oblasti a\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti jiho\u010desk\u00e9 a\u00a0v\u00fdchodo\u010desk\u00e9 oblasti v\u00a0objemu a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161e 5,25 m3<\/sup>\/s [1]. Plocha povod\u00ed k\u00a0hr\u00e1zi vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u010din\u00ed 1\u00a0178 km2<\/sup> a\u00a0zasahuje na \u00fazem\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed kraj\u016f a\u00a0\u0161esti okres\u016f. \u00dazem\u00ed je v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivn\u011bno zem\u011bd\u011blskou \u010dinnost\u00ed, orn\u00e1 p\u016fda \u010din\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovinu celkov\u00e9 plochy povod\u00ed. Povod\u00ed kolem VN \u0160vihov je zastav\u011bno lidsk\u00fdmi s\u00eddly p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b vesnick\u00e9ho charakteru. Zem\u011bd\u011blsky obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9 plochy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed i\u00a0kolem vlastn\u00ed VN\u00a0\u0160vihov, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na stran\u011b levostrann\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f do n\u00e1dr\u017ee, kde plocha povod\u00ed je n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u\u00a0pravostrann\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f. P\u011bstebn\u00ed \u010dinnost je z\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sv\u00e9 plochy prov\u00e1d\u011bna na sva\u017eit\u00fdch pozemc\u00edch nez\u0159\u00eddka a\u017e na samou hranici lesn\u00edho porostu a\u00a0v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech a\u017e k\u00a0hranici ochrann\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma vodn\u00edho zdroje I. stupn\u011b. Hlavn\u00edm a\u00a0hydrologicky nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtokem do vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee je \u0159eka \u017delivka.<\/p>\n

Dlouhodob\u00fdm monitoringem spr\u00e1vce tohoto povod\u00ed (Povod\u00ed Vltavy, s. p.) je potvrzeno, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edpravky na ochranu rostlin se povrchovou eroz\u00ed i\u00a0podzemn\u00edmi vodami dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed do vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0do soustavy vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u017delivky v\u010detn\u011b VN \u0160vihov [2, 3]. To je d\u00e1no jak fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdmi vlastnosti jednotliv\u00fdch slo\u017eek rostlinol\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f (rozpustnost ve vod\u011b, p\u0159\u00edtomnost sm\u00e1\u010dedel pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed kapaliny), tak i\u00a0morfologi\u00ed ter\u00e9nu (p\u016fdn\u00ed a\u00a0v\u011btrn\u00e1 eroze), druhovou skladbou zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin a\u00a0klimatick\u00fdmi vlivy (sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdmi pom\u011bry).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Lokalizace profil\u016f na p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch do VN \u0160vihov pro pasivn\u00ed vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed
\nFig. 1. Monitoring sites on tributaries around WR \u0160vihov used for passive sampling<\/h6>\n

\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed projektu \u010cist\u00e1 voda\u00a0\u2013 zdrav\u00e9 m\u011bsto, Koncept I\u00a0bylo zam\u011b\u0159eno na studium vnosu pol\u00e1rn\u00edch a\u00a0nepol\u00e1rn\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek vybran\u00fdmi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edtoky do VN \u0160vihov. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f Konceptu I\u00a0bylo zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b pozn\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0\u010dasoprostorov\u00e9m vnosu pesticid\u016f do VN \u0160vihov pomoc\u00ed tzv. pasivn\u00edch vzorkova\u010d\u016f. Ty byly aplikov\u00e1ny po celou dobu jedn\u00e9 vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezony od dubna do listopadu 2018. Vzorky exponovan\u00fdch membr\u00e1n ze vzorkova\u010d\u016f byly analyticky zpracov\u00e1ny. Po celou dobu pasivn\u00edho monitoringu byla zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1na a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1na on-line dostupn\u00e1 klimatologick\u00e1 a\u00a0hydrologick\u00e1 data ze stanic nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch se v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u017delivky (v\u00a0denn\u00edm a\u00a0hodinov\u00e9m kroku).<\/p>\n

Metody pasivn\u00edho monitoringu povrchov\u00fdch vod<\/h2>\n

V\u00fdb\u011br lokalit<\/h3>\n

Pro pasivn\u00ed monitoring bylo vybr\u00e1no celkem dev\u011bt p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f do VN \u0160vihov: p\u00e1te\u0159n\u00ed tok \u017delivka, sedm\u00a0levostrann\u00fdch a\u00a0jeden pravostrann\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtok. Jako posledn\u00ed monitorovac\u00ed bod byl zvolen n\u00e1tok surov\u00e9 vody v\u00a0rozd\u011blovac\u00edm objektu \u00daV \u017delivka. Rekognoskac\u00ed ter\u00e9nu b\u011bhem prvn\u00ed vzorkovac\u00ed kampan\u011b byla vybr\u00e1na vhodn\u00e1 m\u00edsta pro aplikaci pasivn\u00edch vzorkova\u010d\u016f tak, aby jejich pono\u0159en\u00ed ve vod\u011b bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno i\u00a0v\u00a0letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159i v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 aby nebyla n\u00e1padn\u00e1 a\u00a0bylo minimalizov\u00e1no riziko neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 manipulace nebo zcizen\u00ed vzorkova\u010d\u016f. Lokalizace vzorkovac\u00edch m\u00edst je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na obr. 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Popis lokalit je uveden v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em>. Prvn\u00ed vzorkovac\u00ed kampa\u0148 byla zah\u00e1jena 3.\u00a0dubna\u00a02018. Doba expozice membr\u00e1n \u010dinila v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru 30 dn\u00ed (28 a\u017e 32 dn\u00ed). P\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed vzorkovac\u00ed kampani byly nejprve deinstalov\u00e1ny membr\u00e1ny z\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00ed vzorkovac\u00ed kampan\u011b a\u00a0instalov\u00e1ny membr\u00e1ny nov\u00e9. Celkem prob\u011bhlo osm\u00a0vzorkovac\u00edch kampan\u00ed. Posledn\u00ed expozice byla ukon\u010dena 3. prosince 2018.<\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zka lokalit s\u00a0um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdmi pasivn\u00edmi vzorkova\u010di je na obr. 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Lokalita \u010d. 6 a 7
\nFig. 2. Sampling site No. 6 and 7<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdb\u011br polutant\u016f a\u00a0typ\u016f membr\u00e1n<\/h3>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm krokem \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bylo zam\u011b\u0159it se na pesticidy, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u017delivky jev\u00ed jako nejv\u00edce relevantn\u00ed. Jedn\u00edm ze zdroj\u016f dat byla evidence spot\u0159eb \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek rostlinol\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f veden\u00e1 \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm kontroln\u00edm a\u00a0zku\u0161ebn\u00edm \u00fastavem zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm (\u00daKZ\u00daZ) v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch okresech v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u017delivky\u00a0[4]. Dal\u0161\u00edm zdrojem dat byla re\u0161er\u0161e publikovan\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f aktivit spr\u00e1vce Povod\u00ed Vltavy, s. p. [2, 3]. Bylo vybr\u00e1no celkem 38\u00a0pesticid\u016f (v\u010detn\u011b metabolit\u016f), kter\u00e9 byly v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch nach\u00e1zeny s\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010detnost\u00ed nebo ve v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch a\u00a0t\u0159i\u00a0organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u017delivky trvale vyskytuj\u00ed (DEET, benzotriazol a\u00a0benzotriazol-methyl). Glyfos\u00e1t a\u00a0AMPA byly do pasivn\u00edho monitoringu za\u0159azeny vzhledem k\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 celoevropsk\u00e9 diskusi ohledn\u011b jejich mo\u017en\u00e9ho rizika pro zdrav\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka [5\u20137]. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0pol\u00e1rn\u00ed l\u00e1tky, byly pro pasivn\u00ed monitoring zvoleny vzorkova\u010de typu POCIS (Polar Organic Compound Integrative Sampler), a\u00a0to typ POCIS-Pes a\u00a0v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e POCIS-Pharm. Pro z\u00e1chyt siln\u011b pol\u00e1rn\u00edho glyfos\u00e1tu a\u00a0jeho metabolitu AMPA byl pou\u017eit POCIS-Glyphosate.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Popis vzorkovac\u00edch lokalit
\nTable 1. Sampling sites specification<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Pasivn\u00ed monitoring se zam\u011b\u0159il tak\u00e9 na nepol\u00e1rn\u00ed l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 se do povrchov\u00fdch vod dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 komun\u00e1ln\u00edmi odpadn\u00edmi vodami a\u00a0atmosf\u00e9rickou depozic\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0organochlorov\u00e9 pesticidy (OCP), polycyklick\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (PAU), polychlorovan\u00e9 bifenyly (PCB) a\u00a0chlorbenzeny (CB). Tyto l\u00e1tky byly monitorov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed tzv. SPMD membr\u00e1n (SemiPermeabile Membrane Device) obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch PRC a\u00a0soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s\u00a0nimi byly pou\u017eity SR membr\u00e1ny (Silicone Rubber). P\u0159ehled vzorkovac\u00edch kampan\u00ed a\u00a0typ\u016f nasazen\u00fdch membr\u00e1n je uveden v\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 2. Vzorkovac\u00ed kampan\u011b a druhy instalovan\u00fdch membr\u00e1n
\nTable 2. Passive sampling campaigns and types of membranes<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Pasivn\u00ed vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed vod<\/h3>\n

Pasivn\u00ed vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed je pom\u011brn\u011b novou technikou monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed vod zalo\u017eenou na z\u00e1chytu polutant\u016f pomoc\u00ed membr\u00e1n, kter\u00e9 podle pou\u017eit\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a\/nebo sorbent\u016f zachyt\u00e1vaj\u00ed z okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed specifickou skupinu l\u00e1tek [8]. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee doba jejich expozice je n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed a\u017e t\u00fddn\u016f, m\u016f\u017ee tato vzorkovac\u00ed technika podchytit n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 emise do prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Proto je vhodn\u00e1 pro z\u00e1chyt pesticid\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou do vod vyplavov\u00e1ny v z\u00e1vislosti na dob\u011b jejich aplikace, chodu a intenzit\u011b sr\u00e1\u017eek.<\/p>\n

Membr\u00e1ny byly na lokalit\u00e1ch \u010d. 1 a\u00a02 aplikov\u00e1ny v\u00a0ko\u0161\u00edch, na ostatn\u00edch lokalit\u00e1ch v\u00a0podlouhl\u00fdch \u00fazk\u00fdch ko\u0161\u00edch, aby se p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch sn\u00ed\u017eilo riziko jejich vyno\u0159en\u00ed (a\u00a0t\u00edm znehodnocen\u00ed). Do jednoho podlouhl\u00e9ho ko\u0161e je mo\u017en\u00e9 vlo\u017eit dv\u011b\u00a0membr\u00e1ny (1\u00d7 SR + 1\u00d7 SPMD) nebo jednu a\u017e t\u0159i membr\u00e1ny POCIS mini. Uk\u00e1zky jsou na obr. 3<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. Membr\u00e1ny: SR (vlevo naho\u0159e), POCIS (vlevo dole), POCIS mini (vpravo)
\nFig. 3. Membranes: SR (left up), POCIS (left down), POCIS mini (right)<\/h6>\n

B\u011bhem manipulace s\u00a0SPMD a\u00a0SR membr\u00e1nami (p\u0159i jejich vyjmut\u00ed z\u00a0transportn\u00edho obalu a\u00a0p\u0159i manipulaci s\u00a0nimi) byly exponov\u00e1ny tzv. transportn\u00ed blanky, v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 kampani 1\u00d7 SPMD a\u00a01\u00d7 SR pro kontrolu, zda b\u011bhem nasazov\u00e1n\u00ed membr\u00e1n do dr\u017e\u00e1k\u016f nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0jejich kontaminaci z\u00a0okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. V\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 kampani byly v\u017edy na jedn\u00e9 z\u00a0deseti lokalit v\u0161echny typy aplikovan\u00fdch membr\u00e1n zdvojeny. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee jsme se v\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch vzorkovac\u00edch kampan\u00edch ojedin\u011ble setkali s\u00a0okusov\u00e1n\u00edm SPMD membr\u00e1n, byly tyto vlo\u017eeny do stahovac\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 s\u00ed\u0165ky s\u00a0velikost\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky 500 mikron\u016f. Na lokalit\u00e1ch, kde se tento probl\u00e9m nevyskytl, nebylo pot\u0159eba vzorkovac\u00ed ko\u0161e takto chr\u00e1nit. Po celou dobu jsme se nesetkali s\u00a0probl\u00e9mem vandalismu nebo odcizen\u00ed vzorkovac\u00edch ko\u0161\u016f. Pouze v\u00a0jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b na lokalit\u011b \u010d. 5 (Zahr\u00e1d\u010dick\u00fd potok) do\u0161lo p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9m de\u0161ti enormn\u00ed intenzity k\u00a0utr\u017een\u00ed dvou vzorkovac\u00edch ko\u0161\u016f, kdy jeden z\u016fstal pono\u0159en ve vod\u011b, druh\u00fd nebyl nalezen. Uk\u00e1zka exponovan\u00fdch membr\u00e1n je na obr. 4.<\/em><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 4. Exponovan\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny: SR (vlevo), POCIS (vpravo)
\nFig. 4. Membranes: SR (left), POCIS (right)<\/h6>\n

Organick\u00e1 stopov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza<\/h3>\n

Exponovan\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny p\u0159ed jejich zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm byly skladov\u00e1ny p\u0159i teplot\u011b -20\u00a0\u00b0C. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byly postupn\u011b zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1ny podle jejich druhu. Nepol\u00e1rn\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky byly z\u00a0membr\u00e1n SPMD extrahov\u00e1ny organick\u00fdm rozpou\u0161t\u011bdlem (hexan). Extrakty byly zahu\u0161t\u011bny pomoc\u00ed rota\u010dn\u00ed vakuov\u00e9 odparky a\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bny metodou gelov\u00e9 permea\u010dn\u00ed chromatografie na sestav\u011b YL9100 s\u00a0DAD detektorem a\u00a0d\u011bli\u010dem frakc\u00ed. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 elu\u00e1ty byly zakoncentrov\u00e1ny a\u00a0rozd\u011bleny na dva alikv\u00f3tn\u00ed pod\u00edly pro stanoven\u00ed PAU a\u00a0pro stanoven\u00ed PCB, OCP a\u00a0CB. Po p\u0159eveden\u00ed vzork\u016f do vhodn\u00e9ho rozpou\u0161t\u011bdla byly PAU analyzov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed HPLC-FLD. PCB, OCP a\u00a0CB byly analyzov\u00e1ny na GC s\u00a0vysokoteplotn\u00edm ECD. Vnit\u0159n\u00ed kontrola byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna p\u0159\u00eddavkem intern\u00edho standardu ke zpracov\u00e1van\u00fdm vzork\u016fm. Nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 hodnoty jednotliv\u00fdch analyt\u016f byly p\u0159epo\u010dteny na v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enost extrakce. Silikonov\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny byly o\u010di\u0161t\u011bny od n\u00e1nos\u016f ze vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0extrahov\u00e1ny 2\u00d7 24 hodin methanolem s\u00a0isotopicky zna\u010den\u00fdmi standardy. V\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na druhu analyt\u016f byl extrakt zahu\u0161t\u011bn na po\u017eadovan\u00fd objem a\u00a0rozd\u011blen pro jednotliv\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy PBDE, PCB, OCP a\u00a0PAU pomoc\u00ed GC-MS\/MS a\u00a0HPLC-FLD. Meze stanovitelnosti pou\u017eit\u00fdch analytick\u00fdch metod pro jednotliv\u00e9 nepol\u00e1rn\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v\u00a0nanogramech na membr\u00e1nu jsou uvedeny v\u00a0tabulce 3<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 3. Meze stanovitelnosti nepol\u00e1rn\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0ng na membr\u00e1nu
\nTable 3. Limit of quantification of non-polar organic compounds in ng per membrane<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Pro extrakci pol\u00e1rn\u00edch l\u00e1tek z\u00a0membr\u00e1n typu POCIS bylo pot\u0159eba vzorkova\u010d demontovat a\u00a0sorbent mezi PES membr\u00e1nami kvantitativn\u011b p\u0159ev\u00e9st do pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 kolonky s\u00a0PE fritou. N\u00e1pl\u0148 POCIS-Glyphosate byla po p\u0159eveden\u00ed na kolonku su\u0161ena pod vakuem a\u00a0pot\u00e9 eluov\u00e1na 0,1 M HCl [9]. Extrakt byl opatrn\u011b zahu\u0161t\u011bn pod dus\u00edkem a\u00a0dopln\u011bn methanolem. Pro extrakci pesticid\u016f z\u00a0membr\u00e1n POCIS-Pharm byl pou\u017eit methanol, u\u00a0POCIS-Pes extrakce prob\u011bhla sm\u011bs\u00ed rozpou\u0161t\u011bdel methanol, toluen a\u00a0dichlormethan v\u00a0pom\u011bru 1 : 1 : 8 [10]. Pro kontrolu v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enosti byl do v\u0161ech vzork\u016f p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n intern\u00ed standard a\u00a0v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 kampani byl se vzorky extrahov\u00e1n i\u00a0slep\u00fd vzorek (blank). Po zakoncentrov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b POSIS-Pes p\u0159eveden\u00ed do methanolu byly vzorky analyzov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed HPLC\/MS\/MS. Meze stanovitelnosti pou\u017eit\u00fdch analytick\u00fdch metod pro jednotliv\u00e9 pol\u00e1rn\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v\u00a0nanogramech na membr\u00e1nu jsou uvedeny v\u00a0tabulce 4<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 4. Meze stanovitelnosti pol\u00e1rn\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0ng na membr\u00e1nu
\nTable 4. Limit of quantification of polar organic compounds in ng per membrane<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n

Hydrologick\u00e1 a\u00a0klimatologick\u00e1 data<\/h3>\n

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pr\u016ftoky byly dosahov\u00e1ny v\u00a0jarn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0b\u0159eznu a\u00a0dubnu vlivem odt\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky v\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b b\u0159ezna. M\u011bs\u00edc duben postr\u00e1dal v\u00a0roce 2018 typick\u00fd apr\u00edlov\u00fd charakter po\u010das\u00ed a\u00a0byl teplotn\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b nadnorm\u00e1ln\u00ed (cca o\u00a0+5\u00a0\u00b0C). Prvn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b bohat\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed se vyskytlo 15.\u00a0a\u017e 17. 5. s\u00a0maximem 17. 5., kdy v\u00a0povod\u00ed Martinick\u00e9ho potoka napr\u0161elo 23 mm sr\u00e1\u017eek. Tato sr\u00e1\u017eka nem\u011bla p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fd charakter, projevila se v\u0161ak na\u00a0v\u0161ech m\u011brn\u00fdch stanic\u00edch pr\u016ftoku v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti. O\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edc pozd\u011bji 12. a\u017e 13. 6. prob\u011bhla obdobn\u00e1 sr\u00e1\u017eka s\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm denn\u00edm \u00fahrnem 23 mm dne 12. 6. v\u00a0povod\u00ed Bla\u017eejovick\u00e9ho potoka. Na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159edchoz\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti tato ji\u017e m\u011bla p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fd charakter vlivem bou\u0159kov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Letn\u00ed obdob\u00ed (4.\u00a0a\u00a05. vzorkovac\u00ed kampa\u0148) bylo typick\u00e9 prohlubuj\u00edc\u00edm se sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm deficitem doprov\u00e1zen\u00fdm klimatick\u00fdm a\u00a0hydrologick\u00fdm suchem s\u00a0ob\u010dasn\u00fdmi lok\u00e1ln\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9ho charakteru vlivem bou\u0159kov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Chod sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0povod\u00ed Martinick\u00e9ho potoka demonstruje obr. 5<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 5. Denn\u00ed \u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek ze stanice AMS1 Ko\u0161etice a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd denn\u00ed pr\u016ftok ze stanice Seno\u017eaty na Martinick\u00e9m potoce v\u00a0roce 2018
\nFig. 5. Total daily precipitation on AMS1 Ko\u0161etice station and average daily flow on Seno\u017eaty station in Martinick\u00fd stream, 2018 year<\/h6>\n

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fahrny sr\u00e1\u017eek byly zaznamen\u00e1ny na p\u0159elomu srpna a\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 31. 8. a\u017e 3. 9. 2018 b\u011bhem 5.\u00a0vzorkovac\u00ed kampan\u011b, kdy \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed oblast v\u00a0doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed \u017delivky zas\u00e1hla rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 kupovit\u00e1 obla\u010dnost doprov\u00e1zen\u00e1 bou\u0159kami s\u00a0kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi, ale velmi intenzivn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami. Vzhledem ke vzniku n\u011bkolika navazuj\u00edc\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed b\u011bhem t\u011bchto t\u0159\u00ed a\u017e \u010dty\u0159 dn\u00ed do\u0161lo po nasycen\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu vodou k\u00a0masivn\u00ed erozi zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0obdob\u00ed po sklizni v\u011bt\u0161iny plodin (mimo kuku\u0159ici), kdy byla pole bez vegeta\u010dn\u00edho pokryvu. N\u00e1sledkem toho do\u0161lo k\u00a0siln\u00e9 erozi, v\u00a0povod\u00ed Zahr\u00e1d\u010dick\u00e9ho potoka a\u017e enormn\u00ed a\u00a0k\u00a0p\u0159emodelov\u00e1n\u00ed koryta potoka (obr. 6<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 6. P\u016fdn\u00ed eroze v povod\u00ed Zahr\u00e1d\u010dick\u00e9ho potoka a dopad sr\u00e1\u017eky 2. 9. 2018 na tok (foto 3. 9. 2018)
\nFig. 6. Soil Erosion in Zahr\u00e1d\u010dick\u00fd stream basin and precipitation event impact 2nd<\/sup> September 2018 on the stream (photo 3rd<\/sup> September 2018)<\/h6>\n

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed \u00fahrny sr\u00e1\u017eek byly zaznamen\u00e1ny na\u00a0stanici AMS1 Ko\u0161etice 3. 9., a\u00a0to 52 mm. V\u00a0podzimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch se v\u00a0povod\u00ed Bla\u017eejovick\u00e9ho potoka vydatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eka (nad 10 mm) vyskytla je\u0161t\u011b 19. 9., 23. 9. a\u00a024. 10. 2018. V\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu nejvydatn\u011bji pr\u0161elo v\u00a0povod\u00ed Martinick\u00e9ho potoka 24., 27. a\u00a028. 10. 2018. Listopad byl na sr\u00e1\u017eky velice chud\u00fd (obr. 7<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 7. Celkov\u00fd \u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek b\u011bhem jednotliv\u00fdch vzorovac\u00edch kampan\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2018
\nFig. 7. Total precipitation during each sampling campaign in 2018 year<\/h6>\n

Nepol\u00e1rn\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky<\/h3>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee aplikace organochlorov\u00fdch pesticid\u016f (OCP) je ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 50 let zak\u00e1z\u00e1na, jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnost byla v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vod\u011b potvrzena. Z\u00a0hexachlorcyklohexanu (HCH) se nej\u010dast\u011bji vyskytly izomery Lindan (\u03b3-HCH) a\u00a0\u03b4-HCH v\u00a0koncentrac\u00edch do max. 45 ng\/SPMD v\u00a0profilu \u017delivka-Milet\u00edn (lokalita \u010d. 8, obr. 8<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 8. Obsah izomer\u016f HCH v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov\u00a0\u2013 SPMD (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 8. HCH isomer concentrations in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 SPMD (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n

Na v\u0161ech lokalit\u00e1ch t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech p\u011bti kampan\u00edch byl v SPMD detekov\u00e1n hexachlorbenzen (HCB). Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace byly nalezeny v Medul\u00e1nu (\u010derven), \u0160et\u011bjovick\u00e9m potoce (duben) a Zahr\u00e1d\u010disk\u00e9m potoce (z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed; 52 ng\/SPMD). Velmi \u010detn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt byl potvrzen jak mate\u0159sk\u00fdch slou\u010denin DDT (p,p\u00b4-DDT, o,p\u00b4-DDT, p,p\u00b4-DDD, o,p\u00b4-DDD), tak i dehydrochlorovan\u00fdch p,p\u00b4-DDE a o,p\u00b4-DDE. Vazba koncentrace p,p\u00b4-DDT na chod sr\u00e1\u017eek, resp. na p\u016fdn\u00ed erozi a pr\u016ftok v recipientu se nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bji projevila ve v\u0161ech lokalit\u00e1ch v z\u00e1\u0159ijov\u00e9 kampani, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pak v Tomick\u00e9m, Zahr\u00e1d\u010dick\u00e9m, Martinick\u00e9m a Lohenick\u00e9m potoce (lokality \u010d. 3, 4, 7 a 9, obr. 9<\/em>). V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch p\u0159eva\u017eovalo zastoupen\u00ed izomer\u016f DDT nad DDE (Tomick\u00fd, Zahr\u00e1d\u010dick\u00fd a\u00a0Martinick\u00fd potok), v\u00a0Medul\u00e1nu, VN N\u011bm\u010dice a\u00a0v\u00a0\u017delivce-Milet\u00edn\u011b p\u0159eva\u017eovaly izomery DDE. V\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b z\u00a0VN \u0160vihov bylo zastoupen\u00ed DDT a\u00a0DDE vyrovnan\u00e9 a\u00a0po Sedlick\u00e9m potoce (VN N\u011bm\u010dice) druh\u00e9 nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed (obr. 10<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 9. Obsah p,p\u00b4-DDT v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov\u00a0\u2013 SPMD (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 9. Content of p,p\u00b4-DDT concentrations in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 SPMD (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 10. Procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed DDT a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov\u00a0\u2013 SPMD
\nFig. 10. Percentage of DDT and its metabolites in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 SPMD<\/h6>\n

Z drin\u016f se na p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch do VN \u0160vihov pravideln\u011b objevoval pouze aldrin s maximem 41 ng\/SPMD ve VN N\u011bm\u010dice (lokalita \u010d. 2) v \u010dervnov\u00e9 kampani, isodrin jen z\u0159\u00eddka, endrin pouze v \u010dervnov\u00e9 kampani v Tomick\u00e9m potoce (lokalita \u010d. 3) a dieldrin nebyl potvrzen v\u016fbec. Jen sporadicky bylo mo\u017eno v membr\u00e1n\u00e1ch SPMD nal\u00e9zt chlorovan\u00e9 deriv\u00e1ty benzenu (tetra-, penta-), oktachlor-styrenu a heptachlorepoxidu-A v jednotk\u00e1ch ng na SPMD.<\/p>\n

Polybromovan\u00e9 diphenylethery byly analyzov\u00e1ny pouze v\u00a0SR membr\u00e1n\u00e1ch ve\u00a0velmi n\u00edzk\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch do 0,41 ng\/vzorek (MS = 0,05 ng\/vz). Detekov\u00e1ny byly kongenery PBDE\u00a047 a\u00a0PBDE\u00a099. Ostatn\u00ed kongenery PBDE\u00a028, 100, 153, 154 a\u00a0183 nebyly potvrzeny.<\/p>\n

S\u00a0vysokou citlivost\u00ed SR membr\u00e1ny detekovaly polychlorovan\u00e9 bifenyly (PCB). Analyzov\u00e1ny byly kongenery PCB 28, 52, 77, 81, 101, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 138, 153, 156, 157, 167, 169, 180 a\u00a0189. \u010cetn\u00e9 byly n\u00e1lezy kongener\u016f specifikovan\u00fdch na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 401\/2015 Sb. (v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00ed v\u011bt\u011b zv\u00fdrazn\u011bny), a\u00a0to jak z\u00a0hlediska lokalit, tak i\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch vzorkovac\u00edch kampan\u00ed. Nejv\u00edce zastoupen\u00fdm byl kongener PCB\u00a0153 (obr. 11<\/em>). Z\u00a0m\u00edry zastoupen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch kongener\u016f PCB se d\u00e1 usuzovat na p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed historickou kontaminaci Delorem\u00a0106, v\u00a0jeho\u017e slo\u017een\u00ed p\u0159eva\u017eovaly hexachlorbifenyly (zde zastoupen\u00e9 PCB\u00a0138 a\u00a0PCB\u00a0153). Tento p\u0159\u00edpravek se pou\u017e\u00edval v\u00a0letech 1961 a\u017e 1984 jako elektroizola\u010dn\u00ed kapalina a\u00a0do n\u00e1t\u011brov\u00fdch hmot (nap\u0159. [11]). Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed obsahy kongeneru 153 byly potvrzeny v\u00a0Lohenick\u00e9m potoce (lokalita \u010d. 9) a\u00a0ve VN N\u011bm\u010dice v\u00a0povod\u00ed Sedlick\u00e9ho potoka (lokalita \u010d.\u00a02, obr. 12<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 11. Procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed kongener\u016f PCB v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov
\nFig. 11. Percentage of PCB congeners in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 SR<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 12. Obsah kongeneru PCB 153 v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov\u00a0\u2013 SR (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 12. PCB 153 concentrations in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 SR (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n

Pod\u00edv\u00e1me-li se podrobn\u011bji na n\u00e1lezy PCB v\u00a0Lohenick\u00e9m potoce, je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159edchoz\u00edch prezentovan\u00fdch polutant\u016f nebyla jejich dynamika v\u00fdskytu v\u00a0r\u00e1mci vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezony z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na chodu sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00ed erozi (obr. 13<\/em>). Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed obsah PCB byl shled\u00e1n v\u00a0Bla\u017eejovick\u00e9m potoce (lokalita \u010d. 6) a\u00a0v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed do \u00daV \u017delivka (lokalita \u010d.\u00a010).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 13. Obsah kongener\u016f PCB v\u00a0Lohenick\u00e9m potoce\u00a0\u2013 SR (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 13. PCB Congeners concentration in Lohenick\u00fd stream\u00a0\u2013 SR (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n

Polycyklick\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky byly v\u00a0membr\u00e1n\u00e1ch SR a\u00a0SPMD na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch \u00farovn\u00edch ze v\u0161ech sledovan\u00fdch nepol\u00e1rn\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Fenanthren, fluoranthen a\u00a0pyren tvo\u0159ily 79 a\u017e 87 % z\u00a012 analyzovan\u00fdch PAU (obr. 14<\/em>). Jejich koncentrace dosahovaly stovek nanogram\u016f na membr\u00e1nu, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed byla v\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b roku, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0dubnu (po zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed) a\u00a0na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b lokalit postupn\u011b klesala a\u017e do \u0159\u00edjnov\u00e9 vzorkovac\u00ed kampan\u011b. V\u00a0listopadu s\u00a0n\u00e1stupem zimy koncentrace PAU v\u00a0membr\u00e1n\u00e1ch op\u011bt vzrostla (obr.\u00a015<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 14. Procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed PAU v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov\u00a0\u2013 SPMD
\nFig. 14. Percentage of PAHs in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 SPMD<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 15. Obsah fluoranthenu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov\u00a0\u2013 SPMD (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 15. Fluoranthene concentration in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 SPMD (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n

Tento charakter chodu koncentrac\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd p\u016fvod zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed PAU a\u00a0nen\u00ed a\u017e tak z\u00e1visl\u00fd na pr\u016ftoc\u00edch. Koncentrace benzo(a)pyrenu byla cca\u00a010\u00a0a\u017e 12\u00d7 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dominantn\u00edho fluoranthenu. Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1lezy byly shled\u00e1ny ve VN N\u011bm\u010dice (lokalita \u010d. 2) a\u00a0VN \u0160vihov (surov\u00e1 voda, lokalita \u010d.\u00a010), co\u017e je d\u00e1no vazbou PAU na nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky a\u00a0jejich sedimentac\u00ed v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei.<\/p>\n

Pol\u00e1rn\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky<\/h3>\n

Pasivn\u00edm monitoringem bylo ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1no celkem 38 pol\u00e1rn\u00edch l\u00e1tek, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek rostlinol\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f. V\u011bt\u0161ina pozitivn\u00edch n\u00e1lez\u016f s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed byla potvrzena v\u00a0membr\u00e1n\u00e1ch z\u00a0kv\u011btnov\u00e9 expozice. V\u00a0mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech koncentrace metabolit\u016f p\u0159esahovala obsah mate\u0159sk\u00fdch slou\u010denin. To plat\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pro atrazin, dimethachlor a\u00a0terbuthylazin. Jejich v\u00fdskyt byl potvrzen t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech ov\u011b\u0159ovan\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch. P\u0159itom atrazin je zak\u00e1z\u00e1no pou\u017e\u00edvat od 1.\u00a08. 2005. Je p\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed obsah atrazinu a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f byl zji\u0161t\u011bn v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b z\u00a0VN \u0160vihov (lokalita \u010d. 10). Dimethachlor, herbicid, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd na olejniny, nebyl nalezen v\u00a0povod\u00edch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f, kde nebyla nasazena \u0159epka (Brassica napus) nebo se j\u00ed oset\u00e9 plochy nach\u00e1zely d\u00e1l od vodn\u00edch tok\u016f (obr. 16<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 16. Obsah atrazinu, dimethachloru a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 16. Atrazine, dimethachlor and its metabolites concentration in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n

Naopak v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b metazachloru, jen\u017e je rovn\u011b\u017e aplikov\u00e1n na olejniny, byla detekov\u00e1na pouze mate\u0159sk\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, jeho metabolity nebyly nalezeny, jak dokumentuje obr. 17<\/em>. Velmi vysok\u00fd obsah metazachloru v\u00a0Zahr\u00e1d\u010dick\u00e9m potoce (lokalita \u010d. 4) ze\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159ijov\u00e9 kampan\u011b souvis\u00ed s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalovou sr\u00e1\u017ekou 2. a\u00a03. 9., kdy do\u0161lo k\u00a0enormn\u00ed erozi p\u016fdy ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch ploch a\u00a0splachu do povrchov\u00fdch vod.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 17. Obsah metazachloru a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 17. Metazachlor and its metabolites concentration in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n

Terbuthylazin a\u00a0jeho metabolity n\u00e1le\u017eely na p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch do VN \u0160vihov k\u00a0nejhojn\u011bji zastoupen\u00fdm pesticid\u016fm ve vysok\u00e9 koncentraci. Souvis\u00ed to s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm pod\u00edlem osevn\u00fdch ploch zastoupen\u00fdch kuku\u0159ic\u00ed. V\u00a0jarn\u00ed vzorkovac\u00ed kampani byl detekov\u00e1n mate\u0159sk\u00fd terbutylazin spolu s\u00a0metabolity, v\u00a0podzimn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159ijov\u00e9 kampani byl nalezen v\u00fdhradn\u011b metabolit terbuthylazin-2-hydro. P\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00ed byl op\u011bt vysok\u00fd obsah terbuthylazinu a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f z\u00a0jarn\u00ed kampan\u011b v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b (lokalita \u010d. 10, obr. 18<\/em>). Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed obsahy v\u00a0Zahr\u00e1d\u010dick\u00e9m potoce (lokalita \u010d.\u00a04) a\u00a0Martinick\u00e9m potoce (lokalita \u010d. 7) z\u00a0podzimn\u00ed kampan\u011b souvis\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekovou epizodou 1. a\u017e 3. 9. a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b 23. 9. 2018.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 18. Obsah terbuthylazinu a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 18. Terbuthylazin and its metabolites concentration in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n

Jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00edce zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f VN \u0160vihov pesticidy se jev\u00ed Medul\u00e1n (lokalita \u010d. 1), a\u010d n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed k t\u011bm nejkrat\u0161\u00edm. Byly v n\u011bm v jarn\u00ed kv\u011btnov\u00e9 vzorkovac\u00ed kampani potvrzeny vysok\u00e9 obsahy terbuthylazinu, metolachloru, cyprosulfamidu a\u00a0thiecarbazone-methylu (aplikace na kuku\u0159ici) a\u00a0metribuzinu (aplikace na brambory) (obr. 19<\/em>). V\u00a0jeho povod\u00ed se p\u011bstovala p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b kuku\u0159ice, a\u00a0to t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 a\u017e na hranici OPVZ I, cca 50 m od vodote\u010de (obr. 20<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 19. Obsah metolachloru a metribuzinu v p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch VN \u0160vihov \u2013 POCIS (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 19. Metolachlor and metribuzin concentration in WR \u0160vihov tributaries\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 20. Kuku\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9 pole v\u00a0povod\u00ed Medul\u00e1nu
\nFig. 20. The maize field in Medul\u00e1n basin<\/h6>\n

Ostatn\u00ed pesticidy byly nach\u00e1zeny v\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch koncentrac\u00edch a\u00a0jen na n\u011bkter\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch. Nad 100\u00a0ng\/POCIS byly potvrzeny: klomazon (pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v\u00a0men\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed na olejniny), metabolity chloridazonu (na o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed cukrov\u00e9 \u0159epy) a\u00a0thiecarbazone-methyl (na o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed kuku\u0159ice). \u010cetn\u00fd byl v\u00fdskyt benzotriazolu (inhibitor koroze) a\u00a0diethyltoluamid\u00a0\u2013 DEET (\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 l\u00e1tka repelent\u016f proti bodav\u00e9mu hmyzu). Uk\u00e1zka pozitivn\u00edch n\u00e1lez\u016f pesticid\u016f a\u00a0obou v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed do \u00daV \u017delivka, a. s., (lokalita \u010d. 10) je na obr. 21<\/em>. Jarn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed zpravidla k\u00a0pesticidy nejexponovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu obdob\u00ed v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch a\u00a0nejinak tomu bylo i\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obsahu t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b. V\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159ijov\u00e9 kampani bylo spektrum nalezen\u00fdch pesticid\u016f v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed byly i\u00a0koncentrace dominantn\u00edch pesticid\u016f metazachloru a\u00a0terbuthylazinu v\u010detn\u011b jeho metabolit\u016f (obr. 22<\/em>). Tento \u201epr\u016fb\u011bh\u201c koncentrac\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek rostlinol\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f b\u011bhem vegeta\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed potvrzuje i\u00a0obr.\u00a023<\/em> v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b metabolitu AMPA. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u017edy z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 v dan\u00e9m roce nastanou.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 21. Obsah pesticid\u016f a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (kv\u011btnov\u00e1 kampa\u0148) (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 21. Pesticides and its metabolites concentration in raw water\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (May campaign) (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 22. Obsah pesticid\u016f a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (z\u00e1\u0159ijov\u00e1 kampa\u0148) (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 22. Pesticides and its metabolites concentration in raw water\u00a0\u2013 POCIS (September campaign) (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n

Obsah zachycen\u00fdch l\u00e1tek membr\u00e1nami pasivn\u00edch vzorkova\u010d\u016f je mo\u017eno p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edtat na pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci b\u011bhem expozice, tzv. TWA koncentraci (Time Weighted Average concentration), pokud je pro danou l\u00e1tku zn\u00e1m\u00e1 vzorkovac\u00ed rychlost R<\/em>s<\/sub> (Sampling Rate) v\u00a0l.den-1<\/sup> (vzorkovac\u00ed rychlost pro dan\u00fd vzorkovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m a\u00a0l\u00e1tku se r\u016fzn\u00ed). Pro p\u0159epo\u010det plat\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed vztah:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

 <\/p>\n

kde Nt<\/sup><\/em> je mno\u017estv\u00ed zachycen\u00e9 l\u00e1tky vzorkova\u010dem v\u00a0ng<\/em> a\u00a0t<\/em> je doba expozice vzorkova\u010de ve dnech. V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 koncentrace CTWA<\/sub><\/em> je vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena v\u00a0ng.l-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 23. Obsah glyfos\u00e1tu a\u00a0AMPA v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch do VN \u0160vihov a\u00a0v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b\u00a0\u2013 POCIS Gly (expozice 30 dn\u00ed)
\nFig. 23. Glyphosate and AMPA concentration in WR \u0160vihov tributaries and in raw water\u00a0\u2013 POCIS Gly (exposure 30 days)<\/h6>\n

P\u0159epo\u010dtem podle rovnice (1) s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm vzorkovac\u00ed rychlosti R<\/em>s<\/sub> publikovan\u00e9 Ahrensem [12] jsou koncentrace vybran\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek rostlinol\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b CTWA<\/sub><\/em> uvedeny v\u00a0tabulce 5<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 5. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 koncentrace CTWA<\/sub> vybran\u00fdch l\u00e1tek b\u011bhem expozice vzorkova\u010de POCIS v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b \u00daV \u017delivka z\u00a0kv\u011btnov\u00e9 a\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159ijov\u00e9 kampan\u011b 2018
\nTable 5. Time Weighted average concentration CTWA<\/sub> of selected compounds from POCIS sampling in raw water DWTP \u017delivka\u00a0\u2013 May and September campaign 2008<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Vzorkovac\u00ed rychlost v\u00a0tabulce 5<\/em> u\u00a0kv\u011btnov\u00e9 a\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159ijov\u00e9 kampan\u011b se li\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0d\u016fvodu pou\u017eit\u00ed dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch vzorkova\u010d\u016f POCIS: ke\u00a0kv\u011btnov\u00e9 kampani byl exponov\u00e1n POCIS-Pes a\u00a0v\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159ijov\u00e9 kampani POCIS-Pharm.<\/p>\n

\u0160irokospektr\u00e1ln\u00ed herbicid a\u00a0desikant glyfos\u00e1t je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed obilnin a\u00a0olejnin. Klasick\u00fd POCIS-Pharm nebo POCIS-Pes je na z\u00e1chyt t\u00e9to siln\u011b pol\u00e1rn\u00ed l\u00e1tky m\u00e1lo \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd. V\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159ijov\u00e9 kampani byl poprv\u00e9 pou\u017eit POCIS-Gly pasivn\u00ed vzorkova\u010d, kter\u00fd byl speci\u00e1ln\u011b vyvinut\u00fd pro z\u00e1chyt siln\u011b pol\u00e1rn\u00edch l\u00e1tek. Vzhledem k\u00a0snadn\u00e9 degradaci glyfos\u00e1tu byl v\u00a0membr\u00e1n\u00e1ch POCIS-Gly detekov\u00e1n p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b jeho metabolit AMPA (kyselina aminomethylfosfonov\u00e1). Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed koncentrace obou l\u00e1tek byly potvrzeny v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b (lokalita \u010d. 10). Pasivn\u00ed monitoring v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b pokra\u010doval v\u00a0roce 2019 v\u00a0celkem dev\u00edti m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch kampan\u00edch, kdy se potvrdily sezonn\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 koncentrace metabolitu AMPA odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed dob\u00e1m, kdy je glyfos\u00e1t aplikov\u00e1n (obr. 23<\/em>). P\u0159epo\u010dtem na CTWA<\/sub><\/em> podle vztahu (1) se koncentrace metabolitu AMPA v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b pohybovala v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed < 0,55\u20136,2 ng.l-1<\/sup> (Rs<\/sub> = 0,122 l.d-1 <\/sup>[13]). Glyfos\u00e1t nebyl v\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b detekov\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Pasivn\u00edm monitoringem v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f do VN \u0160vihov a\u00a0surov\u00e9 vody vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed do \u00fapravny vody \u017delivka, a. s., po dobu jedn\u00e9 vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezony od dubna do listopadu v\u00a0roce 2018 byla sledov\u00e1na \u010dasoprostorov\u00e1 dynamika vnosu nepol\u00e1rn\u00edch a\u00a0pol\u00e1rn\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek do VN \u0160vihov. Byly potvrzeny odli\u0161n\u00e9 charakteristiky vnosu jednotliv\u00fdch skupin mikropolutant\u016f do vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee. P\u0159esto\u017ee organochlorov\u00e9 pesticidy HCH, PCB a\u00a0DDT nejsou ji\u017e n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny, vzhledem k\u00a0jejich perzistenci v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed a\u00a0byly detekov\u00e1ny. P\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1 je \u00farove\u0148 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00e9 vody bromovan\u00fdmi difenylethery (retard\u00e9ry ho\u0159en\u00ed), kter\u00e1 byla velice n\u00edzk\u00e1. Z\u00a0nepol\u00e1rn\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek je dominantn\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed polycyklick\u00fdmi aromatick\u00fdmi uhlovod\u00edky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159eva\u017euje v\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b roku a\u00a0po letn\u00edm poklesu koncentrac\u00ed roste op\u011bt v\u00a0pozdn\u00edm podzimu.<\/p>\n

Dynamika vnosu \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek rostlinol\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na druhov\u00e9 skladb\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin, dob\u011b aplikace p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f a\u00a0na sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011brech. Byl potvrzen v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vliv chodu sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00ed eroze na mno\u017estv\u00ed vyplavovan\u00fdch pesticid\u016f do povrchov\u00fdch vod. V\u00a0roce 2018 to bylo potvrzeno p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0povod\u00ed Zahr\u00e1d\u010dick\u00e9ho, Martinick\u00e9ho a\u00a0Tomick\u00e9ho potoka. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejv\u00edce zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f VN \u0160vihov pesticidy se jev\u00ed potok Medul\u00e1n. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace pesticid\u016f v\u00a0pasivn\u00edch vzorkova\u010d\u00edch (nad 1 000\u00a0ng\/membr\u00e1nu) byly potvrzeny pro terbuthylazin a\u00a0jeho metabolity terbuthylazin-2-hydro a\u00a0terbuthylazin-desethyl, metolachlor a\u00a0metazachlor. Je pot\u0159eba uv\u00e9st, \u017ee tyto obsahy byly dosa\u017eeny b\u011bhem 30denn\u00ed expozice membr\u00e1n pasivn\u00edch vzorkova\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl zpracov\u00e1n v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu \u201e\u010cist\u00e1 voda\u00a0\u2013 zdrav\u00e9 m\u011bsto: Cizorod\u00e9 l\u00e1tky ve vod\u00e1ch podzemn\u00edch, povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0odpadn\u00edch\u201c (registra\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo projektu CZ.07.1.02\/0.0\/<\/em>0.0\/16_040\/0000378), Koncept I \u201eStudie vnosu pesticid\u016f do vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0160vihov (\u017delivka) s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm nov\u00fdch vzorkovac\u00edch technik a\u00a0odstran\u011bn\u00ed organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek ze sorp\u010dn\u00edch filtr\u016f za ozonizac\u00ed vysoce-\u00fa\u010dinnou chemickou\u00a0destrukc\u00ed\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The article deals with space-time dynamic of non-polar and polar compounds load into the drinking water reservoir \u0160vihov in \u017delivka river basin during the whole vegetation season by passive sampling techniques. The monitoring on the nine tributaries of the \u0160vihov water reservoir and on the raw water inlet to the \u017delivka drinking water treatment plant took place for eight months from April to November 2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":7786,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[1885,454,891,316,1883],"coauthors":[493,1847,1848,1849,1850,1420,1851,1852],"class_list":["post-7969","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-passive-sampling","tag-pesticides","tag-pollution","tag-surface-water","tag-water-reservoir-svihov"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7969","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7969"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7969\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30576,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7969\/revisions\/30576"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7969"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7969"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7969"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=7969"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}