{"id":7635,"date":"2020-02-26T10:31:07","date_gmt":"2020-02-26T09:31:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=7635"},"modified":"2024-07-17T09:47:46","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T08:47:46","slug":"research-of-ponds-influence-on-hydrological-regime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2020\/02\/research-of-ponds-influence-on-hydrological-regime\/","title":{"rendered":"Research of ponds influence on hydrological regime"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Rybn\u00edky jsou v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech velmi \u010dasto zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ny v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0prevenc\u00ed negativn\u00edch n\u00e1sledk\u016f sucha. Jsou uv\u00e1d\u011bny jako jedno z\u00a0\u0161irok\u00e9ho spektra opat\u0159en\u00ed. Opat\u0159en\u00ed je vskutku nutno diverzifikovat, jeliko\u017e dopady sucha jsou takt\u00e9\u017e velmi r\u016fznorod\u00e9. Aby v\u0161ak bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 rybn\u00edky a\u00a0mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee vyu\u017e\u00edvat jako opat\u0159en\u00ed dan\u00e9ho typu, je nutn\u00e9 zn\u00e1t v\u0161echny aspekty, nebo alespo\u0148 ty nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, jejich vlivu na hydrologick\u00fd re\u017eim. Mnohdy jsou toti\u017e uv\u00e1d\u011bny pouze d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed funkce \u010di procesy souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fdskytem rybn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b, a\u00a0to jak v\u00a0pozitivn\u00edm smyslu, tak v\u00a0tom negativn\u00edm. \u010casto je takov\u00e9to vytr\u017een\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no \u00fa\u010delov\u011b. Na tomto m\u00edst\u011b je t\u0159eba ud\u011blat men\u0161\u00ed terminologick\u00e9 intermezzo. V\u00a0tomto textu je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n term\u00edn rybn\u00edk, my\u0161leny jsou ov\u0161em mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee obecn\u011b. Term\u00edn rybn\u00edk by m\u011bl b\u00fdt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n sp\u00ed\u0161e pro n\u00e1dr\u017ee ur\u010den\u00e9 prim\u00e1rn\u011b pro chov ryb, ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed v\u0161ak je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n zpravidla pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm smyslu, a\u00a0z\u00a0toho d\u016fvodu je tomu tak i\u00a0zde.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Rybn\u00edk Vav\u0159inec<\/h6>\n

S\u00a0ohledem na vliv rybn\u00edk\u016f na hydrologick\u00fd re\u017eim je t\u0159eba zm\u00ednit n\u011bkolik hlavn\u00edch aspekt\u016f. Velmi \u010dasto jsou rybn\u00edky zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ny jako prost\u0159edek ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b. To je bezpochyby pravda, jeliko\u017e voda v\u00a0rybn\u00edc\u00edch je vodou zadr\u017eovanou v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b se nejedn\u00e1 o\u00a0vodu, kter\u00e1 by byla v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem s\u00a0viditeln\u00fdm efektem d\u00e1le p\u0159\u00edmo vyu\u017eiteln\u00e1, pokud se nejedn\u00e1 o\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee provozovan\u00e9 jako z\u00e1sobn\u00ed pro n\u011bjak\u00fd specifick\u00fd \u00fa\u010del, jak\u00fdm m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt t\u0159eba z\u00e1vlaha. Voda zadr\u017eovan\u00e1 v\u00a0rybn\u00edc\u00edch tedy je v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b statickou z\u00e1sobou, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pln\u011bn\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00edch funkc\u00ed t\u011bchto n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (chov ryb, ekologick\u00e9 a\u00a0krajinotvorn\u00e9 funkce, rekreace apod.). Krom toho existuje \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch vliv\u016f rybn\u00edk\u016f na ob\u011bh vody a\u00a0tak\u00e9 na mikroklima.. Mikroklima je ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1no prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u00fdparu z\u00a0vodn\u00ed hladiny zejm\u00e9na tak, \u017ee je vzduch nad hladinou rybn\u00edk\u016f ochlazov\u00e1n d\u00edky spot\u0159eb\u011b energie pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 ke zm\u011bn\u011b skupenstv\u00ed vody z\u00a0kapaln\u00e9ho na plynn\u00e9. Tento vliv lze obecn\u011b ch\u00e1pat jako pozitivn\u00ed, m\u00e1 v\u0161ak i\u00a0svou druhou str\u00e1nku. Tou je od\u010derp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vody z\u00a0hydrografick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b pr\u00e1v\u011b prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u00fdparu. Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno voda vypa\u0159en\u00e1 z\u00a0hladiny rybn\u00edk\u016f chyb\u00ed ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch pod nimi.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Rybn\u00edk Mr\u0161t\u00edn<\/h6>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b rybn\u00edk\u016f se ov\u0161em nejedn\u00e1 pouze o\u00a0vodu, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0jejich z\u00e1sobn\u00edm prostoru. D\u00edky vzdut\u00ed hladiny vody v\u00a0rybn\u00edc\u00edch toti\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed i\u00a0ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody jejich okol\u00ed. Mno\u017estv\u00ed vody zadr\u017eovan\u00e9 v\u00a0krajin\u011b d\u00edky rybn\u00edk\u016fm je tak je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, kter\u00e1 je takto v\u00a0krajin\u011b zadr\u017eena, velmi z\u00e1vis\u00ed na vlastnostech geologick\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Krom toho, \u017ee tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1sobu, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f vyu\u017eita vegetac\u00ed v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00ed plochy. Dopady rybn\u00edk\u016f na krajinu a\u00a0zejm\u00e9na hydrologick\u00fd re\u017eim jsou tedy velmi komplexn\u00ed a\u00a0jako takov\u00e9 je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed je vn\u00edmat.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. Nov\u011b postaven\u00fd rybn\u00edk u\u00a0obce Mosti\u0161t\u011b<\/h6>\n

Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee t\u00e9ma vlivu rybn\u00edk\u016f na hydrologick\u00fd re\u017eim a\u00a0krajinu obecn\u011b je velmi aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed, bylo formou ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zak\u00e1zky Technologickou agenturou \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky zad\u00e1no na z\u00e1klad\u011b pot\u0159eby Ministerstva \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho projektu s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Vliv mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed na hladinu podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0celkovou hydrologickou bilanci s\u00a0d\u016frazem na such\u00e1 obdob\u00ed (k\u00f3d projektu TITSMZP809). Projekt je \u0159e\u0161en od kv\u011btna 2019 do konce roku 2021 konsorciem slo\u017een\u00fdm z\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9ho vysok\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed technick\u00e9ho v\u00a0Praze, \u010cesk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu a\u00a0V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho T.\u00a0G.\u00a0Masaryka. Problematika, kterou se projekt zab\u00fdv\u00e1, je \u0161irok\u00e1. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi aspekty, kter\u00e9 projekt zahrnuje, je vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho monitoringu a\u00a0metod d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu Zem\u011b. Pro pot\u0159eby experiment\u00e1ln\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed byly vybr\u00e1ny t\u0159i lokality, ve kter\u00fdch bylo zavedeno komplexn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed veli\u010din pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch pro detailn\u00ed bilan\u010dn\u00ed posouzen\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0rybn\u00edky Vav\u0159inec na toku V\u00fdrovky (okr. Kutn\u00e1 Hora) a\u00a0Mr\u0161t\u00edn na toku Vlkavy (okr. Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav) a\u00a0nov\u011b postaven\u00fd rybn\u00edk u\u00a0obce Mosti\u0161t\u011b (okr. Rokycany). Prvn\u00ed dva rybn\u00edky byly zvoleny tak, aby pokryly dva nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed geologick\u00e9 \u00fatvary\u00a0\u2013 krystalinikum, resp. K\u0159\u00edda, t\u0159et\u00ed byl vybr\u00e1n dopl\u0148kov\u011b, jeliko\u017e se nab\u00edzela jedine\u010dn\u00e1 mo\u017enost postihnout ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody b\u011bhem prvn\u00edho napou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. V\u00a0prvn\u00edch dvou uveden\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch byl zaji\u0161t\u011bn monitoring nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hydrologick\u00fdch veli\u010din (pr\u016ftoky na p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch i\u00a0odtoc\u00edch z\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f) a\u00a0meteorologick\u00e9 veli\u010diny (teplota, sr\u00e1\u017eky, vlhkost vzduchu apod.). Ve t\u0159et\u00ed lokalit\u011b (Mosti\u0161t\u011b) chyb\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtoku do n\u00e1dr\u017ee, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edtoky jsou natolik mal\u00e9, \u017ee jsou nem\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 s\u00a0po\u017eadovanou p\u0159esnost\u00ed. V\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f pak byl z\u0159\u00edzen i\u00a0monitoring hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm monitorovac\u00edch vrt\u016f.<\/p>\n

Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee v\u00fdzkum je teprve v\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tku, nejsou dosud k\u00a0dispozici v\u00fdsledky, kter\u00e9 by bylo mo\u017eno zve\u0159ejnit. Publikov\u00e1ny budou v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ponds have been mentioned very often in recent years in connection with the prevention of negative consequences of drought. They are cited as one of a wide range of measures.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":7576,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[1569,1523],"coauthors":[235,124,1824],"class_list":["post-7635","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-hydrological-regime","tag-pond"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7635","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7635"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7635\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30564,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7635\/revisions\/30564"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7635"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7635"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7635"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=7635"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}