\u00davod<\/h2>\n
Rybn\u00edky se pod\u00edl\u00ed na formov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny na \u00fazem\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e tis\u00edc let, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jejich existenci lze dolo\u017eit ji\u017e v\u00a010.\u00a0stolet\u00ed, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed auto\u0159i (nap\u0159. M\u00edka [1]) dokonce odhaduj\u00ed existenci prvn\u00edch rybn\u00edk\u016f i\u00a0do d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obdob\u00ed. O\u00a0tom, jak dlouho ji\u017e na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed rybn\u00edky obecn\u011b existuj\u00ed, tedy p\u0159edstavu m\u00e1me. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti se jejich celkov\u00fd po\u010det odhaduje na cca\u00a023\u201324\u00a0tis\u00edc [2, 3], p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e toto \u010d\u00edslo je sp\u00ed\u0161e orienta\u010dn\u00ed, proto\u017ee v\u017edy z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, co je za rybn\u00edk pova\u017eov\u00e1no. St\u00e1\u0159\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f je velmi rozd\u00edln\u00e9, ov\u0161em v\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00a0nich poch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0takzvan\u00e9ho zlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku rybnik\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, kter\u00fd je zpravidla vymezov\u00e1n jako obdob\u00ed zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed posledn\u00ed \u010dtvrtinu 15. stolet\u00ed a\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovinu 16. stolet\u00ed [1, 4]. Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed znalosti o\u00a0st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f v\u0161ak v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku chyb\u00ed. U\u00a0t\u011bch nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch je zpravidla obdob\u00ed v\u00fdstavby zn\u00e1mo. P\u0159\u00edkladem mohou b\u00fdt nap\u0159\u00edklad nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00ed rybn\u00edk v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice Ro\u017emberk (dokon\u010den 1590\u00a0[5]) nebo M\u00e1chovo jezero (dokon\u010den 1272 [5]). Naproti tomu nap\u0159\u00edklad u\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho rybn\u00edka na Morav\u011b Nesytu nen\u00ed rok dokon\u010den\u00ed zn\u00e1m a\u00a0jednotliv\u00e9 prameny se v\u00a0dataci vzniku rozch\u00e1zej\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 zdroje uv\u00e1d\u00ed p\u016fvod v\u00a016. stolet\u00ed [5], spr\u00e1vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u0161ak bude datace mezi roky 1514 a\u00a01518 na z\u00e1klad\u011b informac\u00ed z\u00a0urb\u00e1\u0159e a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch listin [6]. Obecn\u011b je informace o\u00a0dob\u011b zalo\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0tedy st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f sp\u00ed\u0161e nedostupn\u00e1. Z\u00a0mnoha d\u016fvod\u016f v\u0161ak je alespo\u0148 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e1 informace tohoto typu velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jednotliv\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u00e1trat v\u00a0archivn\u00edch materi\u00e1lech a\u00a0kronik\u00e1ch, pokud v\u0161ak jde o\u00a0mapov\u00e1n\u00ed historie rybn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed, je tato cesta dosti n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1. Jednou z\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak z\u00edskat pov\u011bdom\u00ed o\u00a0historick\u00e9m v\u00fdskytu rybn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9 oblasti, je vyu\u017eit\u00ed star\u00fdch map. V\u00a0tomto ohledu je ov\u0161em nutno poznamenat, \u017ee s\u00a0nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edm st\u00e1\u0159\u00edm map kles\u00e1 jejich polohov\u00e1 p\u0159esnost.<\/p>\n
Vyu\u017eit\u00ed star\u00fdch map pro mapov\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f nen\u00ed zcela nov\u00e9. V ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed bylo provedeno kompletn\u00ed zmapov\u00e1n\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f a vodn\u00edch ploch zakreslen\u00fdch na map\u00e1ch II. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edhalo na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky v letech 1819\u20131858 [7]. Pou\u017eit\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 podklady maj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b vysokou polohovou p\u0159esnost a s ohledem na identifikaci vodn\u00edch ploch a digitalizaci jejich rozsahu i uspokojivou podrobnost. V\u00fdsledkem tohoto mapov\u00e1n\u00ed je vrstva v\u0161ech rybn\u00edk\u016f a vodn\u00edch ploch s rozlohou nad 0,5 ha zakreslen\u00fdch na zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch map\u00e1ch [8]. Tato vrstva byla jedn\u00edm z podklad\u016f pou\u017eit\u00fdch pro knihu Historick\u00e9 rybn\u00edky \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky vydan\u00e9 v roce 2014 [9]. Mapy II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed ov\u0161em byly vytvo\u0159eny po jedn\u00e9 z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch vln ru\u0161en\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f souvisej\u00edc\u00ed zejm\u00e9na se spole\u010densk\u00fdmi a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami v obdob\u00ed vl\u00e1dy Marie Terezie a Josefa II. [6, 10]. Z toho d\u016fvodu nezachycuj\u00ed \u0159adu rybn\u00edk\u016f, jeliko\u017e jich bylo mnoho p\u0159ed t\u00edmto mapov\u00e1n\u00edm zru\u0161eno. V n\u00e1vaznosti na d\u0159\u00edve realizovan\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy orientovan\u00e9 na mapy II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed tak bylo \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed j\u00edt hloub\u011bji do minulosti a zab\u00fdvat se anal\u00fdzou map I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ty byly zpracov\u00e1ny pro oblast \u010cech v letech 1764\u20131768, v letech 1780\u20131783 pak prob\u011bhla jejich rektifikace, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b nov\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed [11, 12]. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed map I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed pro v\u00fdzkum v\u00fdvoje vodn\u00edch ploch nen\u00ed zcela nov\u00e9. V minul\u00fdch letech byly anal\u00fdzy tohoto typu realizov\u00e1ny pro povod\u00ed Byst\u0159ice, Jevi\u0161ovky a Opavy s c\u00edlem identifikace zanikl\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f s potenci\u00e1lem obnovy [13]. Jednalo se v\u0161ak o identifikaci rybn\u00edk\u016f v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho rozsahu, jeliko\u017e anal\u00fdzy byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm za \u00fa\u010delem posouzen\u00ed potenci\u00e1lu obnovy. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b anal\u00fdz prezentovan\u00fdch v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se ov\u0161em jedn\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed podkladu pro hodnocen\u00ed historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje vodn\u00edch ploch, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e c\u00edlem bylo zjistit celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edch se v\u00a0dob\u011b zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00e9ho mapov\u00e9ho d\u00edla v\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch\u00a0c\u00edl\u016f bylo tak\u00e9 identifikovat rybn\u00edky zanikl\u00e9 pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed informace o\u00a0\u00fabytku vodn\u00edch ploch na p\u0159elomu 18. a\u00a019.\u00a0stolet\u00ed. Budov\u00e1n\u00ed mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed je uva\u017eov\u00e1no jako jeden z\u00a0prost\u0159edk\u016f zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b a\u00a0boje se suchem a\u00a0znalost polohy zanikl\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00a0tomto sm\u011bru u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm podkladem, by\u0165 je nutno podotknout, \u017ee p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstavby mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0uveden\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010delu je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed posoudit v\u0161echny jej\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 dopady na hydrologick\u00fd re\u017eim i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed aspekty.<\/p>\n Identifikace byla v\u00a0prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi testov\u00e1na pro povod\u00ed Blanice, kter\u00e1 je levostrann\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtokem S\u00e1zavy, do n\u00ed\u017e se vl\u00e9v\u00e1 u\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9ho \u0160ternberka. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0jednu ze \u010dty\u0159 oblast\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159edm\u011btem zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu DG16P02M036 \u201e\u00dadr\u017eba, opravy a\u00a0monitoring hr\u00e1z\u00ed historick\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f jako na\u0161eho kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed\u201d [14]. Povod\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed jihov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Prahy (viz obr. 1<\/em>), m\u00e1 rozlohu 543,3\u00a0km2<\/sup> a\u00a0jeho hydrografick\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 je tvo\u0159ena Blanic\u00ed, jej\u00edm hlavn\u00edm levostrann\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtokem Chot\u00fd\u0161ankou a\u00a0\u0159adou men\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f t\u011bchto tok\u016f.<\/p>\n Mapy I.\u00a0rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed maj\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0mapami pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi mnohem men\u0161\u00ed polohovou p\u0159esnost. Od toho se odv\u00edj\u00ed i\u00a0zp\u016fsob, kter\u00fdm bylo nutno je analyzovat. Ten spo\u010d\u00edval v\u00a0tom, \u017ee pro ka\u017ed\u00fd rybn\u00edk zakreslen\u00fd na t\u011bchto map\u00e1ch byla identifikov\u00e1na jeho poloha v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mapov\u00fdch podkladech v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS.<\/p>\n Rybn\u00edky zakreslen\u00e9 na map\u00e1ch I. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed byly mapov\u00e1ny v\u00a0n\u011bkolika ohledech:<\/p>\n V\u00a0prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi byly prozkoum\u00e1v\u00e1ny mapy s\u00a0ohledem na pouhou identifikaci rybn\u00edk\u016f zachycen\u00fdch na map\u00e1ch I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u00a0to jak s\u00a0ohledem na rybn\u00edky dosud existuj\u00edc\u00ed, tak ty ji\u017e zanikl\u00e9. Identifikace byla prov\u00e1d\u011bna tak, \u017ee pro ka\u017ed\u00fd rybn\u00edk zachycen\u00fd na star\u00e9 map\u011b byla provedena identifikace na sou\u010dasn\u00fdch map\u00e1ch. Postup byl takov\u00fd, \u017ee nejprve byl na map\u011b I.\u00a0rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed vybr\u00e1n rybn\u00edk, a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b byla jeho poloha hled\u00e1na nad sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi mapov\u00fdmi podklady. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byla je\u0161t\u011b provedena konfrontace s\u00a0mapami II. a\u00a0III. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed. M\u00edsto bylo ozna\u010deno bodem a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b mu byly p\u0159i\u0159azeny dva atributy\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159esnost identifikace a\u00a0existence hr\u00e1ze. Oba uveden\u00e9 atributy maj\u00ed formu kategori\u00ed, jejich\u017e podrobn\u00fd popis je uveden v\u00a0tabulk\u00e1ch 1<\/em> a\u00a02<\/em>.<\/p>\n V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b identifikace polohy na sou\u010dasn\u00fdch map\u00e1ch bylo pou\u017eito n\u011bkolika hlavn\u00edch indik\u00e1tor\u016f. V\u00a0prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b byl identifikov\u00e1n tok, na n\u011bm\u017e se rybn\u00edk nach\u00e1zel. D\u00e1le byly identifikov\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edtoky, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0jeho bl\u00edzkosti nach\u00e1zely, nedalek\u00e9 obce a\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 ter\u00e9nn\u00ed \u00fatvary (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vrcholy kopc\u016f). Dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm podkladem byla podrobn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161kopisn\u00e1 data a\u00a0z\u00a0nich odvozen\u00fd st\u00ednovan\u00fd model reli\u00e9fu. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b byla vyu\u017eita vrstva Digit\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu reli\u00e9fu 5. generace (DMR5G) dostupn\u00e1 jako ArcGIS slu\u017eba na port\u00e1lu http:\/\/ags.cuzk.cz\/arcgis2\/services\/dmr5g\/ImageServer. Tento podklad byl d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s\u00a0ohledem na klasifikaci existence poz\u016fstatk\u016f hr\u00e1ze, u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd byl v\u0161ak i\u00a0pro prvotn\u00ed identifikaci polohy.<\/p>\n U\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch rybn\u00edk\u016f byla identifikace zpravidla pom\u011brn\u011b snadn\u00e1, v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nebylo nutno lokalizaci prov\u00e1d\u011bt, proto\u017ee rybn\u00edky byly zakresleny ve vrstv\u011b digitalizovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch ploch zachycen\u00fdch na map\u00e1ch II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed [15]. Na obr. 2<\/em> je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn rybn\u00edk zakreslen\u00fd na map\u011b I.\u00a0rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti obce \u0160eb\u00ed\u0159ov (okr. T\u00e1bor). V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti se v\u00a0t\u011bsn\u00e9 bl\u00edzkosti obce rybn\u00edk nenach\u00e1z\u00ed, je v\u0161ak zachycen pr\u00e1v\u011b ve vrstv\u011b digitalizovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch ploch z\u00a0map II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed (viz obr. 3<\/em> se zobrazen\u00fdm polygonem rybn\u00edka ze zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 vrstvy nad Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapou \u010cR).<\/p>\n Obdobn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem jako v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je rybn\u00edk, kter\u00fd na map\u011b I.\u00a0rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed nese n\u00e1zev Lounjowitz Teich (Lou\u0148ovick\u00fd rybn\u00edk) a\u00a0nach\u00e1zel se p\u0159\u00edmo na toku Blanice severn\u011b od Lou\u0148ovic pod Blan\u00edkem (viz obr. 4<\/em>). Hr\u00e1z tohoto rybn\u00edka z\u016fstala zachov\u00e1na dodnes zejm\u00e9na proto, \u017ee po n\u00ed vedla a\u00a0st\u00e1le vede komunikace (viz obr. 5<\/em>), kter\u00e1 p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b za\u0159\u00edznut\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed Blanice. I\u00a0tento rybn\u00edk je patrn\u00fd je\u0161t\u011b na map\u00e1ch II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed, zde je v\u0161ak zakreslen ji\u017e mnohem men\u0161\u00ed rozsah z\u00e1topy (viz obr. 6<\/em>). Na map\u011b III.\u00a0rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed ji\u017e vodn\u00ed plocha zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna nen\u00ed.<\/p>\n V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b men\u0161\u00edch rybn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00fdch je na map\u00e1ch I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zachyceno velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed, byla situace jin\u00e1. S\u00a0ohledem na zp\u016fsob po\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed map je jejich polohov\u00e1 p\u0159esnost velmi mal\u00e1 a\u00a0identifikace takov\u00fdchto rybn\u00edk\u016f je zna\u010dn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1. V\u00a0mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech nez\u016fstala s\u00a0ohledem na jej\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed malou velikost zachov\u00e1na v\u00a0d\u016fsledku p\u016fsoben\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch i\u00a0antropogenn\u00edch proces\u016f ani hr\u00e1z. Velmi dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem t\u00e9to situace je soustava rybn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0okol\u00ed K\u0159t\u011bnovic. Na map\u011b I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed (viz obr. 7<\/em>) je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee se zde nach\u00e1zela \u0159ada rybn\u00edk\u016f na samotn\u00e9m K\u0159t\u011bnovick\u00e9m potoce i\u00a0na jeho p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch. Na map\u00e1ch II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed i\u00a0na sou\u010dasn\u00fdch map\u00e1ch je rybn\u00edk\u016f zachyceno mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b (viz obr. 8<\/em>). P\u0159\u00edkladem zanikl\u00e9ho rybn\u00edka, u kter\u00e9ho je poloha dob\u0159e identifikovateln\u00e1, je rybn\u00edk ji\u017en\u011b od obce, jeho\u017e hr\u00e1z z\u016fstala do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby zachov\u00e1na, a je patrn\u00e1 na v\u0161ech prezentovan\u00fdch mapov\u00fdch podkladech. Na druhou stranu dva rybn\u00edky na levostrann\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edtoku, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0minulosti nach\u00e1zely pod t\u00edm, kter\u00fd se zachoval do sou\u010dasnosti, jsou s\u00a0ohledem na polohu identifikovateln\u00e9 velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b. Jedin\u00e9, co je v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b jist\u00e9, je, \u017ee tyto dva rybn\u00edky se nach\u00e1zely na toku mezi rybn\u00edkem dochovan\u00fdm a\u00a0soutokem s\u00a0K\u0159t\u011bnovick\u00fdm potokem. Na map\u011b I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed je na levostrann\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edtoku zaznamen\u00e1n je\u0161t\u011b jeden rybn\u00edk, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1zel nad rybn\u00edkem dochovan\u00fdm dodnes. Jeho poloha je je\u0161t\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji identifikovateln\u00e1, proto\u017ee jej lze vztahovat pouze k\u00a0rybn\u00edku dochovan\u00e9mu a\u00a0sedlem, od kter\u00e9ho vych\u00e1z\u00ed \u00fadolnice, v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e se tok nach\u00e1z\u00ed. Obdobn\u011b je alespo\u0148 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b identifikovateln\u00e1 poloha prost\u0159edn\u00edho rybn\u00edka na pravostrann\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edtoku, jeliko\u017e n\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017een\u00fd rybn\u00edk se dochoval a\u00a0poloha v\u00fd\u0161e polo\u017een\u00e9ho rybn\u00edka je identifikovateln\u00e1 na map\u011b II.\u00a0rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n V\u00a0povod\u00ed Blanice bylo z\u00a0map I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed identifikov\u00e1no celkem 818 rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0vodn\u00edch ploch v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch nejmen\u0161\u00edch. Z\u00a0tohoto po\u010dtu se jich celkem 430 dochovalo v\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e do sou\u010dasnosti. Zbyl\u00fdch 385 rybn\u00edk\u016f od obdob\u00ed I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed zaniklo. Z\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed zanikl\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f jich bylo 89 lokalizov\u00e1no jednozna\u010dn\u011b, u\u00a0ostatn\u00edch byla jejich poloha identifikov\u00e1na s\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed spolehlivosti. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b 53 zanikl\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f byla na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f nalezena cel\u00e1 p\u016fvodn\u00ed hr\u00e1z nebo jej\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina, u\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch 55 byly na podrobn\u00e9m modelu reli\u00e9fu identifikov\u00e1ny stopy hr\u00e1z\u00ed \u010di jejich poz\u016fstatky. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0t\u011bchto 55 rybn\u00edk\u016f byly kategorizov\u00e1ny do druh\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy p\u0159esnosti ur\u010den\u00ed polohy, nebo\u0165 ne v\u017edy bylo s\u00a0jistotou mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit, zda se skute\u010dn\u011b jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0poz\u016fstatek t\u011blesa hr\u00e1ze nebo o\u00a0jin\u00fd ter\u00e9nn\u00ed \u00fatvar.<\/p>\n S\u00a0ohledem na zastoupen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch kategori\u00ed zachovalosti hr\u00e1ze je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee u\u00a0p\u0159esn\u011bji lokalizovan\u00fdch zanikl\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed t\u011bch, u\u00a0nich\u017e se zachovala hr\u00e1z, jeliko\u017e jej\u00ed poz\u016fstatky byly jedn\u00edm z\u00a0vod\u00edtek p\u0159i lokalizaci. Naopak ve skupin\u011b rybn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly lokalizov\u00e1ny pouze orienta\u010dn\u011b, nebyly identifikov\u00e1ny ani stopy p\u016fvodn\u00edch hr\u00e1z\u00ed. Z\u00a0pohledu zachovalosti hr\u00e1ze je proto zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zastoupen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch kategori\u00ed pro zanikl\u00e9 rybn\u00edky, kter\u00e9 byly identifikov\u00e1ny jednozna\u010dn\u011b. Toto zastoupen\u00ed je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno v\u00a0grafu na obr. 9<\/em>.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00edm zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem proveden\u00fdch anal\u00fdz je prostorov\u00e9 rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f existuj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0obdob\u00ed II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed. Toto rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno v\u00a0map\u011b na obr. 10<\/em>. Z\u00a0mapy je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee v\u00a0severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti soutoku Blanice se S\u00e1zavou se v\u00a0minulosti nach\u00e1zelo jen velmi mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f. V\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hustota vodn\u00edch ploch v\u00a0t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti z\u00e1jmov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed je patrn\u00e1 i\u00a0p\u0159i pohledu na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentraci rybn\u00edk\u016f pak lze naj\u00edt v\u00a0jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u00fazem\u00ed na horn\u00edm toku Chot\u00fd\u0161anky a\u00a0v\u00a0povod\u00ed Slupsk\u00e9ho potoka.<\/p>\n P\u0159i bli\u017e\u0161\u00edm pohledu na jednotliv\u00e1 d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed je tak\u00e9 patrn\u00e1 nerovnom\u011brnost rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f. Rybn\u00edky jsou \u010dasto shluknuty v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti s\u00eddel, co\u017e je pochopiteln\u00e9 s\u00a0ohledem na pot\u0159ebu dostupnosti p\u0159i spr\u00e1v\u011b a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. \u010casto se v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed vyskytuj\u00ed kask\u00e1dy rybn\u00edk\u016f (nap\u0159\u00edklad na Zho\u0159sk\u00e9m nebo K\u0159t\u011bnovick\u00e9m potoce) nebo cel\u00e9 soustavy (nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0okol\u00ed Jankova). Zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed je t\u00e9\u017e v\u00fdskyt nebesk\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0sedlech. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nich je rybn\u00edk nesouc\u00ed v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti jm\u00e9no Mikul\u00e1\u0161, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od Mlad\u00e9 Vo\u017eice. Jeho sou\u010dasn\u00fd rozsah je oproti tomu zaznamenan\u00e9mu na map\u011b I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e v\u00a0minulosti m\u011bl hr\u00e1z po obou stran\u00e1ch sedla a\u00a0byl v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u011btin\u00e1sobn\u00fd. Obdobn\u011b tomu bylo i\u00a0u\u00a0rybn\u00edka, kter\u00fd nese v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti n\u00e1zev Such\u00fd a\u00a0kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nedaleko z\u00e1padn\u00edm sm\u011brem. Dal\u0161\u00ed takov\u00e9to rybn\u00edky se nach\u00e1zely nap\u0159\u00edklad mezi Jankovskou Lhotou a\u00a0Str\u017eencem v\u00a0lokalit\u011b V\u00a0Borov\u00ed (v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti zachov\u00e1na pouze z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st) nebo v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti Kali\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0lokalit\u011b Ka\u010diny (plocha b\u00fdval\u00e9 z\u00e1topy je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti odvod\u0148ov\u00e1na z\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti Str\u017eeneck\u00fdm potokem a\u00a0z\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti bezejmenn\u00fdm pravostrann\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtokem Janovsk\u00e9ho potoka do Konopi\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9ho potoka mimo z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed).<\/p>\n V\u00fdsledky proveden\u00fdch anal\u00fdz prezentovan\u00fdch v\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm velmi vhodn\u00fdm podkladem pro v\u00fdzkum dynamiky v\u00fdvoje krajiny v\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Pou\u017eit\u00fd postup anal\u00fdzy se uk\u00e1zal jako pom\u011brn\u011b zdlouhav\u00fd, s\u00a0ohledem na vlastnosti pou\u017eit\u00e9ho mapov\u00e9ho d\u00edla ov\u0161em asi jako jedin\u00fd mo\u017en\u00fd. S\u00a0ohledem na skute\u010dnost, \u017ee byly mapov\u00e1ny i\u00a0nejmen\u0161\u00ed vodn\u00ed plochy, se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0prvn\u00ed takov\u00e9to zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed. Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee \u0159ada rybn\u00edk\u016f existuj\u00edc\u00edch ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby zanikla. Na druhou stranu je p\u0159i porovn\u00e1n\u00ed se sou\u010dasn\u00fdm stavem \u00fazem\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee od t\u00e9 doby vznikla \u0159ada nov\u00fdch. V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed f\u00e1zi v\u00fdzkumu budou dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky vyu\u017eity p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro pot\u0159eby hodnocen\u00ed postupn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje krajiny s\u00a0ohledem na koncentraci a\u00a0rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed vodn\u00edch ploch v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch historick\u00fdch obdob\u00edch. Vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 vrstva m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 poslou\u017eit p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstavby mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti formou obnovy zanikl\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n V\u00fdzkum prezentovan\u00fd v\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku byl realizov\u00e1n v\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho projektu NAKI II DG16P02M036 \u201e\u00dadr\u017eba, opravy a\u00a0monitoring hr\u00e1z\u00ed historick\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f jako na\u0161eho kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed\u201c financovan\u00e9ho Ministerstvem kultury \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The article focuses on the identification of fishponds dawn on the maps of the 1st Austrian Military Survey. The presented analyses are based mainly on manual work with old maps, because the maps used for the study lack the precision and detail needed for automated processing in the GIS environment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":7519,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[1837,1839,1828,1838,1836],"coauthors":[235,1800],"class_list":["post-7606","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-1st-austrian-military-survey","tag-blanice-river","tag-fishpond","tag-identification","tag-old-maps"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7606","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7606"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7606\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30567,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7606\/revisions\/30567"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7519"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7606"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7606"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7606"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=7606"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/David-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nObr. 1. Poloha z\u00e1jmov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 povod\u00ed Blanice
\nFig. 1. Location of the study area\u00a0\u2013 catchment of Blanice River<\/h6>\nMetodika<\/h2>\n
\n
Tabulka 1. Kategorie identifikovatelnosti rybn\u00edk\u016f zakreslen\u00fdch na map\u00e1ch I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed
\nTable 1. Categories of identification accuracy of fishponds depicted on maps of 1st<\/sup>\u00a0Austrian Military Survey<\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a>\nObr. 2. Rybn\u00edk v\u00fdchodn\u011b od obce \u0160eb\u00ed\u0159ov na map\u011b I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed
\nFig. 2. Fishpond east of village \u0160eb\u00ed\u0159ov captured on map of 1st<\/sup> Austrian Military Survey<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 3. Rybn\u00edk v\u00fdchodn\u011b od obce \u0160eb\u00ed\u0159ov na map\u011b II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed (vlevo) a\u00a0digitalizovan\u00fd polygon nad Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapou \u010cR (vpravo, \u010derven\u011b se \u0161rafou rozsah z\u00a0mapy II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed, fialov\u011b \u010derchovan\u011b rozsah odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b map\u011b I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed)
\nFig. 3. Fishpond east of village \u0160eb\u00ed\u0159ov captured on map of 2nd<\/sup> Austrian Military Survey (left) and digitized polygon underlain by Basic map of the Czech Republic (right, red border which hatch corresponds to extent in maps of 2nd<\/sup> Austrian Military Survey, violet dashed line describes approximate extent corresponding to map of 1st<\/sup> Austrian Military Survey)<\/h6>\nTabulka 2. Kategorie existence poz\u016fstatk\u016f hr\u00e1ze v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti
\nTable 2. Categories of dam remains existence at present<\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a>\nObr. 4. Lou\u0148ovick\u00fd rybn\u00edk severn\u011b od obce Lou\u0148ovice pod Blan\u00edkem na map\u011b I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed
\nFig. 4. Lou\u0148ovick\u00fd fishpond north of Lou\u0148ovice pod Blan\u00edkem captured on map of 1st<\/sup>\u00a0Austrian Military Survey<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 5. Hr\u00e1z b\u00fdval\u00e9ho Lou\u0148ovick\u00e9ho rybn\u00edka
\nFig. 5. Dam of former Lou\u0148ovick\u00fd fishpond<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 6. Lou\u0148ovick\u00fd rybn\u00edk severn\u011b od obce Lou\u0148ovice pod Blan\u00edkem na map\u011b II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed (vlevo) a\u00a0digitalizovan\u00fd polygon nad Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapou \u010cR (vpravo, \u010derven\u011b se \u0161rafou rozsah z\u00a0mapy II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed, fialov\u011b \u010derchovan\u011b rozsah odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b map\u011b I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed)
\nFig. 6. Lou\u0148ovick\u00fd fishpond north of Lou\u0148ovice pod Blan\u00edkem captured on map of 2nd<\/sup> Austrian Military Survey (left) and digitized polygon underlain by Basic map of the Czech Republic (right, red border which hatch corresponds to extent in maps of 2nd<\/sup>\u00a0Austrian Military Survey, violet dashed line describes approximate extent corresponding to map of 1st<\/sup>\u00a0Austrian Military Survey)<\/h6>\nV\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 7. Rybn\u00edky v\u00a0okol\u00ed K\u0159t\u011bnovic zachycen\u00e9 na map\u011b I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed
\nFig. 7. Fishponds in the vicinity of K\u0159t\u011bnovice captured on map of 1st<\/sup>\u00a0Austrian Military Survey<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 8. Okol\u00ed K\u0159t\u011bnovic zachycen\u00e9 na map\u011b II. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed (vlevo), na Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed map\u011b \u010cR (uprost\u0159ed) a\u00a0na Digit\u00e1ln\u00edm modelu reli\u00e9fu 5. generace (vpravo)
\nFig. 8. The vicinity of K\u0159t\u011bnovice on map of 2nd<\/sup>\u00a0Austrian Military Survey (left), on Basic map of the Czech Republic (middle) and Digital Relief Model of 5th <\/sup>Generation (right)<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 9. Zastoupen\u00ed kategori\u00ed identifikace hr\u00e1ze u\u00a0zanikl\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly lokalizov\u00e1ny velmi p\u0159esn\u011b
\nFig. 9. Frequency of dam existence categories for accurately identified extinct ponds<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 10. Mapa rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f identifikovan\u00fdch na map\u00e1ch I. rakousk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed
\nFig. 10. Map of position of fishponds identified on maps of 1st<\/sup>\u00a0Austrian Military Survey<\/h6>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n