{"id":7591,"date":"2020-02-26T10:31:22","date_gmt":"2020-02-26T09:31:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=7591"},"modified":"2024-07-17T09:52:57","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T08:52:57","slug":"the-quality-of-sediment-in-shallow-water-bodies-long-term-screening-of-sediment-in-the-czech-republic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2020\/02\/the-quality-of-sediment-in-shallow-water-bodies-long-term-screening-of-sediment-in-the-czech-republic\/","title":{"rendered":"The quality of sediment in shallow water bodies \u2013 long-term screening of sediment in the Czech Republic"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek prezentuje v\u00fdsledky z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho screeningu sediment\u016f z\u00a0let 2011\u20132019. V\u00fdsledkov\u00e1 datab\u00e1ze aktu\u00e1ln\u011b obsahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 230 lokalit. V\u00edce jak 80 % vzork\u016f sediment\u016f bylo odebr\u00e1no z\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice se objem rybni\u010dn\u00edch sediment\u016f odhaduje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b na 200 mil. m3<\/sup>. Jejich kvalita je ovlivn\u011bna mnoha faktory. V\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvat sedimenty spl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed legislativn\u00ed limity dan\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1\u0161kou (\u010d. 257\/2009 Sb.) upravuj\u00edc\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro pou\u017eit\u00ed sediment\u016f na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu.<\/p>\n

Zam\u011b\u0159ili jsme se na hodnocen\u00ed vybran\u00fdch toxick\u00fdch kov\u016f (As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg, Cd) a\u00a0organick\u00fdch polutant\u016f (C10\u2013C40, BTEX, PAU, PCB, DDT). Ze zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f lze dle pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed se\u0159adit prezentovan\u00e9 kovy n\u00e1sledovn\u011b Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cd > Hg. Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed limitu dle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb. bylo zaznamen\u00e1no u\u00a0kadmia (29 lokalit, tj. 12,8 %). U\u00a0organick\u00fdch polutant\u016f nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159ekra\u010duje limitn\u00ed hodnoty vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky 257\/2009 Sb. parametr PAU cca 7,6 %, zejm\u00e9na jako d\u016fsledek antropogenn\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1vesn\u00edch rybn\u00edk\u016f. D\u00e1le BTEX cca 4,1 %, DDT 1,4 % a\u00a0PCB cca 1,3 %.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Rybn\u00edky jsou neodd\u011blitelnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu povrchov\u00fdch vod v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Jsou to um\u011bl\u00e9, \u010dlov\u011bkem vybudovan\u00e9 vodn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd prvek krajiny (obr. 5<\/em> a\u00a06<\/em>). Odhaduje se, \u017ee k\u00a0akvakultu\u0159e se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 24\u00a0000 rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed s\u00a0celkovou plochou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 51 800 ha (Opera\u010dn\u00ed program ryb\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed 2007\u20132013), jin\u00e9 odhady hovo\u0159\u00ed a\u017e o\u00a0zhruba 32\u00a0000 rybn\u00edk\u016f [1]. \u010cesk\u00e1 kotlina se dlouhodob\u011b pot\u00fdk\u00e1 se silnou eroz\u00ed p\u016fdy. D\u016fsledkem je, \u017ee rybn\u00edky, jako m\u011blk\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee polo\u017een\u00e9 v\u00a0nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstech dan\u00e9ho povod\u00ed, jsou rychle zazem\u0148ov\u00e1ny. Mocnost sedimentu v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch rybn\u00edc\u00edch je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 40 cm a\u00a0celkov\u00fd objem sediment\u016f se odhaduje na 200 mil. m3 <\/sup>[2]. O\u00a0tento objem je sn\u00ed\u017eena jejich akumula\u010dn\u00ed schopnost.<\/p>\n

Situace v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve stavu: 1. nedocen\u011bn\u00ed sediment\u016f jako suroviny (prim\u00e1rn\u00ed je snaha se ho zbavit a\u00a0nikoliv vyu\u017e\u00edt), 2. pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 legislativy a\u00a03. pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy pro vylou\u010den\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kontaminace sediment\u016f cizorod\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami. Hospoda\u0159\u00edc\u00ed subjekty tak \u010dasto p\u0159i v\u00fdlovech posouvaj\u00ed sedimenty z\u00a0rybn\u00edka do rybn\u00edka st\u00e1le n\u00ed\u017ee a\u00a0n\u00ed\u017ee v\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u017e do velk\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, kde se t\u011b\u017eba usazenin st\u00e1v\u00e1 velmi n\u00e1kladnou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed. Cestou nav\u00edc obvykle doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke kontaminaci sediment\u016f, a\u00a0pot\u00e9 ji\u017e nelze o\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed naakumulovan\u00fdch \u017eivin pro jejich recyklaci v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed uva\u017eovat ani teoreticky [3].<\/p>\n

Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice trp\u00ed nedostatkem organick\u00e9 hmoty. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je vyu\u017eit\u00ed rybni\u010dn\u00edch sediment\u016f z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed jako materi\u00e1l\u016f s\u202fvysok\u00fdm pod\u00edlem organick\u00e9 hmoty a\u202fminer\u00e1ln\u00edch \u017eivin (obr. 1<\/em>). Sedimenty mohou b\u00fdt kontaminovan\u00e9 rizikov\u00fdmi prvky a\u202frizikov\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami, a\u202fproto je t\u0159eba p\u0159i jejich pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed respektovat legislativn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd je koncipov\u00e1n tak, aby jejich pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bylo bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro p\u016fdu, \u010dlov\u011bka i\u202fostatn\u00ed slo\u017eky \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek prezentuje v\u00fdsledky z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho screeningu sediment\u016f z\u00a0let 2011\u20132019 z\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/p>\n

Metodika \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Popis lokality<\/h3>\n

Vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed lokalit je podm\u00edn\u011bno pl\u00e1novan\u00fdm odbahn\u011bn\u00edm n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina rozbor\u016f je prov\u00e1d\u011bna na z\u00e1klad\u011b objedn\u00e1vek projektant\u016f nebo p\u0159\u00edmo vlastn\u00edk\u016f n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Je odeb\u00edr\u00e1n reprezentativn\u00ed vzorek sedimentu z\u00a0cel\u00e9ho, potenci\u00e1ln\u011b t\u011b\u017een\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Lokality nejsou systematicky vyb\u00edr\u00e1ny, z\u00e1jmov\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm je cel\u00e1 \u010cesk\u00e1 republika. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fd a\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed screening kvality sediment\u016f v\u00a0\u010cR. Od roku 2011 do poloviny roku 2019 bylo do v\u00fdsledkov\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze za\u0159azeno t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 230 lokalit\u00a0\u2013 v\u00edce jak 80 % vzork\u016f bylo odebr\u00e1no z\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f (nap\u0159. produk\u010dn\u00ed, n\u00e1vesn\u00ed, nebesk\u00e9, v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9 \u010di lesn\u00ed krajin\u011b, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b pod bodov\u00fdmi zdroji zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed). Zbyl\u00fdch 20 % tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u00edskovny, potoky, slep\u00e1 ramena \u010di odvod\u0148ovac\u00ed strouhy. Doposud ovzorkovan\u00e9 lokality zobrazuje mapa na obr. 2<\/em>. Nejv\u00edce lokalit je situov\u00e1no na jihu a\u00a0jihoz\u00e1pad\u011b \u010cech. P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee m\u011blk\u00e9 s\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brnou hloubkou vody cca do 1 m. Velikost vodn\u00ed plochy \u010din\u00ed od 0,5 ha do n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek ha. Rozptyl pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 mocnosti sediment\u016f ve sledovan\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch \u010din\u00ed 40\u201360 cm.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd rybn\u00edk s\u00a0hlavn\u00ed stokou a\u00a0typick\u00fdm rozlo\u017een\u00edm sedimentu
\nFig. 1. Empty fishpond, central drain and volume of sediment<\/h6>\n

Odb\u011bry a\u00a0anal\u00fdzy vzork\u016f sedimentu<\/h3>\n

Ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed laborato\u0159i ENKI, o. p. s., se zam\u011b\u0159ujeme na individu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup ke vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (tzv. vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0\u00fasudkem), a\u00a0to nejen z\u00a0hlediska mo\u017en\u00fdch bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (kontaminace toxick\u00fdmi kovy a\u00a0org. polutanty), ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0hlediska potenci\u00e1ln\u011b t\u011b\u017een\u00e9ho objemu sedimentu. To znamen\u00e1, pokud se v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei vyskytuje sediment r\u016fzn\u00e9ho zrnitostn\u00edho slo\u017een\u00ed, vzorkujeme jej odd\u011blen\u011b. N\u00e1dr\u017e je tak mo\u017en\u00e9 rozd\u011blit do n\u011bkolika \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, aby bylo mo\u017eno v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00edch (p\u0159i t\u011b\u017eb\u011b) se sedimentem nakl\u00e1dat separ\u00e1tn\u011b. Materi\u00e1l hrub\u0161\u00edho zrnitostn\u00edho slo\u017een\u00ed lze vyu\u017e\u00edt nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i stavebn\u00edch \u00faprav\u00e1ch v\u00a0r\u00e1mci oprav t\u011blesa hr\u00e1z\u00ed atd. Materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd vyhovuje, mj. sv\u00fdm zrnitostn\u00edm slo\u017een\u00edm, po\u017eadovan\u00e9 legislativ\u011b, lze vyu\u017e\u00edt pro zem\u011bd\u011blskou produkci.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Mapa \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed odebran\u00e9 lokality (zdroj: https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps)
\nFig. 2. Map of Czech Republic with site localities marked (source: https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps)<\/h6>\n

U\u00a0sedimentu, kter\u00fd nevyhov\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9 legislativ\u011b pouze v\u00a0jednom parametru a\u00a0v\u00a0okol\u00ed rybn\u00edka se nevyskytuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 z\u0159ejm\u00e9 zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (jako potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed faktor kontaminace vzorku), prov\u00e1d\u00edme po dohod\u011b se z\u00e1kazn\u00edkem opakovan\u00fd odb\u011br vzork\u016f sediment\u016f se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed parametr v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech rybn\u00edka (v\u010detn\u011b vertik\u00e1ln\u00edho profilu). Ukazuje se, \u017ee v\u00a0mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech nen\u00ed t\u00edmto podrobn\u00fdm kontroln\u00edm vzorkov\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0anal\u00fdzami sedimentu kontaminace potvrzena.<\/p>\n

Odb\u011bry vzork\u016f prov\u00e1d\u00edme odb\u011brovou sondou holandsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobce Eijkelkamp ze dna vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch nebo napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1me t\u00e9\u017e mocnost sedimentu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e rozli\u0161ujeme tmav\u0161\u00ed (\u017eivinami bohat\u0161\u00ed sediment) a\u00a0sv\u011btl\u00fd (miner\u00e1ln\u00ed sediment). Sonda umo\u017e\u0148uje odebrat vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed profil sedimentu, ani\u017e by do\u0161lo ke stla\u010den\u00ed vzorku a\u00a0k\u00a0poru\u0161en\u00ed jeho stratifikace (obr. 3<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. Odb\u011brov\u00e1 sonda holandsk\u00e9ho typu Eijkelkamp a\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy struktury sediment\u016f
\nFig. 3. Eijkelkamp sediment core sampler and types of sediments structures<\/h6>\n

Podle velikosti n\u00e1dr\u017ee odeb\u00edr\u00e1me 1\u20135 sm\u011bsn\u00fdch vzork\u016f rybni\u010dn\u00edho sedimentu. Sm\u011bsn\u00fd vzorek je tvo\u0159en minim\u00e1ln\u011b z\u00a015\u201330 d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch vzork\u016f, ka\u017ed\u00fd o\u00a0mocnosti zpravidla 20\u2013100 cm, podle plochy a\u00a0zanesen\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee (tzn. cel\u00fd hloubkov\u00fd profil sedimentu, viz obr. 3<\/em>). Jednotliv\u00e9 body odb\u011bru zam\u011b\u0159ujeme pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje GPS. Vzorky sedimentu homogenizujeme p\u0159\u00edmo na m\u00edst\u011b, \u010di v\u00a0laborato\u0159i a\u00a0metodou kvartace vyb\u00edr\u00e1me sm\u011bsn\u00fd vzorek, kter\u00fd n\u00e1sledn\u011b odes\u00edl\u00e1me do akreditovan\u00e9 laborato\u0159e k\u00a0chemick\u00fdm anal\u00fdz\u00e1m\u00a0[4]. V\u00a0laborato\u0159i jsou vzorky vysu\u0161eny a\u00a0provedeny anal\u00fdzy podle legislativou p\u0159edepsan\u00fdch norem nebo validovan\u00fdch postup\u016f. V\u00fdluh vzork\u016f byl proveden lu\u010davkou kr\u00e1lovskou. Stanoven\u00ed kov\u016f bylo provedeno hmotnost\u00ed spektrometri\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edstroji ICP-MS. Stanoven\u00ed organick\u00fdch polutant\u016f bylo provedeno plynovou chromatografi\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edstroj\u00edch GC-MS, GC-ECD a\u00a0GC-FID.<\/p>\n

Legislativa<\/h3>\n

Na rybni\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed sedimenty je v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b (z\u00a0hlediska legislativy \u010cR) pohl\u00ed\u017eeno jako na odpad. Vyt\u011b\u017een\u00fd sediment je mo\u017eno ukl\u00e1dat na povrchu ter\u00e9nu podle z\u00e1kona \u010d. 185\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0odpadech, vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 387\/2016 Sb [5,\u00a06]. Druhou mo\u017enost\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00ed vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu je jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m p\u016fdn\u00edm fondu, a\u00a0to podle z\u00e1kona \u010d. 156\/1998 Sb., o\u00a0hnojivech, vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb., o\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sediment\u016f na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b [7, 8]. T\u0159et\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed sediment\u016f je jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed jako vstupn\u00ed suroviny do kompost\u016f. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm ukazatelem pro mo\u017enost vyu\u017eit\u00ed sediment\u016f je m\u00edra jejich kontaminace rizikov\u00fdmi prvky a\u00a0organick\u00fdmi polutanty.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Seznam m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch parametr\u016f
\nTable 1. List of assessed parameters<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Prezentovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky jsou vyhodnoceny podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb., o\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sediment\u016f na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, p\u0159\u00edloha \u010d. 1 [8]. P\u0159i p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed limitn\u00edch hodnot nelze rybni\u010dn\u00ed sediment aplikovat na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu. V\u00a0souladu s\u00a0platnou legislativou byly ve vzorc\u00edch sedimentu vyhodnocov\u00e1ny obsahy toxick\u00fdch kov\u016f, organick\u00fdch zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek (tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n

Toxick\u00e9 kovy<\/h3>\n

Nej\u010dast\u011bji se p\u0159i anal\u00fdz\u00e1ch rybni\u010dn\u00edch sediment\u016f setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s\u00a0p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00edm limit\u016f vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb. pro toxick\u00e9 kovy. Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledkov\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze v\u00a0textu zmi\u0148ujeme pouze vybran\u00e9 kovy (soubor graf\u016f na obr. 4<\/em>). Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace, rozsah (MIN a\u00a0MAX) a\u00a0sm\u011brodatnou odchylku (SD) uv\u00e1d\u00edme v\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 2. Koncentrace toxick\u00fdch kov\u016f v\u00a0sedimentech z\u00a0let 2011\u20132019 (pr\u016fm\u011br, MIN, MAX)
\nTable 2. Concentration of toxic metals in sediments during the period\u00a02011\u20132019 (MEAN, MIN, MAX)<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Problematika v\u00fdskytu arsenu v\u00a0p\u016fd\u00e1ch a\u00a0v\u00a0sedimentech je rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1, a\u00a0to nejen v\u00a0\u010cR. Hodnoty arsenu mohou b\u00fdt \u010dasto ovlivn\u011bny jeho p\u0159irozen\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed, odkud se m\u016f\u017ee uvol\u0148ovat do r\u016fzn\u00fdch slo\u017eek ekosyst\u00e9mu i\u00a0antropogenn\u00edch \u010dinnost\u00ed [9]. Geologick\u00e9 podlo\u017e\u00ed \u010cR obsahuje slou\u010deniny bohat\u00e9 na arsen. V\u00a0mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech jsou slou\u010deniny (asi nejv\u00edce arsenopyrit) v\u00e1z\u00e1ny na oblasti s\u00a0v\u00fdskytem hn\u011bd\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edhrani\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1smu \u010cR je \u0159ada v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edch oblast\u00ed, v\u00a0jejich\u017e okol\u00ed jsou prokazateln\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161eny poza\u010fov\u00e9 hodnoty As [9]. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 poza\u010fov\u00e1 hodnota pro \u010cR je 7,5 mg\/kg su\u0161iny [10]. Z\u00a0graf\u016f na obr. 4<\/em> je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee na des\u00edti lokalit\u00e1ch (tj. 4,4 %) byly zji\u0161t\u011bny hodnoty As vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e povoluje citovan\u00e1 vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb. Z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00edce jak 95 % lokalit spl\u0148uje limitn\u00ed hodnoty v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky. U\u00a0poloviny vzorkovan\u00fdch lokalit je koncentrace ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 8 mg\/kg su\u0161iny (medi\u00e1n). Lze konstatovat, \u017ee n\u00e1mi vzorkovan\u00e9 lokality vykazuj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 hodnoty v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdmi poza\u010fov\u00fdmi hodnotami As pro \u010cR.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 3. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed dlouhodob\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot koncentrac\u00ed toxick\u00fdch kov\u016f nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice r\u016fzn\u00fdmi autory s\u00a0limitn\u00edmi hodnotami\u00a0uveden\u00fdmi ve vyhl\u00e1\u0161ce \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb. a\u00a0v\u00a0jin\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 legislativ\u011b
\nTable 3. Results and comparing with other world limits (* Site \u2013 specific parameter)<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Vzhledem k\u00a0vysok\u00e9mu akumula\u010dn\u00edmu koeficientu se olovo hromad\u00ed nejen v\u00a0sedimentech, ale i\u00a0v\u00a0biomase mikroorganism\u016f a\u00a0rostlin [11\u201314]. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 poza\u010fov\u00e1 hodnota pro \u010cR je 45 mg\/kg su\u0161iny [10]. Se zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00edm limit\u016f obsahu olova z\u00a050 na 10 \u00b5g\/l v\u00a0pitn\u00e9 vod\u011b [10] lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee nebude prob\u00edhat dal\u0161\u00ed kontaminace slo\u017eek \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed zejm\u00e9na z\u00a0aditiv do benz\u00ednu (tetraethylolovo) a\u00a0z\u00a0olov\u011bn\u00e9ho vodovodn\u00edho potrub\u00ed. Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u00a0minulosti v\u0161ak v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0grafu na obr. 4<\/em> je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee na p\u011bti lokalit\u00e1ch (tj. 2,2 %) byly zji\u0161t\u011bny hodnoty Pb vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e povoluje limit vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb. V\u00edce jak 97 % lokalit spl\u0148uje limitn\u00ed hodnoty. U\u00a0poloviny vzorkovan\u00fdch lokalit je koncentrace ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 27,4 mg\/kg su\u0161iny (medi\u00e1n).<\/p>\n

Zinek je b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hornin, p\u016fd a\u00a0sediment\u016f [14]. Zinek je mimo jin\u00e9 obsa\u017een v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch hnojivech jako zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs [11] nebo v\u00a0ryb\u00edm krmen\u00ed [16, 17]. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 poza\u010fov\u00e1 hodnota pro \u010cR je 80 mg\/kg su\u0161iny. Graf na obr. 4<\/em> ukazuje, \u017ee na dev\u00edti lokalit\u00e1ch (tj. 4,2 %) byly zji\u0161t\u011bny hodnoty Zn vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e povoluje limit vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb. V\u00edce jak 95 % lokalit spl\u0148uje limitn\u00ed hodnoty. U\u00a0poloviny vzorkovan\u00fdch lokalit je koncentrace ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 108 mg\/kg su\u0161iny (medi\u00e1n).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 4. Prvn\u00ed typ graf\u016f (lev\u00e1 strana) zobrazuje jednotliv\u00e9 lokality se\u0159azen\u00e9 od nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch po nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace dan\u00e9ho prvku a\u00a0porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 je s\u00a0limitem vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb.; druh\u00fd typ (prav\u00e1 strana) graf\u016f zobrazuje na histogramu \u010detnost\u00ed po\u010det lokalit, kter\u00e9 spl\u0148uj\u00ed dan\u00fd limit (prvn\u00ed sloupec)
\nFig. 4. The left column graphs show individual localities ranked from lowest concentration to highest concentration for the given element with respect to the indicated limit (No. 257\/2009 Sb.); the right column graphs show numbers of localities where the defined limit is reached or not; the first column (bar) indicates the number of localities where the limit is not exceeded<\/h6>\n

M\u011b\u010f se v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji vyskytuje ve form\u011b sulfid\u016f a\u00a0chalkosinu. Antropogenn\u00edm zdrojem m\u011bdi jsou odpadn\u00ed vody z\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 \u00fapravy kov\u016f a\u00a0z\u00a0aplikace n\u011bkter\u00fdch algicidn\u00edch prepar\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 se d\u00e1vkuj\u00ed proti nadm\u011brn\u00e9mu rozvoji \u0159as a\u00a0sinic [11]. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 poza\u010fov\u00e1 hodnota pro \u010cR je 25 mg\/kg su\u0161iny. Z\u00a0grafu na obr. 4<\/em> je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee na osmi lokalit\u00e1ch (tj. 3,7 %) byly zji\u0161t\u011bny hodnoty Cu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e povoluje limit vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb., tzn. v\u00edce jak 96 % lokalit spl\u0148uje limitn\u00ed hodnoty. U\u00a0poloviny vzorkovan\u00fdch lokalit je koncentrace ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 31 mg\/kg su\u0161iny (medi\u00e1n). Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u0159eky Lu\u017enice byly nam\u011b\u0159eny podobn\u00e9 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace m\u011bdi\u00a0\u2013 31,46 mg\/kg su\u0161iny [14, 18].<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm zdrojem v\u00fdskytu rtuti je ruda cinabarit. Krom\u011b toho rtu\u0165 doprov\u00e1z\u00ed jin\u00e9 sulfidick\u00e9 rudy. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojem antropogenn\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je spalov\u00e1n\u00ed fosiln\u00edch paliv [11]. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 poza\u010fov\u00e1 hodnota pro \u010cR je 0,2 mg\/kg su\u0161iny. Limitn\u00ed hodnoty Hg dan\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1\u0161kou \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb. p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed pouze \u010dty\u0159i lokality (tj. 1,8 %)\u00a0\u2013 viz obr. 4<\/em>. V\u00edce jak 98 % lokalit tyto hodnoty spl\u0148uje. U\u00a0poloviny vzorkovan\u00fdch lokalit je koncentrace ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 0,21 mg\/kg su\u0161iny (medi\u00e1n).<\/p>\n

Kadmium vzhledem ke sv\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 podobnosti prov\u00e1z\u00ed zinek v\u00a0jeho rud\u00e1ch. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm antropogenn\u00edm zdrojem kadmia jsou fosfore\u010dnanov\u00e1 hnojiva, aplikace \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed [11] a\u00a0emise ze spalov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed [13]. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 poza\u010fov\u00e1 hodnota pro \u010cR je 0,2 mg\/kg su\u0161iny.<\/p>\n

Graf na obr. 4<\/em> ukazuje, \u017ee na 29 lokalit\u00e1ch (tj. 12,8 %) byly zji\u0161t\u011bny hodnoty Cd vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e povoluje limit vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb. V\u00edce jak 87 % lokalit spl\u0148uje limitn\u00ed hodnoty. U\u00a0poloviny vzorkovan\u00fdch lokalit je koncentrace ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 0,42\u00a0mg\/kg su\u0161iny (medi\u00e1n).<\/p>\n

Dlouhodob\u011b se studiem kontaminace sediment\u016f v\u00a0\u010cR zab\u00fdval Gergel a\u00a0kol.\u00a0[2]. Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f v\u00a0tabulce 3<\/em> je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011bry hodnot pro jednotliv\u00e9 toxick\u00e9 kovy na n\u00e1mi sledovan\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch se s\u00a0t\u011bmito daty shoduj\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina vyhodnocen\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f je pod limitn\u00ed hodnotou danou vyhl\u00e1\u0161kou [8]. V\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0daty nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdmi \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm kontroln\u00edm a\u00a0zku\u0161ebn\u00edm \u00fastavem zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm v\u00a0Brn\u011b (\u00daKZUZ) [20] se v\u00fdsledky t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech parametrech shoduj\u00ed. V\u00fdjimku tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze hodnoty parametru Pb, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dat nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch \u00daKZUZ jsou hodnoty skoro dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9. U\u00a0parametru Cd jsou hodnoty nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 \u00daKZUZ 17\u00d7 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Tento rozd\u00edl je bezpochyby zap\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011bn extr\u00e9mn\u00ed hodnotou Cd v\u00a0jedin\u00e9m vzorku (1 660 mg\/kg su\u0161iny). Medi\u00e1n souboru \u010din\u00ed 0,4\u00a0mg\/kg su\u0161iny.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b parametru Cu jsou naopak hodnoty nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 \u00daKZUZ skoro polovi\u010dn\u00ed. V\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot s\u00a0[21] spadaj\u00ed n\u00e1mi nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 hodnoty do kategorie \u201eModerate contamination (Class B)\u201c. V\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0limity uveden\u00fdmi v\u00a0[22] na\u0161e hodnoty jen o\u00a0m\u00e1lo p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00ed kategorii Lowest effect level. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b parametr\u016f As, Zn, Cu a\u00a0Hg se na\u0161e hodnoty pohybuj\u00ed mezi kategoriemi Lowest effect level a\u00a0Severe effect level.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 5. Pohled na Opatovick\u00fd rybn\u00edk v\u00a0T\u0159eboni
\nFig. 5. The Opatovick\u00fd pond in T\u0159ebo\u0148<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 6. Pohled na rybn\u00edk Rod u\u00a0Lomnice nad Lu\u017enic\u00ed
\nFig. 6. The Rod pond near Lomnice nad Lu\u017enic\u00ed<\/h6>\n

Prezentovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 kovy se\u0159adit podle pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot koncentrac\u00ed n\u00e1sledovn\u011b Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cd > Hg. Toto\u017en\u00e9 je po\u0159ad\u00ed prvk\u016f z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9 studie [2]. Studie z\u00a0Hough Park lake v\u00a0USA [24] uv\u00e1d\u00ed toto\u017en\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cd > Hg. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed kontroln\u00ed a\u00a0zku\u0161ebn\u00ed \u00fastav zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd [20] publikoval data v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b z\u00a0let 1995\u20132010 z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho monitoringu rybni\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch sediment\u016f. Z\u00a0jejich v\u00fdsledk\u016f lze sledovan\u00e9 prvky se\u0159adit n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd > As > Hg. Sarker a\u00a0kol. [17] z\u00a020 r\u016fzn\u00fdch sladkovodn\u00edch akvakulturn\u00edch rybn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0Banglad\u00e9\u0161i \u0159ad\u00ed prvky n\u00e1sledovn\u011b Zn > Pb > Cd. Z\u00a0publikovan\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f\u00a0z\u00a0akvakulturn\u00edch rybn\u00edk\u016f bl\u00edzko mangrovov\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b [25] lze vytvo\u0159it n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159adu Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd > As > Hg.<\/p>\n

Organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky<\/h3>\n

Obdobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem byly hodnoceny l\u00e1tky ze skupiny polycyklick\u00fdch aromatick\u00fdch uhlovod\u00edk\u016f (PAU), uhlovod\u00edk\u016f C10\u2013C40, skupiny cyklick\u00fdch uhlovod\u00edk\u016f (BTEX) a\u00a0persistentn\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (PCB a\u00a0DDT)\u00a0\u2013 tabulka 4<\/em>. Ze v\u0161ech sledovan\u00fdch lokalit p\u0159ekra\u010dovalo limitn\u00ed hodnoty pouze n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo procent vzork\u016f\u00a0\u2013 BTEX cca 4,1 %, PAU cca 7,6 % (zejm\u00e9na u\u00a0n\u00e1vesn\u00edch rybn\u00edk\u016f), u\u00a0PCB cca 1,3 % a\u00a0u\u00a0DDT 1,4 %. N\u00e1mi nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 data se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 shoduj\u00ed s\u00a0daty nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdmi \u00daKZUZ pro parametry PAU, PCB a\u00a0DDT. Ostatn\u00ed parametry \u00daKZUZ nestanovoval.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 4. Statistick\u00fd p\u0159ehled sledovan\u00fdch uhlovod\u00edk\u016f z\u00a0let 2011\u20132019 a\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0limity podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb.
\nTable 4. Concentration (MEAN, MIN, MAX, SD) of hydrocarbons in sediments during the period 2011\u20132019<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Uhlovod\u00edky C10\u2013C40 indikuj\u00ed kontaminaci ropn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0dosti nespecifick\u00fd ukazatel, kter\u00fd v\u00a0sob\u011b zahrnuje jak\u00a0l\u00e1tky p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho charakteru, tak l\u00e1tky antropogenn\u00edho p\u016fvodu. V\u00a0organick\u00e9m sedimentu rybn\u00edk\u016f mohou b\u00fdt jejich zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 koncentrace zp\u016fsobeny bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed, nebo nap\u0159\u00edklad i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed a\u00a0potravn\u00ed aktivitou chironomid\u016f. L\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 jsou zahrnuty v\u00a0tomto parametru, mohou vznikat i\u00a0autochtonn\u011b. Podobn\u011b to\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i\u00a0u\u00a0cyklick\u00fdch uhlovod\u00edk\u016f (BTEX), kdy nap\u0159\u00edklad toluen \u010di xylen dok\u00e1\u017ee vznikat p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi procesy prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edmi za nedostatku kysl\u00edku v\u00a0rybni\u010dn\u00edm sedimentu [26\u201328].<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek shrnuje v\u00fdsledky koncentrac\u00ed toxick\u00fdch kov\u016f (As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg, Cd) a\u00a0organick\u00fdch polutant\u016f (C10\u2013C40, BTEX, PAU, PCB, DDT) v\u00a0sedimentu z\u00a0cca\u00a0230\u00a0lokalit v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice z\u00a0let 2011\u20132019.<\/p>\n

U toxick\u00fdch kov\u016f nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159ekra\u010duje limitn\u00ed hodnoty vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb. parametr Cd (pr\u016fm\u011br 0,6 \u00b1 0,9 mg\/kg su\u0161iny) na 29 lokalit\u00e1ch (12,8 %), zejm\u00e9na jako d\u016fsledek aplikace fosfore\u010dnanov\u00fdch hnojiv a \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, Zn (pr\u016fm\u011br 151,6 \u00b1 251,5 mg\/kg su\u0161.) na dev\u00edti lokalit\u00e1ch (4,2 %), jeho\u017e antropogenn\u00edm p\u016fvodem jsou takt\u00e9\u017e zejm\u00e9na pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 hnojiva nebo krmiva pro ryby, a\u00a0As (pr\u016fm\u011br 10,3 \u00b1 9,2 mg\/kg su\u0161iny) na des\u00edti lokalit\u00e1ch (4,4 %), u\u00a0kter\u00e9ho m\u016f\u017ee vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace zp\u016fsobovat jeho zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd p\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdskyt v\u00a0podlo\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cR.<\/p>\n

U\u00a0organick\u00fdch polutant\u016f nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159ekra\u010duje limitn\u00ed hodnoty vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0257\/2009 Sb. parametr PAU cca 7,6 %, zejm\u00e9na jako d\u016fsledek antropogenn\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1vesn\u00edch rybn\u00edk\u016f. D\u00e1le BTEX cca 4,1 %, DDT 1,4 % a\u00a0PCB cca 1,3 %.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0datov\u00e9ho souboru celkov\u011b legislativn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m (vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka \u010d.\u00a0257\/2009\u00a0Sb., o\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sediment\u016f na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, p\u0159\u00edloha \u010d. 1 [8]) nevyhov\u011blo 32\u00a0% lokalit. Z\u00a0toho 21 % nevyhov\u011blo pouze v\u00a0jednom parametru a\u00a011 % nevyhov\u011blo ve dvou a\u00a0v\u00edce parametrech. Ukazuje se, \u017ee z\u00a0rybni\u010dn\u00edch lokalit b\u00fdvaj\u00ed nejv\u00edce zat\u00ed\u017een\u00fdmi n\u00e1vesn\u00ed rybn\u00edky, zat\u00edmco sedimenty z\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f le\u017e\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0horn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech povod\u00ed vyhovuj\u00ed legislativ\u011b \u010dast\u011bji.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Studie byla podpo\u0159ena z projektu TA\u010cR Centra kompetence TE02000077 \u2013 Inteligentn\u00ed Regiony \u2013 Informa\u010dn\u00ed modelov\u00e1n\u00ed budov a s\u00eddel, technologie a infrastruktura pro udr\u017eiteln\u00fd rozvoj.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl publikov\u00e1n ve sborn\u00edku Rybn\u00edky 2019, ISBN 978-80-01-06595-2.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This article presents the long-term screening results from the 2011\u20132019 period. Database of results contains approximately 230 localities. More than 80% of the samples were taken from fishponds.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":7436,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[1828,1829,1830],"coauthors":[1797,1798,1799,850,1493],"class_list":["post-7591","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-fishpond","tag-metals","tag-pollutants"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7591","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7591"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7591\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30570,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7591\/revisions\/30570"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7591"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7591"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7591"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=7591"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}