{"id":6810,"date":"2019-10-15T10:32:31","date_gmt":"2019-10-15T09:32:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=6810"},"modified":"2024-07-17T09:28:57","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T08:28:57","slug":"prvorepublikove-hydrobiologicke-stanice-aneb-pocatky-vedeckeho-vyzkumu-ryb-na-morave","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2019\/10\/prvorepublikove-hydrobiologicke-stanice-aneb-pocatky-vedeckeho-vyzkumu-ryb-na-morave\/","title":{"rendered":"The First Czechoslovak Republic hydrobiological stations \u2013 The beginnings of scientific fish research in Moravia"},"content":{"rendered":"

This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

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Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Ter\u00e9nn\u00ed stanice p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jednu z\u00a0forem ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho, resp. rybni\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu. Zprvu soukrom\u00e9 ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010di (hydro)biologick\u00e9 stanice se v\u00a0na\u0161ich zem\u00edch za\u010daly objevovat ji\u017e koncem 19. stolet\u00ed, ale k\u00a0rozkv\u011btu tohoto typu badatelsk\u00e9ho programu do\u0161lo a\u017e v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 \u00e9ry. V\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch m\u011bl tento typ v\u00fdzkumu star\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0bohat\u0161\u00ed historii. Na Morav\u011b se rozb\u011bhl a\u017e ve 20. letech 20. stolet\u00ed. Tehdy vznikly dv\u011b ter\u00e9nn\u00ed stanice, jejich\u017e v\u00fdzkumy dodnes maj\u00ed svoji platnost a\u00a0jejich\u017e p\u016fsoben\u00ed je mo\u017eno pokl\u00e1dat za velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek ve stru\u010dnosti p\u0159edstav\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tky ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumnictv\u00ed na Morav\u011b na p\u0159\u00edkladu biologick\u00fdch stanic v\u00a0Lednici a\u00a0Velk\u00e9m Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se sv\u00fdm statutem, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm i\u00a0formou financov\u00e1n\u00ed od t\u011bch \u010desk\u00fdch do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry li\u0161\u00ed. Velkomezi\u0159\u00ed\u010dsk\u00e1 stanice s\u00a0badatelsk\u00fdm akcentem na ryb\u00e1\u0159skou problematiku se udr\u017eela necel\u00fdch 15 let, lednick\u00e1 hydrobiologick\u00e1 stanice s\u00a0v\u0161estrann\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00fdm zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm se naopak m\u016f\u017ee pochlubit \u00factyhodnou dobou fungov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

O\u00a0vzniku a\u00a0v\u00fdvoji obou hydrobiologick\u00fdch stanic v\u00a0meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 \u00e9\u0159e se nedochovalo mnoho materi\u00e1lu. Chyb\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed archiv velkomezi\u0159\u00ed\u010dsk\u00e9 stanice. V\u00a0tomto ohledu jej m\u016f\u017ee jen \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b nahradit fond velkostatku Velk\u00e9 Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed, ulo\u017een\u00fd v\u00a0Moravsk\u00e9m zemsk\u00e9m archivu v\u00a0Brn\u011b, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nap\u0159. korespondence majitele a\u00a0\u0159editelstv\u00ed velkostatku se zam\u011bstnanci stanice, jejich osobn\u00ed spisy, pop\u0159. agenda spojen\u00e1 se z\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm pstruh\u00e1rny, t\u0159ec\u00ed stanice pro kapry a\u00a0pl\u016fdkov\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f [1]. Z\u00a0archivu lednick\u00e9 stanice, ulo\u017een\u00e9ho v\u00a0Archivu Masarykovy univerzity, se dochovalo pouze torzo (dva kartony) [2]. Rovn\u011b\u017e fondy velkostatk\u016f Lednice, B\u0159eclav a\u00a0Valtice v\u00a0tomto ohledu neposkytuj\u00ed badatelskou oporu. Nedochoval se ani fond p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed Zemsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu zootechnick\u00e9ho v\u00a0Brn\u011b. Pro dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed studium lze vyu\u017e\u00edt osobn\u00ed fondy vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fdch vyu\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch, spojen\u00fdch s\u00a0fungov\u00e1n\u00edm stanic (prof. Emil Bayer, doc. Jaroslav K\u0159\u00ed\u017eeneck\u00fd, prof. Jan Podhradsk\u00fd). Cenn\u00e9 informace naopak p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky publikovan\u00e9 ze strany zainteresovan\u00fdch zam\u011bstnanc\u016f v\u00a0dobov\u00e9m oborov\u00e9m tisku, pam\u011btn\u00ed spisy, v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy a\u00a0region\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0celozemsk\u00fd tisk. Z\u00a0nepo\u010detn\u00e9 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed literatury, kter\u00e1 se t\u00e9matu p\u0159\u00edmo v\u011bnuje, je vyu\u017eiteln\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na p\u0159ehledov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce Rudolfa Hurta o\u00a0moravsk\u00e9m rybn\u00edk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed [3]. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00edce pozornosti bylo v\u00a0odborn\u00e9 produkci v\u011bnov\u00e1no stanici v\u00a0Lednici, proto je v\u00a0tomto textu m\u00edrn\u011b akcentov\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh druh\u00e9 zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumnictv\u00ed m\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b dlouhou historii. Po\u010d\u00e1tky soustavn\u00e9ho ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho a\u00a0hydrobiologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch je mo\u017eno hledat v\u00a0obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 lety. Jsou spojeny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s\u00a0aktivitami Anton\u00edna Fri\u010de, profesora na pra\u017esk\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b, a\u00a0rovn\u011b\u017e tak s\u00a0v\u011bdeck\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem k\u00a0chovu kapra \u0159editele t\u0159ebo\u0148sk\u00e9ho rybni\u010dn\u00edho velkostatku Josefa \u0160usty. V\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0v\u00fdvojem badatelsk\u00e9 metodiky se st\u00e1le v\u00edce uplat\u0148oval kombinovan\u00fd teoreticko-praktick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0v\u00fdzkumu a\u00a0jedn\u00edm z\u00a0jeho v\u00fdraz\u016f bylo budov\u00e1n\u00ed ter\u00e9nn\u00edch stanic. Za tou v\u016fbec nejstar\u0161\u00ed je t\u0159eba hledat pr\u00e1v\u011b Anton\u00edna Fri\u010de, kter\u00fd se touto my\u0161lenkou inspiroval na p\u0159\u00edkladu p\u0159\u00edmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch stanic. Od \u010dervna 1888 byla mobiln\u00ed neboli \u201el\u00e9tac\u00ed\u201c zoologick\u00e1 stanice, jak ji s\u00e1m Fri\u010d naz\u00fdval, dislokov\u00e1na u\u00a0Dolnopo\u010dernick\u00e9ho rybn\u00edku (dnes Praha), kde byly zkoum\u00e1ny vlivy po\u010das\u00ed, teplotn\u00ed pom\u011bry, rybni\u010dn\u00ed plankton a\u00a0o\u017eiven\u00ed dna a\u00a0sledov\u00e1ny obs\u00e1dky rybn\u00edk\u016f. N\u00e1sledn\u011b stanice \u201ep\u0159el\u00e9tla\u201c ke Ka\u010dle\u017esk\u00e9mu rybn\u00edku u\u00a0Jind\u0159ichova Hradce, po n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das p\u016fsobila p\u0159i \u010cern\u00e9m a\u00a0\u010certov\u011b jezeru na \u0160umav\u011b, aby nakonec do roku 1925 doslou\u017eila u\u00a0Pod\u011bbrad, p\u0159i slep\u00e9m rameni Labe zvan\u00e9m Skupice. Mezit\u00edm (1892) se Fri\u010dovi poda\u0159ilo u\u00a0b\u0159ehu Dolnopo\u010dernick\u00e9ho rybn\u00edku u\u00a0B\u011bchovic realizovat st\u00e1lou stanici (fungovala do prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky). V\u00a0ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch rozv\u00edjela od po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed (1904) \u010dinnost jin\u00e1 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 stanice, spojen\u00e1 s\u00a0profesorem \u010deskobud\u011bjovick\u00e9 rolnick\u00e9 \u0161koly V\u00e1cslavem Josefem \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nem. Ten se orientoval na problematiku zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ryb, patologii ryb, rozbory potravy a\u00a0krmiva a\u00a0poradenstv\u00ed. Kdy\u017e byla v\u00a0roce 1920 ve Vod\u0148anech z\u0159\u00edzena prvn\u00ed (st\u0159edn\u00ed) ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 \u0161kola u\u00a0n\u00e1s a\u00a0\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1n se stal jej\u00edm \u0159editelem, otev\u0159el p\u0159i n\u00ed V\u00fdzkumnou stanici ryb\u00e1\u0159skou a\u00a0hydrobiologickou coby n\u00e1stupce sv\u00e9 \u010deskobud\u011bjovick\u00e9 soukrom\u00e9 iniciativy. V\u00a0roce 1921 vznikl centr\u00e1ln\u00ed V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd a\u00a0hydrobiologick\u00fd v\u00a0Praze a\u00a0k\u00a0t\u00e9mu\u017e roku pod n\u011bj p\u0159e\u0161la i\u00a0vod\u0148ansk\u00e1 stanice (v\u00a0letech 1928\u20131934 p\u0159es\u00eddlen\u00e1 do Lib\u011bjovic, pot\u00e9 za\u010dlen\u011bna pod vod\u0148anskou \u0161kolu). Tehdy tak\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav z\u00edskal velmi cenn\u00fd \u201e\u00falovek\u201c post\u00e1tn\u011bn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 stanice v\u00a0Doksech p\u0159i M\u00e1chov\u011b jeze\u0159e. Ta byla otev\u0159ena ji\u017e po\u010d\u00e1tkem 20. stolet\u00ed jako soukrom\u00fd podnik a\u00a0mezit\u00edm pod veden\u00edm Dr. Viktora Langhanse, specializuj\u00edc\u00edho se na studium v\u00fd\u017eivy kapra, pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9mu odd\u011blen\u00ed pra\u017esk\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 techniky v\u00a0D\u011b\u010d\u00edn\u011b-Libverd\u011b. V\u00a0letech 1925\u20131931 provozoval centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav tak\u00e9 ter\u00e9nn\u00ed pracovi\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0Chlumu u\u00a0T\u0159ebon\u011b. Od roku 1932 se ter\u00e9nn\u00ed hydrobiologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum pod patron\u00e1tem \u00fastavu a\u00a0zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na pstruha\u0159stv\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bl tak\u00e9 ve slovensk\u00e9m\u00a0Liptovsk\u00e9m Hr\u00e1dku, n\u00e1sledn\u011b tak\u00e9 v\u00a0U\u017ehorod\u011b. A\u00a0postupn\u011b se objevovaly dal\u0161\u00ed stanice. Invent\u00e1\u0159 zch\u00e1tral\u00e9 Fri\u010dovy \u201el\u00e9tac\u00ed\u201c stanice na\u0161el sv\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed na\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00ed stanici u\u00a0rybn\u00edka Velk\u00fd P\u00e1lenec v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ln\u00e1\u0159sko-blatensk\u00e9 rybni\u010dn\u00ed soustavy, kter\u00e1 byla z\u0159\u00edzena v\u00a0roce 1925 d\u00edlem docenta zoologie na Univerzit\u011b Karlov\u011b Karla Sch\u00e4ferny a\u00a0spr\u00e1vce ln\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho velkostatku Theodora Mokr\u00e9ho a\u00a0kter\u00e1 funguje jako v\u011bdeck\u00e9 a\u00a0pedagogick\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakulty Univerzity Karlovy dodnes [4\u20138].<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 doby vykrystalizovala v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch s\u00ed\u0165 stanic, v\u00a0p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b nakonec subvencovan\u00e1 st\u00e1tem. Na Morav\u011b se v\u00fdzkum soust\u0159edil pod ryb\u00e1\u0159skou a\u00a0hydrobiologickou sekci Zemsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu zootechnick\u00e9ho v\u00a0Brn\u011b. Teprve po ustaven\u00ed Vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 (d\u00e1le jen V\u0160Z) v\u00a0roce 1919, kterou person\u00e1ln\u011b za\u0161t\u00edtili odborn\u00edci z\u00a0pra\u017esk\u00fdch \u0161kol a\u00a0t\u00e1borsk\u00e9 akademie, a\u00a0z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed dvou ter\u00e9nn\u00edch stanic v\u00a0Lednici a\u00a0Velk\u00e9m Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed se ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd a\u00a0hydrobiologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum plnohodnotn\u011b rozvinul. Velkomezi\u0159\u00ed\u010dsk\u00e1 stanice byla ryze soukrom\u00fdm projektem, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se odli\u0161ovala od v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch. Sv\u00fdm \u00fa\u017eeji koncipovan\u00fdm badatelsk\u00fdm a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 praktick\u00fdm zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm se bl\u00ed\u017eila st\u00e1tem podporovan\u00e9mu vod\u0148ansk\u00e9mu \u00fastavu.\u00a0Lednick\u00e1 stanice fungovala jako edukativn\u011b-v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 instituce s\u00a0pestr\u00fdm kofinancov\u00e1n\u00edm, mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00e9ho z\u00e1b\u011bru odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed podobn\u011b koncipovan\u00e9 stanici v\u00a0Doksech. Se\u00a0stani\u010dn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumem jsou spjaty kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 osobnosti ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a\u00a0hydrobiologick\u00e9 v\u011bdy prvn\u00ed poloviny 20. stolet\u00ed (Langhans, Kostomarov, Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Podhradsk\u00fd, \u010cer\u0148ajev, K\u0159\u00ed\u017eeneck\u00fd, Mokr\u00fd atd.), vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojuj\u00edc\u00ed oblast vysok\u00e9ho \u0161kolstv\u00ed, v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f, spolk\u016f a\u00a0oborov\u00fdch sdru\u017een\u00ed, a\u00a0tak\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum s\u00a0v\u00edtan\u00fdm aplika\u010dn\u00edm potenci\u00e1lem.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Franti\u0161ek Harrach, zakladatel a\u00a0majitel stanice (zdroj: St\u00e1tn\u00ed okresn\u00ed archiv \u017d\u010f\u00e1r nad S\u00e1zavou, fond Sb\u00edrka soudob\u00e9 dokumentace Velk\u00e9 Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed)
\nFig. 1. Franti\u0161ek Harrach, the founder and owner of the station (source: State district archives \u017d\u010f\u00e1r nad S\u00e1zavou, group Sb\u00edrka soudob\u00e9 dokumentace Velk\u00e9 Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed)<\/h6>\n

Ryb\u00e1\u0159sko-hydrobiologick\u00e1 stanice Franti\u0161ka Harracha ve Velk\u00e9m Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Na soukrom\u00fd statut instituce odkazuje ji\u017e ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev. Jej\u00ed vznik a\u00a0n\u00e1slednou \u010dinnost toti\u017e umo\u017enil don\u00e1tor \u00fastavu, majitel velkomezi\u0159\u00ed\u010dsk\u00e9ho velkostatku hrab\u011b Franti\u0161ek Harrach [9] (obr. 1<\/em>). Z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed stanice p\u0159edch\u00e1zel n\u011bkolikalet\u00fd kontakt zam\u011bstnanc\u016f velkostatku s\u00a0ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi odborn\u00edky ze\u00a0sekce pro plemen\u00e1\u0159skou biologii p\u0159i Zemsk\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9m \u00fastavu zootechnick\u00e9m v\u00a0Brn\u011b, kter\u00fdm velkostatek dod\u00e1val v\u00a0letech 1923\u20131925 na pokusy tamn\u00ed kap\u0159\u00ed pl\u016fdek. Vzhledem k\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9mu pasivn\u00edmu v\u00fdnosu rybni\u010dn\u00edho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed velkostatku, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo v\u00a0roce 1925 schodek 50\u00a0000 korun v\u00a0souhrnu na v\u0161ech 58 rybn\u00edc\u00edch, bylo dohodnuto \u0159editelem Harrachova velkostatku, lesn\u00edm radou V\u00e1clavem \u0160kva\u0159ilem a\u00a0Jaroslavem K\u0159\u00ed\u017eeneck\u00fdm, p\u0159ednostou zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 docentem na V\u0160Z, zapo\u010det\u00ed monitoringu hydrobiologick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f rybn\u00edk\u016f za \u00fa\u010delem reorganizace a\u00a0racionalizace hospoda\u0159en\u00ed; kone\u010dn\u011b jednou z\u00a0motivac\u00ed Franti\u0161ka Harracha bylo doc\u00edlit vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rentability hospoda\u0159en\u00ed na majetku zmen\u0161en\u00e9m v\u00a0d\u016fsledku pozemkov\u00e9 reformy. V\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b 1926 byly zprovozn\u011bny laborato\u0159e v\u00a0\u00fa\u0159edn\u00edch prostor\u00e1ch velkostatku a\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00ed stanice u\u00a0Net\u00edna a\u00a0b\u011bhem dvou let byly velkostatku p\u0159edlo\u017eeny v\u00fdsledky pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fsoben\u00ed prostoru na r\u016fst pl\u016fdku a\u00a0jeho jakost a\u00a0vypracov\u00e1n pl\u00e1n rybni\u010dn\u00edho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed op\u0159en\u00fd o\u00a0d\u016fkladn\u00e1 v\u011bdeck\u00e1 b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Na jeho z\u00e1klad\u011b vyk\u00e1zalo rybni\u010dn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1929 n\u00e1r\u016fst produkce o\u00a0220 % p\u0159i aktivn\u00ed bilanci 180\u00a0000 korun. Tento v\u00fdrazn\u00fd posun nicm\u00e9n\u011b nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 srovn\u00e1vat s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm a\u00a0nejv\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rybni\u010dn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm na Morav\u011b, resp. v\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensku\u00a0\u2013 lednick\u00fdmi rybn\u00edky\u00a0\u2013 s\u00a0obratem p\u016fl milionu korun.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Laborato\u0159 stanice v\u00a0roce 1926 (zdroj: P\u0159\u00edroda 22, 1929)
\nFig. 2. The station laboratory in 1926 (source: P\u0159\u00edroda 22, 1929)<\/h6>\n

\u0160\u0165astn\u00e9 sep\u011bt\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edho a\u00a0aplikovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu umo\u017enilo dal\u0161\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed stanice, kterou ji\u017e koncem roku 1928 majitel velkostatku prohl\u00e1sil za st\u00e1lou. P\u0159ednostou stanice byl jmenov\u00e1n Jaroslav K\u0159\u00ed\u017eeneck\u00fd, jeho z\u00e1stupcem Dr. Ing. Boris Kostomarov, profesor na St\u00e1tn\u00ed ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161kole ve Vod\u0148anech (1926\u20131934) a\u00a0od roku 1935 tak\u00e9 p\u0159ednosta hydrobiologick\u00e9 stanice v\u00a0Liptovsk\u00e9m Hr\u00e1dku a\u00a0pozd\u011bji v\u00a0U\u017ehorodu, jeho\u017e \u00fa\u010dast si na velkostatku vym\u00ednil doc. K\u0159\u00ed\u017eeneck\u00fd, a\u00a0st\u00e1lou odbornou silou na stanici Dr. Ing. Vasilij \u010cer\u0148ajev (oba absolventi V\u0160Z z\u00a0\u0159ad pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 rusk\u00e9 emigrace), kter\u00fd figuroval ve stavu zam\u011bstnanc\u016f velkostatku a\u00a0byl spr\u00e1vcem stanice a\u00a0pozd\u011bji (1932) tak\u00e9 spr\u00e1vcem rybni\u010dn\u00edho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. Krom\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed se pod\u00edleli ji\u017e na prvotn\u00edch v\u00fdzkumech, p\u0159ibyl ke stabiln\u00edm zam\u011bstnanc\u016fm v\u00a0roce 1929 Dr. Willy Nowak; na v\u00fdzkumu se pod\u00edlel tak\u00e9 Dr. Jan Podhradsk\u00fd a\u00a0cel\u00e1 \u0159ada externist\u016f a\u00a0dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f. Stanice, slavnostn\u011b uveden\u00e1 do provozu v\u00a0\u010dervnu 1930, byla na svoji dobu velmi dob\u0159e vybavena a\u00a0finan\u010dn\u011b zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na ze strany velkostatku ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed dotac\u00ed, a\u0165 se ji\u017e jednalo o\u00a0platy zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, vlastn\u00ed prostory pro chemickou a\u00a0biologickou laborato\u0159 (obr. 2<\/em>), p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed, knihovnu, ale tak\u00e9 nap\u0159. mo\u017enost vyu\u017e\u00edvat pro pr\u00e1ci v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu motocykl. Franti\u0161ek Harrach posl\u00e1n\u00ed stanice komentoval mimo jin\u00e9 t\u011bmito slovy: \u201eP\u0159\u00e1l bych si, aby tato stanice byla v\u00a0\u017eiv\u00e9m styku s\u00a0v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi institucemi a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 i\u00a0pod jejich jistou kontrolou. Z\u00a0toho d\u016fvodu jsem se rozhodnul vytvo\u0159iti pro stanici Poradn\u00ed sbor ze z\u00e1stupc\u016f na\u0161ich vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol a\u00a0v\u011bdeck\u00fdch a\u00a0odborn\u00fdch organisac\u00ed.<\/em>\u201c [1]. Konstituov\u00e1n\u00edm vskutku reprezentativn\u00edho poradn\u00edho sboru pro stanici, do kter\u00e9ho byli vysl\u00e1ni z\u00e1stupci p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch pra\u017esk\u00fdch a\u00a0brn\u011bnsk\u00fdch vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol, organizac\u00ed a\u00a0spolk\u016f, a\u00a0to \u010desk\u00fdch i\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00fdch, zajistilo stanici n\u00e1le\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00edsto v\u00a0oborov\u00e9 komunit\u011b a\u00a0mo\u017enost prezentovat a\u00a0konfrontovat v\u00fdsledky na dom\u00e1c\u00edch i\u00a0zahrani\u010dn\u00edch odborn\u00fdch f\u00f3rech.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. Ter\u00e9nn\u00ed bouda pod hr\u00e1z\u00ed rybn\u00edka Vrko\u010d (zdroj: P\u0159\u00edroda 22, 1929)
\nFig. 3. The field cabin below the dyke of the fishpond Vrko\u010d (source: P\u0159\u00edroda 22, 1929)<\/h6>\n

Volba velkomezi\u0159\u00ed\u010dsk\u00e9 rybni\u010dn\u00ed soustavy pro v\u011bdeck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum byla v\u00fdhodn\u00e1 nejen pro pochopen\u00ed mecen\u00e1\u0161e, jen\u017e byl s\u00e1m lesnick\u00fdm a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm odborn\u00edkem, ale tak\u00e9 kv\u016fli jej\u00ed struktu\u0159e. Rybni\u010dn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed s\u00a058 rybn\u00edky r\u016fzn\u00e9 velikosti a\u00a0s\u00a0celkovou zatopenou plochou asi 265 ha se rozkl\u00e1dalo na \u00fazem\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9ho okresu Velk\u00e9 Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed. Vodn\u00ed plochy se nach\u00e1zely ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch a\u00a0chladn\u00fdch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch (425 a\u017e 650 m n. m.), \u010dasto od sebe velmi vzd\u00e1len\u00e9, byly zde zastoupeny rybn\u00edky z\u010d\u00e1sti i\u00a0zcela uzav\u0159en\u00e9 v\u011btr\u016fm a\u00a0nap\u00e1jen\u00e9 chladn\u00fdmi lesn\u00edmi potoky, rybn\u00edky zcela otev\u0159en\u00e9, av\u0161ak odli\u0161n\u00e9 lokalitou, charakterem vody, p\u016fdn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami, fl\u00f3rou i\u00a0faunou, rybn\u00edky nap\u00e1jen\u00e9 toky nebo\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ekami, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nebesk\u00e9 rybn\u00edky p\u0159eva\u017eovaly. Pestrost hydrobiologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek dod\u00e1vala zdej\u0161\u00edm anal\u00fdz\u00e1m \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jen lok\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Centrem v\u00fdzkumu se stala oblast Net\u00ednsk\u00e9ho rybn\u00edku, rybn\u00edku Vrko\u010d a\u00a0\u010dty\u0159 pokusn\u00fdch rybni\u010dn\u00edch l\u00edhn\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch mezi nimi (p\u0159i obci Net\u00edn mezi M\u011b\u0159\u00ednem a\u00a0Velk\u00fdm Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00edm), kde st\u00e1la zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 ter\u00e9nn\u00ed laborato\u0159 (obr. 3<\/em>). Ke st\u00e1l\u00fdm pokus\u016fm bylo zvoleno 14 rybn\u00edk\u016f, reprezentuj\u00edc\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 typy. V\u00a0nich se zkoumala ve\u0161ker\u00e1 vodn\u00ed fauna a\u00a0fl\u00f3ra, stejn\u011b jako ta vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00a0jejich okol\u00ed. Hlavn\u00ed akcent byl kladen na chov kapr\u016f (m\u00e9n\u011b ji\u017e \u0161tiky, l\u00edna, cand\u00e1ta a\u00a0pstruha duhov\u00e9ho), studov\u00e1ny byly tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a\u00a0um\u011bl\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v\u00fdskytu raka, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavoval specifikum velkomezi\u0159\u00ed\u010dsk\u00e9ho rybni\u010dn\u00edho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. Siln\u00fd potenci\u00e1l zde m\u011blo tak\u00e9 ornitologick\u00e9 b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed (obr. 4<\/em> a\u00a05<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 4. Rybn\u00edk Vrko\u010d ve 30. letech 20. stolet\u00ed, v\u00a0pozad\u00ed vesnice Net\u00edn\u2028(zdroj: P\u0159\u00edroda 22, 1929)
\nFig. 4. The fishpond Vrko\u010d in the 1930\u00b4s, village Net\u00edn in the background\u2028(source: P\u0159\u00edroda\u00a022, 1929)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 5. Tent\u00fd\u017e pohled dnes
\nFig. 5. The same view today<\/h6>\n

Pracovn\u00ed program stanice sledoval hned n\u011bkolik lini\u00ed. P\u0159edn\u011b m\u011bla slou\u017eit b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m rybni\u010dn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed velkomezi\u0159\u00ed\u010dsk\u00e9ho velkostatku, ale jej\u00ed okruh z\u00e1jmu byl \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0m\u011bla ambici st\u00e1t se v\u011bdeck\u00fdm centrem nejen z\u00e1padomoravsk\u00e9ho prostoru, ale otev\u0159en\u00fdm v\u0161em badatel\u016fm. Prov\u00e1d\u011bt se zde m\u011bly\u00a0v\u00fdzkumy ve v\u0161ech oblastech ryb\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed naprost\u00e9 badatelsk\u00e9 volnosti. Unik\u00e1tnost t\u00e9to stanice v\u00a0r\u00e1mci cel\u00e9 republiky spo\u010d\u00edvala v\u00a0jej\u00edm v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9m soukrom\u00e9m statutu a\u00a0v\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00ed lokalizaci uprost\u0159ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho prostoru se siln\u00fdm d\u016frazem na praktick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed poznatk\u016f. T\u00edmto se odli\u0161ovala od hydrobiologick\u00e9 stanice v\u00a0Lednici, kter\u00e1 se zam\u011b\u0159ovala v\u00edce na teoretick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 byla \u0161kol\u00edc\u00edm pracovi\u0161t\u011bm student\u016f brn\u011bnsk\u00fdch vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol. Harrachova stanice tak ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b byla jedin\u00fdm podnikem na Morav\u011b, kter\u00fd napl\u0148oval politiku centr\u00e1ln\u00edho st\u00e1tn\u00edho ryb\u00e1\u0159sko-hydrobiologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu buduj\u00edc\u00edho lok\u00e1ln\u00ed stanice se specifick\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm programem, s\u00a0\u00fasp\u011bchem aplikovateln\u00fdm v\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch hydrobiologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch [3, 10\u201319] (obr. 6<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Badatelsk\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed stanice bylo velmi \u0161irok\u00e9, zkoumal se vztah r\u016fstu kap\u0159\u00edho pl\u016fdku s\u00a0ohledem na mno\u017estv\u00ed potravy a\u00a0velikost \u017eivotn\u00edho prostoru, slo\u017een\u00ed planktonu, vliv teploty vody, vztahy mezi plyny ve vod\u011b, tvorba jiker, l\u00edhnut\u00ed a\u00a0r\u016fst ran\u00fdch st\u00e1di\u00ed, pl\u016fdku, n\u00e1sad a\u00a0tr\u017en\u00edch ryb. V\u00fdvoj a\u00a0r\u016fst po str\u00e1nce anatomick\u00e9, histologick\u00e9 a\u00a0biochemick\u00e9 byl studov\u00e1n mj. tak\u00e9 na proslul\u00e9 kap\u0159\u00ed produkci sousedn\u00edho\u00a0moraveck\u00e9ho velkostatku baronsk\u00e9 rodiny N\u00e1dhern\u00fdch z\u00a0Borut\u00edna. V\u00a0souvislosti se studiem r\u016fstu kapra byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny tak\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy jeho exteri\u00e9ru, a\u00a0to i\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na jeho tr\u017en\u00ed u\u017eitnou hodnotu. Zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed byl podroben nejen m\u00edstn\u00ed tzv. moravsk\u00fd hor\u00e1ck\u00fd typ (vysokoh\u0159bet\u00fd lysec), ale tak\u00e9 produkce ostatn\u00edch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch rybni\u010dn\u00edch hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch jiho\u010desk\u00fdch v\u00a0Hlubok\u00e9 nad Vltavou a\u00a0T\u0159eboni. Praktick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem t\u011bchto rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f bylo vytvo\u0159en\u00ed metodiky pro plemenitbu kapra (sm\u011brnice pro v\u00fdb\u011br genera\u010dn\u00edch ryb) a\u00a0doc\u00edlen\u00ed jejich nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed u\u017eitkov\u00e9 hodnoty s\u00a0ohledem na variabilitu teritori\u00ed. Tento celost\u00e1tn\u00ed monitoring lini\u00ed kapra vedl k\u00a0dopln\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0oprav\u011b st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho syst\u00e9mu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kapra a\u00a0stanici zajistil proslulost i\u00a0v\u00a0mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch odborn\u00fdch kruz\u00edch. B\u011bhem 30. let byly d\u00e1le prov\u00e1d\u011bny plo\u0161n\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy rybn\u00edk\u016f, kon\u00e1ny pokusy s\u00a0p\u0159ihnojov\u00e1n\u00edm vody (superfosf\u00e1t) a\u00a0v\u00e1pn\u011bn\u00edm, zkoumal se vliv slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0obecn\u011b po\u010das\u00ed na rybni\u010dn\u00ed vody. V\u00a0roce 1934 se poda\u0159ilo z\u0159\u00eddit modern\u00ed s\u00e1dky pod z\u00e1mkem ve Velk\u00e9m Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed a\u00a0zapo\u010dal se projekt \u201evelkolep\u00e9\u201c pstruh\u00e1rny. Mimo to se stanice v\u011bnovala studiu odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed vod pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi z\u00e1vody (horn\u00ed Vltava, Balinka a\u00a0Oslava na Velkomezi\u0159\u00ed\u010dsku) s\u00a0ohledem na dopady biologick\u00e9, hygienick\u00e9 i\u00a0n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9. Otev\u0159enost stanice v\u016f\u010di ve\u0159ejnosti symbolizoval ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1929 uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd kurz (prvn\u00ed od roku 1918 na Morav\u011b) a\u00a0rozli\u010dn\u00e9 propaga\u010dn\u00ed akce [1, 19\u201321].<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 6. Pokusn\u00e9 l\u00edhn\u011b pod hr\u00e1z\u00ed Vrko\u010de (zdroj: P\u0159\u00edroda 22, 1929)
\nFig. 6. The hatcheries below the dyke of the fishpond Vrko\u010d (source: P\u0159\u00edroda 22, 1929)<\/h6>\n

Teoretick\u00e9 i\u00a0praktick\u00e9 badatelsk\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy zam\u011bstnanc\u016f stanice byly publikov\u00e1ny v\u00a0odborn\u00fdch \u010dasopisech dom\u00e1c\u00edch (V\u011bstn\u00edk \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 akademie zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9, Sborn\u00edk \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 akademie zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9, \u010ceskoslovensk\u00fd zem\u011bd\u011blec, \u010ceskoslovensk\u00fd ryb\u00e1\u0159, Velkostatek, P\u0159\u00edroda, Ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u011bstn\u00edk, V\u011bda p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed, Sborn\u00edk Vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00a0Brn\u011b, Der deutsche Fischer aj.) i\u00a0zahrani\u010dn\u00edch (n\u011bmeck\u00fdch Fischerei-Zeitung, Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Fischerei und deren Hilfswissenschaften, francouzsk\u00e9ho Bulletin Fran\u00e7ais de Pisciculture nebo polsk\u00e9ho Przegl\u0105d Rybacki). B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika let uve\u0159ejnili jednotliv\u00ed pracovn\u00edci stanice neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdch v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 odborn\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, ve kter\u00fdch se mimo jin\u00e9 v\u011bnovali i\u00a0popisu a\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje\u00a0ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a\u00a0hydrobiologick\u00e9 v\u011bdy v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed (SSSR, Polsko, Rumunsko \u010di Bulharsko). Sv\u00fdmi v\u00fdstupy si Harrachova stanice, i\u00a0p\u0159es nedlouh\u00e9 trv\u00e1n\u00ed, z\u00edskala mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed renom\u00e9. Jej\u00ed v\u00fdstupy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00a0mnoha ohledech trvalou hodnotu dodnes.<\/p>\n

Stanice ke konci roku 1938 omezila sv\u016fj provoz. Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b se tomu stalo z\u00a0\u00fasporn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, svoji roli v\u0161ak bezesporu sehr\u00e1lo i\u00a0\u00famrt\u00ed zakladatele hrab\u011bte Harracha v\u00a0kv\u011btnu 1937 a\u00a0komplikovan\u00e9 d\u011bdick\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. \u0158editelstv\u00ed velkostatku p\u016fvodn\u011b po\u010d\u00edtalo pouze s\u00a0do\u010dasn\u00fdm \u00fatlumem. Dochovan\u00e1 korespondence nazna\u010duje jak\u00e9si spory mezi spr\u00e1vou velkostatku a\u00a0stanic\u00ed ohledn\u011b nenapl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edho posl\u00e1n\u00ed stanice slou\u017eit p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm provozn\u00edm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m rybn\u00edk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech. Nab\u00edzen\u00fd p\u0159esun stanice do U\u017ehorodu, kde p\u016fsobil Dr. Kostomarov, Harrachova dcera a\u00a0d\u011bdi\u010dka Josefa odm\u00edtla. V\u00a0letech 1939 a\u00a01940 vy\u0161lo je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik studi\u00ed, stanice provizorn\u011b fungovala, ale z\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 podporovat st\u00e1l\u00fd odborn\u00fd person\u00e1l (Dr. Nowak se nucen\u011b p\u0159esunul do n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho K\u00f6nigsbergu). Stanici v\u00a0jej\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed podob\u011b se nakonec p\u0159i \u017eivot\u011b udr\u017eet nepoda\u0159ilo. Harrachovy rybn\u00edky p\u0159evzalo po roce 1948 St\u00e1tn\u00ed ryb\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed Velk\u00e9 Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvalo i\u00a0stani\u010dn\u00ed ter\u00e9nn\u00ed boudu a\u00a0pokusn\u00e9 rybn\u00ed\u010dky-l\u00edhn\u011b p\u0159i hr\u00e1zi rybn\u00edku Vrko\u010d. Jeden z\u00a0nich se dochoval dodnes, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n byl jako l\u00edhe\u0148 a\u017e do konce 70. let 20. stolet\u00ed [1, 22, 23] (obr. 7<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Biologick\u00e1 stanice vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol brn\u011bnsk\u00fdch v\u00a0Lednici<\/h2>\n

Jihomoravsk\u00e1 stanice se od t\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00ed v\u00a0mnoh\u00e9m li\u0161\u00ed. Jej\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u0161estrann\u011b p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00e9 s\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pod\u00edlem ornitologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu. Nav\u00edc slou\u017eila vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9mu v\u00fdukov\u00e9mu programu. Spl\u0148ovala tak kombinaci vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed a\u00a0badatelsk\u00e9 instituce s\u00a0akcentem na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed formu v\u00fdzkumu. Jej\u00ed existence je \u00fazce spojena s\u00a0prof. Emilem Bayerem, \u0159editelem zoologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu V\u0160Z. Na pot\u0159ebnost zalo\u017een\u00ed stanice pozd\u011bji vzpom\u00ednal\u00a0prof.\u00a0Bayer takto: \u201ePl\u00e1nem, doc\u00edliti z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed biologick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 stanice na Morav\u011b, zab\u00fdval jsem se ji\u017e d\u00e1vno, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 od po\u010d\u00e1tku sv\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edchodu na Moravu<\/em> [Bayer byl ji\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm rod\u00e1kem a\u00a0absolventem Filozofick\u00e9 fakulty v\u00a0Praze\u00a0\u2013 pozn. autora], jakmile jsem za\u010dal podrobn\u011bji pozn\u00e1vati dosavadn\u00ed stav p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9ho prozkoum\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011b a\u00a0jeho nedostatky. Uva\u017eoval jsem o\u00a0mo\u017enosti z\u0159\u00edditi alespo\u0148 n\u011bjakou primitivn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumnou stani\u010dku, sh\u00e1n\u011bl jsem prost\u0159edky, jak toho dos\u00e1hnouti, a\u00a0hledal ov\u0161em p\u0159\u00edhodn\u00e9 m\u00edsto; ji\u017e v\u00a0letech 1902\u20133 byla moje pozornost upout\u00e1na neoby\u010dejn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi pom\u011bry jihomoravsk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed mezi B\u0159eclavou a\u00a0Mikulovem.<\/em>\u201c [24, 25].<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 7. Jedin\u00fd dodnes dochovan\u00fd pokusn\u00fd rybn\u00ed\u010dek
\nFig. 7. The one and only surviving hatchery<\/h6>\n

K\u00a0realizaci n\u00e1padu do\u0161lo a\u017e v\u00a0roce 1922, tedy v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy v\u00a0Brn\u011b ji\u017e t\u0159i roky existovaly t\u0159i \u010desk\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly (P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 a\u00a0L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 fakulta Masarykovy univerzity, Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 a\u00a0Lesnick\u00e1 fakulta V\u0160Z a\u00a0Vysok\u00e1 \u0161kola zv\u011brol\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1), z\u00a0nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 m\u011bla sv\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 \u00fastavy, a\u00a0pot\u0159eba z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ter\u00e9nn\u00ed stanice byla v\u00edce ne\u017e nal\u00e9havou. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd podobn\u00fd podnik na Morav\u011b dosud neexistoval. Prof.\u00a0Bayer p\u0159itom upozor\u0148oval, \u017ee evropsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty tou dobou vydr\u017eovaly ji\u017e bezm\u00e1la 60 hydrobiologick\u00fdch stanic (mo\u0159sk\u00fdch a\u00a0sladkovodn\u00edch) a\u00a0jejich smysluplnost dokazuje ustaven\u00ed Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti pro teoretickou a\u00a0u\u017eitou hydrobiologii. Stanice byla od po\u010d\u00e1tku zam\u00fd\u0161lena jako pedagogicko-v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 instituce a\u00a0jako takov\u00e1 musela m\u00edt posv\u011bcen\u00ed ministerstva \u0161kolstv\u00ed. To z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed stanice povolilo v\u00a0b\u0159eznu 1922 a\u00a0t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce na to badatel\u00e9 dostali k\u00a0u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed budovu lichten\u0161tejnsk\u00e9ho loveck\u00e9ho z\u00e1me\u010dku \u010d. p. 437 (tzv. Rybni\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1me\u010dek) situovanou na severn\u00edm b\u0159ehu Prost\u0159edn\u00edho rybn\u00edka. Stanice se nach\u00e1zela v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti \u010dty\u0159 velk\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f, z\u00a0nich\u017e Nesyt je na Morav\u011b v\u016fbec nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Emilu Bayerovi se poda\u0159ilo pro svou ideu z\u00edskat tehdej\u0161\u00edho majitele lednicko-valtick\u00e9ho velkostatku Jana II. kn\u00ed\u017eete z\u00a0Lichten\u0161tejna, kter\u00fd mu dokonce dal vybrat mezi Hrani\u010dn\u00edm a\u00a0Rybni\u010dn\u00edm z\u00e1me\u010dkem. V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 stanici bylo v\u00a0z\u00e1me\u010dku p\u0159id\u011bleno cel\u00e9 prvn\u00ed patro se t\u0159emi m\u00edstnostmi a\u00a0spr\u00e1va velkostatku souhlasila s\u00a0t\u00edm, aby jej\u00ed z\u0159\u00edzenec, bydl\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edzem\u00ed, z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159ijal \u00falohu hl\u00edda\u010de cel\u00e9ho objektu. N\u00e1jemn\u00e9 bylo stanoveno na ro\u010dn\u00edch 400 korun a\u00a0smlouva byla v\u00a0pravideln\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edlet\u00fdch intervalech prodlu\u017eov\u00e1na. Majitel velkostatku si podm\u00ednil, \u017ee chod stanice nesm\u00ed v\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b omezovat chov ryb, d\u00e1le \u017ee odb\u011br vzork\u016f a\u00a0ryb je mo\u017en\u00fd pouze se souhlasem spr\u00e1vy, a\u00a0v\u00fdslovn\u011b bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed, aby stanice fungovala, pokud mo\u017eno, jako v\u0161eobecn\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b. Oproti stanici ve Velk\u00e9m Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e vybaven\u00ed a\u00a0chod byl financov\u00e1n majitelem velkostatku, zde bylo nezbytn\u00e9 o\u00a0podporu \u017e\u00e1dat ministerstvo a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed instituce. Pravideln\u00e9 a\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9 subvence na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed stanice (pracovny, laborato\u0159e, ob\u00fdvac\u00ed pokoje), p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed, provozn\u00ed re\u017eii i\u00a0platy zam\u011bstnanc\u016f p\u0159ich\u00e1zely zejm\u00e9na od Zemsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdboru v\u00a0Brn\u011b, Masarykovy akademie pr\u00e1ce a\u00a0Akademie v\u011bd v\u00a0Praze. Kni\u017en\u00ed a\u00a0\u010dasopiseck\u00fd fond byl mimo jin\u00e9 dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n formou v\u00fdm\u011bny s\u00a0oborov\u00fdmi pracovi\u0161ti v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed (USA aj.), p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky kontakt\u016fm a\u00a0renom\u00e9 prof. Bayera. Z\u00a0dochovan\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00edho zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed stanice plyne, \u017ee p\u0159id\u011blovan\u00e9 prost\u0159edky, snad s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou ministersk\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch dotac\u00ed, nebyly n\u00e1rokov\u00e9ho charakteru a\u00a0sv\u00fdm objemem stabiln\u00ed a\u00a0\u017ee p\u0159edstavenstvo stanice bylo nuceno v\u00a0t\u00e9to z\u00e1le\u017eitosti pravideln\u011b komunikovat s\u00a0relevantn\u00edmi institucemi, a\u00a0mimo to v\u00e9st velmi podrobn\u00e9 v\u00fdkaznictv\u00ed, co\u017e nepochybn\u011b el\u00e1n pracovn\u00edk\u016f podlamovalo.<\/p>\n

Stani\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum se soust\u0159e\u010foval p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na ornitologick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed (stanice disponovala na svou dobu velmi kvalitn\u00edmi dalekohledy), entomologii a\u00a0hydrobiologick\u00e9 b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed (studium planktonu, chemick\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed vody), kter\u00e9 bylo umo\u017en\u011bno pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm vlastn\u00edch \u010dlun\u016f. Studium rybni\u010dn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ry a\u00a0mikrofauny, typologicky a\u00a0strukturou ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 intenzivn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm rybni\u010dn\u00ed soustavy, muselo respektovat prim\u00e1rn\u00ed pravidla nastaven\u00e1 vlastn\u00edkem velkostatku. Mimo rybn\u00edky zam\u011bstnanci monitorovali tak\u00e9 inunda\u010dn\u00ed ter\u00e9n Podyj\u00ed s\u00a0pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00fdmi i\u00a0slep\u00fdmi rameny, ba\u017einami, t\u016fn\u011bmi i\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdmi kan\u00e1ly. Rozlehl\u00e1 a\u00a0pestr\u00e1 krajina Lednicko-valtick\u00e9ho are\u00e1lu poskytovala ide\u00e1ln\u00ed objekt pro region\u00e1ln\u00ed zoologick\u00fd i\u00a0botanick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum, prov\u00e1d\u011bla se zde pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00e1, geofyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed, pedologick\u00e1 a\u00a0cel\u00e1 \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch. Recipro\u010dn\u011b se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch poznatk\u016f pro zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed rybni\u010dn\u00edho a\u00a0ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed Lichten\u0161tejn\u016f. Ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b byla stanice pestrost\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch aktivit a\u00a0kvalitou v\u00fdzkumu srovnateln\u00e1 pouze s\u00a0hydrobiologickou stanic\u00ed v\u00a0Doksech nav\u00e1zanou na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 univerzitn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0Praze. St\u00e1lou stanici v\u00a0Doksech, nejkvalitn\u011bji organizovan\u00fd pedagogicko-v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd a\u00a0nejd\u00e9le kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed \u00fastav v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, lze ozna\u010dit za vzor, podle n\u011bho\u017e vytvo\u0159il Emil Bayer moravsk\u00fd pendant [2, 24, 26].<\/p>\n

Stanice slou\u017eila jako pomocn\u00fd v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u00fastav pro v\u0161echny t\u0159i zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly, odtud tak\u00e9 jej\u00ed n\u00e1zev Biologick\u00e1 stanice vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol brn\u011bnsk\u00fdch. Spr\u00e1vn\u00ed kuratorium stanice, zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za jej\u00ed organizaci, chod a\u00a0v\u00fdzkum, bylo slo\u017een\u00e9 z\u00a0p\u0159edn\u00edch z\u00e1stupc\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch \u0161kol. V\u00a0\u010dele kuratoria st\u00e1l \u0159editel stanice prof. Bayer. V\u00a0roce 1924 se poda\u0159ilo systemizovat jedno st\u00e1l\u00e9 m\u00edsto asistenta stanice, kter\u00fdm se stal Ing. Alexander Bajkov a\u00a0po jeho odchodu do Kanady Ing.\u00a0Jind\u0159ich Zaplet\u00e1lek a\u00a0kr\u00e1tce Franti\u0161ek Unzeitig. Podobn\u011b jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Velk\u00e9ho Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed i\u00a0zde sezonn\u011b hojn\u011b p\u016fsobili ru\u0161t\u00ed u\u010denci.<\/p>\n

Velk\u00fd probl\u00e9m stanici nastal na podzim roku 1938, kdy se ocitla mimo nov\u011b stanoven\u00e9 hranice \u010ceskoslovenska a\u00a0kdy bylo nezbytn\u00e9 odv\u00e9zt drah\u00fd a\u00a0nenahraditeln\u00fd invent\u00e1\u0159, v\u010detn\u011b knihovny, k\u00a0\u010demu\u017e byl z\u00edsk\u00e1n souhlas vojensk\u00e9 a\u00a0politick\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy. Provizorn\u011b byl uskladn\u011bn v\u00a0budov\u00e1ch V\u0160Z. \u010cinnost stanice se ani pot\u00e9 nezastavila, v\u00fdzkumy prob\u00edhaly v\u00a0r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol, a\u00a0to a\u017e do jejich uzav\u0159en\u00ed. Od \u010dervna 1939 byla stanice p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bna na \u0161koln\u00ed lesn\u00ed statek do K\u0159tin, n\u00e1le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed takt\u00e9\u017e pod V\u0160Z, a\u00a0fungovala po celou dobu v\u00e1lky pod n\u00e1zvem \u010cesk\u00e1 biologick\u00e1 stanice ve\u00a0K\u0159tin\u00e1ch. Za ro\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1jemn\u00e9 200\u00a0korun mohla vyu\u017e\u00edvat t\u0159i m\u00edstnosti na z\u00e1mku a\u00a0loveck\u00fd z\u00e1me\u010dek v\u00a0Jedovnic\u00edch coby fili\u00e1ln\u00ed hydrobiologickou pracovnu. V\u00a0roce 1946 se stanice p\u0159est\u011bhovala do sv\u00e9ho p\u016fvodn\u00edho objektu, kter\u00fd v\u0161ak byl po\u0161kozen v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi. Nedot\u010dena naopak z\u016fstala v\u011bt\u0161ina mobili\u00e1\u0159e deta\u0161ovan\u00e9ho ve k\u0159tinsk\u00e9m azylu. Nov\u00e1 smlouva se spr\u00e1vou st\u00e1tn\u00edch statk\u016f Valtice byla stanovena na \u0161est let, do roku 1952, za stejn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek jako d\u0159\u00edve. To ji\u017e zesnul\u00e9ho prof. Bayera v\u00a0\u010dele stanice vyst\u0159\u00eddal prof. Josef Kratochv\u00edl a\u00a0v\u00a0\u010dele kuratoria prof. Josef Podp\u011bra. V\u00a0roce 1952 byla stanice po dohod\u011b v\u0161ech zainteresovan\u00fdch stran p\u0159evedena pod spr\u00e1vu V\u0160Z jako sou\u010d\u00e1st katedry pro \u017eivo\u010di\u0161nou v\u00fdrobu a\u00a0funkc\u00ed vedouc\u00edho pov\u011b\u0159en \u0161\u00e9f katedry prof. Kostomarov, prvn\u00ed vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fd profesor ryb\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a\u00a0hydrobiologie u\u00a0n\u00e1s, profesn\u011b spojen\u00fd s\u00a0v\u011bdeckou \u010dinnost\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9 stanice ve Velk\u00e9m Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed. T\u00edm za\u010dala nov\u00e1 \u00e9ra v\u00a0d\u011bjin\u00e1ch stanice, kter\u00e1 se uzav\u0159ela teprve ned\u00e1vno (2013) [2, 27, 28].<\/p>\n

Mimo tyto dv\u011b kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 instituce ter\u00e9nn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu vznikly na Morav\u011b i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed, nap\u0159. Zemsk\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 stanice ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a\u00a0hydrobiologick\u00e9 v\u00a0Hodon\u00edn\u011b a\u00a0ve Studenci, kde m\u00e1 dnes deta\u0161ovan\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b \u00dastav biologie obratlovc\u016f Akademie v\u011bd.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Ter\u00e9nn\u00ed stanice v\u00a0Lednici a\u00a0ve Velk\u00e9m Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed p\u0159edstavovaly v\u00a0meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m \u010ceskoslovensku v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 centra ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho a\u00a0hydrobiologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu na Morav\u011b a\u00a0sv\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledky si z\u00edskaly mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed renom\u00e9. Ob\u011b byly person\u00e1ln\u011b propojeny s\u00a0tehdej\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edmi a\u00a0badatelsk\u00fdmi \u00fastavy. Ve Velk\u00e9m Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed se v\u00fdzkum orientoval na exteri\u00e9r kapra z\u00a0hlediska jeho potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9, u\u017eitkov\u00e9 \u010di tr\u017en\u00ed hodnoty, na zkvalit\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed produkce kap\u0159\u00edho pl\u016fdku a\u00a0jeho r\u016fstov\u00fdch parametr\u016f. Akcent na \u201eaplika\u010dn\u00ed\u201c rovinu stani\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu \u00fazce souvisel se soukrom\u00fdm statutem instituce. Naproti tomu badatelsk\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed lednick\u00e9 stanice bylo \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed, obs\u00e1hlo cel\u00e9 spektrum odno\u017e\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00e9ho oboru. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu se zde sledoval zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdvoj p\u0159irozen\u00e9 potravy ryb a\u00a0vliv hnojiv na jej\u00ed rozvoj. Lednick\u00e1 stanice fungovala v\u00a0\u00fazk\u00e9 sou\u010dinnosti s\u00a0vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm a\u00a0m\u011bla statut edukativn\u011b-v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu. Chod velkomezi\u0159\u00ed\u010dsk\u00e9 stanice byl utlumen v\u00a0letech 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, na jej\u00ed \u010dinnost pozd\u011bji nav\u00e1zalo St\u00e1tn\u00ed ryb\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed Velk\u00e9 Mezi\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed. Lednick\u00e1 stanice fungovala od roku 1952 jako integr\u00e1ln\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st V\u0160Z v\u00a0Brn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek byl zpracov\u00e1n s\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00ed podporou projektu DG16P02M032 v\u00fdzvy NAKI II Ministerstva kultury \u010cR \u201eNeinvazivn\u00ed a\u00a0\u0161etrn\u00e9 postupy \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed kvality prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017eby vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci pam\u00e1tkov\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010de\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ter\u00e9nn\u00ed stanice p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jednu z forem ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho, resp. rybni\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu. Zprvu soukrom\u00e9 ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010di (hydro)biologick\u00e9 stanice se v na\u0161ich zem\u00edch za\u010daly objevovat ji\u017e koncem 19. stolet\u00ed, ale k rozkv\u011btu tohoto typu badatelsk\u00e9ho programu do\u0161lo a\u017e v pr\u016fb\u011bhu meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 \u00e9ry. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6801,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,87],"tags":[1691,840,1690,1692,1689,263,1693,1427],"coauthors":[1684],"class_list":["post-6810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-applied-ecology","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","tag-ceskoslovensko-1918-1945","tag-historie","tag-hydrobiologicke-stanice","tag-lednice","tag-rybarstvi","tag-rybniky","tag-velke-mezirici","tag-vyzkum"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6810","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6810"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6810\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30548,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6810\/revisions\/30548"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6801"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6810"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6810"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6810"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=6810"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}