{"id":6716,"date":"2019-08-09T09:09:43","date_gmt":"2019-08-09T08:09:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=6716"},"modified":"2024-07-16T15:58:25","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T14:58:25","slug":"interview-with-ing-jan-uhlik-ph-d-hydrogeologist-at-progeo-s-r-o","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2019\/08\/interview-with-ing-jan-uhlik-ph-d-hydrogeologist-at-progeo-s-r-o\/","title":{"rendered":"Interview with Ing. Jan Uhl\u00edk, Ph.D., hydrogeologist at PROGEO, s. r. o."},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u010ceskou republiku v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech tr\u00e1p\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny a\u00a0vysok\u00e9 teploty vzduchu. Jak\u00fd je pozorovan\u00fd v\u00fdvoj z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody?<\/h4>\n

Posledn\u00ed nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 dopln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzem\u00ed vody na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR nastalo v\u00a0roce 2010. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed roky ji\u017e byly z\u00a0hlediska dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody pouze pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9, ale i\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011b podpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 (2016\u20132018). D\u016fsledkem je sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1sob doprov\u00e1zen\u00e9 poklesem hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody hloub\u011bji pod \u00farove\u0148 ter\u00e9nu.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0obdob\u00ed beze sr\u00e1\u017eek nap\u00e1j\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 pouze podzemn\u00ed voda. V\u00a0letech 2016\u20132018 byla v\u00a0povod\u00ed Moravy i\u00a0Labe opakovan\u011b dosa\u017eena mnohalet\u00e1 minima pozorovan\u00e9ho odtoku. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0oblasti Dolnomoravsk\u00e9ho \u00favalu (profil Str\u00e1\u017enice) v\u00a0roce 2018 poklesl pr\u016ftok k\u00a0hodnot\u00e1m 5 m3<\/sup>\/s\u00a0(0,63 l\/s\/km2<\/sup>). Lze si tak ji\u017e p\u0159edstavit situaci, kdy by v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b masivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch odb\u011br\u016f pro z\u00e1vlahy odtok v\u00a0Morav\u011b p\u0159i hranici se Slovenskem t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ustal.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Doch\u00e1z\u00ed vlivem dlouhodob\u00e9ho sucha a\u00a0zm\u011bnou klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m n\u011bkter\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed p\u016fd, je\u017e maj\u00ed vliv na infiltraci vody do podzemn\u00edch kolektor\u016f?<\/h4>\n

Dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod prim\u00e1rn\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na velikosti sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0na jejich distribuci v\u00a0\u010dase jak b\u011bhem jednotliv\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, tak i\u00a0v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu cel\u00e9ho roku. Aby k\u00a0dopln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody do\u0161lo, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt horninov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed mezi ter\u00e9nem a\u00a0hladinou podzemn\u00ed vody, tzv. prom\u011bnliv\u011b saturovan\u00e1 z\u00f3na, nasyceno nad svou reten\u010dn\u00ed kapacitu. Mocnost prom\u011bnliv\u011b saturovan\u00e9 z\u00f3ny na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR dosahuje decimetry (oblasti dren\u00e1\u017ee podzemn\u00ed vody), ale i\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed des\u00edtky metr\u016f (horninov\u00e1 prost\u0159ed\u00ed s\u00a0dobrou propustnost\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 nej\u010dast\u011bji k\u0159\u00eddov\u00e9ho st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed).<\/p>\n

K\u00a0dopln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody doch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cR dosud pravideln\u011b v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu zimy a\u00a0zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00edm jarn\u00edm obdob\u00ed. Nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b tepl\u00e9 zimy s\u00a0absenc\u00ed sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky ale zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Celoro\u010dn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd v\u00fdpar dan\u00fd vzestupem teplot a\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1hov\u00fd deficit v\u00a0prom\u011bnliv\u011b saturovan\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b z\u00a0letn\u00edho a\u00a0podzimn\u00edho obdob\u00ed neumo\u017e\u0148uje jarn\u00ed dopln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody na obvyklou \u00farove\u0148. Z\u00a0d\u016fvodu zm\u011bny klimatu tak hroz\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed obnova z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody. A\u00a0to i\u00a0p\u0159esto \u017ee se sr\u00e1\u017eky nemus\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit, nebo dokonce i\u00a0m\u00edrn\u011b vzrostou.<\/p>\n

Reten\u010dn\u00ed schopnost a\u00a0proud\u011bn\u00ed podzemn\u00ed vody v\u00a0prom\u011bnliv\u011b saturovan\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b jsou \u00fazce spjaty s\u00a0uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm p\u00f3r\u016f (vodiv\u00fdch cest). Procesy, kter\u00e9 vedou ke zhutn\u011bn\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00edho horizontu, ztr\u00e1t\u011b jeho propustnosti, nebo k\u00a0zamezen\u00ed infiltrace nap\u0159. v\u00a0d\u016fsledku z\u00e1stavby, sni\u017euj\u00ed obnovu z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody. Sr\u00e1\u017eky se pak v\u00edce \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho a\u00a0m\u011blk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpovrchov\u00e9ho odtoku na \u00fakor odtoku podzemn\u00edho.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Je mo\u017en\u00e9 pozorovat p\u0159\u00edmou souvislost mezi sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed se z\u00e1sobou vody v\u00a0podzem\u00ed a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161enou evapotranspirac\u00ed?<\/h4>\n

Na \u010dasov\u00fdch \u0159ad\u00e1ch chodu teplot v\u00a0\u010cR lze v\u00a0posledn\u00edch t\u0159ech dek\u00e1d\u00e1ch jednozna\u010dn\u011b identifikovat vzestupn\u00fd trend. V\u00a0d\u011btstv\u00ed mne otec nau\u010dil jezdit na sjezdovk\u00e1ch a\u00a0bruslit na svaz\u00edch a\u00a0rybn\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0Praze. Tot\u00e9\u017e jsem sv\u00fdm d\u011btem dop\u0159\u00e1t nemohl. Dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyt teplot v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti 30 \u00b0C nebyl v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00fd. Klima se skute\u010dn\u011b zm\u011bnilo a\u00a0lze to dokladovat na m\u011b\u0159en\u00edch realizovan\u00fdch \u010cHM\u00da.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdpar z\u00a0rostlin a\u00a0p\u016fdy neline\u00e1rn\u011b vzr\u016fst\u00e1 s\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstem slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, teploty a\u00a0rychlosti proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu. R\u016fst teplot tak prokazateln\u011b znamen\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty vody z\u00a0krajiny a\u00a0proto i\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sob vody podzemn\u00ed. Z\u00a0hlediska dopln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody jsou pro \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zm\u011bny klimatu zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0obdob\u00ed zimy a\u00a0jara. V\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b a\u00a0na podzim obvykle k\u00a0dopln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nedoch\u00e1zelo ani dosud.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1soby podzemn\u00ed vody kol\u00edsaj\u00ed v\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00edcelet\u00fdch cyklech. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed se neprojev\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b, ale mnohalet\u00fdmi poklesov\u00fdmi trendy (i\u00a0zm\u011bny klimatu jsou sp\u00ed\u0161e pozvoln\u00e9). Existenci trend\u016f poklesu z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody lze dokl\u00e1dat \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdskytem dosud nepozorovan\u00fdch minim \u00farovn\u00ed hladin podzemn\u00ed vody i\u00a0odtoku v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edti, rovn\u011b\u017e jejich trv\u00e1n\u00edm i\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00fdm rozsahem.<\/p>\n

Napjat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vodn\u00ed bilance se prom\u00edt\u00e1 do \u010dinnosti provozovatel\u016f vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Ti i\u00a0p\u0159es zna\u010dn\u00fd pokles odb\u011br\u016f podzemn\u00ed vody b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch dek\u00e1d (z\u00a0d\u016fvodu r\u016fstu ceny vody) maj\u00ed mnohdy probl\u00e9m vyhov\u011bt stanoven\u00fdm limit\u016fm (minim\u00e1ln\u00ed hladiny a\u00a0pr\u016ftoky v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edti v\u00a0oblastech zdroj\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod), kter\u00e9 byly na z\u00e1klad\u011b historick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti o\u00a0hydrogeologick\u00fdch pom\u011brech pro oblasti j\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed stanoveny.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

M\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdpar z\u00a0vodn\u00ed hladiny, nap\u0159. z\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f, p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv na hladinu podzemn\u00ed vody v\u00a0jejich bezprost\u0159edn\u00edm okol\u00ed? A\u00a0jak se d\u00edv\u00e1te na roli rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed jako potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroje pro posilov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod?<\/h4>\n

Vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee jsou v\u00a0oblastech s\u00a0p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm v\u00fdparem nad sr\u00e1\u017ekami dopl\u0148ov\u00e1ny povrchov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtokem a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edronem podzemn\u00edch vod (nej\u010dast\u011bji jejich kombinac\u00ed). Pokud povrchov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtok chyb\u00ed (nap\u0159. nebesk\u00e9 rybn\u00edky, p\u00edskovny, \u0161t\u011brkovny), jsou ztr\u00e1ty v\u00fdparem nahrazov\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edtokem podzemn\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n

Antropogenn\u00ed zm\u011bny krajiny podstatn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ily povrchov\u00fd odtok. Ten v\u00a0dob\u011b sr\u00e1\u017eek vznik\u00e1 na zpevn\u011bn\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch, ale i\u00a0na pol\u00edch s\u00a0nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdmi pom\u011bry dan\u00fdmi sklonem, obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm i\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed skladbou plodin. Zadr\u017een\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku a\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1soby pro such\u00e9 obdob\u00ed je spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 my\u0161lenka. Vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee jsou ale rovn\u011b\u017e recipientem splavenin a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edjemcem zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. \u010casto se v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch vyskytuje eutrofizace a\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed deficitn\u00ed na rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd kysl\u00edk. V\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do pop\u0159ed\u00ed z\u00e1jmu problematika kontaminace vod pesticidy a\u00a0jejich metabolity, l\u00e9\u010divy a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami. Minim\u00e1ln\u011b stejn\u011b hodnotn\u00e1 je tak proto my\u0161lenka podporovat p\u0159irozen\u00e9 vsakov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek do horninov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b ho ve vhodn\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch posilovat um\u011blou infiltrac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1dr\u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 stav\u011bt pouze v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch morfologick\u00fdch a\u00a0geologick\u00fdch pom\u011brech. Obvykle se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0oblasti region\u00e1ln\u00ed dren\u00e1\u017ee podzemn\u00edch vod. N\u00e1dr\u017ee mohou prim\u00e1rn\u011b nadlep\u0161ovat nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 odtokov\u00e9 pom\u011bry v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edti. Zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu podzemn\u00edch vod nen\u00ed hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00ednosem n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Je mo\u017en\u00e9 charakterizovat oblasti v\u00a0\u010cR, kter\u00e9 pova\u017eujete za nejohro\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jak v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, tak v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch zm\u011bnou klimatu nap\u0159\u00edklad k\u00a0pol. 21. stolet\u00ed?<\/h4>\n

Klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna se nejv\u00edce projev\u00ed v\u00a0oblastech s\u00a0napjatou vodn\u00ed bilanc\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 tedy v\u00a0m\u00edstech s\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdm sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm norm\u00e1lem, nebo v\u00a0m\u00edstech s\u00a0odb\u011bry podzemn\u00ed vody pro lidskou spot\u0159ebu. Geograficky se jedn\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0n\u00ed\u017einy, kam je v\u00e1z\u00e1na zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st populace i\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, tzn. oblast ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy nebo Polab\u00ed. Vlivem sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9ho st\u00ednu je klimatickou zm\u011bnou siln\u011b ohro\u017eeno rovn\u011b\u017e \u017datecko.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed soutokov\u00e9 oblasti Moravy a\u00a0Dyje je za dosavadn\u00edch podm\u00ednek velikost dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzem\u00ed vody odhadov\u00e1na jen okolo 0,5 l\/s\/km2<\/sup>. Ro\u010dn\u011b se zde do podzemn\u00edch vod infiltruje pouze cca 15 mm vodn\u00edho sloupce. P\u0159itom v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b dosahuje v\u00fdpar z\u00a0voln\u00e9 hladiny v\u00a0maximech a\u017e 11\u00a0mm za den.<\/p>\n

Zm\u011bny klimatu mohou v\u00a0uveden\u00fdch oblastech \u010cR dosud pravideln\u00e9 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00ed vody zm\u011bnit jen na ob\u010dasn\u00e9. P\u0159ijat\u00e1 adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, studie problematiky i\u00a0informovanost spole\u010dnosti pat\u0159\u00ed mezi kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 faktory, kter\u00e9 ovlivn\u00ed, jak bolestn\u00e9 zm\u011bny klimatu v\u00fdsledn\u011b budou.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Interview with Ing. Jan Uhl\u00edk, Ph.D., hydrogeologist at PROGEO, s. r. o., on the topic of low precipitation, warming and climate.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6707,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[119,120,577,1673],"coauthors":[2902],"class_list":["post-6716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-climatic-changes","tag-interview","tag-precipitation","tag-warming"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6716"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6716\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30530,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6716\/revisions\/30530"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6716"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6716"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=6716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}