{"id":6681,"date":"2019-08-09T09:08:45","date_gmt":"2019-08-09T08:08:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=6681"},"modified":"2024-07-16T15:57:17","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T14:57:17","slug":"dopad-technickeho-zasnezovani-na-toky-v-krkonosich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2019\/08\/dopad-technickeho-zasnezovani-na-toky-v-krkonosich\/","title":{"rendered":"Impact of snowmaking on streams in the Giant Mountains"},"content":{"rendered":"

This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 dopadem technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na vybran\u00e9 toky na \u00fazem\u00ed\u00a0Krkono\u0161 z\u00a0pohledu zm\u011bn v\u00a0pr\u016ftoc\u00edch, z\u00a0hlediska interakce mo\u017en\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed z\u00a0tok\u016f a\u00a0opa\u010dn\u011b, a\u00a0rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm sn\u011bhem a\u00a0sn\u011bhem le\u017e\u00edc\u00edm na sjezdovce z\u00a0hlediska hustoty sn\u011bhu a\u00a0s\u00a0t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00edm odli\u0161n\u00fdm odtokov\u00fdm vlastnostem.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek analyzuje dopad technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na vybran\u00e9 toky v\u00a0Krkono\u0161\u00edch z\u00a0pohledu zm\u011bn v\u00a0pr\u016ftoc\u00edch, z\u00a0hlediska interakce mo\u017en\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed z\u00a0tok\u016f a\u00a0opa\u010dn\u011b a\u00a0rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm sn\u011bhem a\u00a0sn\u011bhem le\u017e\u00edc\u00edm na sjezdovce z\u00a0hlediska hustoty sn\u011bhu a\u00a0souvisej\u00edc\u00edch odli\u0161n\u00fdch odtokov\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Problematika hodnocen\u00ed dopadu odb\u011br\u016f vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na pr\u016ftoky vodn\u00edch tok\u016f nebyla prozat\u00edm na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky\u00a0komplexn\u011b \u0159e\u0161ena. Pokud byla tematika \u0159e\u0161ena, tak pouze z\u00a0hlediska vlivu na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed profil (z\u00a0n\u011bho\u017e by se m\u011bla voda pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed odeb\u00edrat) v\u00a0r\u00e1mci povolovac\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Pro ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00a0t\u011bchto odb\u011brn\u00fdch profil\u016f je vodopr\u00e1vn\u00edm \u00fa\u0159adem vyd\u00e1no povolen\u00ed pro nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodou. Povolen\u00ed od vodopr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u00fa\u0159adu obsahuje mj. \u00fadaje o\u00a0velikosti minim\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku, maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho povolen\u00e9ho denn\u00edho odb\u011bru vody, maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho povolen\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho odb\u011bru vody a\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho povolen\u00e9ho ro\u010dn\u00edho odb\u011bru vody. T\u011bmito limity by se m\u011bli jednotliv\u00ed odb\u011bratel\u00e9 \u0159\u00eddit.<\/p>\n

Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdza porovn\u00e1n\u00ed kumulativn\u00edho vlivu v\u00edce odb\u011br\u016f na jednotliv\u00fdch povod\u00edch nebyla zn\u00e1ma. V\u00a0roce 2009 byla na z\u00e1klad\u011b po\u017eadavku Spr\u00e1vy KRNAP zpracov\u00e1na pilotn\u00ed studie o\u00a0vlivu technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na pr\u016ftoky d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed Labe, \u00dapy a\u00a0Jizery vzhledem k\u00a0teoretick\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00fdm profil\u016fm v\u00a0m\u00edstech odtoku t\u011bchto t\u0159\u00ed tok\u016f z\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed Krkono\u0161sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku a\u00a0jeho ochrann\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma [1]. Byl po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed kumulativn\u00ed vliv ze v\u0161ech povolen\u00fdch odb\u011br\u016f vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Za b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch podm\u00ednek nebyl shled\u00e1n podstatn\u00fd vliv.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed pravideln\u00e1 ter\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, z\u00a0nich\u017e by se dal vypozorovat vliv odb\u011br\u016f vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na vodn\u00ed toky, byla zah\u00e1jena v\u00a0zim\u011b 2011\/2012 na Zelen\u00e9m a\u00a0Vl\u010d\u00edm potoce v\u00a0Peci pod Sn\u011b\u017ekou pod odb\u011brn\u00fdmi profily pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Na t\u011bchto profilech byl vliv technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na pr\u016ftoky patrn\u00fd. Jednalo se ale pouze o\u00a0dv\u011b bodov\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0antropogenn\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00edce vlivy, na z\u00e1klad\u011b nich\u017e nebylo mo\u017eno objektivn\u011b zobecnit z\u00edskan\u00e9 poznatky.<\/p>\n

Proto byl inicializov\u00e1n vznik komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho projektu, kter\u00fd by se problematikou zab\u00fdval. Technologickou agenturou \u010cR bylo v\u00a0projektu Epsilon podpo\u0159eno \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Podpora dlouhodob\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed Krkono\u0161sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku s\u00a0d\u016frazem na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky vlivu technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na pokles pr\u016ftok\u016f s\u00a0c\u00edlem zv\u00fd\u0161it dlouhodobou efektivitu ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody a\u00a0krajiny (ozna\u010den\u00ed TH02030080). Projekt se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 problematikou vlivu dopad\u016f technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na vodn\u00ed toky velmi komplexn\u011b\u00a0\u2013 od vytvo\u0159en\u00ed m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed dopad\u016f technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na vodn\u00ed toky na 22 profilech na \u00fazem\u00ed Krkono\u0161, p\u0159es komplexn\u00ed zhodnocen\u00ed vlivu technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na zm\u011bnu pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0toc\u00edch, srovn\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto dopad\u016f s\u00a0ostatn\u00edmi vlivy, n\u00e1vrh opat\u0159en\u00ed na eliminaci negativn\u00edch dopad\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00ed metodiky pro povolov\u00e1n\u00ed odb\u011br\u016f vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, tak aby tyto odb\u011bry vody byly spravedliv\u00e9 ke v\u0161em odb\u011bratel\u016fm a\u00a0bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0vodou, kter\u00e9 zajist\u00ed odb\u011bry vody pro v\u0161echny potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed odb\u011bratele a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 nebude naru\u0161ena ekologick\u00e1 rovnov\u00e1ha v\u00a0toku. M\u011bla by b\u00fdt vytvo\u0159ena i\u00a0mapa ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed Krkono\u0161 technick\u00fdm zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0jin\u00fdmi odb\u011bry. Krom\u011b samotn\u00e9ho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed dopad\u016f v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu prob\u00edh\u00e1 i\u00a0matematick\u00e9 modelov\u00e1n\u00ed dopad\u016f. V\u00fdsledky tohoto projektu by m\u011bly d\u00edky nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm uk\u00e1zat, zda skute\u010dn\u011b odb\u011bry vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u011b ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hladiny v\u00a0toc\u00edch, nebo naopak zda se jedn\u00e1 hlavn\u011b o\u00a0nepodlo\u017een\u00e9 domn\u011bnky odp\u016frc\u016f technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek p\u0159edstav\u00ed vybran\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti z\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed f\u00e1ze\u00a0prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu. V\u00a0\u00favodu bude uk\u00e1z\u00e1n na v\u00fdsledc\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd dopad vlivu odb\u011br\u016f vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na zm\u011bnu pr\u016ftok\u016f. N\u00e1sledn\u011b je prezentov\u00e1n dopl\u0148kov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum mo\u017en\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 interakce odb\u011bru vody ze zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho toku a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010di rozd\u00edly mezi sm\u011bs\u00ed technick\u00e9ho a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho sn\u011bhu na sjezdovce a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho sn\u011bhu mimo sjezdovku.<\/p>\n

Literatura zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se problematikou technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0tematikou sn\u011bhu se v\u011bnuje zejm\u00e9na dopad\u016fm klimatick\u00fdm zm\u011bn na mo\u017enosti technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed [nap\u0159. 1\u20136]. Dal\u0161\u00ed skupinu tvo\u0159\u00ed studie zachycuj\u00edc\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos ly\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pro dan\u00fd region [nap\u0159. 3, 7, 8]. Velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed studi\u00ed zkoum\u00e1 dopady technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na ekosyst\u00e9my (rostliny a\u00a0\u017eivo\u010dichy) [podrobn\u00e1 re\u0161er\u0161e v\u00a09, d\u00e1le nap\u0159. 10\u201312], sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed [13], pop\u0159. lze nal\u00e9zt \u00fakoly sna\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem spo\u010d\u00edtat nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed [nap\u0159. 1, 2, 4, 14\u201316]. Do dal\u0161\u00ed skupiny projekt\u016f je mo\u017eno za\u0159adit \u00fakoly souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fdzkumem sn\u011bhu\u00a0\u2013 jeho vlastnostem, hydrologick\u00e9mu re\u017eimu, modelov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fd\u0161ky sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky, lavin\u00e1m apod. [nap\u0159.\u00a017\u201322]. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed skupinu tvo\u0159\u00ed souhrnn\u00e9 studie ekologick\u00fdch organizac\u00ed poukazuj\u00edc\u00ed na negativn\u00ed dopady technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed [23, 24].<\/p>\n

Vybran\u00e9 lokality, metodika m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f<\/h2>\n

Na \u00fazem\u00ed Krkono\u0161sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku a\u00a0jeho ochrann\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma se odeb\u00edr\u00e1 voda pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed celkem na 48 m\u00edstech. Pro studium dopad\u016f vlivu technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na zm\u011bnu pr\u016ftok\u016f byly vybr\u00e1ny profily, kter\u00e9 le\u017e\u00ed na men\u0161\u00edch a\u00a0st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00fdch toc\u00edch (do medi\u00e1nu pr\u016ftoku 0,2 m3<\/sup>\/s), prot\u00e9k\u00e1 v\u00a0nich voda po cel\u00fd rok a\u00a0je mo\u017eno m\u011b\u0159it pr\u016ftoky nad i\u00a0pod profilem, z\u00a0n\u011bho\u017e se odeb\u00edr\u00e1 voda pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto krit\u00e9ri\u00ed bylo vybr\u00e1no 22 pozorovac\u00edch profil\u016f (obr.\u00a01<\/em>). Profily se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed Krkono\u0161 v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch fyzicko-geografick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Porovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny jsou i\u00a0dopady\u00a0ostatn\u00edch antropogenn\u00edch \u010dinnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a01. Vybran\u00e1 povod\u00ed pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed dopad\u016f technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed
\nFig. 1. Selected river basins for monitoring the impact of snowmaking<\/h6>\n

Pro prezentaci v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku byla vybr\u00e1na data ze\u00a014 hlavn\u00edch profil\u016f, z\u00a0nich\u017e jsou k\u00a0dispozici spolehliv\u00e1 data. Jsou na nich instalov\u00e1ny hladinom\u011bry od firmy Fiedler s\u00a0online p\u0159enosem dat a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm v\u00fd\u0161ek hladin po 5 minut\u00e1ch. Vyhodnocena data jsou z\u00a0obdob\u00ed mezi 1. prosincem 2017 a\u00a023. dubnem 2019. Pro jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed profil\u016f v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm textu je u\u017eit n\u00e1zev toku a\u00a0po\u0159adov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo profilu v\u00a0po\u0159ad\u00ed od pramene (nap\u0159. pozorovac\u00ed profil na Svatopetrsk\u00e9m potoce ve \u0160pindlerov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdn\u011b um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd nad odb\u011brem vody u\u00a0sjezdovky Stoh m\u00e1 ozna\u010den\u00ed Svatopetrsk\u00fd 1).<\/p>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f prob\u00edh\u00e1 pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b b\u011bhem cel\u00e9ho roku p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch stavech. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b m\u011brn\u00e9 k\u0159ivky vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti z\u00edskan\u00fdch bodov\u00fdch hodnot z\u00a0k\u0159ivky kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b sledovan\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny toku a\u00a0nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdmi pr\u016ftoky v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ter\u00e9nn\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed byly odvozeny kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty pr\u016ftok\u016f, je\u017e byly d\u00e1le analyzov\u00e1ny. M\u011brn\u00e9 k\u0159ivky z\u00e1vislosti nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161ky hladin toku jsou pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b zp\u0159es\u0148ov\u00e1ny. D\u00edky tomu m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet u\u00a0hodnot kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b odvozen\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0\u010dase k\u00a0m\u00edrn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m (drobn\u00e9mu posunu hodnot odvozen\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f). V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se hodnoty pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0toc\u00edch u\u00a0odvozen\u00fdch k\u0159ivek pr\u016ftok\u016f pohybuj\u00ed t\u011bsn\u011b kolem hodnoty minim\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku a\u00a0prob\u00edh\u00e1 odb\u011br vody, nelze s\u00a0ohledem na tuto mo\u017enou nep\u0159esnost objektivn\u011b posoudit, zda byl odb\u011br vody v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0vydan\u00fdm povolen\u00edm, \u010di zda eventu\u00e1ln\u011b mohl b\u00fdt p\u0159ekro\u010den povolen\u00fd limit pro odb\u011br vody.<\/p>\n

Dopad technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na zm\u011bnu pr\u016ftok\u016f<\/h2>\n

Dopad na experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed povod\u00ed<\/h3>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch byla zah\u00e1jena v\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu a\u00a0listopadu 2017. D\u00edky tomu jsou k\u00a0dispozici data ze dvou zimn\u00edch obdob\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 zimy 2017\/2018, zimy 2018\/2019 a\u00a0l\u00e9ta 2018. Zima 2017\/2018 byla b\u011b\u017enou zimou posledn\u00edch let s\u00a0ide\u00e1ln\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami pro v\u00fdzkum dopad\u016f technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na pokles pr\u016ftok\u016f\u00a0\u2013 nebylo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 teplo ani p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zima. Jedin\u00fdm obdob\u00edm, kdy zamrzaly toky v\u00a0Krkono\u0161\u00edch, byl p\u0159elom \u00fanora a\u00a0b\u0159ezna 2018. N\u00e1sledovaly such\u00e9 l\u00e9to a\u00a0podzim, kdy byly zaznamen\u00e1ny na toc\u00edch v\u00a0Krkono\u0161\u00edch extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e n\u00edzk\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky (pod hranic\u00ed Q330d<\/sub>) p\u0159etrv\u00e1valy v\u00a0Krkono\u0161\u00edch do p\u0159elomu listopadu a\u00a0prosince 2018. S\u00a0ohledem na tuto skute\u010dnost nebylo mo\u017eno na \u0159ad\u011b tok\u016f technicky zasn\u011b\u017eovat. V\u00a0prosinci do\u0161lo ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 za\u010dalo sn\u011b\u017eit. D\u00edky oteplen\u00ed sn\u00edh t\u00e1l a\u00a0do\u0161lo ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f, nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed se zimou 2017\/2018 byly pr\u016ftoky v\u00a0krkono\u0161sk\u00fdch toc\u00edch men\u0161\u00ed. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku ledna 2019 se situace obr\u00e1tila a\u00a0nasn\u011b\u017eilo velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho sn\u011bhu\u00a0\u2013 nap\u0159. na Labsk\u00e9 Boud\u011b bylo k\u00a015.\u00a0lednu 220\u00a0cm sn\u011bhu, na Sn\u011b\u017ece 210 cm a\u00a0v\u00a0Peci pod Sn\u011b\u017ekou 103 cm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho sn\u011bhu [25]. D\u00edky dostatku p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho sn\u011bhu nebylo pot\u0159eba sjezdovky technicky zasn\u011b\u017eovat.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a02. Pr\u016fb\u011bh pr\u016ftok\u016f od prosince 2017 do dubna 2019 na Svatopetrsk\u00e9m potoce pod odb\u011brem vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ve Svat\u00e9m Petru ve \u0160pindlerov\u011b Ml\u00fdn\u011b (s\u00a0ohledem na zachycen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje pr\u016fb\u011bhu nejmen\u0161\u00edch hodnot v\u00a0grafu zobrazeny pouze hodnoty pr\u016ftok\u016f ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 0,35 m3<\/sup>\/s)
\nFig. 2. Running of discharges during the year at the Svatopetrsk\u00fd stream under water abstraction for snowmaking in Svat\u00fd Petr in \u0160pindler\u016fv Ml\u00fdn<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a03. P\u0159\u00edklad vlivu odb\u011br\u016f vody na pr\u016ftoky st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho toku za b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 zimy (\u010cernohorsk\u00fd potok ve dnech 12. a\u017e 16. ledna 2018)
\nFig. 3. An example of the effect of water abstraction on medium-sized streams during normal winters (\u010cernohorsk\u00fd stream between 12th<\/sup>\u201316th<\/sup> January 2018)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a04. Odb\u011bry vody z\u00a012. a\u017e 16. ledna 2018 na \u010cernohorsk\u00e9m potoce v\u00a0kontextu s\u00a0ostatn\u00edmi lednov\u00fdmi pr\u016ftoky
\nFig. 4. Water abstraction from 12th<\/sup> to 16th<\/sup> January 2018 at \u010cernohorsk\u00fd stream in the context of other January discharges<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a05. P\u0159\u00edklad vlivu odb\u011br\u016f vody na pr\u016ftoky st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho toku v\u00a0obdob\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy byl pr\u016ftok pod hranic\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku pro odb\u011bry vody, tzn. obdob\u00ed, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e nen\u00ed povolen odb\u011br vody (\u010cernohorsk\u00fd potok v\u00a0listopadu a\u00a0za\u010d\u00e1tkem prosince 2018)
\nFig. 5. An example of the effect of water abstraction on medium-sized streams during small discharges\u00a0\u2013 at a\u00a0time when discharges were below the minimum residual flow for water abstraction, i.e. period in which water abstraction is not permitted (\u010cernohorsk\u00fd stream in November and early December 2018)<\/h6>\n

V\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech je odeb\u00edr\u00e1no z\u00a0vodn\u00edho toku a\u017e 70 % objemu prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vody. Zda se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0velk\u00e9 objemy vody, kter\u00e9 mohou ohrozit vodn\u00ed tok, \u010di nikoliv, je pot\u0159eba hodnotit u\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9ho toku zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 podle jeho hydrologick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f a\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho objemu. Jin\u00e1 situace nast\u00e1v\u00e1, pokud se aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed velikost pr\u016ftoku bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0hranici minim\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku, jin\u00e1 pokud p\u0159ekra\u010duje hranici povod\u0148ov\u00fdch stup\u0148\u016f. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b odb\u011br\u016f vody v\u00a0obdob\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f je jak\u00fdkoliv odb\u011br vody ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed a\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b po\u0161kodit ekosyst\u00e9m toku, naopak p\u0159i odb\u011brech vody b\u011bhem povod\u0148ov\u00fdch stav\u016f se m\u016f\u017ee doc\u00edlit zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed negativn\u00edho vlivu rozlivu povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vody.<\/p>\n

Ke spr\u00e1vn\u00e9mu zhodnocen\u00ed dopadu vlivu technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na pr\u016ftoky v\u00a0toc\u00edch je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zn\u00e1t jejich ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh a\u00a0situaci, za n\u00ed\u017e se voda odeb\u00edr\u00e1. Krkono\u0161sk\u00e9 toky maj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pr\u016ftoky bu\u010f na ja\u0159e nebo v\u00a0zim\u011b a\u00a0nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed na podzim nebo v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b (obr.\u00a02<\/em>). Z\u00a0pohledu hodnocen\u00ed vlivu dopadu je proto ide\u00e1ln\u00ed porovnat zimn\u00ed pr\u016ftoky i\u00a0s\u00a0pr\u016ftoky v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 zimy (jako byla zima 2017\/2018), kdy se st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed s\u00a0oblevami a\u00a0dlouhodob\u011b nemrzne, maj\u00ed toky dostatek vody. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f i\u00a0v\u00a0dob\u011b technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed prot\u00e9k\u00e1 korytem toku v\u00edce vody ne\u017e v\u00a0letn\u00edm a\u00a0podzimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed. Je to dob\u0159e patrn\u00e9 z\u00a0podrobn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy variability denn\u00edch hodnot pr\u016ftok\u016f b\u011bhem roku a\u00a0srovn\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0obdob\u00ed, kdy se typicky m\u016f\u017ee zasn\u011b\u017eovat (m\u011bs\u00edce prosinec a\u017e \u00fanor) a\u00a0obdob\u00ed, kdy se nezasn\u011b\u017euje, resp. byly v\u00a0roce 2018 nam\u011b\u0159eny nejmen\u0161\u00ed pr\u016ftoky (m\u011bs\u00edce \u010derven a\u017e z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed). Na polovin\u011b profil\u016f (8 ze 14\u00a0\u2013 profily \u010cern\u00fd 1, \u010cernohorsk\u00fd 1, Vl\u010d\u00ed 2, p\u0159\u00edtok Hu\u0165sk\u00e9ho potoka, Hu\u0165sk\u00fd 6 a\u00a0na v\u0161ech profilech na Svatopetrsk\u00e9m potoce) byla zimn\u00ed minima vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e medi\u00e1n pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159\u00edtok Hu\u0165sk\u00e9ho potoka, z\u00a0n\u011bho\u017e se i\u00a0zasn\u011b\u017euje, je potok, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 ze sledovan\u00fdch tok\u016f nejmen\u0161\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed medi\u00e1n pr\u016ftoku. Obdobn\u011b se odeb\u00edr\u00e1 voda pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed i\u00a0z\u00a0Vl\u010d\u00edho potoka a\u00a0Svatopetrsk\u00e9ho potoka. Na ostatn\u00edch profilech byly medi\u00e1ny letn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e zimn\u00ed minimum, av\u0161ak v\u017edy ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e hodnota Q330d<\/sub> pro letn\u00ed obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku zimy 2018\/2019 (m\u011bs\u00edce listopad a\u00a0prosinec) vrcholilo hydrologick\u00e9 sucho z\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edho obdob\u00ed. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu byly m\u011b\u0159eny na sledovan\u00fdch toc\u00edch n\u00edzk\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch nebylo vhodn\u00e9 odeb\u00edrat vodu z\u00a0tok\u016f (nejen pro \u00fa\u010dely technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed). Byly zaznamen\u00e1ny odb\u011bry vody ze Zelen\u00e9ho, Vl\u010d\u00edho, \u010cernohorsk\u00e9ho a\u00a0Svatopetrsk\u00e9ho potoka. Naopak na \u010cern\u00e9m potoce nebyly zaregistrov\u00e1ny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 odb\u011bry.<\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zky p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f dopadu technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na pr\u016ftoky vybran\u00fdch tok\u016f jsou zobrazeny na obr.\u00a02<\/em> a\u017e 8<\/em>. Na obr.\u00a02<\/em> je uk\u00e1z\u00e1n celoro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh pr\u016ftok\u016f na Svatopetrsk\u00e9m potoce (potok se st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00fdm pr\u016ftokem, medi\u00e1n pr\u016ftoku 0,17 m3<\/sup>\/s). Na obr.\u00a03<\/em> je zobrazen podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pohled na jeden z\u00a0typick\u00fdch odb\u011br\u016f vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 zim\u011b (na \u010cernohorsk\u00e9m potoce). Na obr.\u00a04<\/em> je d\u00e1n tento odb\u011br (z\u00a0obr.\u00a03<\/em>) do souvislosti s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi pr\u016ftoky v\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edci lednu. Je zde vid\u011bt, \u017ee p\u0159esto\u017ee je odeb\u00edr\u00e1no i\u00a027 % objemu vody, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed hladiny toku je v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Daleko v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro \u010cernohorsk\u00fd potok byly odb\u011bry vody z\u00a0listopadu 2018, kter\u00e9 jsou zobrazeny na obr.\u00a05<\/em>. Ji\u017e p\u0159i letm\u00e9m porovn\u00e1n\u00ed obr.\u00a03<\/em> a\u00a05<\/em> je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee listopadov\u00e9 odb\u011bry vody (kter\u00e9 byly realizov\u00e1ny v\u00a0dob\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u00a0obdob\u00ed, kdy byl pr\u016ftok na toku men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e povolen\u00fd minim\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u016fstatkov\u00fd pr\u016ftok pro odb\u011br vody, tzn. odb\u011bry vody by nem\u011bly b\u00fdt podle platn\u00fdch vydan\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed realizov\u00e1ny) m\u011bly na \u010cernohorsk\u00fd potok v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dopad, kde odb\u011bry vody v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0velmi n\u00edzk\u00fdmi pr\u016ftoky a\u00a0podnulov\u00fdmi teplotami vzduchu mohly v\u00e9st k\u00a0vymrznut\u00ed koryta toku, nebo dokonce i\u00a0k\u00a0jeho vyschnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jin\u00fd pohled na odb\u011bry vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ukazuje obr.\u00a06<\/em>. Zat\u00edmco na p\u0159\u00edkladu \u010cernohorsk\u00e9ho potoka byl uk\u00e1z\u00e1n dopad na st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00e9 toky (kam se za\u0159azuje v\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00a0prezentovan\u00fdch tok\u016f, medi\u00e1n pr\u016ftok\u016f \u010cernohorsk\u00e9ho potoka je 0,03 m3<\/sup>\/s), tak \u010cern\u00fd potok pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0t\u011bm s\u00a0men\u0161\u00edm pr\u016ftokem (medi\u00e1n 0,02 m3<\/sup>\/s). Rozd\u00edln\u00fd u obou potok\u016f je i ro\u010dn\u00ed chod pr\u016ftok\u016f. Zat\u00edmco \u010cern\u00fd potok m\u00e1 pr\u016ftok vyrovnan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, tak u \u010cernohorsk\u00e9ho potoka doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu rozptylu mezi hodnotami men\u0161\u00edch a v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f.). D\u00edky men\u0161\u00edmu pr\u016ftoku na \u010cern\u00e9m potoce maj\u00ed odb\u011bry vody v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b odb\u011bru na kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftoku v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dopad. Negativn\u00ed dopad odb\u011br\u016f vody je u\u00a0\u010cern\u00e9ho potoka kompenzov\u00e1n dostate\u010dnou dotac\u00ed vody z\u00a0okoln\u00edch zdroj\u016f, po proudu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0rychl\u00e9mu nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pr\u016ftoku a\u00a0relativn\u011b brzk\u00e9 minimalizaci vlivu odb\u011bru vody.<\/p>\n

Zm\u011bna dynamiky odtoku p\u0159i t\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu n\u00e1s tak\u00e9 zaj\u00edmala\u00a0\u2013 na v\u0161ech profilech bylo analyzov\u00e1no, jak\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st odtoku poch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho sn\u011bhu a\u00a0jak\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st z\u00a0technick\u00e9ho sn\u011bhu. S\u00a0ohledem na kr\u00e1tkou dobu pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed zat\u00edm nelze\u00a0publikovat jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry, zda (o\u00a0kolik a\u00a0po jakou dobu) je dotace vody poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0taj\u00edc\u00edho technick\u00e9ho sn\u011bhu pro nadlep\u0161en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f vodn\u00edch tok\u016f v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010di nikoliv.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a06. P\u0159\u00edklad vlivu odb\u011br\u016f vody na pr\u016ftoky mal\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho toku za b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 zimy (\u010cern\u00fd potok v\u00a0lednu 2018)
\nFig. 6. An example of the effect of water abstraction on small-sized streams during\u2028normal winters (\u010cern\u00fd stream in January 2018)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a07. Dopad antropogenn\u00ed \u010dinnosti (vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod) v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho potoka; p\u0159\u00edklad vzestupu pr\u016ftok\u016f dne 19. 1. 2018 (pozn\u00e1mka: vzd\u00e1lenost pozorovac\u00edho profilu nad a\u00a0pod odb\u011brov\u00fdm m\u00edstem 600 m)
\nFig. 7. Impact of anthropogenic activity (discharge of water) in the \u010cern\u00fd stream catchment area; example of increase of discharges on 19th<\/sup> January 2018<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a08. Dopad antropogenn\u00ed \u010dinnosti v\u00a0povod\u00ed Zelen\u00e9ho potoka\u00a0\u2013 odhrnov\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu do vodn\u00edho toku dne 16. 1. 2018, odb\u011br vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ve dnech 13. a\u017e 16. 1. 2018
\nFig. 8. Impact of anthropogenic activity in the Zelen\u00fd stream catchment area\u00a0\u2013 snow removal into the stream on 16th<\/sup> January 2018, water abstraction for technical snowmaking from 13th<\/sup> to 16th<\/sup> January 2018<\/h6>\n

Byl sledov\u00e1n vliv i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch antropogenn\u00edch faktor\u016f. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo objeveno v\u00a0Rokytnici nad Jizerou na \u010cern\u00e9m potoce periodick\u00e9 vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edh\u00e1 b\u011bhem hlavn\u00ed turistick\u00e9 sezony zpravidla dvakr\u00e1t denn\u011b (viz obr.\u00a07<\/em>, dob\u0159e patrno i\u00a0z\u00a0obr.\u00a06<\/em>, vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed detekov\u00e1no i\u00a0na m\u00edrn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch v\u00a0odebran\u00e9m vzorku dne 20. 2. 2019\u00a0\u2013 viz tabulka 1<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed konduktivity toku). V\u00a0Peci pod Sn\u011b\u017ekou bylo zaznamen\u00e1no odkl\u00edzen\u00ed sn\u011bhu z\u00a0komunikac\u00ed do vodn\u00edho toku (na obr.\u00a08<\/em> je zobrazena uk\u00e1zka vlivu na pr\u016ftoky Zelen\u00e9ho potoka). Na sledov\u00e1n\u00ed vlivu odb\u011br\u016f vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed antropogenn\u00ed \u010dinnosti na pokles pr\u016ftok\u016f byla zam\u011b\u0159ena pozornost i\u00a0v\u00a0r\u00e1mci anal\u00fdzy dopadu na soustavu jednotliv\u00fdch povod\u00ed Hu\u0165sk\u00e9ho potoka v\u00a0Rokytnici nad Jizerou. P\u0159esto\u017ee byl zaznamen\u00e1n na jednotliv\u00fdch pozorovac\u00edch profilech t\u011bsn\u011b pod proveden\u00fdmi odb\u011bry vliv na pokles pr\u016ftok\u016f, d\u00e1le po proudu toku byly podstatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ostatn\u00ed odb\u011bry a\u00a0vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0odb\u011bry vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na pr\u016ftoc\u00edch nebylo mo\u017eno v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0ostatn\u00edmi vlivy rozpoznat.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a09. M\u00edsto odb\u011bru vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na Vl\u010d\u00edm potoce v\u00a0Peci pod Sn\u011b\u017ekou
\nFig. 9. The place of water abstraction for technical snowmaking on Vl\u010d\u00ed stream in Pec pod Sn\u011b\u017ekou<\/h6>\n

Posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed dopadu technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Odb\u011bry vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed maj\u00ed na vodn\u00ed tok obdobn\u00fd vliv jako ostatn\u00ed odb\u011bry vody. Je vhodn\u00e9 tyto odb\u011bry posuzovat stejn\u011b jako ostatn\u00ed odb\u011bry. V\u00fdhodou odb\u011br\u016f vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed oproti ostatn\u00edm odb\u011br\u016fm je jejich realizace v\u00a0zimn\u00ed \u010dtvrtin\u011b roku, kdy zpravidla b\u00fdv\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016ftok. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak dv\u011b rizikov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 za\u010d\u00e1tek zimn\u00ed sezony, kdy \u010dasto p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky z\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edho podzimn\u00edho obdob\u00ed s\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdm pr\u016ftokem, a\u00a0obdob\u00ed, kdy dostate\u010dn\u011b mrzne a\u00a0doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0vymrz\u00e1n\u00ed tok\u016f, a\u00a0tud\u00ed\u017e k\u00a0poklesu pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0toku.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sn\u011bhu a\u00a0vodn\u00edch tok\u016f
\nTable 1. Snow and water pollution<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Z\u00a0pohledu velikosti toku nen\u00ed odb\u011br vody ze st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00fdch a\u00a0velk\u00fdch tok\u016f (s\u00a0medi\u00e1nem pr\u016ftoku od 0,025 m3<\/sup>\/s) v\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 zim\u011b p\u0159i dodr\u017een\u00ed v\u0161ech povolen\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. U\u00a0men\u0161\u00edch tok\u016f je dopad odb\u011br\u016f vody na kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed hladiny ve vodn\u00edm toku v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159i dodr\u017een\u00ed v\u0161ech povolen\u00fdch limit\u016f by s\u00a0odb\u011bry vody nem\u011bl b\u00fdt probl\u00e9m. S\u00a0ohledem na neexistenci stani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b na mal\u00fdch toc\u00edch a\u00a0zjednodu\u0161en\u00fdm v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016fm hodnot minim\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u016fstatkov\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f (a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch charakteristik) formou analogie stavu mezi povod\u00edmi, kde existuje stani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165, a\u00a0povod\u00edm, z\u00a0n\u011bho\u017e se m\u00e1 realizovat odb\u011br, m\u016f\u017ee v\u00a0ojedin\u011bl\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nastat situace, kdy odvozen\u00e9 hodnoty limitn\u00edch hodnot pr\u016ftok\u016f mohou b\u00fdt v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nadhodnoceny nebo podhodnoceny. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b podhodnocen\u00ed limit\u016f m\u016f\u017ee nastat probl\u00e9m s\u00a0dodr\u017een\u00edm optim\u00e1ln\u00ed velikosti minim\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu by bylo vhodn\u00e9, aby pod ka\u017ed\u00fdm odb\u011brov\u00fdm m\u00edstem bylo instalov\u00e1no certifikovan\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0na z\u00e1klad\u011b konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch dat byly upraveny povolen\u00e9 limity maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho odebran\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, resp. minim\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku, aby l\u00e9pe odpov\u00eddaly realit\u011b.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a010. Zamrzl\u00e1 akumula\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e na odb\u011br vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0Jansk\u00e9ho potoka v\u00a0Jansk\u00fdch L\u00e1zn\u00edch
\nFig. 10. Frozen water storage reservoir for technical snowmaking from Jansk\u00fd stream in Jansk\u00e9 L\u00e1zn\u011b<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a011. M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vodn\u00ed hodnoty sn\u011bhu pomoc\u00ed sn\u011bhom\u011bru ve V\u00edtkovic\u00edch
\nFig. 11. Measurement of water value of snow using snow meter in V\u00edtkovice<\/h6>\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem je povolen\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00fd odb\u011br vody z\u00a0velmi mal\u00fdch tok\u016f (resp. vodote\u010d\u00ed) s\u00a0pr\u016ftokem kolem\u00a0jednotek l\/s. Ten je nevhodn\u00fd. Tyto vodote\u010de \u010dasto nemaj\u00ed st\u00e1l\u00fd pr\u016ftok. P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u00a0nich v\u00a0zim\u011b prot\u00e9k\u00e1 voda, je v\u00a0nich slo\u017eit\u00e9 udr\u017eet hodnotu minim\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed vodote\u010d\u00ed je teoreticky mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00a0obdob\u00ed jarn\u00edho t\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di jin\u00fdch extr\u00e9mn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek, kdy je vody dostatek, formou akumulace vody v\u00a0reten\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed odt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vody v\u00a0obdob\u00ed jarn\u00edho t\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch obdob\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek je jedna z\u00a0variant, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem eliminovat p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 negativn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky odb\u011br\u016f vody z\u00a0tok\u016f. Pokud by do\u0161lo k\u00a0vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed reten\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed na akumulaci vod z\u00a0t\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu a\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u00e9to vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed sjezdovek, nem\u011bl by b\u00fdt probl\u00e9m p\u0159i jejich dostate\u010dn\u00e9 kapacit\u011b technicky zasn\u011b\u017eit sjezdovky b\u011bhem cel\u00e9 zimn\u00ed sezony a\u00a0zejm\u00e9na na za\u010d\u00e1tku sezony, kdy provozovatel\u00e9 ski are\u00e1l\u016f pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed technicky zasn\u011b\u017eit sjezdovky p\u0159ed V\u00e1noci, ale s\u00a0ohledem na\u00a0p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed mal\u00fd pr\u016ftok nen\u00ed mo\u017eno z\u00a0vodn\u00edch tok\u016f vodu odeb\u00edrat. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed provozovatel\u00e9 pak odeb\u00edraj\u00ed vodu nad r\u00e1mec vydan\u00fdch povolen\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 by nem\u011bl b\u00fdt probl\u00e9m pokr\u00fdt i\u00a0druh\u00e9 kritick\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e je b\u011bhem zimy v\u00a0toku m\u00e1lo vody\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy hodn\u011b mrzne. T\u0159et\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u011b rizikov\u00fdm obdob\u00edm, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e mohou n\u00e1dr\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bt ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch odb\u011br\u016f vody, je obdob\u00ed oblevy, kdy jsou p\u0159es den vysok\u00e9 teploty a\u00a0b\u011bhem noci kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 obdob\u00ed, v\u00a0nich\u017e mrzne, a\u00a0je pot\u0159eba n\u00e1razov\u011b co nejv\u00edce zasn\u011b\u017eovat. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee akumula\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e bude postavena na vhodn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, tak aby krajin\u00e1\u0159sky zapadla do prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 nenaru\u0161ila ekologicky cenn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0preventivn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee eliminovat negativn\u00ed odb\u011bry vody b\u011bhem n\u00edzk\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 chr\u00e1nit \u00fazem\u00ed proti negativn\u00edm dopad\u016fm jarn\u00edch rozliv\u016f. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mo\u017en\u00fdch odb\u011br\u016f za r\u016fzn\u011b velk\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f se nab\u00edz\u00ed i\u00a0mo\u017enost lep\u0161\u00ed regulace\u00a0\u2013 omezovat odb\u011bry vody z\u00a0tok\u016f v\u00a0obdob\u00ed mal\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0naopak je sm\u011b\u0159ovat do obdob\u00ed s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi pr\u016ftoky\u00a0\u2013 nap\u0159. v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0\u010dasto diskutovanou problematikou poplatk\u016f za odb\u011br vody pro zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed sjezdovek, kdy se vede dlouhodob\u00e1 diskuse, zda v\u00fdjimku pro odb\u011bry vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed sjezdovek zachovat, \u010di nikoliv. Pokud by byl zvolen kompromis\u00a0\u2013 obecn\u00e9 zru\u0161en\u00ed t\u00e9to v\u00fdjimky bezplatn\u00e9ho odb\u011bru vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, av\u0161ak s\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed prominut\u00ed tohoto poplatku v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u017ee by odb\u011bry vody prob\u00edhaly pouze p\u0159i nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch (a\u00a0obecn\u011b byly spln\u011bny p\u0159edem stanoven\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro ekologicky dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017eiteln\u00fd rozvoj) a\u00a0bylo m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na odb\u011bry vody certifikov\u00e1no\u00a0\u2013 by na tom byly ekologicky se chovaj\u00edc\u00ed are\u00e1ly stejn\u011b jako dnes. Ve vydan\u00fdch povolen\u00edch by bylo pot\u0159eba definovat obdob\u00ed nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0o\u0161et\u0159it obdob\u00ed, b\u011bhem n\u011bho\u017e bude mo\u017eno vodu odeb\u00edrat a\u00a0kdy nikoliv.<\/p>\n

Hustota a\u00a0vodn\u00ed hodnota sn\u011bhu na technicky zasn\u011b\u017eovan\u00e9 sjezdovce a\u00a0mimo ni<\/h2>\n

S\u00a0ohledem na mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee odt\u00e9ci ze sjezdovek, je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed i\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, kter\u00e9 sn\u00edh obsahuje. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 i\u00a0vodn\u00ed hodnota sn\u011bhu, resp. hustota sn\u011bhu. \u010cerstv\u00fd sn\u00edh m\u00e1 men\u0161\u00ed vodn\u00ed hodnotu sn\u011bhu a\u00a0hustotu ne\u017e nap\u0159. sesedl\u00fd sn\u00edh, firn nebo mokr\u00fd sn\u00edh. Zaj\u00edmalo n\u00e1s, jak\u00e9 jsou rozd\u00edly ve vodn\u00ed hodnot\u011b sn\u011bhu a\u00a0v\u00a0hustot\u011b sn\u011bhu na sjezdovk\u00e1ch a\u00a0mimo n\u011b p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch typech po\u010das\u00ed. Ve 12 dnech bylo provedeno celkem 211 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0Jansk\u00fdch L\u00e1zn\u00edch, Peci pod Sn\u011b\u017ekou, \u0160pindlerov\u011b Ml\u00fdn\u011b, Rokytnici nad Jizerou, Pasek\u00e1ch nad Jizerou a\u00a0V\u00edtkovic\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Hustota sn\u011bhu mimo sjezdovku se pohybovala mezi 0,08 a\u00a00,28 g\/cm3<\/sup>, na sjezdovce pak mezi 0,11 a\u00a00,43 g\/cm3<\/sup>. Vodn\u00ed hodnota sn\u011bhu se pohybovala mimo sjezdovku od 159 mm po 557 mm a\u00a0na sjezdovce od 188 mm do\u00a0742 mm. Na sjezdovce bylo v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru mezi 1,3 a\u017e 1,9\u00d7 v\u00edce vody ve sn\u011bhu ne\u017e mimo n\u011b. \u010c\u00edslo vyjad\u0159uje nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br z\u00a0v\u00edce hodnot na t\u00e9\u017ee sjezdovce, resp. mimo ni. Rozp\u011bt\u00ed mezi krajn\u00edmi hodnotami m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zna\u010dn\u00e9 (nap\u0159. vodn\u00ed hodnota sn\u011bhu v\u00a0Rokytnici na sjezdovce byla v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed od 398 mm do 536\u00a0mm).<\/p>\n

Rozd\u00edl mezi mno\u017estv\u00edm vody je d\u00e1n typem po\u010das\u00ed (umrzl\u00fd sn\u00edh m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vodn\u00ed hodnotu ne\u017e \u010derstv\u00fd), strukturou sn\u011bhu a\u00a0zhut\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm sn\u011bhu rolbou. Vliv zhutn\u011bn\u00ed rolbou je velmi dob\u0159e patrn\u00fd z\u00a0pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu, kdy p\u0159i odb\u011brech sn\u011bhu sn\u011bhom\u011brem na sjezdovce je nejprve horn\u00ed vrstva tuh\u00e1, pod rolbou zhutn\u011bnou vrstvou je postupn\u011b sn\u00edh m\u011bk\u010d\u00ed. Pokud neprob\u00edh\u00e1 soustavn\u00e9 zhut\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, je rozd\u00edl mezi vodn\u00ed hodnotou na neupravovan\u00e9 sjezdovce a\u00a0mimo ni men\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Anal\u00fdza chemismu vody a\u00a0sn\u011bhu<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0technick\u00fdm zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm se \u010dasto diskutuje o\u00a0problematice kvality vody vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 k\u00a0technick\u00e9mu zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u0165 u\u017e v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi aditivy nebo s\u00a0ohledem na odb\u011bry zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 vody z\u00a0tok\u016f d\u00edky neexistenci \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren odpadn\u00edch vod u\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch horsk\u00fdch bud. K\u00a0celkov\u00e9mu obrazu o\u00a0vlivu technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed nejen pohled na dopad na zm\u011bnu pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9 bilance, ale i\u00a0pohled na mo\u017en\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed men\u0161\u00edch tok\u016f (u\u00a0nich\u017e se b\u011b\u017en\u011b kvalita vody nesleduje) a\u00a0ev. dopad takto zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 vody na biotu sjezdovky.<\/p>\n

Proto bylo b\u011bhem zimn\u00ed sezony 2018\/2019 odebr\u00e1no 25 vzork\u016f, u\u00a0nich\u017e byl proveden z\u00e1kladn\u00ed chemick\u00fd rozbor, kde akreditovan\u00e1 laborato\u0159 V\u00daV TGM, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., v\u00a0Praze stanovila celkov\u00fd obsah dus\u00edku a\u00a0fosforu, obsah amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho a\u00a0dusi\u010dnanov\u00e9ho dus\u00edku, obsah chlorid\u016f a\u00a0pH. Obsahy amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho a\u00a0dusi\u010dnanov\u00e9ho dus\u00edku pak byly v\u00fdpo\u010dtem p\u0159evedeny na mno\u017estv\u00ed amonn\u00fdch iont\u016f a\u00a0dusi\u010dnan\u016f. C\u00edlem t\u011bchto rozbor\u016f nebylo podrobn\u011b zmapovat zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na jednotliv\u00fdch potoc\u00edch a\u00a0sjezdovk\u00e1ch a\u00a0variabilitu tohoto zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (kde by bylo pro objektivitu pot\u0159eba prov\u00e1d\u011bt \u010dast\u00fd monitoring a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 b\u011bhem ka\u017ed\u00e9ho odb\u011bru vzork\u016f odebrat sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed vzork\u016f s\u00a0ohledem na prom\u011bnlivost prost\u0159ed\u00ed), ale pouze orienta\u010dn\u011b zjistit, jak hodn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt voda a\u00a0sn\u00edh zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd b\u011b\u017en\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami a\u00a0zda je potenci\u00e1ln\u011b toto zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 a\u00a0je pot\u0159eba ho \u0159e\u0161it.<\/p>\n

Na p\u0159\u00edtomnost aditiv chemick\u00e9 rozbory nebyly prov\u00e1d\u011bny s\u00a0ohledem na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost u\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto aditiv, vysok\u00fdm n\u00e1klad\u016fm na po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jedn\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy a\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na to, \u017ee v\u00a0ly\u017ea\u0159sk\u00fdch are\u00e1lech, v\u00a0nich\u017e byla teoretick\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobnost u\u017eit\u00ed aditiv nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny anal\u00fdzy podnikem Povod\u00ed Labe a\u00a0v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu TITSMZP707 (Vliv technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed Krkono\u0161sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku a\u00a0jeho ochrann\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma).<\/p>\n

V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu sezony bylo b\u011bhem t\u0159\u00ed term\u00edn\u016f (na za\u010d\u00e1tku, uprost\u0159ed a\u00a0na konci zimy) odebr\u00e1no celkem 25 vzork\u016f\u00a0\u2013 12 vzork\u016f z\u00a0potok\u016f, 4 vzorky z\u00a0nov\u00e9ho sn\u011bhu a\u00a09 vzork\u016f ze sjezdovek ze v\u0161ech n\u00e1mi sledovan\u00fdch oblast\u00ed (Rokytnice nad Jizerou, \u0160pindler\u016fv Ml\u00fdn, Jansk\u00e9 L\u00e1zn\u011b, Pec pod Sn\u011b\u017ekou). Nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na technicky zasn\u011b\u017eovan\u00fdch sjezdovk\u00e1ch bylo minim\u00e1ln\u00ed (viz hodnoty v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em>). Zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bylo hluboko pod limity pro pitnou vodu. Jedin\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edpadem, kdy byly p\u0159ekro\u010deny limity hodnot pro pitnou vodu, byl jeden vzorek odebran\u00fd ze sjezdovky, na n\u00ed\u017e se jel sv\u011btov\u00fd poh\u00e1r ve sjezdov\u00e9m ly\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Obsah amonn\u00fdch iont\u016f zde p\u0159ekra\u010doval normu v\u00edce ne\u017e 16x, oproti jin\u00fdm sjezdovk\u00e1m byl tak\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd obsah chlorid\u016f (av\u0161ak limity pro pitnou vodu nebyly p\u0159ekro\u010deny). Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 hodnoty zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0jednom ze dvou odebran\u00fdch vzork\u016f souvis\u00ed s\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdm u\u017eit\u00edm salmiaku (chlorid amonn\u00fd\u00a0\u2013 NH4<\/sub>Cl), kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i z\u00e1vodech pro udr\u017een\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed kvality sjezdov\u00fdch trat\u00ed b\u011bhem z\u00e1vodu. Anal\u00fdza vzork\u016f ze sjezdovky, na n\u00ed\u017e se jel sv\u011btov\u00fd poh\u00e1r, byla z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu zvolena z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b, proto\u017ee bylo zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 zjistit, jak velk\u00e9 lok\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sjezdovky m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt, pokud se na dan\u00e9 sjezdovce kon\u00e1 vrcholov\u00e1 sportovn\u00ed akce, na n\u00ed\u017e je s\u00a0ohledem na udr\u017een\u00ed kvality sjezdov\u00fdch trat\u00ed b\u011bhem z\u00e1vodu a\u00a0jej\u00ed regul\u00e9rnosti nutn\u00e1 p\u0159edz\u00e1vodn\u00ed \u00faprava sjezdovky, v\u010detn\u011b jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9ho v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9ho u\u017eit\u00ed salmiaku v\u00a0obdob\u00ed, kdy je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplota vzduchu, tak, aby z\u016fstala sjezdov\u00e1 tra\u0165 po celou dobu tvrd\u00e1 a\u00a0netvo\u0159ila se na n\u00ed koryta.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a012. Sjezdov\u00e9 trat\u011b ve Svat\u00e9m Petru ve \u0160pindlerov\u011b Ml\u00fdn\u011b; v\u00a0lev\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sn\u00edmku \u010dern\u00e1 FIS sjezdovka, na n\u00ed\u017e se jel sv\u011btov\u00fd poh\u00e1r ve sjezdov\u00e9m ly\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0kde byly nam\u011b\u0159eny zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 koncentrace amonn\u00fdch iont\u016f
\nFig. 12. Ski slopes in Svat\u00fd Petr in \u0160pindler\u016fv Ml\u00fdn<\/h6>\n

Obdobn\u011b m\u00e1lo v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 bylo zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0potoc\u00edch, z\u00a0nich\u017e se odeb\u00edr\u00e1 voda pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00a0tohoto pohledu by odb\u011br vody z\u00a0toku nem\u011bl p\u0159edstavovat pro p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m. Krom\u011b 12 komplexn\u00edch vzork\u016f analyzovan\u00fdch v\u00a0akreditovan\u00e9 laborato\u0159i bylo pro vyhodnocen\u00ed k\u00a0dispozici je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159es 200 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hodnot konduktivity, kter\u00e1 se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b za r\u016fzn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch stav\u016f sou\u010dasn\u011b s\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm pr\u016ftok\u016f. Nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 hodnoty konduktivity byly velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9 (mezi 16 a\u00a081 \u00b5S\/cm), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nejvyrovnan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnoty byly na \u010cernohorsk\u00e9m potoce (konduktivita v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed mezi 20 a\u00a030 \u00b5S\/cm) v\u00a0Jansk\u00fdch L\u00e1zn\u00edch. Naopak nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed konduktivita byla v\u0161eobecn\u011b na toc\u00edch v\u00a0Rokytnici nad Jizerou. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (av\u0161ak v\u00fdrazn\u011b pod\u00a0limitem pro pitnou vodu) zde bylo v\u00a0Hu\u0165sk\u00e9m potoce. Konduktivita se na horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Hu\u0165sk\u00e9ho potoka pohybovala za b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch podm\u00ednek mezi 76 a\u00a0144 \u00b5S\/cm, na spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti toku pod Rokytnic\u00ed (kde se voda pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed neodeb\u00edr\u00e1) mezi 107 a\u00a0229 \u00b5S\/cm (limit pro pitnou vodu je 1 250 \u00b5S\/cm). V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost hlavn\u011b kvalit\u011b prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vody v\u00a0\u010cern\u00e9m potoce. P\u0159esto\u017ee odebran\u00e9 vzorky z\u00a0tohoto potoka prozat\u00edm sv\u00fdmi hodnotami p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nevybo\u010dovaly z\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na ostatn\u00edch profilech, existuje p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee na \u010d\u00e1sti toku tomu tak nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt s\u00a0ohledem na vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod, kter\u00e9 je podchyceno daty s\u00a0hodnotami zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0hodnotami nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 konduktivity v\u00a0toku. Bohu\u017eel, rozbory vzork\u016f z\u00a0toku z\u00a0doby vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nejsou prozat\u00edm k\u00a0dispozici\u00a0\u2013 nep\u0159\u00edmo pouze vzorek z\u00a020. 2. 2019, kter\u00fd byl ale odebr\u00e1n a\u017e 2\u00a0hodiny po vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody p\u0159i dozn\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dopadu vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0proveden\u00fdch rozbor\u016f vzork\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f by b\u011bhem technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nem\u011blo doch\u00e1zet d\u00edky odb\u011br\u016fm vody z\u00a0vodn\u00edch tok\u016f ke kontaminaci p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami. Problematick\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pouze jednotky p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy prob\u00edh\u00e1 nepovolen\u00e9 vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod, pop\u0159. je nedostate\u010dn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 lok\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dist\u00edrna odpadn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Odb\u011bry vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 zim\u011b na st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00fdch a\u00a0velk\u00fdch toc\u00edch p\u0159i dodr\u017een\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho povolen\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed odebran\u00e9 vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed probl\u00e9m. Men\u0161\u00ed toky jsou s\u00a0ohledem na mo\u017enost v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed hladiny zraniteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V\u00a0zimn\u00ed sezon\u011b existuj\u00ed dv\u011b kritick\u00e1 obdob\u00ed (za\u010d\u00e1tek zimy a\u00a0obdob\u00ed mrznut\u00ed), v\u00a0nich\u017e se mohou potenci\u00e1ln\u011b \u010dast\u011bji vyskytnout n\u00edzk\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky, a\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na jejich v\u00fdskyt nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed, aby prob\u00edhaly odb\u011bry vody. Pro p\u0159eklenut\u00ed t\u011bchto obdob\u00ed je ide\u00e1ln\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt akumula\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee napln\u011bn\u00e9 vodou odebranou v\u00a0obdob\u00ed se zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdmi pr\u016ftoky.<\/p>\n

Odb\u011bry vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed maj\u00ed na vodn\u00ed tok obdobn\u00fd vliv jako ostatn\u00ed odb\u011bry vody. Je vhodn\u00e9 tyto odb\u011bry posuzovat stejn\u011b jako ostatn\u00ed odb\u011bry a\u00a0br\u00e1t v\u00a0potaz i\u00a0ostatn\u00ed antropogenn\u00edmi vlivy (vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod, shrnov\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu do toku apod.). V\u00a0kontextu ostatn\u00edch odb\u011br\u016f a\u00a0antropogenn\u00edch vliv\u016f maj\u00ed odb\u011bry vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed za b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch podm\u00ednek sp\u00ed\u0161e men\u0161\u00ed vliv ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed antropogenn\u00ed \u010dinnost. Vlivy odb\u011br\u016f vody pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na toky jsou tak p\u0159ece\u0148ov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0hlediska zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody v\u00a0toc\u00edch, z\u00a0nich\u017e se odeb\u00edr\u00e1 voda pro technick\u00e9 zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, i\u00a0ze sn\u011bhu nebyly za b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch podm\u00ednek nam\u011b\u0159eny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 znepokojiv\u00e9 \u00fadaje. Jedin\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek se vyskytly n\u00e1razov\u011b ve vzorku ze sjezdovky, na n\u00ed\u017e se jel sv\u011btov\u00fd poh\u00e1r ve sjezdov\u00e9m ly\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00a0hlediska porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed hustoty sn\u011bhu na sjezdovce a\u00a0mimo ni m\u00e1 sn\u00edh na sjezdovce p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,5\u00d7 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hustotu ne\u017e mimo ni.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl v\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho projektu Technologick\u00e9 agentury \u010cR a\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00edm TH02030080 a\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Podpora dlouhodob\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed Krkono\u0161sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku s\u00a0d\u016frazem na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky vlivu technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na pokles pr\u016ftok\u016f s\u00a0c\u00edlem zv\u00fd\u0161it dlouhodobou efektivitu ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody a\u00a0krajiny. <\/em><\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed i\u00a0ostatn\u00edm koleg\u016fm z\u00a0Odboru hydrologie, hydrauliky a\u00a0hydrogeologie V\u00daV TGM, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., kte\u0159\u00ed se spolupod\u00edleli na v\u00fdstavb\u011b stani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00edch.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 dopadem technick\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na vybran\u00e9 toky na \u00fazem\u00ed Krkono\u0161 z pohledu zm\u011bn v pr\u016ftoc\u00edch, z hlediska interakce mo\u017en\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed z tok\u016f a opa\u010dn\u011b, a rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm sn\u011bhem a sn\u011bhem le\u017e\u00edc\u00edm na sjezdovce.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6676,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[1655,1145,1658,1654,1653,1656,1652,1657],"coauthors":[37],"class_list":["post-6681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-hladina-toku","tag-minimalni-zustatkovy-prutok","tag-ochrana-prirody","tag-prutok","tag-sjezdovka","tag-snih","tag-technicke-zasnezovani","tag-znecisteni-toku"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6681","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6681"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6681\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30529,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6681\/revisions\/30529"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6676"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6681"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6681"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6681"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=6681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}