![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Ilustracni-fotografie-4-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\n\u00davod<\/h2>\n
V\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku se pokou\u0161\u00edme shrnout poznatky o\u00a0\u201ebiouhlu\u201c (biochare) z\u00a0hlediska jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0technologii \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod. Proto\u017ee jde ve velk\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b o\u00a0nad\u0161en\u00e9 informace v\u00fdrobc\u016f tohoto materi\u00e1lu, nebo o\u00a0d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdzkum formou diplomov\u00fdch a\u00a0doktorandsk\u00fdch prac\u00ed, u\u00a0kter\u00fdch je tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd pozitivn\u00ed v\u00fdsledek, je t\u0159eba b\u00fdt trochu skeptick\u00fd.<\/p>\n
Dosud z\u00edskan\u00e9 poznatky jsou nicm\u00e9n\u011b velmi pozitivn\u00ed. Proto\u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nek nen\u00ed v\u00fdsledkem vlastn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu, nen\u00ed jeho sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed metodika ale pouze souhrn informac\u00ed s\u00a0kritick\u00fdm rozborem, co je t\u0159eba ov\u011b\u0159it a\u00a0kde jsou p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e1 slab\u00e1 m\u00edsta pou\u017eit\u00ed tohoto materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n
Metodika<\/h2>\n
Jak je uvedeno v\u00a0\u00favodu, metodick\u00fd postup byl pouze ve zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed re\u0161er\u0161e z\u00a0publikovan\u00fdch informac\u00ed o\u00a0biouhlu, jej\u00ed\u017e p\u0159ehled je uveden v\u00a0literatu\u0159e \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n
V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n
Biochare (\u010desky tedy biouhel) je zuheln\u011bn\u00e1 biomasa, kter\u00e1 vznikla termickou p\u0159em\u011bnou (n\u00edzkoteplotn\u00ed pyrol\u00fdza, karbonizace), nikoli spalov\u00e1n\u00edm z\u00a0organick\u00fdch hmot. V\u00a0podstat\u011b jde o\u00a0obdobu d\u0159evn\u00e9ho nebo aktivn\u00edho uhl\u00ed, ale vyroben\u00e9ho ze zbytkov\u00e9 a\u00a0odpadn\u00ed biomasy.\u00a0Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017ekou je chemicky stabiln\u00ed uhl\u00edk, kter\u00fd nepodl\u00e9h\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00edmu rozkladu ani oxidaci. Tento materi\u00e1l m\u00e1 pou\u017eit\u00ed ov\u0161em v\u0161estrann\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e oby\u010dejn\u00e9 aktivn\u00ed uhl\u00ed. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, z\u00a0hlediska technologie vody a\u00a0obecn\u011b ochrany \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to, \u017ee zdrojem jeho v\u00fdroby m\u016f\u017ee a\u00a0mus\u00ed b\u00fdt odpadn\u00ed biomasa, jej\u00ed\u017e vyu\u017eit\u00ed se t\u00edm st\u00e1v\u00e1 mnohem l\u00e9pe dostupn\u00e9 a\u00a0pot\u0159ebn\u00e9.<\/p>\n
V\u00a0na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jde o\u00a0to naj\u00edt a\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159it mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed biocharu v\u00a0oblasti technologie vody a\u00a0odpad\u016f, a\u00a0to nejen jako zdroje (technologie p\u0159em\u011bny bioodpad\u016f na biochar), ale i\u00a0jako sou\u010d\u00e1st technologie \u00fapravy vody, \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0stabilizace odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0kal\u016f a\u00a0likvidace odpad\u016f.<\/p>\n
Z\u00a0p\u0159ednost\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed biouhlu se nab\u00edz\u00ed v\u00a0prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b jeho vlastnost z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u2013 dobr\u00e1 koexistence s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm. Ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm tohoto materi\u00e1lu do p\u016fdy se z\u00e1sadn\u011b zlep\u0161uje jej\u00ed kvalita [1\u20133]. Uhl\u00edk v\u00a0n\u011bm obsa\u017een\u00fd v\u00e1\u017ee \u017eiviny a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (dus\u00edk, fosfor, drasl\u00edk), kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1sledkem toho z\u00a0p\u016fdy nevyplavuj\u00ed. M\u00e1 velkou\u00a0reten\u010dn\u00ed schopnost, tak\u017ee\u00a0zadr\u017euje v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b i\u00a0vodu.\u00a0Ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed biocharu do p\u016fdy m\u00e1 ale i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos: doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odeb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed CO2<\/sub> z\u00a0atmosf\u00e9ry. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tato tvrzen\u00ed nejsou tak \u00fapln\u011b pravdiv\u00e1, existuj\u00ed ale zdroje, kter\u00e9 je potvrzuj\u00ed [4\u201311]. V\u00a0minulosti se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvalo zuhel\u0148en\u00e9 biomasy popela k\u00a0hnojen\u00ed p\u016fdy. Klasick\u00e9 je \u201e\u017ed\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed\u201c lesa pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 i\u00a0nyn\u00ed v\u00a0tropick\u00fdch les\u00edch Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky, Afriky a\u00a0Asie, co\u017e ov\u0161em nen\u00ed zrovna doporu\u010dovan\u00fd zp\u016fsob poln\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. V\u00a0minulosti jako zah\u00e1jen\u00ed kultivace pol\u00ed bylo \u201e\u017e\u010f\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed\u201c i\u00a0v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm postupem.<\/p>\n Pokud jde o\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 mo\u017enost v\u00fdroby biouhlu z\u00a0kal\u016f vznikl\u00fdch p\u0159i t\u00e9to \u010dinnosti. Pokud by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat je po t\u00e9to \u00faprav\u011b s\u00a0v\u00fdhodou v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, odpadly by st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed probl\u00e9my s\u00a0likvidac\u00ed kalu a\u00a0nav\u00edc by se stala jeho produkce na \u010cOV op\u011bt p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00e1 pro sektor zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, jak tomu bylo v\u00a0minulosti p\u0159ed zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00edm p\u0159edpis\u016f o\u00a0ochran\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy. S\u00a0t\u00edm souvis\u00ed i\u00a0mo\u017enost (p\u0159i bezprost\u0159edn\u00edm zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9ho kalu z\u00a0\u010cOV na biochar) vyu\u017eit\u00ed naakumulovan\u00e9ho fosforu v\u00a0kalu (v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed technologie biologick\u00e9 eliminace fosforu na \u010cOV) v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, co\u017e nyn\u00ed nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 bez chemick\u00e9ho sr\u00e1\u017een\u00ed fosforu (a\u00a0tedy tvorby pro rostliny h\u016f\u0159e dostupn\u00fdch slou\u010denin fosforu) [1\u20133, 11].<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed biocharu je dekontaminace p\u0159i sanaci tzv. star\u00fdch z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed. P\u016fdn\u00ed p\u0159\u00eddavek pro sanaci p\u016fd (s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na b\u00fdval\u00fdch dolech, skl\u00e1dk\u00e1ch a\u00a0v\u00a0b\u00fdval\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch prostorech) je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vhodn\u00fd. Op\u011bt jde o\u00a0lep\u0161\u00ed (a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed) mo\u017enost likvidace kal\u016f z\u00a0\u010cOV, ne\u017e je spalov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed popela.<\/p>\n Ve velk\u00e9m je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt biouhel (op\u011bt i\u00a0vyroben\u00fd z\u00a0\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f) [11, 12] k\u00a0budov\u00e1n\u00ed ochrann\u00fdch bari\u00e9r, zabra\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f do povrchov\u00fdch vod, kdy okraje pol\u00ed (kontaminovan\u00fdch pou\u017eit\u00edm pesticid\u016f) a\u00a0nebo vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0jejich sousedstv\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt vybaveny 30\u201350 cm hlubokou bari\u00e9rou, vytvo\u0159enou z\u00a0biouhlu pro odfiltrov\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f.<\/p>\n Voda v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee biouhel dob\u0159e adsorbuje pesticidy a\u00a0hnojiva a\u00a0tak\u00e9 zlep\u0161uje okysli\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed vody, o\u0161et\u0159ena d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00edm biouhlu (op\u011bt z\u00a0kal\u016f v\u00a0\u010cOV) s\u00a0v\u00fdsledkem sorpce zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek nevratn\u011b do sediment\u016f na dn\u011b rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. To se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b t\u00fdk\u00e1 i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed ur\u010den\u00fdch ke koup\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edmo na \u010cOV je mo\u017en\u00e9 biouhel pou\u017e\u00edvat jednak jako substr\u00e1t a\u00a0katalyz\u00e1tor procesu v\u00fdroby bioplynu p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm jako p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs biomasy ve fermentaci (vyhn\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed), samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nejen na \u010cOV, ale i\u00a0na bioplynov\u00fdch stanic\u00edch. Podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f specializovan\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f [12, 13] to zvy\u0161uje \u00fa\u010dinnost procesu v\u00fdroby bioplynu a\u00a0tak\u00e9 stabilitu vznikl\u00fdch kal\u016f.<\/p>\n Podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm biouhlu do fermentovan\u00e9 heterogenn\u00ed biomasy zvy\u0161uj\u00ed v\u00fdnosy metanu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se z\u00e1rove\u0148 sni\u017euje mno\u017estv\u00ed CO2<\/sub> a\u00a0amoniaku v\u00a0z\u00edskan\u00e9m bioplynu. Mimo to p\u0159\u00eddavkem biocharu do fug\u00e1tu p\u0159i procesu v\u00fdroby bioplynu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0lep\u0161\u00ed fixaci nutrient\u016f na vznikl\u00fd kal, a\u00a0t\u00edm se sni\u017euje tvorba emis\u00ed.<\/p>\n Vyu\u017eit\u00ed biouhlu ve\u00a0vlastn\u00ed technologick\u00e9 lince \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0hlavn\u011b do\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod je nasnad\u011b. Pom\u011brn\u011b dob\u0159e ov\u011b\u0159en\u00fd postup vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159\u00eddatn\u00fdch filtr\u016f s\u00a0n\u00e1pln\u00ed z\u00a0aktivn\u00edho uhl\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 a\u00a0vzhledem k\u00a0v\u00fdhod\u00e1m dostupnosti materi\u00e1lu i\u00a0vhodn\u00e9 aplikovat s\u00a0koncovkou, kdy n\u00e1pln\u00ed filtr\u016f bude biochare. Efekt tohoto postupu do\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod se d\u00e1 pova\u017eovat za ov\u011b\u0159en\u00fd a\u00a0jde i\u00a0o\u00a0stabiln\u00ed a\u00a0funk\u010dn\u00ed technologii. Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f pokus\u016f [14, 15] srovn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch filtraci na biouheln\u00fdch filtrech s\u00a0filtrac\u00ed p\u0159es aktivn\u00ed uhl\u00ed vyplynulo, \u017ee efekt je srovnateln\u00fd, zat\u00edmco na filtrech s\u00a0biouhlem se l\u00e9pe eliminoval fosfor, na aktivn\u00edm uhl\u00ed dus\u00edk, nicm\u00e9n\u011b efekt byl i\u00a0u\u00a0druh\u00e9ho nutrientu vysok\u00fd.<\/p>\n Vyu\u017eit\u00ed biouhlu je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00a0n\u00e1plni tzv. kompostovac\u00edch toalet. Tedy \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159echodn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody na stavb\u00e1ch, akc\u00edch arm\u00e1dy, turistick\u00fdch, kulturn\u00edch a\u00a0sportovn\u00edch po\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdch v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b a\u00a0tak\u00e9 do autobus\u016f a\u00a0karavan\u016f.<\/p>\n Vedle \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod se nab\u00edz\u00ed i\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto filtr\u016f jako sou\u010d\u00e1sti \u00fapravy vod povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0nebo mikropolutanty a\u00a0jin\u00fdm (b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi technologick\u00fdmi postupy \u00fapravy vod) t\u011b\u017eko odstraniteln\u00fdm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm na vodu u\u017eitkovou nebo pitnou.<\/p>\n Ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e by se mohl tento postup uplatnit p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00edch, u\u00a0n\u00e1s a\u00a0v\u00a0jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch s\u00a0rozvinutou technologi\u00ed by tento technologick\u00fd postup na\u0161el uplatn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u\u00a0mal\u00fdch lok\u00e1ln\u00edch zdroj\u016f a\u00a0nebo v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sanac\u00ed u\u00a0vod z\u00a0kontaminovan\u00fdch studn\u00ed.<\/p>\n Je t\u0159eba ov\u0161em zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee v\u0161echny mo\u017enosti pou\u017eit\u00ed biouhlu v\u00a0technologii \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed kal\u016f z\u00a0\u010cOV na biochar a\u00a0jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed \u010di p\u0159i sanac\u00edch je podm\u00edn\u011bno. Existuj\u00ed dv\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky masov\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed biouhlu.<\/p>\n V\u00a0prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b jde o\u00a0legislativn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy upravuj\u00edc\u00ed podm\u00ednky aplikace kal\u016f z\u00a0\u010cOV na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu (co\u017e se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b m\u016f\u017ee, p\u0159i ur\u010dit\u00e9m zp\u016fsobu v\u00fdkladu, t\u00fdkat i\u00a0sana\u010dn\u00edch prac\u00ed, nebo i\u00a0budov\u00e1n\u00ed bari\u00e9r k\u00a0ochran\u011b vody a\u00a0p\u016fdy). Nov\u00e1 vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka o\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch vyu\u017eit\u00ed upraven\u00fdch kal\u016f na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b stanovuje jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159edpisy pro provozovatele za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na \u00fapravu kalu [16, 17]. Jsou v\u00a0n\u00ed ur\u010deny p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed limitn\u00ed hodnoty pro ukazatele zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0kalech, pokud jde o\u00a0indik\u00e1tory mikrobiologick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ov\u0161em p\u0159i \u00faprav\u011b pomoc\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed snadno dosa\u017eiteln\u00e9. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b hlavn\u011b je v\u00a0n\u00ed zavedena jednozna\u010dn\u00e1 povinnost zpracovatele porovnat kontaminaci upravovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu p\u0159ed a\u00a0po \u00faprav\u011b formou rozboru kontroln\u00edch vzork\u016f. To m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke zdra\u017een\u00ed i\u00a0nyn\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b finan\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9ho postupu \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 tepeln\u00e9 \u00fapravy.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00edm faktorem je, oproti ostatn\u00edm postup\u016fm \u00fapravy kal\u016f, pr\u00e1v\u011b finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dnost \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed na biouhel. Pokud m\u00e1 b\u00fdt zachov\u00e1no slo\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hmoty, co\u017e je nezbytn\u00e9 pro aplikace typu sanac\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00fdroby n\u00e1pln\u011b do filtr\u016f, je t\u0159eba kontrolovat stav kalu pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho k\u00a0v\u00fdrob\u011b biouhlu a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kontaminace jej z\u0159edit jin\u00fdmi \u0161ar\u017eemi tohoto materi\u00e1lu, nebo kontaminovan\u00fd materi\u00e1l z\u00a0procesu vy\u0159adit. To nutn\u011b zdra\u017euje v\u00fdrobu biouhlu z\u00a0kal\u016f z\u00a0\u010cOV proti jeho v\u00fdrob\u011b z\u00a0jin\u00fdch biologick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f s\u00a0v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b konstantn\u00edm slo\u017een\u00edm.<\/p>\n Ob\u011b tyto znev\u00fdhod\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed podm\u00ednky vedou k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum pou\u017eit\u00ed biouhlu (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jeho v\u00fdroby z\u00a0\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f) mus\u00ed b\u00fdt prov\u00e1d\u011bn v\u00a0siln\u00e9 n\u00e1vaznosti na ekonomick\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria jeho v\u00fdroby. P\u0159esn\u011bji c\u00edlem nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jen nal\u00e9zt optim\u00e1ln\u00ed postup v\u00fdroby biouhlu vedouc\u00ed k\u00a0nejl\u00e9pe, v\u00a0dan\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, pou\u017eiteln\u00e9mu materi\u00e1lu \u2013 tedy k\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu efektu v\u00a0technologii \u010di optim\u00e1ln\u00edmu vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i sanac\u00edch \u010di aplikaci do p\u016fdy, ale tak\u00e9 hled\u00e1n\u00ed optimalizace n\u00e1klad\u016f p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed tedy i\u00a0nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho mo\u017en\u00e9ho postupu p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b biouhlu s\u00a0po\u017eadovan\u00fdmi vlastnostmi.<\/p>\n To ov\u0161em nebude tak jednoduch\u00e9. Hlavn\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou je po\u017eadavek stabiln\u00ed likvidace, \u010di v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b znovu vyu\u017eit\u00ed kal\u016f, kde m\u016f\u017ee vysok\u00e1 cena v\u00fdroby st\u00e1t v\u00a0cest\u011b odbytu materi\u00e1lu, tedy nikoli aplikaci biouhlu jako takov\u00e9ho, kde nesporn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed, ale aplikaci biouhlu vyroben\u00e9ho z\u00a0kal\u016f vznikl\u00fdch na \u010cOV, kde je nutn\u00e9 p\u0159ed aplikac\u00ed kontrolovat jeho obsah zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy) v\u00edce ne\u017e u\u00a0jin\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f (nap\u0159\u00edklad u\u00a0d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch \u0161t\u011bpk\u016f).<\/p>\n D\u00e1 se tedy \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v\u00fdzkum optimalizace vlastnost\u00ed biouhlu vznikl\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm spalov\u00e1n\u00edm \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f je pot\u0159ebn\u00fd, ale vyu\u017eit\u00ed tohoto typu biouhlu ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku nelze zat\u00edm o\u010dek\u00e1vat. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed men\u0161\u00edch \u0161ar\u017e\u00ed biouhl\u016f p\u0159i filtraci na men\u0161\u00edch \u010cOV a\u00a0u\u00a0kompostovac\u00edch WC nebo p\u0159i sanaci men\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 u\u017e nyn\u00ed a\u00a0hled\u00e1n\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed aplikace pro praktick\u00e9 u\u017eit\u00ed je zde na m\u00edst\u011b bez jak\u00fdchkoli omezen\u00ed. Pokud se poda\u0159\u00ed optimalizovat cenu v\u00fdroby, pak bude mo\u017en\u00e9 i\u00a0masov\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed biouhlu v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159i ochran\u011b vody a\u00a0p\u016fdy p\u0159ed kontaminac\u00ed.<\/p>\n Biouhel m\u00e1 v\u00a0oblasti technologie vody \u0161irok\u00e9 mo\u017enosti pou\u017eit\u00ed. Lze jej pou\u017e\u00edvat k\u00a0sanaci povrchov\u00fdch vod, do\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod, zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9ho plynu i\u00a0p\u0159i \u00faprav\u011b povrchov\u00fdch vod.<\/p>\n Z\u00a0hlediska technologie jeho nejlep\u0161\u00ed varianta u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tedy v\u00fdroba biouhlu z\u00a0\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmu pou\u017eit\u00ed na \u010cOV a\u00a0obecn\u011b v\u00a0oblasti technologie vody m\u00e1 ov\u0161em meze dan\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na kvalitu materi\u00e1lu k\u00a0v\u00fdrob\u011b biouhlu a\u00a0bude nutn\u00e9 se pokusit naj\u00edt cestu k\u00a0optimalizaci n\u00e1klad\u016f. Nejde jen o\u00a0nevyrovnanou kvalitu \u0161ar\u017e\u00ed kal\u016f z\u00a0hlediska koncentrace zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, ale i\u00a0o\u00a0n\u00e1klady, kter\u00e9 jsou oproti b\u011b\u017en\u00e9mu spalov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u00a0\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed pon\u011bkud vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n Ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed biouhlu vyroben\u00e9ho z\u00a0\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f a\u00a0optimalizace ceny jeho v\u00fdroby, a\u00a0to nejen \u00fasporou energie \u2013 hled\u00e1n\u00edm co nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teploty spalov\u00e1n\u00ed pro dosa\u017een\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed, ale i\u00a0optimalizac\u00ed produktu (kal\u016f z\u00a0\u010cOV) s\u00a0c\u00edlem sn\u00ed\u017eit vhodn\u00fdm v\u00fdb\u011brem \u010di mixov\u00e1n\u00edm \u0161ar\u017e\u00ed kalu jeho kontaminaci zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami, by tedy m\u011blo pokra\u010dovat. P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u00fdsledky zahrani\u010dn\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jsou zd\u00e1nliv\u011b uzav\u0159en\u00e9, je t\u0159eba ov\u011b\u0159it kvalitu biouhlu vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9ho z\u00a0dom\u00e1c\u00edch kal\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm meze jeho u\u017eit\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b ekonomick\u00e9ho aspektu.<\/p>\n Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed pro vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed biocharu bude mo\u017enost jeho v\u00fdroby z\u00a0\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f, a\u00a0proto je t\u0159eba zam\u011b\u0159it pozornost na tuto \u010d\u00e1st problematiky. D\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee nejde o\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed biouhlu, ale o\u00a0nalezen\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edho postupu jeho v\u00fdroby z\u00a0dostupn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu \u2013 kal\u016f z\u00a0\u010cOV, a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0elegantn\u00ed zp\u016fsob jejich masov\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n \u010cl\u00e1nek byl z\u00a0podpory Ministerstva \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed na v\u00fdzkum ur\u010den\u00fd pro V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd T. G. Masaryka, v. v. i.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Biouhel (biochare) m\u00e1 mnohostrann\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed v oboru technologie vody, a to nejen jako sou\u010d\u00e1st technologick\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a \u00fapravy vod, ale i jako materi\u00e1l vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fd z odpadn\u00edch produkt\u016f t\u00e9to technologie. V \u010dl\u00e1nku se zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00edme nad perspektivou t\u00e9to aplikace a nad mo\u017enost\u00ed a pot\u0159ebou jej\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6499,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,90],"tags":[1607,1042,1608],"coauthors":[1588],"class_list":["post-6536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","category-waste-management","tag-biouhel","tag-cov","tag-likvidace-kalu"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6536","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6536"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6536\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30517,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6536\/revisions\/30517"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6499"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6536"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6536"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6536"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=6536"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed biouhlu v\u00a0technologii vody<\/h3>\n
Mo\u017en\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody pou\u017eit\u00ed biouhlu<\/h3>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n