{"id":6526,"date":"2019-06-14T08:15:30","date_gmt":"2019-06-14T07:15:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=6526"},"modified":"2024-07-16T15:49:07","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T14:49:07","slug":"sledovani-formovani-odtoku-na-svazich-jizerskych-hor-a-sumavy-pomoci-stopovacich-experimentu-ktere-jsou-podkladem-pro-pouziti-modelu-mips","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2019\/06\/sledovani-formovani-odtoku-na-svazich-jizerskych-hor-a-sumavy-pomoci-stopovacich-experimentu-ktere-jsou-podkladem-pro-pouziti-modelu-mips\/","title":{"rendered":"Runoff generation monitoring on the hillslopes of Jizera and \u0160umava Mountains using tracing experiments for MIPs model"},"content":{"rendered":"

This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek presentuje pokusy s\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdm de\u0161t\u011bm a\u00a0stopova\u010dem v\u00a0Jizersk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro modelov\u00e1n\u00ed svahu modelem MIPs (Multiple Interacting Pathways [1]). Jsou podrobn\u011b pops\u00e1ny pokusy na n\u011bkolika svaz\u00edch v\u00a0povod\u00ed Lu\u017eick\u00e9 Nisy v\u00a0Jizersk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch a\u00a0na jednom svahu na \u0160umav\u011b. MIPs je model zalo\u017een\u00fd na sledov\u00e1n\u00ed dr\u00e1hy \u010d\u00e1stic. Cesty proud\u011bn\u00ed jsou v\u00a0n\u011bm popisov\u00e1ny pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u011b. Pracuje s\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sticemi (bal\u00ed\u010dky vody) v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch proud\u011bn\u00ed definovan\u00fdch rozd\u011blen\u00edm rychlost\u00ed a\u00a0matic\u00ed p\u0159echodu, kter\u00e1 representuje v\u00fdm\u011bnu vody mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi cestami. V\u00fdstupy modelu MIPs byly p\u0159edvedeny na experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm svahu na louce ve form\u011b\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010dtu sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e postupn\u00e9ho nasycov\u00e1n\u00ed svahu p\u0159i sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch epizod\u00e1ch, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b prvn\u00ed epizody po such\u00e9m obdob\u00ed. V\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00edch pokusech je vid\u011bt rozd\u00edl v\u00a0procesech odtoku mezi lu\u010dn\u00edm a\u00a0zalesn\u011bn\u00fdm svahem. P\u0159esto\u017ee bylo st\u0159\u00edk\u00e1no vysok\u00fdmi intenzitami i\u00a0velk\u00fdmi objemy vody, na\u00a0lesn\u00edch svaz\u00edch byl st\u00e1le rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed vliv vysok\u00e9 infiltra\u010dn\u00ed kapacity v\u00a0lese. Je tady z\u0159ejm\u00fd podstatn\u00fd vliv preferen\u010dn\u00edch cest.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Model MIPs byl vytvo\u0159en pro hornat\u00e9 oblasti, ve kter\u00fdch jsou infiltra\u010dn\u00ed kapacity vysok\u00e9 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi intenzitami a\u00a0\u00fahrny. Pokud p\u016fdn\u00ed profil v\u00a0t\u011bchto oblastech nen\u00ed nasycen vodou a\u017e do \u00farovn\u011b ter\u00e9nu, je povod\u0148ov\u00e1 odezva tvo\u0159ena p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b podpovrchov\u00fdm odtokem (tj. jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0m\u011blkou podzemn\u00ed vodu). Takov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky jsou \u010dast\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na zalesn\u011bn\u00fdch svaz\u00edch v\u00a0m\u00edrn\u00e9m vlhk\u00e9m klimatu s\u00a0propustn\u00fdmi p\u016fdami a\u00a0relativn\u011b p\u0159\u00edkr\u00fdmi svahy [2].<\/p>\n

Pokud chceme porozum\u011bt geochemick\u00fdm proces\u016fm v\u00a0povod\u00edch a\u00a0jejich z\u00e1vislosti na hydrologii, je nutn\u00e9, aby odtokov\u00fd proces byl dob\u0159e pops\u00e1n. Je t\u0159eba m\u00edt adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159edstavu o\u00a0cest\u00e1ch proud\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu, kterou je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat t\u0159eba i\u00a0jen pro jedin\u00fd svah. Je tak\u00e9 nutn\u00e9 m\u00edt hydrologick\u00fd model, kter\u00fd toto proud\u011bn\u00ed vhodn\u011b popisuje. Model MIPs [1, 3] je pokusem o\u00a0takov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Cesty proud\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu je z\u0159ejm\u011b v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti mo\u017eno prozkoumat pouze s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm stopova\u010d\u016f. Nesta\u010d\u00ed tedy m\u00edt k\u00a0disposici jen hydrogram odtoku, proto\u017ee z\u00a0n\u011bj nelze zp\u011btn\u011b soudit o\u00a0podstat\u011b proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 prob\u011bhly ve svahu nebo v\u00a0povod\u00ed. Pro odtok z\u00a0povod\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed preferen\u010dn\u00ed cesty [4\u20137], tj. obchvaty nebo zkratky, kter\u00fdmi voda obejde p\u016fdn\u00ed matrici. Stopova\u010de je mo\u017eno pou\u017e\u00edt v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu sr\u00e1\u017ekoodtokov\u00e9 epizody jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b lokality Gardsjon [3]. To v\u0161ak p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 dlouh\u00fd v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd projekt. My jsme pou\u017eili metodu experiment\u016f\u00a0\u2013 skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti svahu vysokou intenzitou, kdy byl do vody p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n stopova\u010d NaCl.<\/p>\n

Procesy d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro tvorbu odezvy jsou v\u00a0nenasycen\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b: intenzita vstupu v\u00a0\u00farovni ter\u00e9nu, zm\u011bny vlhkosti p\u016fdy, rychlost fronty zvlh\u010den\u00ed, hloubka hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody, doba nutn\u00e1 k\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody; v\u00a0nasycen\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b: postupivost vlny, vzd\u00e1lenost od toku, doba nutn\u00e1 k\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed toku. Cesty odtoku, kter\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd vstup proch\u00e1z\u00ed, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na struktu\u0159e a\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed nasycenosti p\u016fdy. Sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 voda vstoup\u00ed do p\u016fdn\u00ed matrice a\u00a0te\u010de svisle v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na m\u00edstn\u00edch vodivostech a\u00a0gradientech. \u010c\u00e1st vody m\u016f\u017ee j\u00edt obchvaty a\u00a0zkratkami a\u00a0vyhnout se tak p\u016fdn\u00ed matrici. Tyto preferen\u010dn\u00ed cesty jsou spojeny s\u00a0puklinami, kan\u00e1lky po ko\u0159enech nebo jin\u00fdmi makrop\u00f3ry nebo se m\u016f\u017ee jednat o\u00a0oblasti vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed propustnosti p\u016fdy. Preferen\u010dn\u00ed cesty mohou m\u00edt r\u016fznou hloubku, \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku, k\u0159ivost a\u00a0spojitost. Pro jednoduchost je mo\u017eno p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee dominantn\u00ed sm\u011br proud\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0nenasycen\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b je svisl\u00fd [1, 8].<\/p>\n

Mnoho\u010detn\u00e9 cesty proud\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0nenasycen\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b jsou reprezentov\u00e1ny funkc\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed svisl\u00fdch rychlost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 z\u00e1vis\u00ed na hloubk\u00e1ch a\u00a0\u010dasech vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch ze vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed vstupn\u00edch intenzit a\u00a0cest proud\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b, je\u017e se mezi sebou tak\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed [1].<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le model pracuje s\u00a0rozd\u011blen\u00edm hloubek k\u00a0hladin\u011b podzemn\u00ed vody v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch m\u00edstech, kter\u00e9 bude z\u00e1viset na p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, odvodn\u011bn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti svahu nad zkouman\u00fdm \u00fasekem a\u00a0tvaru svahu (rozb\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed nebo sb\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed proudnic). Z\u00a0t\u011bchto \u00fadaj\u016f a\u00a0rozd\u011blen\u00ed rychlost\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme dostat rozd\u011blen\u00ed dob dotoku v\u00a0nenasycen\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed bude ve vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m vztahu k\u00a0prostorov\u00e9mu rozd\u011blen\u00ed nasycen\u00fdch hydraulick\u00fdch vodivost\u00ed, z\u00a0\u010deho\u017e z\u00edsk\u00e1me rozd\u011blen\u00ed dob dotoku v\u00a0nasycen\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b. Ty budou v\u00a0obecn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u00e1viset na dotaci z\u00a0nenasycen\u00e9 z\u00f3ny [1, 8].<\/p>\n

Aby bylo mo\u017eno smyslupln\u011b pracovat s\u00a0modelem MIPs, je tedy t\u0159eba prov\u00e9st pr\u016fzkum na vybran\u00fdch svaz\u00edch s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm stopova\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumnou ot\u00e1zkou pro n\u00e1s stejn\u011b jako pro v\u00edce hydrologick\u00fdch t\u00fdm\u016f v\u00a0Evrop\u011b a\u00a0USA je bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed pozn\u00e1n\u00ed proces\u016f podpovrchov\u00e9ho odtoku, kter\u00fd v\u00a0povod\u00edch s\u00a0vegeta\u010dn\u00edm pokryvem, zejm\u00e9na zalesn\u011bn\u00fdch, tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku p\u0159i men\u0161\u00edch (\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch) povodn\u00edch. V\u00fdzkum v\u00a0tomto sm\u011bru bude pokra\u010dovat v\u00a0n\u011bkolika dal\u0161\u00edch letech.<\/p>\n

C\u00edlem tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku tedy je uk\u00e1zat na p\u0159\u00edkladu typ v\u00fdstup\u016f z\u00a0modelu MIPs a\u00a0jeho vyu\u017eitelnost v\u00a0Jizersk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch. K\u00a0tomu bylo t\u0159eba vybrat, z\u0159\u00eddit a\u00a0vystrojit pokusn\u00e9 svahy a\u00a0prov\u00e9st pokusy se zkr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0stopova\u010di. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0n\u00e1\u0161 prvn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek v\u00a0\u010dasopise k\u00a0tomuto typu modelov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0nutn\u00e9 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n

Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed pojm\u016f<\/h3>\n

MIPs (Multiple Interacting Pathways)\u00a0\u2013 mnoho\u010detn\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed cesty odtoku<\/p>\n

Particle tracking\u00a0\u2013 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed dr\u00e1hy \u010d\u00e1stic<\/p>\n

Random particle tracking\u00a0\u2013 rychlosti \u010d\u00e1stic jsou vzorkov\u00e1ny z\u00a0n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch rozd\u011blen\u00ed<\/p>\n

Bypassing\u00a0\u2013 obchvat, zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed tzv. preferen\u010dn\u00edmi cestami, \u010d\u00e1st proud\u011bn\u00ed se vyhne p\u016fdn\u00ed matrici<\/p>\n

Tracing\u00a0\u2013 pou\u017eit\u00ed stopova\u010d\u016f<\/p>\n

Transition probabilities\u00a0\u2013 matice p\u0159echodu obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnosti v\u00fdm\u011bny vody mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi cestami<\/p>\n

Tipping bucket\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed objem\u016f sr\u00e1\u017eek nebo pr\u016ftoku<\/p>\n

Conductivity\u00a0\u2013 konduktivita\u00a0\u2013 vodivost<\/p>\n

Metody<\/h2>\n

Model MIPs<\/h3>\n

Prvn\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nkem o\u00a0MIPs je p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek viz [1], inspirovan\u00fd pokusy se stopova\u010di na Bear Brook ve st\u00e1t\u011b Main [12]. V\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku viz [5] je pops\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edpad transientn\u00edho proud\u011bn\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm svahem v\u00a0povod\u00ed Gardsjon ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0modelu MIPs jsou cesty proud\u011bn\u00ed vody popisov\u00e1ny pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u011b\u00a0[1,\u00a013]. Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed drah \u010d\u00e1stic, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e rychlosti jsou vzorkov\u00e1ny z\u00a0n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho rozd\u011blen\u00ed, pracuje s\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sticemi (bal\u00ed\u010dky) vody v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch proud\u011bn\u00ed definovan\u00fdch rozd\u011blen\u00edm rychlost\u00ed a\u00a0matic\u00ed p\u0159echodu, kter\u00e1 representuje v\u00fdm\u011bnu vody mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi cestami. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se exponenci\u00e1ln\u00ed pokles nasycen\u00e9 hydraulick\u00e9 vodivosti s\u00a0hloubkou [5].<\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1soba vody ve svahu a\u00a0vstupy (d\u00e9\u0161\u0165) b\u011bhem epizody jsou simulov\u00e1ny velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm diskr\u00e9tn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic. V\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m kroku se \u010d\u00e1stice pohybuj\u00ed v\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch proud\u011bn\u00ed. Rychlost je \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edm p\u0159isuzov\u00e1na n\u00e1hodn\u011b z\u00a0rozd\u011blen\u00ed rychlost\u00ed. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem lze modelovat \u00fa\u010dinek preferen\u010dn\u00edho proud\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0obchvatu (zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed) dr\u00e1hy ve svahu bez explicitn\u00ed znalosti geometrie cest proud\u011bn\u00ed. Kontinuita je zaji\u0161t\u011bna bilancov\u00e1n\u00edm po\u010dtu \u010d\u00e1stic [1, 5, 8].<\/p>\n

K\u00a0tomu, abychom mohli pracovat s\u00a0modelem MIPs, pot\u0159ebujeme tedy m\u00edt mo\u017en\u00e9 cesty odtoku prozkoum\u00e1ny s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm stopova\u010d\u016f. D\u00e1le popisujeme pokusy, kter\u00e9 jsme za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem provedli.<\/p>\n

Vybran\u00e1 povod\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Pro pokusy na experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm svahu byla vybr\u00e1na dv\u011b povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st povod\u00ed Lu\u017eick\u00e9 Nisy v\u00a0Jizersk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b oblast v\u00a0Doln\u00edch Lu\u010danech. Tok\u00a0 Lu\u017eick\u00e1 Nisa pramen\u00ed v\u00a0\u00fadol\u00ed rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edm se na sever od \u010cernostudni\u010dn\u00edho h\u0159ebene v\u00a0nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce 639 m n. m. Ve vzd\u00e1lenosti cca\u00a02 km od pramene se nach\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00fd profil \u010cVUT\u00a0\u2013 FSv Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany, kde je sledov\u00e1na hladina a\u00a0teplota vody, teplota a\u00a0vlhkost vzduchu a\u00a0\u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek od roku 2013 (obr. 1).<\/em> V\u00a0roce 2014 jsme zde instalovali automatickou sn\u011bhom\u011brnou stanici LDSS [9]. Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed svah se nach\u00e1zel cca 150 m proti proudu od z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00e9ho profilu na prav\u00e9 stran\u011b toku. Na podzim 2014 zde byly provedeny dva experimenty. V\u00a0roce 2015 byl ve stejn\u00e9m povod\u00ed vybudov\u00e1n nov\u00fd svah ve vzd\u00e1lenosti asi 500 m od b\u00fdval\u00e9ho svahu, ve vzrostl\u00e9m\u00a0lese s\u00a0p\u0159evahou smrku ztepil\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. M\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u00fahrny sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny vody ve stanici \u010cVUT v\u00a0Doln\u00edch Lu\u010danech v\u00a0Jizersk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch 2014\u20132016
\nFig. 1. Monthly precipitation totals and average water level depths in Czech Technical University station in Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany in Jizera Mountains 2014\u20132016 (\u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek\u00a0\u2013 precipitation total; v\u00fd\u0161ka hladiny vody\u00a0\u2013 water level depth; m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 monthly)<\/h6>\n

Povod\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho potoka na \u0160umav\u011b. Toto povod\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed cel\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm do II.\u00a0z\u00f3ny ochrany a\u00a0je hospod\u00e1\u0159sky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9. P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017enou \u010d\u00e1st tvo\u0159\u00ed les s\u00a0p\u0159evahou smrku ztepil\u00e9ho, dopln\u011bn\u00fd porostem jedle b\u011blokor\u00e9, buku lesn\u00edho, javoru klenu a\u00a0b\u0159\u00edzy b\u011blokor\u00e9. Podrost je tvo\u0159en porostem bor\u016fv\u010d\u00ed a\u00a0travinou bikou lesn\u00ed. Zamok\u0159en\u00e9 plochy jsou porostl\u00e9 ra\u0161elin\u00edkem a\u00a0s\u00edtinou rozkladitou.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci diplomov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce [10] byly v\u00a0povod\u00ed vyhloubeny p\u016fdn\u00ed sondy za \u00fa\u010delem odb\u011br\u016f p\u016fdn\u00edch vzork\u016f. Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u016fdn\u00edm typem v\u00a0povod\u00ed je kryptopodzol s\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdmi podtypy, d\u00e1le pak ranker, podzol nebo glej. P\u016fdn\u00ed typy jsou zde ovlivn\u011bny hlavn\u011b vegetac\u00ed a\u00a0sklonitost\u00ed. Sklonitost je v\u00a0cel\u00e9m profilu v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b podobn\u00e1. Hloubky p\u016fdy se pohybuj\u00ed kolem 40\u201350 cm. P\u016fdy maj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed skeletu. Sr\u00e1\u017eky a\u00a0hladiny v\u00a0potoc\u00edch jsou v\u00a0obr. 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. M\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u00fahrny sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny vody ve stanic\u00edch P\u0159F UK \u010cern\u00fd potok a\u00a0Zh\u016f\u0159eck\u00fd potok na \u0160umav\u011b 2014\u20132017
\nFig. 2. Monthly precipitation totals and average water level depths in CUNI stations \u010cern\u00fd potok and Zh\u016f\u0159eck\u00fd potok at \u0160umava Mountains 2014\u20132017 (\u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek\u00a0\u2013 precipitation total; v\u00fd\u0161ka hladiny vody\u00a0\u2013 water level depth; m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 monthly)<\/h6>\n

Sch\u00e9ma pokus\u016f na louce a\u00a0v\u00a0lese pro pot\u0159eby modelu MIPs<\/h3>\n

Celkov\u00e1 plocha byla ohrani\u010dena vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm pl\u016ftkem a\u00a0na konci plochy se svah za\u0159\u00edzl do hloubky 80\u2013120 cm. V\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159ezu byly vy\u0159\u00edznuty dr\u00e1\u017eky dovnit\u0159 svahu hlubok\u00e9\u00a0cca 10 cm ve v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch 20 a\u00a050 cm (obr. 3, 4a, 4b <\/em>a\u00a04c<\/em>). St\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed voda z\u00a0dr\u00e1\u017eek byla odv\u00e1d\u011bna okapem do velk\u00fdch p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. Experiment na louce, Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany, dr\u00e1\u017eky 20 a\u00a050 cm od povrchu
\nFig. 3. Experiment on the meadow, Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany, troughs 20 and 50 cm from the surface<\/h6>\n

V\u00a0prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi pokusu bylo obvykle skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bno \u010distou vodou z\u00a0toku. Jako zna\u010dkova\u010d pro zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed cest odtoku byla pou\u017eita NaCl, kter\u00e1 se rozpou\u0161t\u011bla v\u00a0sudech v\u00a0koncentraci 5 mg\/l (pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 vodivost se pohybovala kolem 9,8\u00a0mS.cm-1<\/sup>), a\u00a0t\u00edmto roztokem se skr\u00e1p\u011bla pokusn\u00e1 plocha.<\/p>\n

Vodivost se m\u011b\u0159ila p\u0159\u00edstrojem firmy Hach s\u00a0p\u0159esnost\u00ed \u00b10,5 %.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo se, \u017ee vzorky odt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vody budou odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny z\u00a0p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f, ze sondy pod svahem a\u00a0z\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho toku: p\u0159ed pokusn\u00fdm svahem, ve st\u0159edu pokusn\u00e9ho svahu, z\u00a0v\u00fdtoku ze svahu (pokud byl rozeznateln\u00fd) a\u00a0ve vybran\u00e9m vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b. Ve vzorc\u00edch vody a\u00a0v\u00a0toku byla pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b m\u011b\u0159ena elektrick\u00e1 vodivost. V\u00a0laborato\u0159i byla provedena anal\u00fdza vzork\u016f na mno\u017estv\u00ed NaCl.<\/p>\n

Automatick\u00fd rozst\u0159ikovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m pro simulaci de\u0161t\u011b<\/h3>\n

Na vyty\u010den\u00e9 plo\u0161e 25 m2<\/sup> se instaluje do \u010dtverce dev\u011bt trysek post\u0159ikova\u010de. Voda je p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bna hadic\u00ed pomoc\u00ed \u010derpadla z\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho zdroje (toku, cisterny). Mno\u017estv\u00ed vody sledoval vodom\u011br s\u00a0p\u0159esnost\u00ed \u00b11 cm. P\u0159ipojen\u00fd datalogger zaznamen\u00e1val \u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek ze sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011bru s\u00a0p\u0159esnost\u00ed \u00b10,1 mm a\u00a0vlhkost p\u016fdy z\u00a0\u010didla Virrib s\u00a0p\u0159esnost\u00ed < \u00b10,01 m3<\/sup>.m-3<\/sup>. Toto \u010didlo bylo instalov\u00e1no bu\u010f v\u00a0hloubce 25 cm, nebo v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch 20 a\u00a050 cm [11].<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 4a. Sch\u00e9ma experimentu na louce v\u00a0Doln\u00edch Lu\u010danech\u00a0\u2013 Jizersk\u00e9 hory
\nFig. 4a. Diagram of meadow experiment in Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany\u00a0\u2013 Jizera Mountains (svah\u00a0\u2013 slope, post\u0159ikova\u010de\u00a0\u2013 sprinklers, p\u0159\u00edkop\u00a0\u2013 trench, tok\u00a0\u2013 stream, sud\u00a0\u2013 barrel, voda z\u00a0toku\u00a0\u2013 stream water, odb\u011br vody z\u00a0toku\u00a0\u2013 stream water sampling sites, p\u0159ed svahem\u00a0\u2013 before slope, na konci svahu\u00a0\u2013 at the end of slope)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 4b. Sch\u00e9ma experimentu v\u00a0lese v\u00a0Doln\u00edch Lu\u010danech\u00a0\u2013 Jizersk\u00e9 hory
\nFig. 4b. Diagram of forest experiment in Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany\u00a0\u2013 Jizera Mountains (svah\u00a0\u2013 slope, post\u0159ikova\u010de\u00a0\u2013 sprinklers, p\u0159\u00edkop\u00a0\u2013 trench, tok\u00a0\u2013 stream, sonda\u00a0\u2013 dug well, sud\u00a0\u2013 barrel, voda z\u00a0toku\u00a0\u2013 stream water, odb\u011br vody z\u00a0toku\u00a0\u2013 stream water sampling sites, p\u0159ed svahem\u00a0\u2013 before slope, uprost\u0159ed svahu\u00a0\u2013 middle of slope, odb\u011br vyt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vody z\u00a0pod svahu\u00a0\u2013 sampling water flowing into stream from the bank, i.e. a\u00a0distinctly visible flow under stream water table, na konci svahu\u00a0\u2013 at the end of slope, p\u0159ed mostem\u00a0\u2013 before bridge)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 4c. Sch\u00e9ma pokusu v\u00a0lese v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho potoka
\nFig. 4c. Diagram of forest experiment in \u010cern\u00fd potok catchment\u00a0\u2013 \u0160umava Mountains (svah\u00a0\u2013 slope, post\u0159ikova\u010de\u00a0\u2013 sprinklers, p\u0159\u00edkop\u00a0\u2013 trench, tok\u00a0\u2013 stream, sonda\u00a0\u2013 dug well, sud\u00a0\u2013 barrel, voda z\u00a0toku\u00a0\u2013 stream water, odb\u011br vody z\u00a0toku\u00a0\u2013 stream water sampling sites, p\u0159ed svahem\u00a0\u2013 before slope, uprost\u0159ed svahu\u00a0\u2013 middle of slope, odb\u011br vyt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vody z\u00a0pod svahu\u00a0\u2013 sampling water flowing into stream from the bank, i.e. a\u00a0distinctly visible flow under stream water table, na konci svahu\u00a0\u2013 at the end of slope)<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdsledky experiment\u016f pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed dat do modelu MIPs<\/h2>\n

Experimenty v\u00a0lese<\/h3>\n

Experimenty v\u00a0letech 2015 a\u00a02016 v\u00a0lese v\u00a0Doln\u00edch Lu\u010danech<\/h4>\n

Na ja\u0159e 2015 byl vybudov\u00e1n experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed svah ve vzrostl\u00e9m\u00a0lese s\u00a0p\u0159evahou smrku ztepil\u00e9ho. Svah se nal\u00e9zal 1 m od toku. Pod svahem byl instalov\u00e1n piezometr na sledov\u00e1n\u00ed hladiny podpovrchov\u00e9 vody [10]. Na t\u00e9to lokalit\u011b bylo v\u00a0letech 2015 a\u00a02016 provedeno celkem p\u011bt pokus\u016f.<\/p>\n

Rok 2015 (druh\u00fd rok del\u0161\u00edho such\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed) byl su\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e rok p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fd. Sn\u011bhov\u00e1 pokr\u00fdvka se vyskytovala p\u0159es cel\u00e9 zimn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, ale \u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek od b\u0159ezna do \u0159\u00edjna \u010dinil jen 44,2 % dlouhodob\u00e9ho \u00fahrnu. Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hladiny v\u00a0toku byly zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch. Nedostatek vody v\u00fdznamn\u011b zt\u011b\u017eoval pr\u00e1ce na pokusu.<\/p>\n

Pro instalov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f byly vyhloubeny j\u00e1my, kter\u00e9 se po skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed za\u010daly plnit vodou. K\u00a0prot\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed do \u017elab\u016f bohu\u017eel nedo\u0161lo a\u00a0j\u00e1my pod svahem byly pou\u017eity jako sondy (obr. 4a, 4b <\/em>a\u00a04c<\/em>). Sou\u010dasn\u011b byla m\u011b\u0159ena v\u00fd\u0161ka podpovrchov\u00e9 vody v\u00a0piezometru pod svahem, kter\u00e1 kol\u00edsala podle skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed pokus byl proveden od 12. 5. do 14. 5. 2015, kdy plocha byla nejd\u0159\u00edve skr\u00e1p\u011bna \u010distou vodou, aby se zv\u011bt\u0161ila nasycenost p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu. Posledn\u00ed den byl aplikov\u00e1n post\u0159ik se sol\u00ed. Soub\u011b\u017en\u011b byla m\u011b\u0159ena vodivost toku p\u0159ed pokusn\u00fdm svahem, v\u00a0polovin\u011b svahu, na konci svahu a\u00a0u\u00a0mostku cca 5 m od svahu. Pod svahem vyv\u011brala za 2 dny voda, a\u00a0tak byly vyvrt\u00e1ny dal\u0161\u00ed dv\u011b sondy hlubok\u00e9 40 cm. Z\u00a0t\u011bchto sond byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny vzorky po dobu v\u0161ech pokus\u016f. Voda ze sond se ihned ztr\u00e1cela po skon\u010den\u00ed skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed opakov\u00e1n\u00ed pokusu 25. 6.\u201330. 6. 2015 bylo provedeno v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy voda v\u00a0toku stoupla po p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch. Z\u00a0d\u016fvodu nedostatku vody se pokus opakoval v\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu od 15. 10. do 19. 10. 2015. Pr\u016fb\u011bh experimentu byl obdobn\u00fd (obr.\u00a05a, 5b <\/em>a\u00a05c<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 5a. Povod\u00ed Nisy\u00a0\u2013 les, Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany\u00a0\u2013 pr\u016fb\u011bh skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0vlhkosti p\u016fdy 14. 10.\u201320. 10. 2015
\nFig. 5a. Nisa catchment\u00a0\u2013 forest, Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany\u00a0\u2013 sprinkling (mm per 10 minutes) and soil moisture (% per 10 minutes) 14th<\/sup>\u201320th<\/sup> Oct. 2015<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 5b. Jizersk\u00e9 hory\u00a0\u2013 Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany\u00a0\u2013 les, pr\u016fb\u011bh vodivosti v\u00a0sond\u00e1ch a\u00a0v\u00a0toku a\u00a0vlhkost p\u016fdy 14. 10.\u201324. 10. 2015
\nFig. 5b. Jizera Mountains\u00a0\u2013 Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany\u00a0\u2013 forest, conductivity (mS.m-1<\/sup>) and soil moisture at 50 cm (% per 10 minutes) 14th<\/sup>\u201324th<\/sup> Oct. 2015 (sonda\u00a0\u2013 dug well, horn\u00ed tok\u00a0\u2013 upstream, st\u0159ed toku\u00a0\u2013 middle of stream, v\u00fdtok ze svahu\u00a0\u2013 flow from slope)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 5c. Jizersk\u00e9 hory\u00a0\u2013 Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany\u00a0\u2013 les, pr\u016fb\u011bh vodivosti v\u00a0toku 14.\u00a010.\u201323.\u00a010.\u00a02015\u00a0\u2013 detail
\nFig. 5c. Jizera Mountains\u00a0\u2013 Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany\u00a0\u2013 forest, conductivity in stream 14th<\/sup>\u201323rd<\/sup> Oct. 2015\u00a0\u2013 detail (vlhkost p\u016fdy\u00a0\u2013 soil moisture, horn\u00ed tok\u00a0\u2013 upstream, st\u0159ed toku\u00a0\u2013 middle of stream, v\u00fdtok ze svahu\u00a0\u2013 flow from slope)<\/h6>\n

Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vodivosti byly dosahov\u00e1ny v\u00a0obou experimentech v\u00a0sond\u011b (j\u00e1m\u011b) pod svahem, ale oproti p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e9mu pokusu v\u00a0roce 2014 byly zaznamen\u00e1ny zm\u011bny v\u00a0toku zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b u\u00a0konce svahu, kdy ze b\u0159ehu pod hladinou viditeln\u011b vyt\u00e9kala voda.<\/p>\n

Rok 2016 byl bohat\u0161\u00ed na \u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek zejm\u00e9na na sn\u00edh (57 % dlouhodob\u00e9ho \u00fahrnu). Prvn\u00ed experiment se konal v\u00a0kv\u011btnu 14.\u201321. 5. 2016. Svah byl skr\u00e1p\u011bn nejd\u0159\u00edv 3,5 dne pouze vodou a\u00a0potom 3,5 dne s\u00a0roztokem soli. Pravideln\u011b byla m\u011b\u0159ena vodivost ve vybran\u00fdch profilech v\u00a0toku. V\u00a0dob\u011b skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed roztokem soli byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny i\u00a0vzorky vody.<\/p>\n

P\u016fdn\u00ed profil byl vyschl\u00fd a\u00a0ani po skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed nedo\u0161lo k\u00a0odtoku vody do okap\u016f, pouze voda za\u010dala vyv\u011brat v\u00a0sond\u011b pod svahem, ze\u00a0kter\u00e9 byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny vzorky, a\u00a0pravideln\u011b byla m\u011b\u0159ena vodivost. Ve vzorc\u00edch bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed soli a\u00a0samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vodivost byla tak\u00e9 vysok\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty vodivosti a\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty NaCl se vyskytovaly ve vzorc\u00edch odeb\u00edran\u00fdch v\u00a0toku t\u011bsn\u011b u\u00a0b\u0159ehu v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti experiment\u00e1ln\u00edho svahu (v\u00fdtok), kdy viditeln\u011b odt\u00e9kala voda pod hladinou z\u00a0b\u0159ehu do toku.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0posledn\u00ed den skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed do\u0161lo k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9mu de\u0161ti, kter\u00fd ovlivnil konec experimentu (sn\u00ed\u017eila se vodivost toku, voda st\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed po povrchu se dostala do sondy).<\/p>\n

Obdobn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh experimentu byl zaznamen\u00e1n 17. 7.\u201324. 7. 2016.<\/p>\n

Experiment v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho potoka\u00a0\u2013 z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2017<\/h4>\n

Za\u010d\u00e1tkem z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2017 byl vybudov\u00e1n experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed svah v\u00a0horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho potoka na \u0160umav\u011b (oblast H\u016frka) ve vzrostl\u00e9m lese (buk, smrk ztepil\u00fd, javor) v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti turistick\u00e9 cesty na b\u0159ehu potoka. Experiment za\u010dal 2. 9. 2017 a\u00a0skon\u010dil 6. 9. 2017. V\u00fd\u0161ka z\u00e1\u0159ezu byla 120 cm, dr\u00e1\u017eky byly ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 15 cm a\u00a050 cm od rostlinn\u00e9ho pokryvu (20 cm a\u00a050 cm od povrchu). Vzd\u00e1lenost svahu od toku \u010dinila cca 1,5 m. Vzorky z\u00a0toku byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny p\u0159ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm svahem, na jeho st\u0159edu a\u00a0za n\u00edm. V\u00fdtok ze svahu byl rovn\u011b\u017e vzorkov\u00e1n. Sch\u00e9ma rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed post\u0159ikova\u010d\u016f, piezometr\u016f a\u00a0odb\u011brn\u00fdch m\u00edst v\u00a0toku a\u00a0um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed sond je na obr. 4c<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Na\u00a0obr. 2<\/em> jsou graficky zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u00fahrny sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky hladin z\u00a0povod\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho Potoka a\u00a0Zh\u016f\u0159eck\u00e9ho Potoka ve stanic\u00edch P\u0159F UK na \u0160umav\u011b (2014\u20132017).<\/p>\n

Pokus prob\u00edhal sp\u00ed\u0161e za de\u0161tiv\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed. Druh\u00fd den experimentu se za\u010dala objevovat voda v\u00a0sond\u00e1ch pod svahem. Dal\u0161\u00ed den prosakuj\u00edc\u00ed voda v\u00a0doln\u00edm lev\u00e9m rohu svahu vyt\u00e9kala jako povrchov\u00fd odtok po kameni velkou rychlost\u00ed. Postupn\u011b vyv\u011brala voda i\u00a0v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch sond\u00e1ch. Ani v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u0161ak netekla z\u00a0dr\u00e1\u017eek do p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f. Pr\u016fb\u011bh pokusu je graficky zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn na obr. 6a, 6b <\/em>a\u00a06c<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 6a. Povod\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho Potoka\u00a0\u2013 les, pr\u016fb\u011bh skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0vlhkosti p\u016fdy 2. 9.\u20137. 9. 2017
\nFig. 6a. \u010cern\u00fd potok catchment\u00a0\u2013 forest, sprinkling (mm per 10 minutes) and soil moisture (% per 10 minutes) 2nd<\/sup>\u20137th<\/sup> Sept. 2017<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 6b. \u0160umava\u00a0\u2013 Povod\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho Potoka\u00a0\u2013 les, pr\u016fb\u011bh vodivosti v\u00a0sond\u00e1ch a\u00a0v\u00a0toku 2.\u00a09.\u20137. 9. 2017
\nFig. 6b. \u0160umava Mountains\u00a0\u2013 \u010cern\u00fd potok catchment\u00a0\u2013 forest, conductivity in dug wells and in stream 2nd<\/sup>\u20137th<\/sup> Sept. 2017 (vlhkost p\u016fdy\u00a0\u2013 soil moisture, sonda\u00a0\u2013 dug well, horn\u00ed tok\u00a0\u2013 upstream, st\u0159ed toku\u00a0\u2013 middle of stream, v\u00fdtok ze svahu\u00a0\u2013 flow from slope)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 6c. \u0160umava\u00a0\u2013 Povod\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho Potoka\u00a0\u2013 les, pr\u016fb\u011bh vodivosti v\u00a0toku 2.\u00a09.\u20137.\u00a09.\u00a02017\u00a0\u2013 detail
\nFig. 6c. \u0160umava Mountains\u00a0\u2013 \u010cern\u00fd potok catchment\u00a0\u2013 forest, conductivity in stream 2nd<\/sup>\u20137th<\/sup> Sept. 2017\u00a0\u2013 detail (vlhkost p\u016fdy\u00a0\u2013 soil moisture, horn\u00ed tok\u00a0\u2013 upstream, st\u0159ed toku\u00a0\u2013 middle of stream, v\u00fdtok ze svahu\u00a0\u2013 flow from slope)<\/h6>\n

Experimenty na louce\u00a0\u2013 2014<\/h3>\n

Rok 2014 pat\u0159il mezi velmi such\u00e1 obdob\u00ed (69 % dlouhodob\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru za obdob\u00ed III\u2013X). Nedostatek sr\u00e1\u017eek v\u00a0zim\u011b, v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b i\u00a0na podzim se projevil n\u00edzkou hladinou v\u00a0toku. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hladiny toku byly dosa\u017eeny v\u00a0srpnu a\u00a0v\u00a0podzimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch (obr. 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed svah byl instalov\u00e1n cca 5 m od toku. Byly provedeny dva\u00a0pokusy: 7. 10.\u20139. 10. 2014 a\u00a020. 10.\u201321. 10. 2014.<\/p>\n

Obdob\u00ed prvn\u00ed t\u0159etiny \u0159\u00edjna bylo velmi such\u00e9 (48 % dlouhodob\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru). Hladina toku byla velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1 a\u00a0vlhkost p\u016fdy v\u00a0hloubce 50 cm \u010dinila 21 % objemov\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed vlhkosti. K\u00a0odt\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu do \u017elab\u016f doch\u00e1zelo a\u017e t\u0159et\u00ed den (9. 10.). P\u0159i druh\u00e9m pokusu za 14 dn\u016f do vlh\u010d\u00ed p\u016fdy (asi 30 %) odtok nastal hned prvn\u00ed den. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pokusu bylo sledov\u00e1n\u00ed hladiny podpovrchov\u00e9 vody v\u00a0piezometrech pod svahem. Sou\u010dasn\u011b se odeb\u00edraly vzorky povrchov\u00e9 vody z\u00a0toku p\u0159ed pokusn\u00fdm svahem a\u00a0za svahem. Sch\u00e9ma svahu s\u00a0odb\u011brn\u00fdmi m\u00edsty je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na obr. 4a<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Na obr. 1<\/em> jsou graficky zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u00fahrny sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 ve stanici \u010cVUT v\u00a0Doln\u00edch Lu\u010danech v\u00a0Jizersk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch (2014\u20132016).<\/p>\n

Pokus 7. 10. do 9. 10. 2014<\/h4>\n

Svah se skr\u00e1p\u011bl t\u0159i dny pouze roztokem NaCl. Voda ze svahu za\u010dala prot\u00e9kat a\u017e t\u0159et\u00ed den skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, tj. 9. 10. 2014, a\u00a0to nejprve ze spodn\u00edho \u017elabu (9. 10. od 10:50) a\u00a0pozd\u011bji i\u00a0z\u00a0horn\u00edho od 11:50 (obr. 7a<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Nejv\u00edce vody odteklo z\u00a0doln\u00edho \u017elabu a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u011b zde byla nam\u011b\u0159ena nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vodivost 9. 10. 2014 ve 14:30 807 \u00b5S.cm-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Pokus 20. 10. do 21. 10. 2014<\/h4>\n

Prvn\u00ed den byl svah skr\u00e1p\u011bn pouze vodou a\u00a0druh\u00fd den skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed pokra\u010dovalo s\u00a0roztokem soli. K\u00a0odt\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed ze svahu do\u0161lo ji\u017e na za\u010d\u00e1tku prvn\u00edho dne z\u00a0doln\u00edho okapu\u00a0\u2013 voda odt\u00e9kala do spodn\u00edho p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010de. V\u00a0poledne za\u010dala voda odt\u00e9kat i\u00a0z\u00a0horn\u00edho okapu do horn\u00edho p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010de. Druh\u00fd den pokra\u010dovalo skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed roztokem NaCl+H2<\/sub>O (5 mg.l-1<\/sup>) a\u00a0od za\u010d\u00e1tku skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed voda odt\u00e9kala do obou p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f. Dne 21. 10. byla nam\u011b\u0159ena nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnota vodivosti ve 12:15 v\u00a0doln\u00edm \u017elabu (okapu) 8\u00a0270 \u00b5S.cm-1<\/sup>. V\u00a0horn\u00edm \u017elabu byly nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vodivosti dosahov\u00e1ny ve vzorc\u00edch odebran\u00fdch 20. 10. 2014 16:00 hod. 8\u00a0700 \u00b5S.cm-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u011b byla m\u011b\u0159ena vodivost i\u00a0v\u00a0toku, ale vzhledem k\u00a0vzd\u00e1lenosti pokusn\u00e9ho svahu od toku se vodivost t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nem\u011bnila. Hodnoty NaCl byly zm\u011b\u0159eny jen u\u00a0n\u011bkolika vzork\u016f, a\u00a0proto je neuv\u00e1d\u00edme. Nebyla nam\u011b\u0159ena \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 zm\u011bna hladiny podpovrchov\u00e9 vody v\u00a0instalovan\u00fdch piezometrech (hloubka v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti svahu byla 50 cm, v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti vody 40 cm).<\/p>\n

Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 vsakov\u00e1n\u00ed vydatn\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky do such\u00e9 p\u016fdy<\/h2>\n

Na\u00a0obr. 7a <\/em>a\u00a07b<\/em> je p\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdstupu modelu MIPs, kter\u00fd ukazuje sycen\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00edho svahu um\u011bl\u00fdm de\u0161t\u011bm.<\/p>\n

Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed svah m\u00e1 plochu 5\u00d75 m. Ve vstupech do modelu je d\u00e9lka svahu 5 m rozd\u011blena na odd\u00edly po 0,5 m, tzn. \u017ee svah m\u00e1 10 odd\u00edl\u016f, kter\u00e9 vid\u00edme na vodorovn\u00e9 ose na\u00a0obr. 7b<\/em>. Na svisl\u00e9 ose je vykresleno mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m kroku a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m odd\u00edlu. Jedna \u201e\u010d\u00e1stice\u201c m\u00e1 ve v\u00fdpo\u010dtu objem 1 litr. \u010casov\u00fd krok v\u00fdpo\u010dtu je stejn\u00fd jako \u010dasov\u00fd krok m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, tj. 10 minut.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0horn\u00edch obr\u00e1zc\u00edch je vykreslena nenasycen\u00e1 (prom\u011bnliv\u011b nasycen\u00e1) z\u00f3na, ve spodn\u00edch nasycen\u00e1 z\u00f3na (m\u011blk\u00e1 podzemn\u00ed voda). Ozna\u010den\u00ed A, B, C odpov\u00edd\u00e1 ozna\u010den\u00ed na\u00a0obr. 7a<\/em>, tedy jsou to po\u010dty \u010d\u00e1stic v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy skon\u010dil post\u0159ik.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 7a. Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany, louka: um\u011bl\u00fd d\u00e9\u0161\u0165, kumulativn\u00ed d\u00e9\u0161\u0165, vlhkost ve 20 a\u00a050 cm, vodivost v\u00a0p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u00edch, A, B, C \u010dasov\u00e9 okam\u017eiky ukon\u010den\u00ed de\u0161t\u011b
\nFig. 7a. Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany, meadow: artificial rain, cumulative rain, conductivity in tipping buckets, A, B, C times of rainfall end<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 7b. Histogramy po\u010dtu \u010d\u00e1stic v\u00a0\u010dasech A, B a\u00a0C (viz obr. 7a<\/em>), horn\u00ed obr\u00e1zky (zelen\u011b)\u00a0\u2013 nenasycen\u00e1 z\u00f3na, doln\u00ed obr\u00e1zky (mod\u0159e)\u00a0\u2013 nasycen\u00e1 z\u00f3na, na vodorovn\u00e9 ose d\u00e9lka svahu d\u011blen\u00e1 po 0,5 m
\nFig. 7b. Histograms of numbers of particles at times A, B and C (fig. 7a<\/em>), horizontal axis is subdivided by 0.5 m<\/h6>\n

Modelem je mo\u017eno vyj\u00e1d\u0159it sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed klimatick\u00fdch extr\u00e9m\u016f\u00a0\u2013 velmi vydatn\u00e1 sr\u00e1\u017eka do such\u00e9 p\u016fdy\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159ovat hypot\u00e9zy podle experiment\u016f v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu. V\u00a0na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jsme tedy modelovali sr\u00e1\u017eky o\u00a0velikosti 185,5, 223 a\u00a0231,6 mm (je mo\u017eno srovnat s\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm denn\u00edm \u00fahrnem 345 mm v\u00a0\u010cR, nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm na Nov\u00e9 Louce v\u00a0Jizersk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch).<\/p>\n

P\u0159i modelov\u00e1n\u00ed odtok\u016f ze sr\u00e1\u017eek je prvn\u00ed vlna po such\u00e9m obdob\u00ed zpravidla zat\u00ed\u017eena velkou chybou (v\u00a0des\u00edtk\u00e1ch procent), co\u017e je zp\u016fsobeno velkou nelinearitou prom\u011bnliv\u011b nasycen\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed z\u00f3ny. Bylo tomu tak i\u00a0p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se za\u010dal projevovat vliv klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e vsakov\u00e1n\u00ed vydatn\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek do such\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0tvorba povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho odtoku modelem MIPs, zalo\u017een\u00e9m na jin\u00e9m apar\u00e1tu ne\u017e Richardsova rovnice [14], m\u016f\u017ee tedy p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0rozboru probl\u00e9mu tvorby odtoku v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny.<\/p>\n

Zhodnocen\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bry<\/h2>\n

Tabulka 1<\/em> uv\u00e1d\u00ed obdob\u00ed skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, spot\u0159ebu \u010dist\u00e9 vody, spot\u0159ebu roztoku vody a\u00a0NaCl (koncentrace v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru 5 g.l-1<\/sup>, tj. pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd \u00fahrn v\u00a0mm). Tabulka 2<\/em> uv\u00e1d\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty vodivosti a\u00a0koncentrace v\u00a0odebran\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch u\u00a0v\u0161ech experiment\u016f.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0uveden\u00fdch dosa\u017een\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry.<\/p>\n

Vlhkost p\u016fdy a\u00a0odtok vody<\/h3>\n

Vlhkost p\u016fdy ve v\u0161ech experimentech se zvy\u0161ovala v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na d\u00e9lce skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nejdel\u0161\u00ed skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed bylo provedeno p\u0159i experimentech v\u00a0roce 2016, kdy se nejd\u00e9le skr\u00e1p\u011blo \u010distou vodou v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 18. 7.\u201323. 7. 20:36 hodin a\u00a0v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 14.\u00a05.\u201320.\u00a05. nejv\u00edce roztokem NaCl (21:28 hod), viz tabulka 1.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Lokality, obdob\u00ed skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, spot\u0159eba \u010dist\u00e9 vody, spot\u0159eba roztoku vody a\u00a0NaCl (v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru 5 g\/l), pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd hodinov\u00fd \u00fahrn v\u00a0mm
\nTable 1. Sites, sprinkling period, volume clean water used (litres), volume NaCl solution (about 5 g\/l), average rain total (mm per hour)<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

P\u0159i krat\u0161\u00edch skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edch (Doln\u00ed Lu\u010dany na louce) maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed vlhkost p\u016fdy dosahovala 56,5 %, ale p\u0159i del\u0161\u00edch obdob\u00edch skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed byly od 3.\u20135. dne stabiln\u011b maxima 63,3 %, nap\u0159. obr. 6a<\/em>.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i prvn\u00edm experimentu na louce za\u010dal odtok vody do p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f a\u017e t\u0159et\u00ed den (9. 10.), ale p\u0159i opakov\u00e1n\u00ed (20. 10.\u201321. 10.) ji\u017e prvn\u00ed den voda prot\u00e9kala ob\u011bma p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010di. Na skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00e9 plo\u0161e doch\u00e1zelo, na m\u00e1lo propustn\u00e9m povrchu, tak\u00e9 k\u00a0povrchov\u00e9mu odtoku.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i lesn\u00edch experimentech, i\u00a0p\u0159es del\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, voda do p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f neodt\u00e9kala, ale vyv\u011brala t\u011bsn\u011b pod z\u00e1\u0159ezem svahu. Pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed vodivosti a\u00a0koncentrace NaCl byly v\u00a0t\u011bchto m\u00edstech vyhloubeny sondy cca 30\u201340 cm hlubok\u00e9, viz obr. 4b<\/em>. K\u00a0povrchov\u00e9mu odtoku v\u00a0lese ani p\u0159es velk\u00e9 \u00fahrny sr\u00e1\u017eek nedoch\u00e1zelo. Z\u0159ejm\u011b je d\u016fvodem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost preferen\u010dn\u00edch cest (makrop\u00f3ry, dutiny po ko\u0159enech a\u00a0\u017e\u00ed\u017eal\u00e1ch apod.) a\u00a0tedy v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed propustnost p\u016fdy.<\/p>\n

Konduktivita vody<\/h3>\n

V\u00a0dob\u011b experimentu byly n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t za den odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny vzorky z\u00a0toku p\u0159ed pokusn\u00fdm svahem. Na Lu\u017eick\u00e9 Nise v\u00a0Doln\u00edch Lu\u010danech se vodivost pohybovala od 14,5 do 18,6 mS.m-1<\/sup> a\u00a0na \u0160umav\u011b byla kolem 5 mS.m-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i prvn\u00edm ani druh\u00e9m experimentu na louce v\u00a0Doln\u00edch Lu\u010danech se neprok\u00e1zal \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv na vodivost v\u00a0toku. Svah byl ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti od toku a\u00a0byl zde vykop\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edkop pro plynov\u00e9 potrub\u00ed, kter\u00fd naru\u0161il p\u0159irozen\u00fd ter\u00e9n. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu byly dal\u0161\u00ed experimenty p\u0159eneseny do bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho lesa.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0lese p\u0159i skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed doch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0z\u0159eteln\u00e9mu v\u00fdtoku ze b\u0159ehu pod hladinou do koryta v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti svahu. Vodivost v\u00a0tomto m\u00edst\u011b za\u010dala stoupat 3.\u20134. den skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edklad pr\u016fb\u011bhu vodivosti v\u00a0toku je vykreslen na obr. 5c<\/em>. Nejv\u00edce se projevil odtok ze svahu do toku v\u00a0posledn\u00edm roce pokusu v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho potoka na \u0160umav\u011b, viz obr. 6c<\/em> a\u00a0tabulka 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Vodivost v\u00a0odebran\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch z\u00a0p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f a\u00a0ze sond postupn\u011b stoupala a\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed byla v\u00a0posledn\u00edm dni skr\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed roztokem NaCl. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnota byla nam\u011b\u0159ena v\u00a0posledn\u00edm pokusu na \u0160umav\u011b.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 2. Dosa\u017een\u00e9 maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty vodivosti v\u00a0p\u0159ekl\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u00edch, sond\u00e1ch, v\u00a0toku a\u00a0ve v\u00fdtoku p\u0159i experimentech 2014\u20132017
\nTable 2. Maximum conductivity in tipping bucketes, dug wells, in stream and in outflow from slope during experiments 2014\u20132017<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Odtok vody ze svahu z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na preferen\u010dn\u00edch cest\u00e1ch, kdy v\u00a0lesn\u00edm porostu je velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed cest po ko\u0159enech a\u00a0makrop\u00f3r\u016f. Voda prosakuje sp\u00ed\u0161e do spodn\u00edch vrstev p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu a\u00a0st\u00e9k\u00e1 po m\u00e1lo propustn\u00e9m podlo\u017e\u00ed later\u00e1ln\u011b do toku. Objevuje se u\u00a0paty svahu v\u00a0sond\u00e1ch a\u00a0ve v\u00fdtoku (pod hladinou) ze b\u0159ehu do koryta. Na louce se later\u00e1ln\u00ed pohyb odehr\u00e1val v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed hloubce, pop\u0159. po povrchu po nepropustn\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch. Podstatn\u00fd je t\u00e9\u017e sklon ter\u00e9nu a\u00a0nepropustn\u00e9 nebo m\u00e1lo propustn\u00e9 podlo\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Model MIPs [2, 5] je zalo\u017een na metod\u011b sledov\u00e1n\u00ed dr\u00e1hy \u010d\u00e1stic. Nepracuje s\u00a0Richardsovou rovnic\u00ed [14] pro nenasycenou p\u016fdn\u00ed z\u00f3nu a\u00a0je tedy alternativou k\u00a0model\u016fm du\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00f3rovitosti [15]. Pr\u00e1v\u011b nenasycen\u00e1 z\u00f3na svoj\u00ed nelinearitou zp\u016fsobuje nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee p\u0159i modelov\u00e1n\u00ed odtoku. Prvn\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e1 epizoda po such\u00e9m obdob\u00ed (i\u00a0po b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m sezonn\u00edm suchu) b\u00fdv\u00e1 obvykle \u0161patn\u011b vysti\u017eena.<\/p>\n

MIPs je vhodn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem ke zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0tomto sm\u011bru. K\u00a0tomu p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 i\u00a0vizualizace proces\u016f\u00a0\u2013 je mo\u017eno sledovat pohyb jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic (rozum\u00ed se bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f vody o\u00a0objemu nap\u0159. 1 litr) mezi povrchov\u00fdm a\u00a0podpovrchov\u00fdm odtokem, mezi nasycenou a\u00a0nenasycenou z\u00f3nou apod. To ov\u0161em neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee nejistoty spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0prom\u011bnliv\u011b nasycenou p\u016fdn\u00ed z\u00f3nou zmiz\u00ed. V\u00fdpo\u010dty MIPs bude vhodn\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt v\u00a0r\u00e1mci odhadu nejistot. Model MIPs je v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd a\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00ed nejistot tuto n\u00e1ro\u010dnost je\u0161t\u011b zn\u00e1sob\u00ed. Model du\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00f3rovitosti je ov\u0161em n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd tak\u00e9. To plyne z\u00a0velk\u00e9 variability p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednek, zejm\u00e9na prom\u011bnliv\u011b nasycen\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed z\u00f3ny.<\/p>\n

MIPs bude vhodn\u00fd i\u00a0ke zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed pohybu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed (pokud je zalo\u017een na datech z\u00a0pr\u016fzkumu se stopova\u010di). V\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny se z\u0159ejm\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161uje extremita povodn\u00ed a\u00a0sucha. Lze se tedy ob\u00e1vat p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek do p\u016fdy vyschl\u00e9 dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00edm suchem.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl zpracov\u00e1n v\u00a0projektu GA \u010cR 13-32133S. Druh\u00e1 autorka d\u011bkuje prof. Bevenovi za poskytnut\u00ed programu MIPs. D\u00e1le d\u011bkujeme \u010cHM\u00da a\u00a0FSv \u010cVUT za poskytnut\u00ed dat a\u00a0anonymn\u00edm oponent\u016fm za cenn\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednky.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek presentuje pokusy s um\u011bl\u00fdm de\u0161t\u011bm a stopova\u010dem v Jizersk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro modelov\u00e1n\u00ed svahu modelem MIPs (Multiple Interacting Pathways [1]). Jsou podrobn\u011b pops\u00e1ny pokusy na n\u011bkolika svaz\u00edch v povod\u00ed Lu\u017eick\u00e9 Nisy v Jizersk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch a na jednom svahu na \u0160umav\u011b. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6464,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[1595,1596,1598,1597,1599],"coauthors":[1582,1583,1584,1585],"class_list":["post-6526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-mips","tag-model-odtoku-ze-svahu","tag-odtokove-procesy","tag-pokusy-se-stopovaci","tag-sledovani-drahy-castic"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6526","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6526"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6526\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30522,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6526\/revisions\/30522"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6526"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6526"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6526"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=6526"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}