P\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku bylo pro n\u00e1s d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm uv\u011bdomit to, \u017ee doby ledov\u00e9 se vyskytuj\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b jedenkr\u00e1t za 100\u00a0000\u00a0let. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti se nach\u00e1z\u00edme v\u00a0tzv. dob\u011b meziledov\u00e9 (interglaci\u00e1lu), kter\u00e1 je v\u017edy mnohem krat\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e doba ledov\u00e1. B\u011b\u017en\u011b se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00fd interglaci\u00e1l nastal p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed 11\u00a0700 lety10<\/sup> (BP)11<\/sup>. K\u00a0velmi pozitivn\u00edm klimatick\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m doch\u00e1zelo na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b (rovn\u011b\u017e v\u00a0cel\u00e9m geografick\u00e9m prostoru severn\u00ed zemsk\u00e9 polokoule) ji\u017e mnohem d\u0159\u00edve. Oteplen\u00ed lze zaznamenat ji\u017e v\u00a0nejstar\u0161\u00edm dryasu (p\u0159ed celkem kr\u00e1tkou periodou ochlazen\u00ed ve star\u0161\u00edm dryasu)\u00a0\u2013 v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pak p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od roku 15\u00a0000 BP. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstu zalesn\u011bn\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b se hojn\u011b vyskytovaly duby, pist\u00e1cie, mandlovn\u00edky a\u00a0hru\u0161n\u011b. Tyto zm\u011bny m\u011bly za n\u00e1sledek t\u00e9\u017e zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd v\u00fdskyt jedl\u00fdch plodin ve stepi12<\/sup>. Po roce 16\u00a0500 BP vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00ed kultury od Eufratu po Sinajskou pou\u0161\u0165 postupn\u011b kamenn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje stejn\u00e9ho tvaru a\u00a0stejn\u00fdm pracovn\u00edm postupem. Roste i\u00a0po\u010det jedinc\u016f homo sapiens sapiens v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch a\u00a0d\u00edky evidentn\u00ed existenci vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 komunikace lze rovn\u011b\u017e shledat zna\u010dnou uniformitu kultury u\u00a0tehdej\u0161\u00ed populace v\u00a0geografick\u00e9m prostoru Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu.<\/p>\n K\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm pozitivn\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m do\u0161lo ve st\u0159edn\u00edm dryasu (Aller\u00f6d) v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 13\u00a0900\u201312\u00a0900 BP. Teplota na severn\u00ed polokouli byla p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u00e1 jako v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti. Tato \u010dasov\u00e1 perioda se t\u00e9\u017e naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Aller\u00f6dsk\u00e1 oscilace13<\/sup>. S\u00a0ohledem na d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsoby os\u00eddlen\u00ed se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0velmi zaj\u00edmavou etapu. Homo sapiens sapiens ji\u017e zakl\u00e1dal st\u00e1l\u00e1 kultovn\u00ed m\u00edsta, kam se lovci a\u00a0sb\u011bra\u010di doby kamenn\u00e9 pravideln\u011b vraceli14<\/sup>. Ke konci uveden\u00e9 oscilace se poda\u0159ilo identifikovat dokonce i\u00a0pevn\u00e1 lidsk\u00e1 obydl\u00ed. Tehdej\u0161\u00ed kultura v\u00a0prostoru Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu se b\u011b\u017en\u011b ozna\u010duje jako nat\u00fafiensk\u00e115<\/sup>\u00a0\u2013 \u010di t\u00e9\u017e natufi\u00e1nsk\u00e116<\/sup>. Ta b\u00fdv\u00e1 lokalizov\u00e1na do oblasti dne\u0161n\u00edho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e. Klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky byly velmi v\u00fdhodn\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 existoval dostatek lovn\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e a\u00a0dalo se snadno skl\u00edzet divok\u00e9 obil\u00ed. Na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b se vyskytovaly, v\u00a0tomto pom\u011brn\u011b vlhk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed, rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 dubov\u00e9 lesy. Zrna divok\u00e9ho obil\u00ed se, podle archeologick\u00fdch vykop\u00e1vek, ji\u017e drtila za pomoci ml\u00fdnsk\u00fdch kamen\u016f. Podle v\u0161ech (do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby zrealizovan\u00fdch) pr\u016fzkum\u016f lze tuto kulturu ozna\u010dit za prvn\u00ed zn\u00e1mou lidskou komunitu, kter\u00e1 jednozna\u010dn\u011b budovala pouze st\u00e1l\u00e1 s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b. Postupn\u011b se t\u00e9\u017e roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila daleko za zalesn\u011bn\u00e9 hranice oblasti nal\u00e9zaj\u00edc\u00ed se u\u00a0St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e. Charakteristick\u00e9 srpkovit\u00e9 mikrolity se nal\u00e9zaj\u00ed v\u0161ude na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b\u00a0\u2013 od pou\u0161t\u00ed Arabsk\u00e9ho poloostrova a\u017e po b\u0159ehy Eufratu17<\/sup>. Autor tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee by je bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 nal\u00e9zt (samoz\u0159ejm\u011b velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b) i\u00a0pod sou\u010dasnou hladinou Rud\u00e9ho mo\u0159e (viz n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p>\n Mimo oblast vlastn\u00ed natufi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kultury (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0Palestin\u011b) lze nal\u00e9zt stopy po vysp\u011bl\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch z\u00a0obdob\u00ed 14\u00a0300\u201312\u00a0800 BP i\u00a0na b\u0159ez\u00edch Eufratu. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 poznatky byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny z\u00a0lokality Ab\u00fa Hurajry. Zdej\u0161\u00ed lovci a\u00a0sb\u011bra\u010di lovili v\u00a0sezon\u011b gazely a\u00a0obhospoda\u0159ovali \u201ezahr\u00e1dky\u201c z\u00a0divoce rostouc\u00edch druh\u016f rostlin18<\/sup>. Obdobn\u00e9 poznatky byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny p\u0159i vykop\u00e1vk\u00e1ch u\u00a0Ajn Mall\u00e1hy. P\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b umo\u017enily lidem opustit ko\u010dovn\u00fd zp\u016fsob \u017eivota. Podle kostern\u00edch poz\u016fstatk\u016f lze dovodit, \u017ee natufi\u00e1nci se t\u011b\u0161ili pom\u011brn\u011b dobr\u00e9mu zdrav\u00ed19<\/sup>. Co je nav\u00edc velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, je to, \u017ee mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi lidsk\u00fdmi skupinami zjevn\u011b nedoch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm konflikt\u016fm\u00a0\u2013 jako a\u017e pozd\u011bji u\u00a0prvn\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f.<\/p>\n S\u00a0ohledem na p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 pom\u011bry v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b po\u010det obyvatelstva neust\u00e1le rostl. V\u00a0ko\u010dovn\u00fdch paleolitick\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch existovala p\u0159irozen\u00e1 regulace po\u010dtu jedinc\u016f. Porody se zde uskute\u010d\u0148ovaly v\u00a0del\u0161\u00edch intervalech (t\u0159\u00ed a\u017e \u010dty\u0159 let) s\u00a0ohledem na tu skute\u010dnost, \u017ee matka nen\u00ed schopna p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et na jinou lokalitu v\u00edce ne\u017e jedno d\u00edt\u011b20<\/sup>. P\u0159i usedl\u00e9m zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota se naopak po\u010det d\u011bt\u00ed radik\u00e1ln\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161il\u00a0\u2013 t\u00edm i\u00a0do\u0161lo ke zna\u010dn\u00e9 popula\u010dn\u00ed explozi. Nov\u00e9 vesnice v\u00a0natufi\u00e1nsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed asi v\u011bt\u0161inou vznikaly tak, \u017ee se v\u017edy men\u0161\u00ed skupina z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed vesnice vydala hledat novou. To ov\u0161em \u010dasem zp\u016fsobilo pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ur\u010dit\u00fd nedostatek potravy pro v\u0161echny, na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed, lidsk\u00e9 skupiny. Situace se pak radik\u00e1ln\u011b zhor\u0161ila a\u017e pozd\u011bji (po roce 12\u00a0900 BP) v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0n\u00e1hl\u00fdm a\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm ochlazen\u00edm, kter\u00e9 nastalo v\u00a0mlad\u0161\u00edm dryasu (viz podrobn\u011bji n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p>\n Hladina oce\u00e1n\u016f po p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00edm pleistoc\u00e9nu byla proti sou\u010dasnosti k\u00a0datu 14\u00a0000 BP n\u00ed\u017e p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o\u00a0120\u2008m. Postupn\u011b se jej\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zdvihala do obdob\u00ed mlad\u0161\u00edho dryasu (12\u00a0900\u201311\u00a0700 BP)21<\/sup>, kdy do\u0161lo k\u00a0op\u011btovn\u00e9mu n\u00e1vratu v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho ochlazen\u00ed (viz obr. 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n V\u00a0\u010dasov\u00e9m rozmez\u00ed mlad\u0161\u00edho dryasu 12\u00a0900\u201311\u00a0700 BP do\u0161lo nejen k\u00a0ochlazen\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 z\u00a0podrobn\u00fdch anal\u00fdz je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee tuto klimatickou zm\u011bnu doprov\u00e1zelo i\u00a0zna\u010dn\u00e9 sucho. Co zp\u016fsobilo uvedenou pom\u011brn\u011b neobvyklou situaci? Teori\u00ed je v\u00edce\u00a0\u2013 zm\u00edn\u00edme se o\u00a0nich jen kr\u00e1tce s\u00a0ohledem na tu okolnost, \u017ee v\u00a0r\u00e1mci celkov\u00e9 koncepce tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jej\u00ed n\u00e1sledek (souvisej\u00edc\u00ed sucho toti\u017e zp\u016fsobilo s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed migraci natufi\u00e1nc\u016f nejen sm\u011brem na z\u00e1pad, t\u00e9\u017e asi i\u00a0na jih). Jmenujme jen dv\u011b hypot\u00e9zy. Prvn\u00ed z\u00a0nich uva\u017euje s vulk\u00e1nem (tzv. erup\u010dn\u00ed hypot\u00e9za) existuj\u00edc\u00edm pod hladinou sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho z\u00e1padon\u011bmeck\u00e9ho jezera Laacher See22<\/sup> (v\u00a0regionu Eifel nedaleko od R\u00fdna). I\u00a0v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b zde existuje vulk\u00e1n, ze kter\u00e9ho st\u00e1le stoup\u00e1 magma. Jde o\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vulkanickou oblast ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b\u00a0\u2013 tak\u00e9 nejmlad\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159ed zhruba 13\u00a0000 lety zde mohla nastat mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 erupce. Druhou mo\u017enost\u00ed je hypot\u00e9za o\u00a0kosmick\u00e9m dopadu v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho asteroidu. V\u00a0listopadu 2018 vy\u0161la nov\u00e1 studie t\u00fdmu profesora Kurta Kj\u00e6ra z\u00a0Koda\u0148sk\u00e9 univerzity. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee byl nalezen d\u016fkaz o\u00a0skute\u010dn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9m impaktu asteroidu. Pod ledem Gr\u00f3nska byl identifikov\u00e1n kr\u00e1ter, kter\u00fd by mohl b\u00fdt zhruba stejn\u011b star\u00e9ho data jako ochlazen\u00ed v\u00a0mlad\u0161\u00edm dryasu. Uvedenou domn\u011bnku v\u0161ak bude muset je\u0161t\u011b potvrdit expedice, kter\u00e1 datov\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo na m\u00edst\u011b.<\/p>\n O\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 popula\u010dn\u00ed explozi natufi\u00e1nc\u016f jsme se ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00ednili v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0obdob\u00edm st\u0159edn\u00edho dryasu (Aller\u00f6dskou oscilac\u00ed). S\u00a0ohledem na zhor\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky obyvatel\u00e9 vesnic postupem \u010dasu ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b zat\u011b\u017eovali okoln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje ob\u017eivy (zv\u011b\u0159 i\u00a0rostlinstvo). I\u00a0tak se v\u0161ak zhor\u0161ila v\u00fd\u017eiva, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla dopad rovn\u011b\u017e na hor\u0161\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed stav obyvatel natufi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch vesnic23<\/sup>. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd p\u0159\u00edvod \u017eivin m\u011bl t\u00e9\u017e za n\u00e1sledek zpomalen\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e9ho r\u016fstu24<\/sup>. Tyto v\u0161echny d\u016fvody vedly podle v\u0161eho k\u00a0emigraci a\u00a0postupn\u00e9mu opou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch vesnic25<\/sup>\u00a0\u2013 ot\u00e1zkou v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, kam sm\u011b\u0159ovalo? Sedimenty, kter\u00e9 vznikly po datu 12\u00a0800 BP vykazuj\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost pylov\u00fdch zrn ze strom\u016f\u00a0\u2013 do\u0161lo tedy n\u00e1sledkem sucha k\u00a0dramatick\u00e9mu odlesn\u011bn\u00ed cel\u00e9ho Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu. D\u0159eviny se pouze udr\u017eely v\u00a0chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fadoln\u00edch n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch\u00a0\u2013 t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0zbytky lovn\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e.<\/p>\n V\u00a0obdob\u00ed mlad\u0161\u00edho dryasu (12\u00a0900\u201311\u00a0700 BP) byla hladina sv\u011btov\u00fdch oce\u00e1n\u016f p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o\u00a0sto metr\u016f n\u00ed\u017ee. Pod\u00edv\u00e1me-li se na sou\u010dasnou batygrafickou mapu Persk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu lze si pov\u0161imnout pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fdch hloubek v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti. Je zcela z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee do\u0161lo k\u00a0jej\u00edmu zatopen\u00ed a\u017e n\u00e1sledkem v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho oteplen\u00ed po 11\u00a0700 BP\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0ran\u00e9m holoc\u00e9nu. Dne\u0161n\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 hladin oce\u00e1n\u016f byla dosa\u017eena p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 7\u00a0000 BP (v\u00a0dob\u011b tzv. Atlantiku)26<\/sup>. Od t\u00e9 doby je mo\u017en\u00e9 zaznamenat jen (relativn\u011b) nev\u00fdrazn\u00fd vzestup.<\/p>\n Obdobn\u011b lze v\u00a0oblasti Rud\u00e9ho mo\u0159e pozorovat zna\u010dn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozsah pevniny jak na stran\u011b Arabsk\u00e9ho poloostrova, tak i\u00a0Afriky p\u0159ed datem 11\u00a0700 BP (na obr.\u00a02<\/em> jsme vymezili v\u00a0batygrafick\u00e9 map\u011b hloubku sto metr\u016f\u00a0\u2013 tj. p\u0159edpokl\u00e1danou \u00farove\u0148 hladiny oce\u00e1n\u016f v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b). O\u00a0n\u00e1hl\u00e9m a\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9m ochlazen\u00ed v\u00a0mlad\u0161\u00edm dryasu p\u0159ed 12 900 lety jsme se ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e zmi\u0148ovali. O\u00a0emigraci a\u00a0postupn\u00e9mu opou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch natufi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch vesnic rovn\u011b\u017e padla zm\u00ednka\u00a0\u2013 t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0o\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9m procesu odles\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho regionu n\u00e1sledkem klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Po kr\u00e1tkou dobu asi 1\u00a0200\u00a0let byly teploty vzduchu srovnateln\u00e9 se situac\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0dob\u011b do roku 15\u00a0000 BP. Tehdej\u0161\u00ed lovci a\u00a0sb\u011bra\u010di se st\u011bhovali do \u00fadol\u00ed, kde bylo tepleji, a\u00a0p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u\u00a0\u0159ek\u00a0\u2013 vlh\u010deji. Postupn\u011b byl opou\u0161t\u011bn usedl\u00fd\u00a0zp\u016fsob \u017eivota, co\u017e se (s\u00a0ohledem na tehdej\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 byly jednozna\u010dn\u011b identifikov\u00e1ny podle tehdej\u0161\u00edho poh\u0159b\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed) projevilo v\u00a0op\u011btovn\u00e9m n\u00e1vratu do rovnost\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 kultury\u00a0\u2013 srovnateln\u00e9 s\u00a0kebarskou27<\/sup>.<\/p>\n Ran\u011b natufi\u00e1nsk\u00e1 kultura se vyskytovala p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0oblasti dne\u0161n\u00ed Palestiny. Domn\u00edv\u00e1me se, \u017ee jednotliv\u00e9 (d\u0159\u00edve usedl\u00e9) skupiny se postupn\u011b p\u0159esouvaly sm\u011brem na jih do n\u00ed\u017ein existuj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti dnes ji\u017e zatopen\u00e9 oblasti Rud\u00e9ho mo\u0159e (viz obr. 3<\/em>). Zde se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b soust\u0159edily pobl\u00ed\u017e v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b mnohem u\u017e\u0161\u00edho pr\u016flivu Bab al Mandab.<\/p>\n Sol\u00f3n\u016fv otec se z\u0159ejm\u011b jmenoval Exekestid\u00e9s a\u00a0odvozoval sv\u016fj p\u016fvod od m\u00fdtick\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Kodra28<\/sup>. M\u011bl dva syny\u00a0\u2013 Sol\u00f3na a\u00a0Dropida29<\/sup>. Druh\u00fd jmenovan\u00fd m\u011bl syna Kritia (I.\u00a0\u2013 \u201estar\u0161\u00edho\u201c)\u00a0\u2013 ten pak syna Kallaischra30<\/sup>. V\u00a0dialogu vystupuje Kriti\u00e1s (II.\u00a0\u2013 \u201emlad\u0161\u00ed\u201c) syn posledn\u00edho jmenovan\u00e9ho. Vedle n\u011bj Timaios31<\/sup> a\u00a0Hermokrat\u00e9s\u00a0\u2013 samoz\u0159ejm\u011b spolu se S\u00f3kratem. Plat\u00f3n byl p\u0159es Kritia (I.\u00a0\u2013 \u201estar\u0161\u00edho\u201c) p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm Kritia (II.\u00a0\u2013 \u201emlad\u0161\u00edho\u201c), kter\u00fd t\u00e9\u017e vystupuje jako p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk popisovan\u00e9ho dialogu. \u0160lo v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b o\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b zn\u00e1mou osobnost, je\u017e se v\u00fdrazn\u011b politicky anga\u017eovala. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm se nechvaln\u011b \u201eproslavil\u201c jako jeden z\u00a0tzv. t\u0159iceti tyran\u016f (\u03bf\u1f31 \u03a4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1)\u00a0\u2013 t\u00e9\u017e lze zm\u00ednit i\u00a0jeho nemal\u00e9 intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0liter\u00e1rn\u00ed schopnosti. Pokud jde o\u00a0jeho filosofick\u00e9 znalosti, byl \u010dasto naz\u00fdv\u00e1n \u201enefilosofem mezi filosofy a\u00a0filosofem mezi nefilosofy\u201c32<\/sup>.<\/p>\n Dialog Timaios m\u011bl p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm za \u00fa\u010del prezentovat Plat\u00f3novy n\u00e1zory na vznik sv\u011bta a\u00a0kosmu (pouze Zem\u011b a\u00a0jej\u00edho bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho okol\u00ed). Sv\u011bt je podle Plat\u00f3na \u201e\u017eiv\u00fdm tvorem\u201c a\u00a0jako ka\u017ed\u00fd jin\u00fd \u201e\u017eivo\u010dich\u201c m\u00e1 du\u0161i a\u00a0t\u011blo33<\/sup>. Timaios t\u00e9\u017e p\u016fsobil velmi siln\u011b na utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 filosofick\u00e9 tradice\u00a0\u2013 jeho v\u00fdznam p\u0159esahuje antickou a\u00a0st\u0159edov\u011bkou filosofii a\u00a0zasahuje a\u017e do filosofie novov\u011bk\u00e934<\/sup>. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o\u00a0Atlantid\u011b je za\u0159azeno t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na za\u010d\u00e1tek popisovan\u00e9ho dialogu. Kriti\u00e1s je v\u0161emi z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdmi vyzv\u00e1n, aby vypr\u00e1v\u011bl i\u00a0S\u00f3kratovi jistou starod\u00e1vnou pov\u011bst, kterou p\u0159ednesl ji\u017e minul\u00fd den ve sv\u00e9m dom\u011b\u00a0\u2013 za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 svou \u0159e\u010d takto35<\/sup>:<\/p>\n \u201e\u1f04\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03b5 \u03b4\u03ae, \u1f66 \u03a3\u03ce\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03af<\/em>36<\/sup> \u03b3\u03b5 \u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03c0\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u1fbd \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7. \u1f26\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u0394\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5<\/em>37<\/sup>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u039a\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u1f56 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03b3\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u2026<\/em>\u201c [Poslouchej, S\u00f3krate, je to velmi podivn\u00e9 vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 av\u0161ak zcela pravdiv\u00e9. \u0158ekl je kdysi nejmoud\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed ze sedmi (mudrc\u016f)\u00a0\u2013 Sol\u00f3n. Ten byl p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm a\u00a0velmi dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtelem na\u0161eho prad\u011bda Dropida\u00a0\u2013 tak jak to i\u00a0s\u00e1m vypr\u00e1v\u00ed na mnoha m\u00edstech ve sv\u00fdch b\u00e1sn\u00edch. Dropid\u00e9s pak v\u0161e vypravoval Kritiovi, na\u0161emu d\u011bdovi\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0tento n\u00e1m to jako sta\u0159ec zase p\u0159edal podle sv\u00e9 pam\u011bti (tak jak si to zapamatoval)\u00a0\u2026]<\/p>\n S\u00a0ohledem na zp\u016fsob p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed Sol\u00f3novy \u201einformace\u201c Kritiovi (\u201emlad\u0161\u00edmu\u201c) lze v\u00a0dialogu Timaios nal\u00e9zt je\u0161t\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed zm\u00ednku:<\/p>\n \u201e\u1f26\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u039a\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03b4\u03ad \u03c0\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2: \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c4\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd \u1f08\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd.<\/em>\u201c [Tehdy toti\u017e bylo d\u011bde\u010dkovi Kritiovi, tak jak to s\u00e1m \u0159\u00edkal, skoro devades\u00e1t let, mn\u011b pak nejv\u00fd\u0161e deset\u00a0\u2013 slavil se pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u0159et\u00ed den Apat\u00fari\u00ed38<\/sup>, K\u00fare\u00f3tis.]<\/p>\n Uveden\u00e9 \u00faryvky lze shrnout tak, \u017ee poznatky o\u00a0Atlantid\u011b, jej\u00edch obyvatel\u00edch a\u00a0d\u00e1vn\u00fdch Ath\u00e9\u0148anech, kte\u0159\u00ed s\u00a0nimi \u00fadajn\u011b bojovali, (asi) vypr\u00e1v\u011bl Sol\u00f3n Dropidovi, prad\u011bdovi Kritia (\u201emlad\u0161\u00edho\u201c\u00a0\u2013 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edc\u00edho se dialogu). Ten v\u0161e p\u0159edal d\u011bde\u010dkovi Kritia, kter\u00fd se t\u00e9\u017e jmenoval Kriti\u00e1s (\u201estar\u0161\u00ed\u201c). Tento d\u011bde\u010dek (ve velmi vysok\u00e9m v\u011bku) pak v\u0161e \u0159ekl ve slavnostn\u00edm dni zvan\u00e9m K\u00fare\u00f3tis sv\u00e9mu desetilet\u00e9mu vnukovi\u00a0\u2013 kter\u00fd pak mnohem pozd\u011bji v\u00a0dialogu Timaios hovo\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n \u201e\u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u0394\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f43\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u1f74\u03bd<\/em>39<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039d\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1fe5\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b1\u03ca\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a3\u03ac\u03b9\u03c2\u00a0\u2013 \u1f45\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f0c\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd \u1f41 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2\u00a0\u2013 \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03af\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd, \u0391\u1f30\u03b3\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f54\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u039d\u03b7\u03af\u03b8, \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ad, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f41 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u1fb6: \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b4\u1fbd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd. \u03bf\u1f37 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03a3\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1fbd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\u2026<\/em>\u201c [V\u00a0egyptsk\u00e9 delt\u011b, tam kde se tok Nilu rozd\u011bluje (do v\u00edce \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch ramen), existuje kraj (nomos) zvan\u00fd Sajsk\u00fd a\u00a0v\u00a0tomto kraji je velmi velk\u00e9 m\u011bsto Sais40<\/sup>, odkud byl tak\u00e9 kr\u00e1l Amasis. Zakladatelem tohoto m\u011bsta, jak sami \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, je bo\u017estvo, egyptsky naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 jm\u00e9nem Neit, \u0159ecky pak Ath\u00e9na. \u0158\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee maj\u00ed Ath\u00e9ny velmi r\u00e1di a\u00a0\u017ee jsou s\u00a0n\u00e1mi jaksi p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed. Kdy\u017e tam p\u0159i\u0161el Sol\u00f3n, byl pr\u00fd u\u00a0nich velmi ct\u011bn\u2026]<\/p>\n V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd text \u201enebud\u00ed\u201c p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velkou \u201ed\u016fv\u011bru\u201c. Ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed bohyn\u011b Neit s\u00a0Ath\u00e9nou je velmi \u201ezjednodu\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c\u00a0\u2013 evidentn\u011b jde o\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bu\u010f Sol\u00f3novu, \u010di sp\u00ed\u0161e jen Plat\u00f3novu interpretaci41<\/sup>. Dovol\u00edme si ocitovat je\u0161t\u011b jeden krat\u0161\u00ed \u00faryvek z\u00a0tohoto dialogu:<\/p>\n \u201e\u1f26\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f66 \u03a3\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd<\/em>42<\/sup> \u1f55\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f50\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2: \u1f97 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f41\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1.<\/em>\u201c [Kdysi, vskutku, Sol\u00f3ne, p\u0159ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed potopou (vodn\u00ed z\u00e1hubou) obec, kter\u00e1 je nyn\u00ed Ath\u00e9nskou, byla nejstate\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed s\u00a0ohledem na v\u00e1lku, a\u00a0t\u00e9\u017e ve v\u0161em nejl\u00e9pe z\u00e1kony uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na. O\u00a0n\u00ed se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee vykonala nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010diny a\u00a0m\u011bla nejlep\u0161\u00ed \u00fastavn\u00ed z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ze v\u0161ech obc\u00ed, o\u00a0jak\u00fdch jsme se kdy \u201epod nebem\u201c (ve sv\u011bt\u011b) doslechli.]<\/p>\n V\u00a0dialogu n\u00e1sleduje pak i\u00a0tato Kritiova v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f, kter\u00e1 se podle Sol\u00f3na stala 9\u00a0000\u00a0let p\u0159ed jeho n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvou Egypta (Sol\u00f3n byl v\u00a0Egypt\u011b pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b 571\u00a0p\u0159. n. l.)43<\/sup>:<\/p>\n \u201e\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u1f71\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u1f79\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u1f71\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f13\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u1f73\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc7: \u03bb\u1f73\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b7\u03bd \u1f21 \u03c0\u1f79\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u1f73\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u1f55\u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u0395\u1f50\u03c1\u1f7d\u03c0\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd<\/em>\u2026\u201c [Mezi mnoha velk\u00fdmi \u010diny va\u0161\u00ed obce, kter\u00e9 jsou u\u00a0n\u00e1s zaps\u00e1ny, je p\u0159edm\u011btem obdivu a\u00a0nade v\u0161e vynik\u00e1 jeden svou velikost\u00ed a\u00a0state\u010dnost\u00ed: jsou z\u00e1znamy, jak va\u0161e obec kdysi zastavila velikou moc, zpupn\u011b se val\u00edc\u00ed na celou Evropu a\u00a0Asii44<\/sup> od Atlantick\u00e9ho mo\u0159e.]<\/p>\n Zde je mo\u017en\u00e9 si pov\u0161imnout ryze \u201etenden\u010dn\u00edho\u201c textu. Timaios pat\u0159\u00ed mezi posledn\u00ed Plat\u00f3nova d\u00edla45<\/sup>\u00a0\u2013 byl naps\u00e1n asi v\u00a0roce 360 p\u0159. n. l. (Plat\u00f3n jej vytvo\u0159il asi ve v\u011bku 67\u00a0let\u00a0\u2013 pamatoval si jak potupnou kapitulaci Ath\u00e9n v\u00a0roce 404 p\u0159.\u00a0n.\u00a0l., tak t\u00e9\u017e i, v\u00a0dan\u00e9 dob\u011b \u201eaktu\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c a\u00a0pro Ath\u00e9ny neslavnou, bitvu u\u00a0Mantineie46<\/sup> v\u00a0roce 362 p\u0159. n. l.). Jde do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry o\u00a0paralelu jednoho veskrze m\u00fdtick\u00e9ho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed a\u00a0jedn\u00e9 zcela ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 por\u00e1\u017eky. S\u00a0ohledem na tyto okolnosti lze tak zaujmout zcela skeptick\u00fd postoj k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 bitv\u011b Atlan\u0165an\u016f a\u00a0star\u00fdch Ath\u00e9\u0148an\u016f (nav\u00edc I\u00f3nov\u00e9 ob\u00fdvali Attiku a\u00a0Euboiu a\u017e po p\u0159elomu druh\u00e9ho a\u00a0prvn\u00edho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.\u00a0\u2013 i\u00a0tzv. heladsk\u00e9, st\u0159edn\u011b heladsk\u00e9 \u010di myk\u00e9nsk\u00e9 \/pozdn\u011b heladsk\u00e9\/ obdob\u00ed bylo mnohem pozd\u011bji)47<\/sup>. V\u00a0popisovan\u00e9 dob\u011b byly nav\u00edc vysp\u011bl\u00e9 civilizace pouze v\u00a0prostoru dne\u0161n\u00ed Palestiny a\u00a0Ir\u00e1ku (egyptsk\u00fd kn\u011bz sd\u011bluje Sol\u00f3novi, \u017ee se ud\u00e1lost stala p\u0159ed 9\u00a0000 lety). Zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b si tak dovol\u00edme tvrdit, \u017ee \u00fatok Atlan\u0165an\u016f od dne\u0161n\u00edho Gibraltaru nikdy nenastal.<\/p>\n Sol\u00f3n zajist\u00e9 musel zn\u00e1t dob\u0159e Hom\u00e9ra\u00a0\u2013 t\u00e9\u017e Plat\u00f3n, kter\u00fd se v\u00a0\u00dastav\u011b stav\u00ed velmi kriticky k\u00a0b\u00e1sn\u00edk\u016fm (za jejich \u201esymbolick\u00e9ho v\u016fdce\u201c ozna\u010duje pr\u00e1v\u011b Hom\u00e9ra). Dovol\u00edme si uv\u00e9st \u010d\u00e1st Odysseie spolu s\u00a0p\u0159ekladem Otmara Va\u0148orn\u00e9ho. Jde o\u00a0ver\u0161e 51\u201354 a\u00a080\u201387 z\u00a0prvn\u00edho zp\u011bvu.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ae\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1, \u03b8\u03b5\u1f70 \u03b4\u1fbd \u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03b9,<\/p>\n (Ostrov je stromov\u00ed pln\u00fd a\u00a0bohyn\u011b ob\u00fdv\u00e1 na n\u011bm,)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u1f0c\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong> \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1<\/strong> \u1f40\u03bb\u03bf\u03cc\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f45\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/p>\n (Atlanta zhoubn\u00e9 mysli to rozenka. Jemu jsou v\u0161echny)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2<\/p>\n (mo\u0159sk\u00e9 hlubiny zn\u00e1my, a\u00a0s\u00e1m t\u00e9\u017e vysok\u00e9 nese)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2, \u03b1\u1f33 \u03b3\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.<\/p>\n (sloupy, je\u017e \u0161irou zemi i\u00a0nebesa od sebe d\u011bl\u00ed.)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1fbd \u1f20\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u1fbd \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ac, \u03b3\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c0\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7:<\/p>\n (Pallas jiskrn\u00fdch zrak\u016f mu na to zas odvece takto:)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u2018\u1f66 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u039a\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b7, \u1f55\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd,<\/p>\n (Kronov\u010de, ot\u010de n\u00e1s v\u0161ech, ty nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vlada\u0159i vl\u00e1dc\u016f,)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u1f74 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd,<\/p>\n (jestli\u017ee toto se te\u010f v\u0161em bla\u017een\u00fdm zl\u00edbilo boh\u016fm,)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f48\u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u1fc6\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f45\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5,<\/p>\n (aby se ve sv\u016fj d\u016fm zas chytr\u00fd Odysseus vr\u00e1til,)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03ca\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/p>\n (pak a\u0165 se Arg\u016fv vrah hned vyd\u00e1, pr\u016fvodce Herm\u00e9s,)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c2 \u1f68\u03b3\u03c5\u03b3\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/strong> \u1f40\u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f44\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1<\/p>\n (na ostrov Og\u00fdgii a\u00a0tamo co nejd\u0159\u00edve mo\u017en\u00e1)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u1fc3 \u1f10\u03c5\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u1ff3 \u03b5\u1f34\u03c0\u1fc3 \u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd,<\/p>\n (Kalypse pletenc\u016f kr\u00e1sn\u00fdch a\u0165 ozn\u00e1m\u00ed v\u016fli,)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f48\u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u1fc6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f65\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9:<\/p>\n (\u017ee ji\u017e se do vlasti sv\u00e9 m\u00e1 hrdinsk\u00e9 Odysseus vr\u00e1tit.)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed zm\u00ednka o\u00a0\u201e\u1f0c\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1<\/em>\u201c se nal\u00e9z\u00e1 a\u017e v\u00a0sedm\u00e9m zp\u011bvu, ver\u0161i 245\u2013247.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u1f68\u03b3\u03c5\u03b3\u03af\u03b7<\/strong> \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03bd \u1f01\u03bb\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/p>\n (Ostrov k\u00fds Og\u00fdgie se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 daleko v\u00a0mo\u0159i,)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u1f14\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f0c\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong> \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1<\/strong>, \u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03ce,<\/p>\n (bydl\u00ed tam Kalyps\u00f3 lstn\u00e1, je\u017e z\u00a0Atlanta zplozena byla,)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03cb\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f74 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2\u00b7 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7<\/p>\n (bohyn\u011b pletenc\u016f kr\u00e1sn\u00fdch a\u00a0vzne\u0161en\u00e1, se kterou v\u016fbec)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n (nikdo se nest\u00fdk\u00e1 z\u00a0boh\u016f ni \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd ze smrtn\u00fdch lid\u00ed.)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nech\u0165 si v\u00e1\u017een\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 p\u0159edstav\u00ed (je to velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 zp\u016fsob uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed 2\u00a0500 lety byl zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd od dne\u0161n\u00edho), \u017ee se jmenuje Sol\u00f3n, egyptsky z\u0159ejm\u011b neum\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 jsou v\u0161ak k\u00a0dispozici p\u0159ekladatel\u00e9. Je z\u0159ejm\u011b v\u00e1\u017eenou osobou a\u00a0egypt\u0161t\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed o\u00a0n\u011bm ur\u010dit\u00e9 informace maj\u00ed. Sd\u011bl\u00ed mu p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o\u00a0Atlantid\u011b\u00a0\u2013 asi zcela jin\u00fd, ne\u017e kter\u00fd se n\u00e1m dochoval v\u00a0Plat\u00f3novu dialogu Timaios a\u00a0Kriti\u00e1s. Budou vypr\u00e1v\u011bt ne o\u00a0\u201eAtlantid\u011b\u201c, ale o\u00a0ostrovu jist\u00e9ho \u201eAtlanta\u201c. Vyslov\u00ed \u201eAtlas\u201c?\u00a0\u2013 z\u0159ejm\u011b nikoliv48<\/sup>. Egypt\u0161tina \u201el\u201c neznala. Dovol\u00edme si vyslovit hypot\u00e9zu, kterou se pokus\u00edme n\u00e1sledn\u011b zd\u016fvodnit. Sol\u00f3n sly\u0161el \u201eATUAS\u201c. Okam\u017eit\u011b, jsa velmi dob\u0159e vzd\u011bl\u00e1n v\u00a0\u0159eck\u00e9 mytologii a\u00a0znaje bezesporu cel\u00e9ho Hom\u00e9ra (pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti zcela nazpam\u011b\u0165), si okam\u017eit\u011b \u0159ecky \u0159ekl: \u201e\u03b7\u1f55\u03c1\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1<\/em>\u201c (heur\u00e9ka\u00a0\u2013 \u201em\u00e1m to<\/em>\u201c, \u201eje mi to jasn\u00e9<\/em>\u201c). \u201eTo je ten b\u00e1jn\u00fd Atlas\u00a0\u2013 \u010di n\u011bjak\u00fd jeho <\/em>\u201ap\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd<\/em>\u2018, kter\u00e9ho tak dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m z\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9 mytologie\u00a0\u2013 i\u00a0Hom\u00e9r se o\u00a0n\u011bm zmi\u0148uje!<\/em>\u201c Nav\u00edc se v\u00a0tv\u00e9 dob\u011b vyskytoval b\u011b\u017en\u011b n\u00e1zev ostrova \u201e\u1f08\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c2<\/em>\u201c (Atlantis). Jde p\u016fvodn\u011b o\u00a0adjektivum \u201eatlantick\u00fd\u201c (\u201eatlantsk\u00fd\u201c)\u00a0\u2013 tak se naz\u00fdvala jako \u201eAtlantovna\u201c i\u00a0Atlantova dcera Kalyps\u00f3, kter\u00e1 s\u00eddlila na ostrov\u011b Og\u00fdgii (t\u00e9\u017e naz\u00fdvan\u00e9m \u201e\u1f08\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c2<\/em>\u201c \/Atlantis\/)49<\/sup>. Te\u010f ji\u017e jen zb\u00fdv\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka\u00a0\u2013 kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ostrov Atlantis\u00a0\u2013 Og\u00fdgie? Podle v\u0161eho \u0161lo zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b o\u00a0ostrov Gozo (malt\u00e9zsky G\u0127awdex), druh\u00fd nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ostrov souostrov\u00ed Malta ve St\u0159edozemn\u00edm mo\u0159i, kter\u00fd je z\u00e1rove\u0148 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed republiky Malta. Od poho\u0159\u00ed Atlas je vzd\u00e1len nedaleko (tento geologick\u00fd \u00fatvar vznikl p\u0159i alpinsk\u00e9m vr\u00e1sn\u011bn\u00ed, nal\u00e9z\u00e1 se v\u00a0severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Africe a\u00a0t\u00e1hne se v\u00a0d\u00e9lce 2\u00a0400\u2008km p\u0159es Maroko, Al\u017e\u00edrsko a\u00a0Tunisko \/za jeho \u201eprodlou\u017een\u00ed\u201c lze ch\u00e1pat i\u00a0ostrov Sic\u00edlii\/\u00a0\u2013 takto bylo toto poho\u0159\u00ed geograficky poj\u00edm\u00e1no t\u00e9\u017e v\u00a0antice). Nav\u00edc lze je\u0161t\u011b prov\u00e9st dopln\u011bn\u00ed: ostrov Og\u00fdgie byl myln\u011b umis\u0165ov\u00e1n jednak geografem Strab\u00f3nem, jednak historikem Pl\u00fatarchem \u201en\u011bkam\u201c do Atlantsk\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu (co\u017e t\u00e9\u017e p\u0159isp\u011blo k\u00a0nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 hypot\u00e9ze o\u00a0existenci \u201eAtlantidy\u201c v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm prostoru Atlantsk\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu). Dal\u0161\u00ed dezinterpretaci mo\u017en\u00e1 zp\u016fsobila i\u00a0kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 zm\u00ednka obsa\u017een\u00e1 v\u00a0dialogu Kriti\u00e1s:<\/p>\n \u201e\u2026 \u1f40\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf, \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u1f57 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f21 \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f08\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f54\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1fbd \u1f26\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f0c\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 <\/em>\u2026\u201c [(B\u016fh Poseid\u00f3n) \u2026 dal pak v\u0161em jm\u00e9na, nejstar\u0161\u00edmu a\u00a0t\u00e9\u017e kr\u00e1li pak takov\u00e9, po kter\u00e9m tam rovn\u011b\u017e po n\u011bm byl pojmenov\u00e1n i\u00a0v\u0161echen ostrov i\u00a0mo\u0159e, kter\u00e9 mu pat\u0159ily\u00a0\u2013 nebo\u0165 tento prvn\u00ed kr\u00e1l, kter\u00fd zde jako prvn\u00ed vl\u00e1dl se tehdy jmenoval Atlas.]<\/p>\n V\u011bta pak d\u00e1l pokra\u010duje dal\u0161\u00edmi \u201eomyly\u201c. Hovo\u0159\u00ed se o\u00a0jak\u00e9msi dvoj\u010deti, kter\u00e9 z\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159i porodu vy\u0161lo na sv\u011bt pozd\u011bji, a\u00a0kter\u00e9 obdr\u017eelo oblast na \u201enejvzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b ostrova\u201c\u00a0\u2013 sm\u011brem k\u00a0H\u00e9raklov\u00fdm sloup\u016fm (dokonce zde Plat\u00f3n jmenuje Gadeiru \/nyn\u00ed jde o\u00a0C\u00e1diz\/ \u2013 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e si zde dovol\u00edme upozornit rovn\u011b\u017e na \u201ezav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c p\u0159eklad Franti\u0161ka Novotn\u00e9ho). Je zcela z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee podobnost \u201eATUAS\u201c a\u00a0\u201eATLAS\u201c zp\u016fsobila \u201eatlantolog\u016fm\u201c zna\u010dn\u00e9 pot\u00ed\u017ee\u00a0\u2013 d\u00edky tomu bylo mo\u017en\u00e1 \u201ezmarn\u011bno nemal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed drahocenn\u00e9ho pap\u00edru\u201c.<\/p>\n Plat\u00f3na z\u0159ejm\u011b ovlivnil t\u00e9\u017e H\u00e9rodotos, kter\u00fd ve sv\u00fdch D\u011bjin\u00e1ch ve \u010dtvrt\u00e9 knize (Melpomen\u00e9, 184\u2013185) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee pobl\u00ed\u017e poho\u0159\u00ed Atlas \u017eij\u00ed jac\u00edsi \u201eAtlantov\u00e9\u201c, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou pr\u00fd vegetari\u00e1ny a\u00a0\u201enemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 sny\u201c. Za nimi pr\u00fd s\u00eddl\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed postaven\u00e9 domy ze soln\u00fdch balvan\u016f (proto\u017ee tam nepr\u0161\u00ed)\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0ty jsou jak b\u00edl\u00e9, tak \u010derven\u00e9 (viz n\u00ed\u017ee citace z\u00a0dialogu Kriti\u00e1s o\u00a0b\u00edl\u00fdch, \u010dern\u00fdch a\u00a0\u010derven\u00fdch kamenech). Dal\u0161\u00ed koment\u00e1\u0159 nen\u00ed zapot\u0159eb\u00ed.<\/p>\n Nyn\u00ed se vr\u00e1t\u00edme zp\u011bt k\u00a0Sol\u00f3novi a\u00a0zamysl\u00edme se nad t\u00edm, odkud p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 informace egypt\u0161t\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed z\u00edskali. Sumersk\u00fd vliv na ran\u011b dynastick\u00e9 obdob\u00ed Egypta je dnes prok\u00e1z\u00e1n. T\u00e9to ot\u00e1zce se zde podrobn\u011b v\u011bnovat nebudeme. Z\u00e1znamy egyptsk\u00fdch kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed byly v\u011bt\u0161inou uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny po velmi dlouhou dobu. Nejinak tomu bylo t\u00e9\u017e u\u00a0\u201einformac\u00ed\u201c o\u00a0\u201eb\u00e1jn\u00e9\u201c Atlantid\u011b. V\u00a0Plat\u00f3nov\u011b dialogu Timaios se vyskytuj\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed dv\u011b zm\u00ednky:<\/p>\n \u201e\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f55\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9.<\/em>\u201c [\u2026 P\u0159i\u0161lo, a\u00a0je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ijde mnoho pohrom na mnoho lid\u00ed, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed jsou zp\u016fsobeny ohn\u011bm a\u00a0vodou, druh\u00e9 pak, men\u0161\u00ed, tis\u00edcer\u00fdmi jin\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby.]<\/p>\n \u201e\u1f51\u03c3\u03c4\u1f73\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bd\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f79 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u2019 \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u1f71\u03c7\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u1f01\u03b8\u03c1\u1f79\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03b4\u03c5<\/em>50<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2, \u1f25 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f08\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76\u03c2 \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c3\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u1f71\u03c4\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f20\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1f77\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7: \u03b4\u03b9\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f04\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u1f73\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c0\u1f73\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u1f71\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u1f73\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1f7c\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f43\u03bd \u1f21 \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f31\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf.<\/em>\u201c [Av\u0161ak v\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm dob\u011b nastala v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e1 (neoby\u010dejn\u00e1, prudk\u00e1) zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed a\u00a0povodn\u011b; p\u0159i\u0161el jeden krut\u00fd den a\u00a0noc, kdy se u\u00a0v\u00e1s propadl do zem\u011b z\u00e1stup v\u0161ech bojovn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch ve zbrani\u00a0\u2013 rovn\u011b\u017e tak i\u00a0ostrov Atlantis se propadl (pono\u0159il) do mo\u0159e a\u00a0zmizel. Proto je i\u00a0nyn\u00ed mo\u0159e v\u00a0tomto m\u00edst\u011b nevyzpytateln\u00e9, proto\u017ee je zahrazeno bl\u00edzko n\u011bj (se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edm) zna\u010dn\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm bahna, kter\u00e9 vzniklo t\u00edm, jak ostrov klesal.]<\/p>\n Uveden\u00e9 \u201ebahno\u201c mohlo b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeno sope\u010dn\u00fdm prachem spadl\u00fdm po v\u00fdbuchu sopky Piton de la Fournaise (\u010di n\u011bjak\u00e9ho jin\u00e9ho i\u00a0podmo\u0159sk\u00e9ho vulk\u00e1nu\u00a0\u2013 viz podrobn\u011b n\u00ed\u017ee \/t\u00e9\u017e Epos o\u00a0Gilgame\u0161ovi\/). Obdobn\u00e1 pas\u00e1\u017e se nal\u00e9z\u00e1 v\u00a0dialogu Kriti\u00e1s (uv\u00e1d\u00edme ji\u017e zde\u00a0\u2013 nikoliv a\u017e v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti v\u011bnovan\u00e9 tomuto Plat\u00f3novu dialogu):<\/p>\n \u201e\u2026 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f04\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2\u2026<\/em>\u201c [\u2026 nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e se (ostrov) p\u0159i zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed pono\u0159il, vytvo\u0159il p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku sv\u00fdm bahnem t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed vyplouvaj\u00ed (na mo\u0159e) \u2026]<\/p>\n Z\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho p\u0159ekladu p\u016fvodn\u00edho \u0159eck\u00e9ho textu vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee ostrov Atlantis zanikl n\u00e1sledkem jak\u00e9si \u201epotopy\u201c. Tento m\u00fdtus zajist\u00e9 nen\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 civilizaci d\u00edky knize Genesis nezn\u00e1m\u00fd. V\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b se v\u0161ak v\u0161eobecn\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pramenem je Epos o\u00a0Gilgame\u0161ovi, kde Utanapi\u0161tim vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o\u00a0potop\u011b51<\/sup>.<\/p>\n \u201e\u2026 \u0160est dn\u00ed a\u00a0sedm noc\u00ed (\u0161est dn\u00ed a\u00a0noc\u00ed) \u017eene se v\u00edtr, potopa a\u00a0bou\u0159e pusto\u0161\u00edc\u00ed zem<\/em>52<\/sup>. Sedm\u00fd kdy\u017e nade\u0161el den, zm\u00edrnila se bou\u0159e (zm\u00edrnila se ta potopa a\u00a0zk\u00e1za). Mo\u0159e, kter\u00e9 se zm\u00edtalo jak \u017eena v\u00a0porodn\u00edch bolestech, se uklidnilo, bou\u0159e se uti\u0161ila a\u00a0potopa ustala. Obhl\u00e9dl jsem po\u010das\u00ed (obhl\u00e9dl jsem mo\u0159e), v\u0161ude zavl\u00e1dlo ticho a\u00a0v\u0161echno lidstvo se zm\u011bnilo v\u00a0hl\u00ednu (bl\u00e1to). Zaplaven\u00e1 zem\u011b rovn\u00e1 byla jak st\u0159echa<\/em>53<\/sup>. Ok\u00e9nko jsem otev\u0159el, sv\u011btlo mi dopadlo na tv\u00e1\u0159.<\/em><\/p>\n M\u00fdtus o\u00a0potop\u011b je zajist\u00e9 sumersk\u00fd (asi p\u0159evzat\u00fd od n\u011bjak\u00e9 nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 civilizace p\u0159ed nimi). Stejn\u011b jako pisatel\u00e9 knihy Genesis jej evidentn\u011b p\u0159ejali od Sumer\u016f i\u00a0egypt\u0161t\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Od nich se pak v\u0161e dozv\u011bd\u011bl Sol\u00f3n p\u0159i jeho n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b v\u00a0m\u011bst\u011b Sais. Jev\u00ed se n\u00e1m, \u017ee nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9zou je existence nedochovan\u00e9ho sumersk\u00e9ho pramene, kter\u00fd byl tradov\u00e1n egyptsk\u00fdmi kn\u011b\u017e\u00edmi ji\u017e od ran\u011b dynastick\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed. Polo\u017eme si ot\u00e1zku: pro\u010d zaslechl Sol\u00f3n \u201eATUAS\u201c54<\/sup> (mo\u017en\u00e1 i\u00a0jen \u201eATUA\u201c \/jak ji\u017e jsme nazna\u010dili\u00a0\u2013 egypt\u0161tina neznala \u201el\u201c\/). Pod\u00edvejme se do dostupn\u00e9ho internetov\u00e9ho sumersk\u00e9ho slovn\u00edku (http:\/\/psd.museum.upenn.edu\/nepsd-frame.html). Zde je pod transkripc\u00ed \u201eATUA\u201c uvedeno, \u017ee jde o\u00a0kn\u011bze. To n\u00e1s neudivuje. V\u00a0ran\u011b dynastick\u00e9 dob\u011b vl\u00e1dli v\u00a0Sumeru velekn\u011b\u017e\u00ed\/kr\u00e1lov\u00e9. \u201eATUA\u201c proto nen\u00ed vlastn\u00edm jm\u00e9nem vl\u00e1dce \u201eAtlantidy\u201c\u00a0\u2013 je naopak pouze ozna\u010den\u00edm jeho funkce. Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee k\u00a0\u201eATUA\u201c Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e1 pozd\u011bji doplnili i\u00a0\u201eS\u201c.<\/p>\n S\u00a0ohledem na (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b senzacechtiv\u00e9ho) \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed uv\u00e9st d\u016fle\u017eitou pozn\u00e1mku souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0trvalou snahou autora o\u00a0ryze v\u011bdeck\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0cel\u00e9 zde uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 hypot\u00e9ze. Ozna\u010den\u00ed \u201eATUA\u201c \u010di \u201eATUAS\u201c neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee by \u201eb\u00e1jn\u00fd\u201c atlantsk\u00fd velekn\u011bz\/kr\u00e1l byl v\u00a0\u201eatlant\u0161tin\u011b\u201c takto ozna\u010dov\u00e1n. Uveden\u00e1 zna\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1padn\u00e1 shoda se starou sumer\u0161tinou pouze nazna\u010duje (s\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b vysokou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed) historickou \u201ecestu\u201c cel\u00e9ho m\u00fdtu o\u00a0Atlantid\u011b. Obdobn\u011b jako u\u00a0\u201epotopy\u201c lze opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (bohu\u017eel nedochovan\u00fd) pramen je i\u00a0zde sumersk\u00fd.<\/p>\n Pro zaj\u00edmavost\u00a0\u2013 co n\u00e1m sd\u011bluje Plat\u00f3n v\u00a0dialogu Kriti\u00e1s? V\u00a0n\u011bm se dozv\u00edd\u00e1me, \u017ee kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd d\u016fm se nach\u00e1zel na ostrov\u011b vn\u011b obklopen\u00e9m jak\u00fdmisi soust\u0159edn\u00fdmi \u201ekruhy\u201c o\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru p\u011bti stadi\u00ed (900\u2008m). Uprost\u0159ed pak byl lidu nep\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fd okrsek (kde se rovn\u011b\u017e zcela na po\u010d\u00e1tku narodilo deset kralevic\u016f\u00a0\u2013 obehnan\u00fd zlatou ohradou), ve kter\u00e9m byl p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm situov\u00e1n Poseidon\u016fv chr\u00e1m dlouh\u00fd 180\u00a0metr\u016f a\u00a0\u0161irok\u00fd 90 metr\u016f. O\u00a0vlastn\u00edm kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9m domu se hovo\u0159\u00ed pouze n\u00e1sledn\u011b a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 souvislosti s\u00a0d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm chr\u00e1mem. Obdobn\u011b i\u00a0u\u00a0Sumer\u016f byla u\u00a0centr\u00e1ln\u00edch mocensk\u00fdch s\u00eddel d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 hlavn\u011b jejich sakr\u00e1ln\u00ed funkce.<\/p>\n P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee bychom sn\u00ed\u017eili hladinu sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho Indick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu o\u00a0p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b sto metr\u016f. P\u0159i dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u00edch GIS jde o\u00a0zcela \u201etrivi\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c z\u00e1le\u017eitost. Autor tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku vyu\u017eil internetov\u00fd port\u00e1l https:\/\/maps.ngdc.noaa.gov\/viewers\/bathymetry\/.<\/p>\n P\u0159i zb\u011b\u017en\u00e9m pohledu na situaci existuj\u00edc\u00ed na sever od dne\u0161n\u00edho ostrova Madagaskar ka\u017ed\u00e9ho zajist\u00e9 \u201ep\u0159ekvap\u00ed\u201c zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 geologick\u00e9 celky vystupuj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e z\u00a0p\u011btitis\u00edcov\u00fdch hloubek existuj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti Indick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu. Na n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9m obr. 4<\/em> si m\u016f\u017ee laskav\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 pov\u0161imnout celkem t\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f, jak\u00fdchsi \u201epono\u0159en\u00fdch ostrov\u016f\u201c.<\/p>\n Prvn\u00ed \u00fatvar (pokud postupujeme od jihu, tj. od ostrova Mauricius) je um\u00edst\u011bn p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00a0hloubce 200\u2008m pod sou\u010dasnou hladinou oce\u00e1n\u016f (viz obr. 5<\/em>). Jde v\u00a0podstat\u011b o\u00a0\u201eplo\u0161inu\u201c, kter\u00e1 se na sv\u00fdch okraj\u00edch prudce sva\u017euje a\u017e do t\u0159\u00edtis\u00edcimetrov\u00e9 hloubky. P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st by byla p\u0159i sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hladiny o\u00a0sto metr\u016f st\u00e1le \u201ezatopena\u201c. Druh\u00fd (\u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed) \u00fatvar se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na sever (viz obr. 6<\/em>). I\u00a0zde lze zaznamenat, \u017ee p\u0159i stejn\u00e9m sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hladiny by plocha p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b takto vznikl\u00fdch sedmi ostrov\u016f byla pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00e1. Zcela jinak je tomu u\u00a0t\u0159et\u00edho \u00fatvaru, kter\u00fd se nal\u00e9z\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na rovn\u00edku (viz obr. 7<\/em>). P\u0159i sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hladiny oce\u00e1nu o\u00a0sto metr\u016f by vznikl t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00fd \u201eostrov\u201c o\u00a0d\u00e9lce p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 335 kilometr\u016f a\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159ce 165 kilometr\u016f. Celkov\u00e1 plocha (p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed dostupn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f https:\/\/www.google.cz) by \u010dinila p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 41\u00a0600\u2008km2<\/sup>\u00a0\u2013 obvod tohoto \u201eostrova\u201c pak asi 1\u00a0060\u00a0kilometr\u016f. Pro porovn\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 plocha cel\u00e9 st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky \u010din\u00ed celkem 78\u00a0865\u2008km2<\/sup>, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00fd kraj m\u00e1 11\u00a0015\u2008km2<\/sup>. Jde tedy o\u00a0rozlohu odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed 53\u00a0% \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky a\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dty\u0159em St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00fdm kraj\u016fm. Nav\u00edc to byl (p\u0159ed zatopen\u00edm) zcela rovinn\u00fd ter\u00e9n bez v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch \u201epoho\u0159\u00ed\u201c (zjevn\u011b v\u00a0cel\u00e9 sv\u00e9 plo\u0161e pln\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017eiteln\u00fd). Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u00e9\u017e mo\u017en\u00e9 uv\u00e9st, \u017ee celkov\u00fd rozsah star\u00e9ho Sumeru odpov\u00eddal asi jen 10\u00a0000\u2008km2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n V\u00a0t\u00e9to d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti na\u0161eho p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku vybereme pouze n\u011bkolik kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0148atk\u016f z\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho dialogu Kriti\u00e1s. S\u00a0ohledem na celkov\u00fd popis zkouman\u00e9ho \u00fatvaru (\u201eostrova\u201c\u00a0\u2013 viz obr. 7<\/em>) je z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm toto sd\u011blen\u00ed:<\/p>\n \u201e\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f26\u03bd, \u1f43 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f31\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f56 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd \u1f44\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u1f7a \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u1fc3.<\/em>\u201c [Ve sm\u011bru od mo\u0159e a\u017e ke st\u0159edu cel\u00e9ho (ostrova) se rozprost\u00edrala rovina, kter\u00e1 pr\u00fd (jak se vypr\u00e1v\u00ed) byla ze v\u0161ech rovin nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u011b \u00farodn\u00e1, a\u00a0nav\u00edc se u\u00a0t\u00e9 roviny nal\u00e9zalo poho\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo od st\u0159edu (ostrova) vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 asi pades\u00e1t stadi\u00ed (9 kilometr\u016f)\u00a0\u2013 ze v\u0161ech stran nevysok\u00e9.]<\/p>\n V\u0161echny dostupn\u00e9 p\u0159eklady jsou \u201epon\u011bkud nelogick\u00e9\u201c\u00a0\u2013 nen\u00ed zde dostatek prostoru na slo\u017eit\u00fd rozbor (nap\u0159. vazba \u201e\u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2\u201c na genitiv \u010di dativ\u00a0\u2013 autor je ochoten osobn\u011b vysv\u011btlit skladbu v\u011btn\u00e9 periody). Vypad\u00e1 to tak, \u017ee s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed existovala \u201emapa\u201c, kterou m\u011bli k\u00a0dispozici mo\u017en\u00e1 Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 (\u010di i\u00a0snad Sol\u00f3n). Pokud vyzna\u010d\u00edme \u201epomysln\u00fd st\u0159ed\u201c popisovan\u00e9ho \u00fatvaru v\u00a0prostoru Seychel (viz obr. 7<\/em>)\u00a0\u2013 zjist\u00edme, \u017ee uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenost pades\u00e1ti stadi\u00ed popisovan\u00e9ho poho\u0159\u00ed od n\u011bj je kupodivu velmi p\u0159esn\u00e1! Jinak t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0cel\u00fd popis pln\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1. Po sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hladiny oce\u00e1nu by se \u201evyno\u0159il\u201c ostrov s\u00a0rozs\u00e1hlou rovinou (pl\u00e1n\u00ed) a\u00a0pouze nevysok\u00fdm poho\u0159\u00edm. D\u00e1le se v\u00a0dialogu Kriti\u00e1s nal\u00e9z\u00e1 i\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pas\u00e1\u017e (uv\u00e1d\u00edme, pokud mo\u017eno, zcela doslovn\u00fd p\u0159eklad \/n\u00e1mi zpracovan\u00fd a\u00a0liter\u00e1rn\u011b neupravovan\u00fd\/):<\/p>\n \u201e\u2026 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f55\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f04\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f56 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1 \u1f31\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f25\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03b3\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f26\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd: \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b6\u1ff4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1fbd \u1f15\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fbd \u03b1\u1f56 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1fbd \u1f44\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f05\u03b4\u03b7\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b6\u1ff4\u1ff3, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u1ff3. \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f50\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u1fc6 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd, \u1fe5\u03b9\u03b6\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c7\u03c5\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f14\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f56: \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f25\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd, \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd, \u1f43\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u00a0<\/em>\u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1\u00a0\u2013 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f44\u03c3\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1<\/em>55<\/sup>\u00a0\u2013 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f43\u03c2 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c1\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u03b7\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f21 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c6\u1fbd \u1f21\u03bb\u03af\u1ff3 \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u1fbd \u1f14\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd. <\/em>[(Ostrov)\u2026 poskytoval i\u00a0nadbytek d\u0159eva pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho pro tesa\u0159e, t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0vy\u017eivoval zv\u011b\u0159 krotkou i\u00a0divokou. Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na n\u011bm bylo mnoho slon\u016f\u00a0\u2013 bylo tam dostatek potravy jak pro v\u0161echny \u017eivo\u010dichy, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eij\u00ed v\u00a0ba\u017ein\u00e1ch, jezerech a\u00a0\u0159ek\u00e1ch nebo zase na hor\u00e1ch \u010di rovin\u00e1ch, tak i\u00a0pro toto zv\u00ed\u0159e, kter\u00e9 je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0nenasytn\u00e9. A\u00a0krom\u011b toho (k\u00a0tomu v\u0161emu)\u00a0\u2013 (tento ostrov) produkoval v\u0161echny vonn\u00e9 ko\u0159eny, byliny, stromy nebo tekut\u00e9 \u0161\u0165\u00e1vy (esence) z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00e9 z\u00a0kv\u011bt\u016f nebo plod\u016f, co jich jen zem\u011b plod\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 k\u00a0tomu pak ovoce a\u00a0such\u00e9 plody (o\u0159echy), kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m poskytuj\u00ed v\u00fd\u017eivu a\u00a0v\u0161echny, je\u017e u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me pro radost z\u00a0j\u00eddla\u00a0\u2013 naz\u00fdv\u00e1me je pak v\u0161echny dohromady \u201eospria\u201c55<\/sup> (\u201eplody\u201c). (Ostrov m\u011bl) i\u00a0tu plodinu, kter\u00e1 je d\u0159evnat\u00e1 (such\u00e1) a\u00a0poskytuje such\u00fd a\u00a0kapaln\u00fd pokrm a\u00a0olej (asi plod palmy \/viz n\u00ed\u017ee\/)\u00a0\u2013 d\u00e1le pak t\u011b\u017eko uchovateln\u00e9 (rychle se kaz\u00edc\u00ed) plody ovocn\u00fdch strom\u016f (asi ban\u00e1ny), kter\u00e9 rostou pro na\u0161i slast a\u00a0pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed a\u00a0v\u0161echno ovoce, kter\u00e9 je p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1no po j\u00eddle jako v\u00edtan\u00fd prost\u0159edek p\u0159i p\u0159esycen\u00e9m \u017ealudku (evidentn\u011b citr\u00f3ny). Tyto v\u0161echny kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 a\u00a0podivuhodn\u00e9 plody poskytoval v\u00a0nes\u010d\u00edsln\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed tento posv\u00e1tn\u00fd ostrov v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b, kdy se nach\u00e1zel \u201epod sluncem\u201c.]<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Kult-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nObr. 1. Zm\u011bny teploty za posledn\u00edch 17\u00a0000\u00a0let (p\u0159evzato z: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soubor:Younger_Dryas_and_Air_Temperature_Changes.jpg)<\/h6>\n
N\u00e1hl\u00e9 a\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 ochlazen\u00ed v\u00a0mlad\u0161\u00edm dryasu p\u0159ed 12\u00a0900 lety<\/h2>\n
Hypot\u00e9za o\u00a0os\u00eddlen\u00ed v\u00a0prostoru dnes hladinou oce\u00e1nu zatopen\u00e9ho Persk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu a\u00a0t\u00e9\u017e \u010d\u00e1sti Rud\u00e9ho mo\u0159e<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 2. Persk\u00fd z\u00e1liv v\u00a0obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed 11\u00a0700 BP byl sou\u0161\u00ed (p\u0159evzato z: https:\/\/maps.ngdc.noaa.gov\/viewers\/bathymetry\/.)<\/h6>\n
Plat\u00f3n\u016fv dialog Timaios\u00a0\u2013 kritick\u00fd rozbor textu a\u00a0jeho zjevn\u00fd tribalismus<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\n<\/a>\nObr. 3. Ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st dne\u0161n\u00edho Rud\u00e9ho mo\u0159e 11\u00a0700 BP (p\u0159evzato z: https:\/\/maps.ngdc.noaa.gov\/viewers\/bathymetry\/.)<\/h6>\n
Hom\u00e9rova Og\u00fdgie a\u00a0evidentn\u00ed desinterpretace obsa\u017een\u00e1 ji\u017e v\u00a0Odysseii\u00a0i\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00fd Sol\u00f3n\u016fv \u201eomyl\u201c\u00a0\u2013 Atlantida byla ostrovem jin\u00e9ho \u201eAtlanta\u201c<\/h2>\n
Pokus o\u00a0rekonstrukci \u201estar\u0161\u00ed vrstvy\u201c m\u00fdtick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy p\u0159edan\u00e9 v\u00a0Egypt\u011b Sol\u00f3novi<\/h2>\n
Situace v\u00a0oblasti na sever od dne\u0161n\u00edho Madagaskaru v\u00a0roce 12\u00a0900\u00a0BP p\u0159i tehdej\u0161\u00ed hladin\u011b Indick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu polo\u017een\u00e9 o\u00a0cca 100\u2008m n\u00ed\u017ee<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 4. Dno oce\u00e1nu severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Madagaskaru (p\u0159evzato z: https:\/\/maps.ngdc.noaa.gov\/viewers\/bathymetry\/.)<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 5. Podmo\u0159sk\u00fd \u00fatvar nal\u00e9zaj\u00edc\u00ed se u\u00a0Mauricia\u00a0\u2013 zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00e1 stometrov\u00e1 hloubka (p\u0159evzato z: https:\/\/maps.ngdc.noaa.gov\/viewers\/bathymetry\/.)<\/h6>\n
Geologick\u00e9 pom\u011bry, fl\u00f3ra a\u00a0fauna na Seychelsk\u00fdch ostrovech a\u00a0analogick\u00e9 pas\u00e1\u017ee obsa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00a0Plat\u00f3nov\u011b dialogu Kriti\u00e1s<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 6. Podmo\u0159sk\u00fd \u00fatvar nal\u00e9zaj\u00edc\u00ed se asi 800\u2008km od Seychel sm\u011brem na jihov\u00fdchod (p\u0159evzato z: https:\/\/maps.ngdc.noaa.gov\/viewers\/bathymetry\/.)<\/h6>\n