![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/ilustracni-fotografie-3_edit.jpg\")
<\/a>\n\u00davod<\/h2>\n
Historick\u00e9 zahrady a\u00a0parky od renesance a\u017e do poloviny 20. stolet\u00ed zahrnuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 zahradn\u00ed typy a\u00a0um\u011bleck\u00e9 pojet\u00ed voln\u00e9ho prostoru v\u00a0jejich r\u00e1mci. Skl\u00e1daj\u00ed se z\u00a0konstruk\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0vegeta\u010dn\u00edch prvk\u016f a\u00a0jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed krajiny, um\u011ble a\u00a0um\u011blecky navr\u017een\u00e9 \u010di upraven\u00e9 \u010dlov\u011bkem [1, 2]. Konstruk\u010dn\u00ed prvky zahrnuj\u00ed i\u00a0v\u0161echny vodn\u00ed prvky, jen\u017e se d\u011bl\u00ed na prvky form\u00e1ln\u00ed (nap\u0159. vodn\u00ed plochy prizmatick\u00fdch tvar\u016f, um\u011bl\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly, font\u00e1ny, ka\u0161ny a\u00a0jin\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 v\u00edce viz [3]) a\u00a0neform\u00e1ln\u00ed (nap\u0159. mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho charakteru, \u010d\u00e1sti koryt vodn\u00edch tok\u016f\u00a0apod.). Pohled na historick\u00e9 zahrady se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zm\u011bnil v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 20. stolet\u00ed. A\u017e do spole\u010densk\u00e9ho z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody v\u00a070. letech bylo stanoven\u00ed pam\u00e1tkov\u00e9 kvality historick\u00fdch zahrad a\u00a0park\u016f v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na jejich um\u011bleck\u00e9 hodnot\u011b. My\u0161lenka ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody posunula n\u00e1hled na parky a\u00a0zahrady \u010di p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed scen\u00e9rie s\u00a0jejich biotopy stejn\u011b vysoko jako um\u011bleck\u00e9 kvality. Dnes jsou historick\u00e9 zahrady a\u00a0parky vn\u00edm\u00e1ny v\u00a0jejich komplexit\u011b. V\u00a0mnoha konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech spory mezi ochranou p\u0159\u00edrody a\u00a0zachov\u00e1n\u00edm historick\u00e9ho stavu zahrady se zm\u011bnily na p\u0159\u00edstup umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed slad\u011bn\u00ed obou pohled\u016f [2]. K\u00a0tomu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f rybni\u010dn\u00edho typu vstupuje pot\u0159eba sladit produk\u010dn\u00ed hospoda\u0159en\u00ed na nich s\u00a0pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm ekonomick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00ednosem, s\u00a0pam\u00e1tkov\u011b ochran\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi \u010di i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u011b ochran\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi po\u017eadavky, nav\u00edc v\u00a0kombinaci se zachov\u00e1n\u00edm podm\u00ednek pro rekrea\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0turistick\u00e9 u\u017eit\u00ed (nap\u0159. pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 komplexy v\u00a0Lednici, Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, \u010cesk\u00e9m Krumlov\u011b\u00a0apod.). Slad\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto po\u017eadavk\u016f si kladou za c\u00edl i\u00a0projekty zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na rekonstrukce, revitalizace a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i\u00a0obnovu historick\u00fdch zahrad a\u00a0pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch are\u00e1l\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f [4]. P\u0159\u00edstupy k\u00a0revitalizaci a\u00a0obnov\u011b historick\u00fdch zahrad po skon\u010den\u00ed obdob\u00ed totality v\u00a0Polsku uv\u00e1d\u00ed Wener [5].<\/p>\n
Z\u00a0hlediska ohro\u017een\u00ed vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f lze identifikovat p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ohro\u017een\u00ed kvality jejich vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edsun zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0bodov\u00fdch, plo\u0161n\u00fdch a\u00a0dif\u00fazn\u00edch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed), ohro\u017een\u00ed prostorov\u00fdch charakteristik (zazem\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm, ucp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm, vysych\u00e1n\u00edm\u00a0atd.) a\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00ed kvality doprovodn\u00e9 vegetace (roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed invazivn\u00edch druh\u016f, ohro\u017een\u00ed suchem, z\u00e1plavami, zm\u011bnami hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody, \u0161k\u016fdci a\u00a0nemocemi\u00a0atd.). Kontaminaci objekt\u016f net\u011bsn\u00fdmi kanalizacemi a\u00a0odpadov\u00fdmi j\u00edmkami popisuje jako jeden z\u00a0probl\u00e9m\u016f zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i v\u00fdskytu povodn\u00ed Kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159 [6]. V\u00fdznamnou roli v\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00ed kvality rybni\u010dn\u00edch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f hraje eutrofizace vod [7, 8]. Velk\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem je tak\u00e9 ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed splavenin a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed ploch s\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdm vodn\u00edm sloupcem vegetac\u00ed, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt probl\u00e9mem i\u00a0u\u00a0vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f pam\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 jsou napojeny na povrchov\u00e9 vody s\u00a0nedostate\u010dnou kvalitou, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed erozn\u00ed smyvy [9]. \u00dadr\u017eba a\u00a0monitoring stavu pam\u00e1tek, v\u010detn\u011b zahrad a\u00a0park\u016f a\u00a0vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f, bude hr\u00e1t podle [10] v\u00fdznamnou roli v\u00a0souvislosti se zm\u011bnou klimatu a\u00a0v\u00fdskytem extremit po\u010das\u00ed.<\/p>\n
C\u00edle v\u00fdzkumu<\/h2>\n
C\u00edlem v\u00fdzkumu bylo prov\u00e9st prov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed stavu vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f (font\u00e1n, ka\u0161en, baz\u00e9n\u016f, n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, rybn\u00edk\u016f\u00a0apod.) pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch objekt\u016f a\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0kvality jejich vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na v\u0161echny typy pam\u00e1tkov\u00fdch rezervac\u00ed, n\u00e1rodn\u00ed kulturn\u00ed pam\u00e1tky a\u00a0lokality sv\u011btov\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Nejprve bylo t\u0159eba zvolit vhodn\u00e9 postupy, mezi n\u011b\u017e pat\u0159ilo vyu\u017eit\u00ed dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, detailn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed vybran\u00fdch lokalit a\u00a0anal\u00fdz vzork\u016f vod a\u00a0sediment\u016f, se zahrnut\u00edm rozboru vybran\u00fdch biologick\u00fdch slo\u017eek (fytoplankton, zooplankton, vegetace) a\u00a0posouzen\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed ryb\u00edch obs\u00e1dek. V\u00fdsledkem v\u00fdzkumu by m\u011bla b\u00fdt doporu\u010den\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed k\u00a0udr\u017een\u00ed \u010di zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality, v\u010detn\u011b \u00faprav ryb\u00edch obs\u00e1dek.<\/p>\n
Metodick\u00e9 postupy a\u00a0pilotn\u00ed lokality<\/h2>\n
\u00davodn\u00ed f\u00e1ze v\u00fdzkumu zahrnovala proveden\u00ed dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho na posouzen\u00ed ohro\u017een\u00ed lokalit n\u00e1rodn\u00edch kulturn\u00edch pam\u00e1tek a\u00a0pam\u00e1tkov\u00fdch rezervac\u00ed (m\u011bstsk\u00fdch, vesnick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch) vybran\u00fdmi antropogenn\u00edmi vlivy (povodn\u011b, sesuvy, eroze, atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 spady, zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, ohro\u017een\u00ed pr\u016fmyslovou \u010dinnost\u00ed\u00a0atd.) proveden\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky V\u00daV TGM, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., a\u00a0NP\u00da, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., [11] postupn\u011b v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch kraj\u00edch \u010cR v\u00a0letech 2012 a\u017e 2015. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f m\u011bla b\u00fdt hodnocena vybran\u00e1 rizika ohro\u017een\u00ed jejich stavu z\u00a0hlediska zm\u011bn jakostn\u00edch charakteristik vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0na vodu v\u00e1zan\u00fdch biotop\u016f, v\u00fdskytu invazn\u00edch druh\u016f, zm\u011bn jejich diverzity, z\u00a0hlediska zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, zazemn\u011bn\u00ed, zanesen\u00ed sedimenty, zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 mohou m\u00edt v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad na stav a\u00a0kulturn\u00ed hodnotu pam\u00e1tek a\u00a0pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed. Dotazn\u00edk zahrnoval ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se: pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed kvalitativn\u00edch zm\u011bn vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v\u00fdskytu projev\u016f eutrofizace, v\u00fdskytu ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed vegetace, zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed, stavu sediment\u016f, stavu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody, vnosu a\u00a0charakteru zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, ohro\u017een\u00ed nadm\u011brn\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm vody, pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed projev\u016f sucha, konstruk\u010dn\u00edho stavu\u00a0apod.<\/p>\n
N\u00e1sledn\u011b byla pou\u017eita \u010d\u00e1st metodiky [12] hodnocen\u00ed ohro\u017een\u00ed stavu vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f pr\u016fzkumem kvality vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (voda, sedimenty, bioseston, ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dka). Nejprve se jednalo o\u00a0podrobn\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed pro v\u0161echny pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 objekty a\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed za\u0159azen\u00e9 do sv\u011btov\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u201eSKD\u201c, tzv.\u00a0\u201epam\u00e1tky UNESCO\u201c. N\u00e1sledn\u011b bylo \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b provedeno pro lokality vytipovan\u00e9 dotazn\u00edkov\u00fdm \u0161et\u0159en\u00edm, a\u00a0to v\u00a0roce 2016, v\u00a0obdob\u00ed s\u00a0p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdm nejm\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm stavem v\u00a0jakosti vod b\u011bhem roku (p\u0159elom jara\/l\u00e9ta a\u017e konec l\u00e9ta). Od roku 2017 je prov\u00e1d\u011bn dvoulet\u00fd detailn\u00ed monitoring u\u017e\u0161\u00ed skupiny lokalit (obr. 1<\/em>). Posledn\u00ed f\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b dokon\u010dena a\u00a0nen\u00ed za\u0159azena do \u010dl\u00e1nku, je zobecn\u011bn\u00ed poznatk\u016f a\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed pro praxi v\u00a0oboru p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0kulturn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed.<\/p>\n Popis sledovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f lokalit na obr.\u00a01<\/em>:<\/p>\n V\u00a0ter\u00e9nu byly p\u0159\u00edstroji Hach-Lange HQ40d 1\u00d7 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b m\u011b\u0159eny: teplota vody, koncentrace rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku, nasycen\u00ed kysl\u00edkem, elektrick\u00e1 konduktivita vody a\u00a0pH, a\u00a0to pod hladinou a\u00a0u\u00a0dna. Pr\u016fhlednost byla m\u011b\u0159ena Secchiho deskou. Odebran\u00e9 vzorky vod byly analyzov\u00e1ny v\u00a0akreditovan\u00fdch laborato\u0159\u00edch V\u00daV TGM na obsah nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch a\u00a0organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, jednotliv\u00e9 formy dus\u00edku a\u00a0fosforu, chlorofyl, trofick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l [13]\u00a0atd.<\/p>\n Mezi hlavn\u00ed posuzovan\u00e9 skupiny ukazatel\u016f kvality vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed posouzen\u00ed teplotn\u00edho a\u00a0kysl\u00edkov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu b\u011bhem roku, jen\u017e odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed i\u00a0vliv prim\u00e1rn\u00ed produkce reaguj\u00edc\u00ed na zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nutrienty, a\u00a0na druhou stranu vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00edc\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro \u017eivot zoocen\u00f3zy, zejm\u00e9na ryb, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch are\u00e1l\u016f i\u00a0sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed estetick\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed t\u011bchto prvk\u016f, anebo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed produk\u010dn\u011b-ekonomick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed. D\u00e1le se jednalo o\u00a0posouzen\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace, zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nutrienty a\u00a0odezva v\u00a0prim\u00e1rn\u00ed produkci (anal\u00fdza chlorofylu a, mno\u017estv\u00ed a\u00a0slo\u017een\u00ed fytoplanktonu).<\/p>\n Dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed m\u011blo p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00edmu rozd\u011blen\u00ed objekt\u016f a\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed do kategori\u00ed \u201eneohro\u017een\u00e9\u201c a\u00a0\u201eohro\u017een\u00e9\u201c ve smyslu p\u016fsoben\u00ed antropogenn\u00edch vliv\u016f na pam\u00e1tky, v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdzkumu [11], na vodn\u00ed prvky.<\/p>\n Z\u00a0\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed vyplynulo, \u017ee v\u00edce ne\u017e polovina pam\u00e1tek za\u0159azen\u00fdch mezi pam\u00e1tky sv\u011btov\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed (UNESCO) m\u00e1 vodn\u00ed prvky ohro\u017een\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00edm antropogenn\u00edch vliv\u016f (tabulka 1<\/em>), co\u017e je d\u00e1no i\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0are\u00e1ly s\u00a0historick\u00fdmi zahradami maj\u00edc\u00edmi \u0159adu vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f typu n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f (\u010cesk\u00fd Krumlov, Hola\u0161ovice, Lednice, Litomy\u0161l, Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017e, Pr\u016fhonice, Tel\u010d), konkr\u00e9tn\u011b 7 ze 12 lokalit (p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zde uv\u00e1d\u00edme Pr\u016fhonice jako z\u00e1stupnou lokalitu za Prahu (SKD je vymezena jako historick\u00e9 j\u00e1dro Prahy + Pr\u016fhonick\u00fd are\u00e1l). Tak\u00e9 byl zji\u0161t\u011bn v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl ohro\u017een\u00fdch lokalit mezi souborem vesnick\u00fdch pam\u00e1tkov\u00fdch rezervac\u00ed (VPR), a\u00a0to 30 %. D\u016fvodem je v\u011bt\u0161inou nadm\u011brn\u00e1 eutrofizace vod (spojen\u00e1 se zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm z\u00e1kalu vody, rozvojem fytoplanktonu anebo zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed plovouc\u00edmi vodn\u00edmi rostlinami, v\u00fdskytem sinic, zm\u011bnou vlastnost\u00ed vody a\u017e s\u00a0tvorbou z\u00e1pachu) n\u00e1vesn\u00edch rybn\u00ed\u010dk\u016f, n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0d\u016fsledku vnosu spla\u0161kov\u00fdch vod \u010di erozn\u00edch smyv\u016f ze zem\u011bd\u011blsky obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch pozemk\u016f v\u00a0povod\u00ed. Jeden nebo v\u00edce vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f typu n\u00e1dr\u017ee, nebo rybn\u00edk, m\u00e1 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci vymezen\u00e9 pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00f3ny 32 z\u00a061 zkouman\u00fdch VPR.\u00a0Z\u00a0t\u011bchto 32 lokalit bylo 18 (56 %) za\u0159azeno mezi ohro\u017een\u00e9.<\/p>\n Dokumentace ohro\u017een\u00ed byla orienta\u010dn\u011b roz\u010dlen\u011bna do okruh\u016f spojen\u00fdch s\u00a0i) zhor\u0161en\u00edm konstruk\u010dn\u00edho stavu, kam bylo za\u0159azeno i\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00ed povodn\u011bmi a\u00a0projevy eroze, ii) vnosem zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, iii) projevy eutrofizace a\u00a0zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, iv) zan\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm splaveninami a\u00a0zazem\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm sedimenty, v) zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00edm vegetac\u00ed, vi) po\u0161kozen\u00ed n\u00e1lety vegetace a\u00a0vii) ohro\u017een\u00ed kvality prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00fdskytem invazn\u00edch druh\u016f (ryb anebo rostlin).<\/p>\n Rozt\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u00ed z\u00a0dotazn\u00edk\u016f ukazuje, \u017ee v\u00a0kategorii \u201eSKD\u201c je 5 lokalit ohro\u017eeno zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm, 3 projevy eutrofizace, 3 v\u00fdskytem invazn\u00edch druh\u016f, 2 nadm\u011brn\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm sediment\u016f a\u00a0jedna nav\u00edc i\u00a0zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0po\u0161kozen\u00edmi konstrukc\u00ed. V\u00a0kategorii \u201eNKP\u201c je nejv\u00edce lokalit ohro\u017eeno zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm (28) a\u00a0mo\u017enou zm\u011bnou funk\u010dnosti konstrukce (25), v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se jedn\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na o\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00ed povodn\u011bmi a\u00a0erozn\u00edmi jevy. U\u00a015 lokalit je jejich prost\u0159ed\u00ed ohro\u017eeno negativn\u00edmi projevy eutrofizace, v\u00a019 p\u0159\u00edpadech je prost\u0159ed\u00ed ohro\u017eeno nadm\u011brn\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm sediment\u016f. Osm lokalit je ohro\u017eeno zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00edm, 11 v\u00fdskytem invazn\u00edch druh\u016f a\u00a011 n\u00e1lety. V\u00a0kategori\u00edch pam\u00e1tkov\u00fdch rezervac\u00ed jsou ze sledovan\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch rezervac\u00ed \u201eMPR\u201c pouze 4 ohro\u017eeny projevy eutrofizace a\u00a04 n\u00e1lety vegetace. Vodn\u00ed prvky sledovan\u00fdch vesnick\u00fdch rezervac\u00ed \u201eVPR\u201c ohro\u017euje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod, a\u0165 u\u017e je to zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtoky, kter\u00e9 zahrnuje zejm\u00e9na vnos odpadn\u00edch vod, ale tak\u00e9 erozn\u00edch smyv\u016f ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch ploch, anebo zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0d\u016fsledku uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivin z\u00a0nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed deponovan\u00fdch sediment\u016f. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a015 lokalit z\u00a018, kter\u00e9 byly ozna\u010deny jako \u201eohro\u017een\u00e9\u201c. U\u00a04 lokalit nav\u00edc doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f, co\u017e je spojen\u00e9 op\u011bt s\u00a0velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00ed sediment\u016f.<\/p>\n Anal\u00fdzou odpov\u011bd\u00ed dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed bylo vytipov\u00e1no zhruba sedmdes\u00e1t lokalit (obr. 2<\/em>) s\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00edm stavu, anebo kvality prost\u0159ed\u00ed vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n Na v\u00fdsledky dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0za\u0159azen\u00ed lokalit do dvou skupin \u201eneohro\u017een\u00e9\u201c a\u00a0\u201eohro\u017een\u00e9\u201c, nav\u00e1zal v\u00a0letech 2015 a\u00a02016 orienta\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fzkum na m\u00edst\u011b. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci tohoto pr\u016fzkumu byl v\u017edy prov\u011b\u0159en stav konstrukce vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f, z\u00e1soben\u00ed vodou a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zky obsa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00a0dotazn\u00edc\u00edch, a\u00a0to i\u00a0s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm diskuse s\u00a0pracovn\u00edky spr\u00e1vy dan\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek, nebo \u00fazem\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 byly z\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny orienta\u010dn\u00ed jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9 vzorky vody a\u00a0sediment\u016f, v\u00a0nich\u017e byly sledov\u00e1ny v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 parametry, l\u00e1tky a\u00a0rizikov\u00e9 prvky. V\u00fdsledky byly posuzov\u00e1ny s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm limitn\u00ed hodnoty koncentrac\u00ed, uveden\u00fdch v\u00a0na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d.\u00a0401\/2015 Sb. a\u00a0ve vyhl\u00e1\u0161ce \u010d.\u00a0257\/2009 Sb. Bylo snahou vzorky odebrat v\u00a0jednom charakteristick\u00e9m obdob\u00ed, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed, kdy bylo pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee bude zachycen nejm\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd kvalitativn\u00ed stav.<\/p>\n U\u00a0vzork\u016f vod byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b z\u00a0rozbor\u016f zji\u0161t\u011bny jako problematick\u00e9 parametry: rtu\u0165, celkov\u00fd fosfor, amoniak\u00e1ln\u00ed dus\u00edk a\u00a0parametry souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0rozvojem fytoplanktonu a\u00a0samo\u010dist\u00edc\u00edmi procesy eliminuj\u00edc\u00edmi zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, TOC, pokles koncentrace rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku a\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fst pH vody). U\u00a0rtuti byly zji\u0161t\u011bny v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 koncentrace (mezi 0,3 a\u00a00,9\u2008mg\/l) u\u00a0lokalit v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti hn\u011bdouheln\u00fdch lom\u016f v\u00a0severn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch (Duchcov, Osek) a\u00a0u\u00a0t\u0159\u00ed VPR, kde nebyl mo\u017en\u00fd p\u016fvod identifikov\u00e1n. V\u00fdskyt nadlimitn\u00edch koncentrac\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku (nad 0,23\u2008mg\/l) a\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho fosforu (nad 0,15\u2008mg\/l) spolu \u010dasto koreloval. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 koncentrace obou l\u00e1tek byly zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1ny u\u00a0lokalit ovliv\u0148ovan\u00fdch vnosem ne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch komun\u00e1ln\u00edch vod. Koncentrace celkov\u00e9ho fosforu byly nadlimitn\u00ed i\u00a0u\u00a0mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch lokalit, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b u\u00a054 vzork\u016f ze 105 analyzovan\u00fdch.<\/p>\n Anal\u00fdza sediment\u016f uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee u\u00a012 vzork\u016f z\u00a038 bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed limitn\u00ed hodnoty n\u011bkter\u00e9ho ze sledovan\u00fdch t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f. Jednalo se zejm\u00e9na o\u00a0limity pro kadmium, arsen a\u00a0zinek. U\u00a0arsenu a\u00a0kadmia to byly lokality v\u00a0severn\u00edch a\u00a0severov\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch (Duchcov, Fr\u00fddlant, Osek). V\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech se d\u00e1le jednalo o\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed limitn\u00ed hodnoty olova a\u00a0p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed limitn\u00ed hodnoty m\u011bdi (110\u2008mg\/kg oproti limitu 100\u2008mg\/kg) a\u00a0kobaltu (zde pouze o\u00a01\u2008mg\/kg nad limit 30\u2008mg\/kg).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bylo ze 40 vzork\u016f ji\u017e zpracovan\u00e9 sady: 18\u00a0vzork\u016f s\u00a0obsahem termotolerantn\u00edch koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed a\u00a0enterokok\u016f m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 50 KTJ na gram; 10 vzork\u016f s\u00a0obsahem termotolerantn\u00edch koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1000 KTJ\/g a\u00a0enterokok\u016f m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 50 KTJ\/g; 6 vzork\u016f s\u00a0obsahem obou typ\u016f bakteri\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1000 KTJ\/g a\u00a04 vzorky nevyhov\u011bly. Zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed dva vzorky obsahovaly m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 50 KTJ\/g termotolerantn\u00edch koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed, ale v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 KTJ\/g enterokok\u016f (ob\u011b hodnoty v\u0161ak byly do 100 KTJ\/g). Podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0257\/2009 Sb. mus\u00ed pro indik\u00e1torov\u00e9 mikroorganismy termotolerantn\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie a\u00a0enterokoky z\u00a05 odebran\u00fdch vzork\u016f minim\u00e1ln\u011b 2\u00a0vzorky vyhov\u011bt limitu <1000 KTJ\/g a\u00a03 vzorky limitu <50 KTJ\/g. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee byl prov\u00e1d\u011bn pr\u016fzkumn\u00fd monitoring, kdy byl odeb\u00edr\u00e1n pouze 1 vzorek, je hodnocen\u00ed pouze orienta\u010dn\u00ed. Mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed se tak jev\u00ed podstatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou pro aplikaci sediment\u016f v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nutnosti odt\u011b\u017een\u00ed ne\u017e obsah kov\u016f. P\u0159i orienta\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016fzkumu nebyly z\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f analyzov\u00e1ny organick\u00e9 polutanty uveden\u00e9 ve zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1\u0161ce. Tyto polutanty budou sledov\u00e1ny a\u017e p\u0159i detailn\u00edm monitoringu v\u00a0letech 2017 a\u00a02018 a\u00a0vyhodnoceny v\u00a0roce 2019.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1z\u00ed pr\u00e1ce bylo proveden\u00ed detailn\u00edho posouzen\u00ed pam\u00e1tek za\u0159azen\u00fdch do sv\u011btov\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed (tabulka 2<\/em>). Na m\u00edst\u011b byly op\u011bt s\u00a0pomoc\u00ed pracovn\u00edk\u016f spr\u00e1vy jednotliv\u00fdch lokalit ov\u011b\u0159eny v\u00fdsledky dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, provedeny odb\u011bry vzork\u016f vod a\u00a0zpracov\u00e1no hodnocen\u00ed podle d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti metodick\u00e9ho postupu [12].<\/p>\n V\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em> uveden\u00e9 \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 hodnoty 0 a\u017e 3 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed t\u011bmto definovan\u00fdm stup\u0148\u016fm ohro\u017een\u00ed:<\/p>\n Hodnocen\u00e1 lokalita nezahrnuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 vodn\u00ed prvky ani biotopy.<\/p>\n N\u00edzk\u00fd stupe\u0148 ohro\u017een\u00ed stavu dan\u00e9 lokality. Stav odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed podm\u00ednk\u00e1m dan\u00e9 lokality, stabilizovan\u00fd, bez nutnosti z\u00e1sah\u016f ke stabilizaci, nebo ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu. Napl\u00e1novat pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 drobn\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy nutn\u00e9 k\u00a0udr\u017een\u00ed stavu, realizovateln\u00e9 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed \u00fadr\u017eby.<\/p>\n St\u0159edn\u00ed stupe\u0148 ohro\u017een\u00ed stavu dan\u00e9 lokality. Vyskytuj\u00ed se kritick\u00e9 jevy vedouc\u00ed k\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00ed s\u00a0potenci\u00e1lem brzk\u00e9ho naru\u0161en\u00ed stavu, funk\u010dnosti, kvality vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, slo\u017een\u00ed biotop\u016f, nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed invazivn\u00edch druh\u016f, zhor\u0161en\u00ed estetick\u00e9 funkce. Napl\u00e1novat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1sahy, realizovateln\u00e9 b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika let v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed \u00fadr\u017eby, nebo p\u0159i z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f (dota\u010dn\u00ed programy) ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu.<\/p>\n Kritick\u00fd stav, nebezpe\u010d\u00ed trval\u00e9ho po\u0161kozen\u00ed, znehodnocen\u00ed a\u00a0degradace. Napl\u00e1novat z\u00e1sahy co nejd\u0159\u00edve, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b do dvou let. Napl\u00e1novat z\u00e1sahy realizovateln\u00e9 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed \u00fadr\u017eby, vedouc\u00ed k\u00a0okam\u017eit\u00e9mu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed kritick\u00e9 situace. D\u00e1le pl\u00e1novat strategick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edho charakteru m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed celkov\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 podm\u00ednky.<\/p>\n P\u0159esn\u00fd postup zat\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed do uveden\u00fdch stup\u0148\u016f ohro\u017een\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dotazn\u00edku (pro posouzen\u00ed technick\u00e9ho a\u00a0provozn\u00edho stavu a\u00a0kvality habitat\u016f) anebo odb\u011bru vzork\u016f vod a\u00a0anal\u00fdzu veli\u010din trofick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, celkov\u00fd fosfor, celkov\u00fd dus\u00edk a\u00a0zat\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed hodnot do vybran\u00fdch klasifikac\u00ed, nap\u0159.\u00a0[13] pro trofick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l. Postup, struktura dotazn\u00edk\u016f, klasifika\u010dn\u00ed tabulky a\u00a0n\u00e1vod zat\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed do stup\u0148\u016f ohro\u017een\u00ed je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pr\u00e1ce [12].<\/p>\n Do nejhor\u0161\u00edho stupn\u011b ohro\u017een\u00ed podle kvality vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed byly za\u0159azeny rybn\u00edky nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00a0zahrad\u00e1ch z\u00e1mk\u016f v\u00a0Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, v\u00a0Pr\u016fhonic\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0Lednicko-valtick\u00e9m are\u00e1lu (*), kde se jednalo o\u00a0rybn\u00edky v\u00a0prostoru vymezen\u00e9m p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b s\u00eddly B\u0159eclav\u00a0\u2013 Lednice\u00a0\u2013 Sedlec\u00a0\u2013 Valtice a\u00a0st\u00e1tn\u00ed hranic\u00ed (v\u00a0tabulce 1 ozna\u010den\u00e9 jako \u201edal\u0161\u00ed lokality v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed\u201c). Na dan\u00e9m stavu se pod\u00edlel tak\u00e9 nevhodn\u00fd n\u00e1vrh ryb\u00edch obs\u00e1dek, produk\u010dn\u00ed chov kapra a\u00a0doprovodn\u00fdch druh\u016f, a\u00a0zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f do t\u011bchto rybn\u00edk\u016f. Rybn\u00edky v\u00a0Podz\u00e1meck\u00e9 krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9 zahrad\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0nedobr\u00e9m technick\u00e9m stavu. Tato situace by se m\u011bla v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnit d\u00edky pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 rekonstrukci rybni\u010dn\u00ed soustavy v\u00a0zahrad\u011b (\u00fastn\u00ed sd\u011blen\u00ed pracovn\u00edk\u016f NP\u00da v\u00a0Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei). V\u00edce lokalit, prakticky ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech se op\u011bt jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee rybni\u010dn\u00edho typu, bylo ohro\u017eeno i\u00a0roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm invazivn\u00edch druh\u016f vegetace a\u00a0ryb (st\u0159evli\u010dka v\u00fdchodn\u00ed nebo karas st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u00fd).<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu je podrobn\u00e9 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality vody a\u00a0sediment\u016f men\u0161\u00ed skupiny pam\u00e1tkov\u00fdch lokalit, kter\u00e9 jsou zobrazeny na map\u011b (obr. 1<\/em>). Kvalitativn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed se v\u011bnuje zejm\u00e9na posouzen\u00ed koncentrace nutrient\u016f ve vod\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b jejich forem (nap\u0159. celkov\u00fd fosfor, fosfore\u010dnanov\u00fd fosfor) a\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu jejich v\u00fdskytu b\u011bhem jednotliv\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f dvoulet\u00e9ho monitoringu 2017\u20132018. Sou\u010dasn\u011b je sledov\u00e1na odezva vodn\u00edho prost\u0159en\u00ed na m\u00edru eutrofizace, zm\u011bny v\u00a0kysl\u00edkov\u00e9m re\u017eimu (souvisej\u00edc\u00ed i\u00a0s\u00a0teplotou vody a\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm klimatem), zm\u011bny v\u00a0pH, mno\u017estv\u00ed a\u00a0slo\u017een\u00ed biosestonu, v\u00fdskyt sinic, zm\u011bny pr\u016fhlednosti vody\u00a0atd. Analyzov\u00e1n je i\u00a0obsah chlorofylu a, feopigment\u016f a\u00a0po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n je trofick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l. Do p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku byly z\u00a0t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdzkumu za\u0159azeny jako uk\u00e1zkov\u00e9 lokality r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n Na obr.\u00a03<\/em> jsou uvedeny pr\u016fb\u011bhy trofick\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu a\u00a0koncentrace celkov\u00e9ho fosforu ve vod\u011b b\u011bhem roku 2017 pro dva mal\u00e9 n\u00e1vesn\u00ed rybn\u00ed\u010dky bez ryb na \u00fazem\u00ed VPR Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 u\u00a0Sn\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho. Vtok p\u0159edstavuje n\u00e1tok dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch vod a\u00a0prameni\u0161tn\u00ed vody do horn\u00edho rybn\u00ed\u010dku. Doln\u00ed rybn\u00ed\u010dek je ji\u017e zat\u00ed\u017een i\u00a0dif\u00fazn\u00edmi \u00faniky a\u00a0smyvy z\u00a0komunikac\u00ed. Odezvou je rozvoj vl\u00e1knit\u00fdch \u0159as b\u011bhem sezony. Pom\u011br rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho fosforu se pohyboval v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru od 0,82 (vtok) p\u0159es 0,26 (odtok Horn\u00ed r.\u00a0\u2013 masivn\u00ed rozvoj vl\u00e1knit\u00fdch \u0159as, porosty makrofyt) po 0,49 (odtok Doln\u00ed r.).<\/p>\n Na obr.\u00a04<\/em> jsou prezentov\u00e1ny pr\u016fb\u011bhy stejn\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f pro dva rybn\u00ed\u010dky s\u00a0chovem ryb v\u00a0z\u00e1meck\u00e9m parku v\u00a0R\u00e1jci nad Svitavou a\u00a0pro dva okrasn\u00e9 baz\u00e9ny (R-3 bez ryb, porosty makrofyt a\u00a0vl\u00e1knit\u00fdch \u0159as; R-4 s\u00a0n\u00e1sadou okrasn\u00fdch ryb, lekn\u00edny a\u00a0font\u00e1nkou). Pod\u00edl rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho fosforu byl v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru 0,40 (R-1), 0,53\u00a0(R-2), 0,58 (R-3) a\u00a00,34 (R-4).<\/p>\n Na obr.\u00a05<\/em> jsou uvedeny pr\u016fb\u011bhy ukazatel\u016f pro slab\u011b \u00fa\u017eivn\u00e9, prakticky nezne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 vody, charakteristick\u00e9 n\u00edzk\u00fdmi koncentracemi fosforu, baz\u00e9n\u016f v\u00a0are\u00e1lu Kv\u011btn\u00e9 zahrady v\u00a0Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, kter\u00e9 jsou nap\u00e1jeny zejm\u00e9na zachycen\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi vodami. Baz\u00e9ny Pstru\u017e\u00ed zadn\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159edn\u00ed maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 po rekonstrukci filtra\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 spustit a\u00a0okrasn\u00e9 rozst\u0159ikova\u010de. V\u00a0t\u011bchto dvou baz\u00e9nech jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny okrasn\u00e9 ryby\u00a0\u2013 dosp\u011blci Koi kapr\u016f v\u00a0po\u010dtu n\u011bkolika kus\u016f. Letn\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed obsahu fosforu ve vod\u011b souvis\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b s\u00a0rozvojem \u0159as (zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed obsahu nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek ve vzorc\u00edch, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kalu), a\u00a0to i\u00a0v\u00a0d\u016fsledku krmen\u00ed ryb n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky. Pod\u00edl rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho fosforu byl ve Pstru\u017e\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru 0,27, resp. 0,26 (s\u00a0letn\u00edmi maximy 0,5 a\u017e 0,9), a\u00a0v\u00a0Pt\u00e1\u010dnici 0,15 (letn\u00ed maximum 0,5).<\/p>\n Posledn\u00ed uvedenou lokalitou (obr. 6<\/em>) je soustava v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch rybn\u00edk\u016f propojen\u00fdch kan\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed vodu z\u00a0\u0159eky Moravy, v\u00a0are\u00e1lu Podz\u00e1meck\u00e9 zahrady v\u00a0Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei. Rybn\u00edky Dlouh\u00fd a\u00a0Chotk\u016fv jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro produk\u010dn\u00ed chov ryb m\u00edstn\u00ed organizac\u00ed MRS s\u00a0ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edmi v\u00fdlovy.<\/p>\n Divok\u00fd rybn\u00edk m\u00e1 ne\u0159\u00edzenou ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dku z\u00a0d\u016fvodu zanesen\u00ed sedimenty a\u00a0obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9mu vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0slovitelnosti. Pod\u00edl rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho fosforu se v\u00a0roce\u00a02017 pohyboval v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru od 0,75 (p\u0159\u00edtokov\u00fd kan\u00e1l do zahrady) po hodnoty 0,41 (Divok\u00fd r.), 0,44 (Dlouh\u00fd r.) a\u00a00,52 (Chotk\u016fv r.). V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoku byl pom\u011br 0,7 a\u017e 0,9 ve v\u0161ech m\u011b\u0159en\u00edch od b\u0159ezna do listopadu. V\u00a0Divok\u00e9m r.\u00a0byl pom\u011br tak\u00e9 stabiln\u00ed 0,3\u20130,4. V\u00a0obou chovn\u00fdch rybn\u00edc\u00edch se pohyboval mezi 0,3 a\u00a00,4 s\u00a0maximy v\u00a0kv\u011btnu (0,7) a\u00a0v\u00a0\u010dervenci (0,6, resp. 0,7). P\u0159\u00edtok vykazuje tak\u00e9 celosezonn\u011b nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed trofick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l ze v\u0161ech uveden\u00fdch vzorov\u00fdch situac\u00ed. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty celkov\u00e9ho fosforu, ale i\u00a0fosfore\u010dnanov\u00e9ho fosforu, byly zji\u0161t\u011bny v\u00a0\u010dervenci (Dlouh\u00fd a\u00a0Chotk\u016fv) anebo v\u00a0srpnu (Divok\u00fd).<\/p>\n Ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed kvality prost\u0159ed\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 jak osv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdmi a\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi postupy, tak i\u00a0\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm biologick\u00fdch proces\u016f. Pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 postupy zahrnuj\u00ed recirkulaci a\u00a0filtraci vody, co\u017e se uplatn\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e pro form\u00e1ln\u00ed vodn\u00ed prvky. Tato \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed jsou pro n\u011b rozpracov\u00e1na nap\u0159.\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edru\u010dce [3]. D\u00e1le se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0manipulaci s\u00a0vodou, jej\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bnu anebo zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku a\u00a0\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, tedy postupy vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 pro form\u00e1ln\u00ed i\u00a0neform\u00e1ln\u00ed vodn\u00ed prvky. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci rekonstrukce zm\u011bnit zdroj vody. U\u00a0men\u0161\u00edch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f lze ovlivnit, respektive omezit projevy eutrofizace vody, z\u00e1kal, zbarven\u00ed vody, v\u00fdskyt tzv.\u00a0vodn\u00edho kv\u011btu, zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed, aplikac\u00ed chemick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f pro o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed anebo desinfekci vody. Zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bt odbahn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00edch vod a\u00a0vnos splavenin \u00fapravami v\u00a0povod\u00ed, co\u017e pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159es\u00e1hne v\u017edy mo\u017enosti spr\u00e1vy dan\u00e9 pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 lokality, nebo objektu.<\/p>\n Specifick\u00e1 problematika mno\u017estv\u00ed, kontaminace a\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed odstran\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0ulo\u017een\u00ed sediment\u016f vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, v\u00a0p\u0159enesen\u00e9m v\u00fdznamu i\u00a0vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f kulturn\u00edch pam\u00e1tek historick\u00fdch s\u00eddel, je celosv\u011btov\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem [14] a\u00a0i\u00a0v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky je upravena legislativou (vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka \u010d. 257\/2009 Sb., o\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sediment\u016f na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b). V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee sediment kvalitou nespl\u0148uje po\u017eadavky t\u00e9to vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky, je nutn\u00e9 jeho ulo\u017een\u00ed na skl\u00e1dky, co\u017e s\u00a0sebou nese velk\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky. Proto je snahou \u0159e\u0161it mno\u017estv\u00ed a\u00a0i\u00a0slo\u017een\u00ed sediment\u016f pomoc\u00ed jin\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, ne\u017e je bagrov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 deponov\u00e1n\u00ed sediment\u016f [15\u201317]. Nov\u00fdmi postupy, kter\u00e9 se postupn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed, je vyu\u017eit\u00ed biochemie a\u00a0biotechnologi\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0aplikaci biologicko-enzymatick\u00fdch prepar\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b ovlivnit slo\u017een\u00ed sediment\u016f a\u00a0jejich mno\u017estv\u00ed [18, 19]. Pro studium vlastnost\u00ed prepar\u00e1t\u016f a\u00a0jejich \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny mikrobiologick\u00e9 metody a\u00a0tak\u00e9 stanovov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn koncentrac\u00ed ukazatel\u016f kvality vody (zejm\u00e9na obsah nutrient\u016f) a\u00a0slo\u017een\u00ed biosestonu (v\u00a0n\u00e1vaznosti na kompetici bakteri\u00ed s\u00a0\u0159asami)\u00a0\u2013 nap\u0159.\u00a0[20]. Biologick\u00e9 enzymaticko-bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed prepar\u00e1ty, \u0161etrn\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 prepar\u00e1ty, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na uvoln\u011bn\u00ed biomasy vl\u00e1knit\u00fdch \u0159as, mohou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159i pravideln\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b zlep\u0161it vlastnosti vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed prvk\u016f, men\u0161\u00edch baz\u00e9n\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b potla\u010den\u00ed rozvoje vodn\u00edho kv\u011btu, jak je dokumentov\u00e1no na obr.\u00a07<\/em>, kter\u00fd zobrazuje stav dvou identicky velk\u00fdch pokusn\u00fdch poloprovozn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (o\u00a0plo\u0161e cca 15 m2<\/sup> a\u00a0objemu cca\u00a08 m3<\/sup>),\u00a0nap\u00e1jen\u00fdch stejn\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm vody, stejn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu (\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed voda), na jejich\u017e dn\u011b byla na za\u010d\u00e1tku sledov\u00e1n\u00ed vrstva sediment\u016f p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b organick\u00e9ho charakteru o\u00a0tlou\u0161\u0165ce cca 10\u2008cm. Pro potvrzen\u00ed dosavadn\u00edch zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba sledov\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch pokusn\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enosti pro omezen\u00ed rozvoje \u0159as a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho necht\u011bn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kalu vody nab\u00edz\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed mok\u0159adn\u00edch a\u00a0vodn\u00edch druh\u016f rostlin, i\u00a0s\u00a0okrasnou funkc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 konkuruj\u00ed fytoplanktonu odb\u011brem dus\u00edku a\u00a0fosforu z\u00a0vody. B\u011b\u017en\u011b jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy lekn\u00edn\u016f. Potenci\u00e1l p\u0159edstavuje vyu\u017eit\u00ed plovouc\u00edch ostrov\u016f s\u00a0okrasn\u00fdmi druhy mok\u0159adn\u00edch rostlin. Voln\u011b plovouc\u00ed vodn\u00ed rostliny jsou v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch a\u00a0organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch a\u00a0zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch. Tyto syst\u00e9my mohou dosahovat efektivn\u00edho odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0organick\u00e9 hmoty (nap\u0159. \u0159as) pomoc\u00ed st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u011btrn\u00e9ho a\u00a0tepeln\u00e9ho m\u00edsen\u00ed\u00a0apod. [21]. Publikovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje o\u00a0\u010distic\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti uk\u00e1zaly odstran\u011bn\u00ed 33\u201368 % CHSK, 66\u201395 % NL, a\u00a024\u201361\u00a0% Pcelk<\/sub>. Je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee tyto ostrovy mohou naj\u00edt uplatn\u011bn\u00ed u\u00a0ka\u0161en, men\u0161\u00edch baz\u00e9n\u016f a\u00a0jez\u00edrek.<\/p>\n Mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed uveden\u00fdch biochemick\u00fdch a\u00a0biotechnick\u00fdch postup\u016f jsou v\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u00fdzkumu sledov\u00e1ny v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2017 a\u017e 2019, a\u00a0to v\u010detn\u011b aplikace na re\u00e1ln\u00fdch vodn\u00edch prvc\u00edch s\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdm pohybem vody (s\u00a0dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm vody po \u00fabytku v\u00fdparem, s\u00a0recirkulac\u00ed vody, s\u00a0pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem nap\u00e1jen\u00ed), s\u00a0c\u00edlem ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed poloprovozn\u00edch poznatk\u016f (viz obr.\u00a07<\/em>).<\/p>\n Ryby jsou jedn\u00edm z\u00a0kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch prvk\u016f vodn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f a\u00a0jsou tak i\u00a0d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm indik\u00e1torem jejich ekologick\u00e9 kvality [22]. Ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dka je p\u0159irozenou a\u00a0ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vodn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f a\u00a0hraje tud\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdznamnou roli ve fungov\u00e1n\u00ed potravn\u00edch vztah\u016f v\u00a0nich a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0v\u00fdvoji podm\u00ednek prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch s\u00a0vysokou biomasou planktonof\u00e1gn\u00edch ryb (v\u011bt\u0161inou drobn\u00fdch kaprovit\u00fdch druh\u016f) je zooplankton tvo\u0159en drobn\u00fdmi druhy a\u00a0jedinci o\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00e9 biomase, a\u00a0fytoplankton je bohat\u011b rozvinut (n\u00edzk\u00e1 pr\u016fhlednost). Naopak p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00e9 biomase ichtyofauny v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed v\u00a0zooplanktonu velk\u00e9 filtruj\u00edc\u00ed dafnie, fytoplankton je velmi chud\u00fd a\u00a0pr\u016fhlednost vysok\u00e1.<\/p>\n Ve vodn\u00edch prvc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pam\u00e1tkov\u00fdch objekt\u016f, jejich zahrad, n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed\u00a0apod., je \u00faloha ryb \u010dasto podcen\u011bna a\u00a0kvalita vody v\u00a0nich je mnohdy nevhodn\u00fdm, \u010dasto i\u00a0neleg\u00e1ln\u00edm nebo nekontrolovan\u00fdm vysazov\u00e1n\u00edm ryb degradov\u00e1na. Mnohdy doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0jejich kolonizaci ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edmi invazn\u00edmi (st\u0159evli\u010dka v\u00fdchodn\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 Pseudorasbora parva<\/em>, karas st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u00fd\u00a0\u2013 Carassius gibelio<\/em>) nebo nep\u016fvodn\u00edmi druhy ryb (amur b\u00edl\u00fd\u00a0\u2013 Ctenopharyngodon idella<\/em>), kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed negativn\u00ed vliv na podm\u00ednky prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0nich. Nevhodn\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dky vede k\u00a0nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 kvalit\u011b vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, tvorb\u011b z\u00e1kalu spojen\u00e9mu s\u00a0uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm \u017eivin, vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch sinicemi a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi \u0159asami [23].<\/p>\n Formov\u00e1n\u00ed ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dky n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0are\u00e1lech kulturn\u00edch pam\u00e1tek by m\u011blo b\u00fdt orientov\u00e1no na vytvo\u0159en\u00ed takov\u00e9ho stavu, kdy ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dka nebude m\u00edt z\u00e1sadn\u00ed negativn\u00ed vliv na kvalitu vody v\u00a0nich. V\u00a0praxi to znamen\u00e1 vytvo\u0159it s\u00a0ohledem na specifick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky jednotliv\u00fdch objekt\u016f p\u0159edpoklady pro dosa\u017een\u00ed preferovan\u00e9ho stavu, kter\u00fdm m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nap\u0159.\u00a0zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dobr\u00e9 pr\u016fhlednosti (\u201e\u010distoty\u201c) vody, p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho rozvoje submerzn\u00ed (pono\u0159en\u00e9) a\/nebo emerzn\u00ed (vyno\u0159en\u00e9) vegetace, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b v\u00fdskyt okrasn\u00fdch (barevn\u00fdch) forem ryb. Velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u0161ak bude \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed i\u00a0jejich kombinace (n\u00e1dr\u017e s\u00a0\u010distou vodou, rostlinami a\u00a0okrasn\u00fdmi rybami).<\/p>\n Vodn\u00ed prvky p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou sou\u010d\u00e1st prost\u0159ed\u00ed kulturn\u00edch pam\u00e1tek a\u00a0pam\u00e1tkov\u00fdch z\u00f3n a\u00a0rezervac\u00ed. Pro pln\u011bn\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00fdch funkc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohou zahrnovat spole\u010densk\u00e9, ale i\u00a0environment\u00e1ln\u00ed funkce, je nutn\u00e9, aby byly v\u00a0odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm c\u00edlov\u00e9m stavu. Tento stav zahrnuje jak stavebn\u011b\u00a0\u2013 technick\u00fd stav, tak i\u00a0kvalitativn\u00ed stav.<\/p>\n Kvalitativn\u00ed stav m\u016f\u017eeme rozd\u011blit na: i) kvalitu vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v\u00a0metodice\u00a0[12] prezentovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed II, kter\u00e1 se v\u011bnuje posouzen\u00ed m\u00edry eutrofizace (zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed) vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ii) kvalitu biotop\u016f v\u00e1zan\u00fdch na vodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00a0interakci s\u00a0vodn\u00edmi prvky. Zde je nutn\u00e9 posoudit v\u00fdskyt invazn\u00edch druh\u016f rostlin a\u00a0ryb. V\u00fdsledkem takov\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u00e1vrh doporu\u010den\u00ed pro \u00fapravu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dkou (\u0159e\u0161iteln\u00e9 dohodou s\u00a0n\u00e1jemci, zaveden\u00edm drav\u00fdch ryb\u00a0apod.), pro nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se sedimenty a\u00a0pro \u00fapravu zdroj\u016f vody (co\u017e nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u017edy v\u00a0sil\u00e1ch a\u00a0mo\u017enostech spr\u00e1vy objekt\u016f).<\/p>\n Obdobn\u00fd metodick\u00fd postup pro r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed situace, v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b stavu a\u00a0kvalit\u011b vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f, uv\u00e1d\u00ed Lindblom [24], a\u00a0to pro problematiku p\u0159\u00edstupu a\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed ohro\u017een\u00ed pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch objekt\u016f v\u00a0procesu posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed vliv\u016f na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edstup je zalo\u017een\u00fd na podrobn\u00e9m dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9m \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. Jin\u00fd postup hodnocen\u00ed kvality prost\u0159ed\u00ed pomoc\u00ed objektivn\u00edch a\u00a0subjektivn\u00edch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f a\u00a0protokol\u016f, uv\u00e1d\u00ed Ehrenfeld [25].<\/p>\n Pro posouzen\u00ed ohro\u017een\u00ed vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f se uk\u00e1zalo jako pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 dopln\u011bn\u00ed dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, proveden\u00e9ho distan\u010dn\u011b, m\u00edstn\u00edm ov\u011b\u0159en\u00edm stavu a\u00a0provozu prvk\u016f, kvality prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm vybran\u00fdch parametr\u016f kvality vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed\u00a0[26], z\u00e1znamem v\u00fdskytu invazn\u00edch druh\u016f rostlin, pr\u016fzkumem slo\u017een\u00ed ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dky a\u00a0po\u010detnosti, v\u010detn\u011b invazn\u00edch druh\u016f ryb [27\u201329] a\u00a0vedle v\u00fdpo\u010dtu trofick\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu vody [13], tak\u00e9 r\u00e1mcov\u00fdm pr\u016fzkumem slo\u017een\u00ed fyto- a\u00a0zooplanktonu.<\/p>\n Kvalita vody se v\u00a0mal\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch a\u00a0rybn\u00edc\u00edch \u010dasto z\u00e1sadn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed, podle m\u00edry zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m pozitivn\u00edm, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b siln\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtoku (do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed samo\u010dist\u00edc\u00edmi procesy), tak negativn\u00edm v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nezne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku [30, 31]. V\u00a0pr\u00e1ci [32] auto\u0159i identifikovali jako hlavn\u00ed tlaky p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed negativn\u011b na mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee: skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00ed, vnos zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edmi vodami, vnos zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edmi syst\u00e9my; d\u00e1le sousedstv\u00ed se zem\u011bd\u011blsky obhospoda\u0159ovanou p\u016fdou, chov ryb a\u00a0ryb\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1mi sledovan\u00fdch lokalit jsou tyto tlaky hlavn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami ohro\u017een\u00ed s\u00a0n\u00e1sledkem nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edho stavu, v\u010detn\u011b nevhodn\u00e9ho estetick\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm faktorem vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch objekt\u016f, are\u00e1l\u016f a\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n Ter\u00e9nn\u00ed \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed proveden\u00e9 v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed roku 2016 tak\u00e9 pomohlo nastavit rozsah detailn\u00edho monitoringu osmn\u00e1cti lokalit (1\u00d7 SKD-VPR, 2\u00d7 VPR, 4\u00d7 SKD-NKP, 10\u00d7 NKP, 1\u00d7 KP), kter\u00fd je prov\u00e1d\u011bn od za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 2017 s\u00a0pl\u00e1novan\u00fdm ukon\u010den\u00edm v\u00a0prosinci 2018. Poznatky z\u00a0poloprovozn\u00edch pokus\u016f a\u00a0dvoulet\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed na vybran\u00fdch, do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry vzorov\u00fdch, lokalit\u00e1ch, budou vyu\u017eity p\u0159i formulov\u00e1n\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed pro spr\u00e1vu pam\u00e1tek, pro \u00fapravy managementu vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n V\u00fdsledky byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny za finan\u010dn\u00ed podpory projektu DG16P02M032 z\u00a0v\u00fdzvy NAKI II Ministerstva kultury \u010cR \u201eNeinvazivn\u00ed a\u00a0\u0161etrn\u00e9 postupy \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed kvality prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017eby vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci pam\u00e1tkov\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010de\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Water elements represent a\u00a0significant part of the environment of cultural heritage sites, conservation zones and areas. To fulfil the required functions, which may include social, historical, recreational and educational, but also environmental functions; it is necessary to ensure their corresponding target state.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":5566,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[477,1474,303,1475,301],"coauthors":[187,236,188,494,894,233],"class_list":["post-5617","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","tag-cultural-heritage","tag-historical-garden","tag-ponds","tag-water-elements","tag-water-quality"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5617","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5617"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5617\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30484,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5617\/revisions\/30484"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5566"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5617"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5617"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5617"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a01. V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 lokality a\u00a0jejich za\u0159azen\u00ed do kategori\u00ed pam\u00e1tek
\nFig. 1. Surveyed localities and their rank by culture heritage site categories<\/h6>\nTabulka 1. Pod\u00edl ohro\u017een\u00fdch lokalit z\u00a0pohledu vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f na celkov\u00e9m po\u010dtu sledovan\u00fdch pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch lokalit dan\u00e9 kategorie
\nTable 1. Ratio of threatened localities of the surveyed and assessed cultural heritage localities of given categories from the water elements point of view<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nV\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n
Dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a02. Hodnocen\u00e9 pam\u00e1tkov\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00f3ny a\u00a0objekty
\nFig. 2. Cultural protected zones and localities assessed by the questionnaire
\nVysv\u011btlivky:<\/h6>\nPam\u00e1tky SKD: 1\u00a0\u2013 Litomy\u0161l, z\u00e1mek; 2\u00a0\u2013 Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017e, zahrady a\u00a0z\u00e1mek; 3\u00a0\u2013 Lednice, z\u00e1mek; 4\u00a0\u2013 Hola\u0161ovice, VPR; 5\u00a0\u2013 \u010cesk\u00fd Krumlov, historick\u00e9 j\u00e1dro<\/h6>\n
NKP: 1\u00a0\u2013 Kl\u00e1\u0161ter premonstr\u00e1t\u016f Tepl\u00e1; 2\u00a0\u2013 Kl\u00e1\u0161ter Plasy; 3\u00a0\u2013 Kl\u00e1\u0161ter Kladruby; 4\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Kozel; 5\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Hor\u0161ovsk\u00fd T\u00fdn; 6\u00a0\u2013 Hrad \u0160vihov; 7\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek \u010cerven\u00e9 Po\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed; 8\u00a0\u2013 Kl\u00e1\u0161ter v\u00a0Oseku; 9\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Duchcov; 10\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Libochovice; 11\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Ploskovice; 12\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Z\u00e1kupy; 13\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Lemberk; 14\u00a0\u2013 Hrad Grab\u0161tejn; 15\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Fr\u00fddlant; 16\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Veltrusy; 17\u00a0\u2013 Hradi\u0161t\u011b \u0160\u00e1rka; 18\u00a0\u2013 B\u0159evnovsk\u00fd kl\u00e1\u0161ter; 19\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Konopi\u0161t\u011b; 20\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Orl\u00edk; 21\u00a0\u2013 Kl\u00e1\u0161ter premonstr\u00e1t\u016f v\u00a0\u017deliv\u011b; 22\u00a0\u2013 Ro\u017embersk\u00e1 rybni\u010dn\u00ed soustava; 23\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek T\u0159ebo\u0148; 24\u00a0\u2013 Kl\u00e1\u0161ter v\u00a0Broumov\u011b; 25\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek v\u00a0Ratibo\u0159ic\u00edch; 26\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Nov\u00e9 M\u011bsto nad Metuj\u00ed; 27\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Opo\u010dno; 28\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Velk\u00e9 Losiny; 29\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Lysice; 30\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek R\u00e1jec nad Svitavou; 31\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Jarom\u011b\u0159ice nad Rokytnou; 32\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Milotice; 33\u00a0\u2013 Z\u00e1mek Buchlovice; 34\u00a0\u2013 Vala\u0161sk\u00e9 muzeum v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b; 35\u00a0\u2013 KP Z\u00e1mek Slezsk\u00e9 Rudoltice; 36\u00a0\u2013 Bratrsk\u00fd sbor ve Fulneku<\/h6>\n
PR: 1\u00a0\u2013 MPR Terez\u00edn; 2\u00a0\u2013 VPR T\u0159eb\u00edz; 3\u00a0\u2013 VPR Ostrovec; 4\u00a0\u2013 VPR Drahenice; 5\u00a0\u2013 VPR Dobrov\u00edz; 6\u00a0\u2013 VPR Z\u00e1bo\u0159\u00ed; 7\u00a0\u2013 MPR \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice; 8\u00a0\u2013 VPR Janovice; 9\u00a0\u2013 VPR Nos\u00e1lov; 10\u00a0\u2013 VPR Mu\u017esk\u00fd; 11\u00a0\u2013 VPR Vesec; 12\u00a0\u2013 VPR Bo\u0161\u00edn; 13\u00a0\u2013 VPR K\u0159inice; 14\u00a0\u2013 VPR K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1nky; 15\u00a0\u2013 VPR Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1; 16\u00a0\u2013 MPR Pelh\u0159imov; 17\u00a0\u2013 MPR Jihlava; 18\u00a0\u2013 MPR Tel\u010d; 19\u00a0\u2013 MPR T\u0159ebo\u0148; 20\u00a0\u2013 VPR De\u0161ov; 21\u00a0\u2013 MPR Lipn\u00edk nad Be\u010dvou<\/h6>\n
Tabulka 2. Hodnocen\u00ed ohro\u017een\u00ed vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f vybran\u00fdch lokalit pam\u00e1tek sv\u011btov\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed (UNESCO) podle metodiky [12]
\nTable 2. Threat assessment (by the guidance [12]) of the water elements of the selected localities belonging to the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage<\/h5>\n<\/a>\n\n
\n
\n
\n
Hodnocen\u00ed eutrofizace vod vzorov\u00fdch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f<\/h3>\n
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a03. Rybn\u00edky na \u00fazem\u00ed VPR Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 u\u00a0Sn\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho
\nFig. 3. Ponds in the \u201cVPR\u201d protected area (Historic Village) inside the village Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 (near the Sn\u011b\u017en\u00e9 town)<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a04. Rybn\u00ed\u010dky (R\u00e1jec-1, R\u00e1jec-2) a\u00a0baz\u00e9ny (R\u00e1jec-3, R\u00e1jec-4) v\u00a0are\u00e1lu NKP R\u00e1jec nad Svitavou
\nFig. 4. Small ponds (R\u00e1jec-1, R\u00e1jec-2) and basins (R\u00e1jec-3, R\u00e1jec-4) within the area of \u201cNKP\u201d (National cultural monument) the R\u00e1jec nad Svitavou palace<\/h6>\nMo\u017enosti ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed kvality prost\u0159ed\u00ed vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f<\/h3>\n
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a05. Baz\u00e9ny v\u00a0are\u00e1lu Kv\u011btn\u00e9 zahrady v\u00a0Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei
\nFig. 5. Basins of the \u201cKv\u011btn\u00e1\u201d (Flower) garden in the Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017e town<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a06. Soustava rybn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0are\u00e1lu Podz\u00e1meck\u00e9 zahrady v\u00a0Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei
\nFig. 6. Pond system of the \u201cPodz\u00e1meck\u00e1\u201d (The Chateau Garden) garden in the Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017e town<\/h6>\nDiskuse a\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a07. Rozd\u00edl mezi pr\u016fhlednost\u00ed vody n\u00e1dr\u017ee bez aplikace bioprepar\u00e1tu (vlevo, sinicov\u00fd vodn\u00ed kv\u011bt) a\u00a0s\u00a0aplikac\u00ed bioprepar\u00e1tu b\u011bhem vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezony (vpravo)
\nFig. 7. Differences of the water transparence between basin without biological preparation application (left, blue algae surface film) and basin with biological preparation application during vegetation period (right)<\/h6>\nPod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n