{"id":5613,"date":"2018-12-12T16:13:34","date_gmt":"2018-12-12T15:13:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=5613"},"modified":"2024-07-16T14:43:54","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T13:43:54","slug":"determination-of-soil-loss-from-erosion-rills-by-method-of-digital-photogrammetry-and-method-of-volumetric-quantification","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2018\/12\/determination-of-soil-loss-from-erosion-rills-by-method-of-digital-photogrammetry-and-method-of-volumetric-quantification\/","title":{"rendered":"Determination of soil loss from erosion rills by method of digital photogrammetry and method of volumetric quantification"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek p\u0159edstavuje dv\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00e9 metody m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed r\u00fdhov\u00e9 eroze, kter\u00e1 pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0\u010dast\u00fdm d\u016fsledk\u016fm extr\u00e9mn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f. Na vybran\u00e9 lokalit\u011b, posti\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdraznou r\u00fdhovou eroz\u00ed, byly pomoc\u00ed volumetrick\u00e9 kvantifikace a\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie zdokumentov\u00e1ny projevy eroze zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami. Volumetrick\u00e1 kvantifikace je metodou p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ter\u00e9nu. Pomoc\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 erodom\u011bru\u00a0\u2013 jsou ve vybran\u00fdch m\u00edstech zam\u011b\u0159eny p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 profily pr\u016fb\u011bhu ter\u00e9nu, na z\u00e1klad\u011b kter\u00fdch je pak vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1na celkov\u00e1 hodnota r\u00fdhov\u00e9 eroze. Metody bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie jsou zalo\u017eeny na sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 lokality pomoc\u00ed bezpilotn\u00edho letadla. Po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 fotografie n\u00e1sledn\u011b slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu ter\u00e9nu (DMT), jeho anal\u00fdzou je pot\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn objem erodovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto postup\u016f pak prob\u011bhlo s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch \u0159ez\u016f ter\u00e9nem vynesen\u00fdm fotogrammetri\u00ed v\u00a0m\u00edstech fyzick\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed erodom\u011brem.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

R\u00fdhov\u00e1 eroze pat\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0na\u0161ich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch k\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9mu typu po\u0161kozen\u00ed p\u016fdy. Tento typ vodn\u00ed v\u00fdmolov\u00e9 eroze ohro\u017euje zejm\u00e9na sva\u017eit\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 pozemky. M\u00edra ohro\u017een\u00ed stoup\u00e1, pokud je povrch p\u016fdy bez vegeta\u010dn\u00edho pokryvu, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b s\u00a0v\u00fdsadbou \u0161iroko\u0159\u00e1dkov\u00fdch plodin (kuku\u0159ice, \u0159epa, brambory\u00a0apod.). Spou\u0161t\u011b\u010dem r\u00fdhov\u00e9 eroze b\u00fdv\u00e1 nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fd d\u00e9\u0161\u0165. Sr\u00e1\u017eky nejprve odt\u00e9kaj\u00ed po povrchu, n\u00e1sledn\u011b se soust\u0159e\u010fuj\u00ed do jednotliv\u00fdch r\u00fdh a\u00a0cel\u00e1 situace m\u016f\u017ee vy\u00fastit v\u00a0soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fd odtok vody. P\u0159i tomto jevu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odnosu nej\u00farodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti p\u016fdy a\u00a0po\u0161kozen\u00ed dan\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho pozemku, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i\u00a0odnosu sadby.<\/p>\n

Kvantifikace odnesen\u00e9 p\u016fdy slou\u017e\u00ed ke stanoven\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch \u0161kod zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch na pozemku, kdy vlivem eroze doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00farodn\u00e9 orni\u010dn\u00ed vrstvy a\u00a0t\u00edm ke sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed produk\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti p\u016fdy. Zhor\u0161uj\u00ed se jej\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed, biologick\u00e9 ale i\u00a0chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti p\u016fdy [1].<\/p>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed eroze p\u016fdy je mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt pomoc\u00ed volumetrick\u00e9 kvantifikace s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm tzv.\u00a0erodom\u011bru\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159\u00edstroje pro z\u00e1znam pr\u016fb\u011bhu povrchu p\u016fdy ve vybran\u00e9m profilu. Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bylo nejprve vyu\u017eito pro stanoven\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy, ke kter\u00e9 do\u0161lo p\u0159i t\u011b\u017eb\u011b d\u0159eva [2]. D\u00e1le byl erodom\u011br pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch modifikac\u00edch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0hornat\u00fdch oblastech Blaney a\u00a0Warrington [3] pracovali s\u00a0erodom\u011brem, kter\u00fd zam\u011b\u0159oval pouze deset bod\u016f pro jeden p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fd profil. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice za\u010dal erodom\u011br pro stanoven\u00ed objemu odnesen\u00e9 p\u016fdy vyu\u017e\u00edvat t\u00fdm v\u00a0\u00dastavu vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed krajiny Fakulty stavebn\u00ed VUT v\u00a0Brn\u011b pod veden\u00edm profesora Dumbrovsk\u00e9ho [4, 5], kde st\u00e1le prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00fdvoj p\u0159\u00edstroje i\u00a0postup\u016f zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00ed erozn\u00edch odnos\u016f p\u016fdy p\u0159i r\u00fdhov\u00e9 erozi.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed erozn\u00ed r\u00fdhy pomoc\u00ed bezpilotn\u00edho letadla
\nFig. 1. Photographing of the erosion rill with unmanned aircraft<\/h6>\n

Nep\u0159\u00edmou metodu stanoven\u00ed objemu eroze p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed bezpilotn\u00ed leteck\u00e9 prost\u0159edky (UAV), kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k\u00a0d\u00e1lkov\u00e9mu pr\u016fzkumu Zem\u011b (DPZ) a\u00a0umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed sledov\u00e1n\u00ed objekt\u016f a\u00a0zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu bez p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho fyzick\u00e9ho kontaktu [6]. UAV v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9, rychl\u00e9 a\u00a0relativn\u011b levn\u00e9 podklady pro vyhodnocen\u00ed eroze na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch. D\u00edky metod\u00e1m fotogrammetrie a\u00a0SfM (Structure from Motion) je mo\u017en\u00e9 zpracovat sadu neuspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdch a\u00a0r\u016fzn\u011b se p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch sn\u00edmk\u016f a\u00a0rekonstruovat tak trojrozm\u011brn\u00e9 modely, ze\u00a0kter\u00fdch lze n\u00e1sledn\u011b m\u011b\u0159it parametry erozn\u00edch r\u00fdh (hloubka, \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka, d\u00e9lka) a\u00a0stanovit objem odnesen\u00e9 p\u016fdy \u010di vytv\u00e1\u0159et 3D modely sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho i\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edho ter\u00e9nu. Metodami SfM se podrobn\u011b ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci zab\u00fdv\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad Westoby\u00a0a\u00a0kol. [7].<\/p>\n

UAV byly pro monitoring \u010dasov\u00fdch zm\u011bn p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu a\u00a0intenzity eroze p\u016fdy vyu\u017eity nap\u0159.\u00a0v\u00a0letech 2012 a\u00a02013 Eltnerovou\u00a0a\u00a0kol. [8]. Dal\u0161\u00ed studie od Pierzchala [9] vyu\u017eila sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed bezpilotn\u00edch letadel ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed objemu p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 zeminy p\u0159i t\u011b\u017eb\u011b d\u0159eva. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice se pak na v\u00fdzkum erozn\u00edho po\u0161kozen\u00ed p\u016fd pomoc\u00ed metod DPZ zam\u011b\u0159uje ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci Vl\u00e1\u010dilov\u00e1 a\u00a0Kr\u00e1sa [10]. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti se pak optimalizac\u00ed monitoringu eroze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0postupy kvantifikace erodovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm bezpilotn\u00edch letadel zab\u00fdv\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad Katedra hydromeliorac\u00ed a\u00a0krajinn\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed \u010cVUT v\u00a0Praze ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0V\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm \u00fastavem meliorac\u00ed a\u00a0ochrany p\u016fdy, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., a\u00a0\u010cesk\u00fdm hydrometeorologick\u00fdm \u00fastavem v\u00a0projektu s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem V\u00fdvoj automatizovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje pro optimalizaci monitoringu eroze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy pomoc\u00ed distan\u010dn\u00edch metod.<\/p>\n

Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho T. G. Masaryka, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., prov\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v\u00a0oblasti mo\u017en\u00e9ho stanoven\u00ed m\u00edry odnosu erodovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu ze zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch ploch pomoc\u00ed metod digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotogrammetrie a\u00a0volumetrick\u00e9 kvantifikace s\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm porovn\u00e1n\u00edm z\u00edskan\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f. Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek popisuje prvn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky z\u00e1znamu r\u00fdhov\u00e9 eroze a\u00a0jej\u00edho vyhodnocen\u00ed pomoc\u00ed v\u00fdstup\u016f dvou v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch metod na vybran\u00e9 pilotn\u00ed lokalit\u011b.<\/p>\n

Materi\u00e1ly a metody hodnocen\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Metody digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotogrammetrie<\/h3>\n

K\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed r\u00fdhov\u00e9 eroze pomoc\u00ed bezpilotn\u00edho letadla se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 metody bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie. Vlastn\u00ed postup se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed povrchu ter\u00e9nu, n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f a\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed podrobn\u00e9ho digit\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu ter\u00e9nu, ze kter\u00e9ho se provede v\u00fdpo\u010det objemu odnesen\u00e9 p\u016fdy [11].<\/p>\n

Sn\u00edmkovan\u00e1 z\u00e1jmov\u00e1 oblast mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ed vlastn\u00edm vzletem bezpilotn\u00edho letadla (obr. 1<\/em>) vyzna\u010dena vl\u00edcovac\u00edmi body (obr. 2<\/em>), kter\u00e9 je nezbytn\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u011b polohov\u011b zam\u011b\u0159it pomoc\u00ed geodetick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f. Nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 sou\u0159adnice vl\u00edcovac\u00edch bod\u016f a\u00a0jejich nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 korekci nep\u0159esnost\u00ed vlastn\u00edch sn\u00edmk\u016f a\u00a0ke georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9ho modelu ter\u00e9nu. U\u00a0po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f ter\u00e9nu je nezbytn\u00fd p\u0159ekryv z\u00a060\u201380 %. Jen tak je zabezpe\u010deno bezprobl\u00e9mov\u00e9 spojen\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch fotografi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 usnadn\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnost kone\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku.<\/p>\n

Po pr\u00e1ci v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu n\u00e1sleduje ji\u017e vlastn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u00edmk\u016f metodou SfM pomoc\u00ed specializovan\u00e9ho softwaru (nap\u0159. Agisoft PhotoScan Professional). Program je schopen identifikovat polohy, sm\u011bry a\u00a0n\u00e1klony fotoapar\u00e1tu um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9ho na bezpilotn\u00edm letadle [12]. V\u00fdstupem jsou data ve form\u00e1tu ASCII nebo bodov\u00e1 vrstva s\u00a0XYZ sou\u0159adnicemi, kter\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 d\u00e1le zpracov\u00e1vat v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00edch GIS. Zde lze zvolit ide\u00e1ln\u00ed velikost rozli\u0161en\u00ed modelu, kter\u00fd se pro samotn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t z\u00e1sadn\u00edm. Samotn\u00fd v\u00fdpo\u010det objemu erozn\u00edch r\u00fdh je pak zalo\u017een na stanoven\u00ed objemu prostoru mezi teoretick\u00fdm p\u016fvodn\u00edm ter\u00e9nem a\u00a0ter\u00e9nem po odnosu p\u016fdy, kter\u00fd byl zam\u011b\u0159en bezpilotn\u00edm letadlem a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b vymodelov\u00e1n. Podobn\u00fdmi postupy a\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm UAV p\u0159i kvantifikaci objem\u016f erodovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu se v\u011bnuje ve sv\u00e9 publikaci Glendell\u00a0a\u00a0kol. [13].<\/p>\n

Metoda p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 volumetrick\u00e9 kvantifikace<\/h3>\n

Volumetrick\u00e1 kvantifikace r\u00fdhov\u00e9 eroze na plo\u0161e pozemku p\u0159edstavuje metodu p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bhu ter\u00e9nu. Pro jeho zaznamen\u00e1n\u00ed je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n erodom\u011br\u00a0\u2013 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu pr\u016fb\u011bhu ter\u00e9nu. Pou\u017eit\u00fd typ m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byl vyvinut v \u00dastavu vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed krajiny Fakulty stavebn\u00ed VUT v\u00a0Brn\u011b [4]. P\u0159i kvantifikaci r\u00fdhov\u00e9 eroze se z\u00e1znam pr\u016fb\u011bhu ter\u00e9nu prov\u00e1d\u00ed ve \u010dtvercov\u00e9m r\u00e1mu o\u00a0rozm\u011bru 2 \u00d7 2\u2008m (obr.\u00a03<\/em>), v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e je vyneseno p\u011bt profil\u016f v\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce \u010dtvercov\u00e9ho pole v\u00a0pravideln\u00fdch vzd\u00e1lenostech (cca 0,33\u2008m). \u010ctvercov\u00fd r\u00e1m s\u00a0erodom\u011brem je um\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n na eroz\u00ed zasa\u017een\u00fd svah. Povrch p\u016fdy vyzna\u010duj\u00ed jehlice v\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce erodom\u011bru (1\u2008m), jejich\u017e horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti po spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na ter\u00e9n kop\u00edruj\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh povrchu p\u016fdy. Ten je zdokumentov\u00e1n pomoc\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1tu a\u00a0p\u0159eveden do digit\u00e1ln\u00ed podoby ve form\u011b grafu, kter\u00fd d\u00e1le slou\u017e\u00ed ke stanoven\u00ed objemu erozn\u00edch r\u00fdh [5].<\/p>\n

Vyhodnocen\u00ed erozn\u00edho odnosu na pilotn\u00ed lokalit\u011b \u0160ardice<\/h3>\n

Katastr obce \u0160ardice (okres Hodon\u00edn) byl v\u00a0\u00fanoru 2017 posti\u017een eroz\u00ed z\u00a0n\u00e1hl\u00e9ho t\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu, kdy vznikly pom\u011brn\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 soub\u011b\u017en\u00e9 erozn\u00ed r\u00fdhy. Lokalita se nach\u00e1zela ji\u017en\u011b od intravil\u00e1nu obce nad \u0160ardick\u00fdm potokem s\u00a0p\u016fdami o\u00a0hlavn\u00ed\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00ed jednotce (HPJ) 08, popsan\u00e9 jako \u010dernozem\u011b mod\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0\u010dernozem\u011b pelick\u00e9, hn\u011bdozem\u011b, luvizem\u011b, pop\u0159.\u00a0i\u00a0kambizem\u011b luvick\u00e9, smyt\u00e9. N\u00e1sledky eroze byly dokumentov\u00e1ny jak p\u0159\u00edmou metodou volumetrick\u00e9 kvantifikace (erodom\u011br), tak i\u00a0s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie (UAV).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a02. Z\u00e1jmov\u00e1 lokalita s\u00a0vyzna\u010den\u00fdmi vl\u00edcovac\u00edmi body
\nFig. 2. The location of interest with marked ground control points<\/h6>\n

Nejprve bylo metodou p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zaznamen\u00e1no 25 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f erozn\u00edch r\u00fdh\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0p\u011bti \u010dtverc\u00edch (2 \u00d7 2\u2008m) rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch tak, aby zachytily v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 projevy r\u00fdhov\u00e9 eroze. Vl\u00edcovac\u00edmi body pro sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed UAV byla jednak vymezena z\u00e1jmov\u00e1 oblast, ale tak\u00e9 i\u00a0vrcholy jednotliv\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch \u010dtverc\u016f pro volumetrickou metodu (obr.<\/em> 4<\/em>). Na z\u00e1klad\u011b ter\u00e9nn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu, velikosti sn\u00edman\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0po\u017eadovan\u00e9 p\u0159esnosti v\u00fdsledk\u016f byla pro pilotn\u00ed lokalitu optim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ka letu stanovena na 10\u2008m nad ter\u00e9nem. Z\u00a0po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f byl vytvo\u0159en DMT povrchu p\u016fdy a\u00a0v\u00a0m\u00edstech, kde prob\u00edhalo p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pomoc\u00ed erodom\u011bru, byly vytvo\u0159eny p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 \u0159ezy DMT pro n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 porovn\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pilotn\u00ed lokality byla velikost pixelu modelu DMT ur\u010dena na velikost 1\u2008cm, tato vzd\u00e1lenost odpov\u00edd\u00e1 rozli\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159i\u00a0metod\u011b volumetrick\u00e9 kvantifikace.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a03. Z\u00e1znam pr\u016fb\u011bhu ter\u00e9nu pomoc\u00ed erodom\u011bru s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm \u010dtvercov\u00e9ho pole
\nFig. 3. Record the terrain course using the soil erosion bridge with the use of a\u00a0square field<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdsledky a diskuse<\/h2>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm v\u00fdstupem volumetrick\u00e9 metody je z\u00e1znam jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f erozn\u00edch r\u00fdh (obr. 5<\/em>). Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed obou metod bylo nezbytn\u00e9 vyn\u00e9st z\u00a0fotogrammetrick\u00fdch v\u00fdstup\u016f shodn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 profily (um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed, rozsah). Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstup\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch ob\u011bma metodami ukazuje dobrou shodu v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu t\u011bchto lini\u00ed (obr. 6<\/em>). Z\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v\u00fdsledky z\u00edskan\u00e9 metodou bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie shlazuj\u00ed do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry tvar ter\u00e9nu, a\u00a0to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kolm\u00fdch st\u011bn erozn\u00edch z\u00e1\u0159ez\u016f.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a04. Ortofoto sn\u00edmek a\u00a0DMT erozn\u00edch r\u00fdh s\u00a0vl\u00edcovac\u00edmi body pro jeden ze \u010dtverc\u016f m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch erodom\u011brem
\nFig. 4. Ortofoto image and DMT erosion rill with ground control points for one of the squares measured by a\u00a0soil erosion bridge<\/h6>\n

Dosavadn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00a0literatu\u0159e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daly, \u017ee odhad objemu erodovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edmou metodou pomoc\u00ed erodom\u011bru bude a\u017e dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00fd ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0postupy bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie (bezpilotn\u00ed letadlo) [10]. Prvn\u00ed srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstup\u016f z\u00a0pilotn\u00ed lokality v\u00a0\u0160ardic\u00edch tyto p\u0159edpoklady nepotvrzuj\u00ed, pr\u016fb\u011bh p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f ve \u010dty\u0159ech z\u00a0p\u011bti m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch \u010dtverc\u016f vykazuj\u00ed dobrou shodu. K\u00a0vynesen\u00fdm \u0159ez\u016fm byl pro prvotn\u00ed stanoven\u00ed odnosu ze \u010dtverc\u016f p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed volumetrick\u00e9 kvantifikace vynesen \u0159ez z\u00a0digit\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu reli\u00e9fu \u010cR 5. generace [14]. N\u00e1sledn\u00fd odnos ze \u010dtverce byl stanoven rozd\u00edlem ploch v\u00a0profilech p\u0159epo\u010dten\u00fdch na plochu. Odhad objemu erodovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu p\u0159i bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrii byl stanoven p\u0159\u00edmo pro plochu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dtverce, jako rozd\u00edl dvou DMT. Prvn\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010dty odnosu uv\u00e1d\u00ed tabulka<\/em>\u00a01<\/em>. Z\u00a0tabulky vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed u\u00a04 z\u00a05 \u010dtverc\u016f minim\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edly p\u0159i srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f stanoven\u00e9ho odnosu p\u016fdy. V\u00fdznamnost shody obou metod bude n\u00e1sledn\u011b\u00a0stanovena obvykl\u00fdmi statistick\u00fdmi metodami a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed kroky v\u00fdzkumu povedou k\u00a0hled\u00e1n\u00ed postup\u016f ke zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00ed objemu odnesen\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu ob\u011bma metodami.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a05. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 profily erozn\u00edch r\u00fdh z\u00edskan\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed erodom\u011bru
\nFig. 5. Cross profile of erosion rills obtained by using a\u00a0soil erosion bridge<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

 <\/p>\n

Obr.\u00a06. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f erozn\u00edch r\u00fdh z\u00edskan\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed volumetrick\u00e9 kvantifikace (erodom\u011br) a\u00a0bezpilotn\u00edho letadla (bl\u00edzk\u00e1 fotogrammetrie)
\nFig. 6. Comparison of transverse profiles of erosion rills obtained by volumetric quantification (soil erosion bridge) and unmanned aircraft (close-up photogrammetry)<\/h6>\n

Prvn\u00ed srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstup\u016f obou metodik tak ukazuje, \u017ee postupy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na leteck\u00e9m sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za rovnocenn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm metod\u00e1m. Pro jejich \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed hovo\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9, \u017ee poskytuj\u00ed spojit\u00fd obraz erozn\u00ed r\u00fdhy v\u00a0cel\u00e9m jej\u00edm pr\u016fb\u011bhu. Je t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti shlazov\u00e1n\u00ed kolm\u00fdch st\u011bn erozn\u00edch z\u00e1\u0159ez\u016f p\u0159i tvorb\u011b digit\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu ter\u00e9nu z\u00a0orotofoto sn\u00edmk\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i\u00a0metoda volumetrick\u00e9 kvantifikace m\u00e1 sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed, kdy m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet ke zkreslen\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00fdch hodnot p\u0159i zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bhu ter\u00e9nu pomoc\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1tu a\u00a0jeho n\u00e1slednou interpretaci. Nav\u00edc jej\u00ed pracnost a\u00a0\u010dasov\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnost omezuje po\u010det prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Podrobn\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed pozitiv a\u00a0negativ obou metod je uvedeno v\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em>. Dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti budou zam\u011b\u0159eny na mo\u017enosti stanoven\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho objemu erodovan\u00e9 p\u016fdy. Pro ob\u011b metody je t\u0159eba vy\u0159e\u0161it stanoven\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed roviny povrchu v\u00fdchoz\u00edho ter\u00e9nu p\u0159ed erozn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, a\u00a0to jak jej\u00ed celkov\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh, tak tak\u00e9 jej\u00ed vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00edskan\u00fdch \u0159ezech ter\u00e9nu s\u00a0projevem eroze.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Hodnoty pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy z\u00a0profil\u016f vynesen\u00fdch ter\u00e9nem v\u00a0absolutn\u00edch hodnot\u00e1ch v\u00a0m3<\/sup> pro jednotliv\u00e9 \u010dtverce
\nTable 1. Average soil loss values \u200b\u200bfrom terrain profiles in absolute values \u200b\u200bin m3<\/sup><\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jsou za \u00fa\u010delem stanoven\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bhu p\u016fvodn\u00edho ter\u00e9nu ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1ny mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu reli\u00e9fu \u010cR 5. generace [14], a\u00a0to jak v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profilech, tak i\u00a0na\u00a0celkov\u00e9 plo\u0161e pozemku. Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak stanovit pr\u016fb\u011bh p\u016fvodn\u00edho povrchu ter\u00e9nu, je zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pozemku po zapraven\u00ed erozn\u00edch projev\u016f zem\u011bd\u011blskou technikou pomoc\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fotogrammetrie.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 2. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdhod a nev\u00fdhod jednotliv\u00fdch stanoven\u00ed
\nTable 2. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of individual determinations<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Erozn\u00ed procesy maj\u00ed za n\u00e1sledek odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00farodn\u00e9 orni\u010dn\u00ed vrstvy a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed produk\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti p\u016fdy. Stanoven\u00ed objemu odnesen\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu p\u0159edstavuje jednu z\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch \u0161kod zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch na pozemku. Pro stanoven\u00ed objemu odnesen\u00e9 p\u016fdy je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt jak p\u0159\u00edmou volumetrickou metodu pomoc\u00ed erodom\u011bru, tak tak\u00e9 i\u00a0metody bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie pomoc\u00ed bezpilotn\u00edho letadla (UAV).<\/p>\n

Na pilotn\u00ed lokalit\u011b v\u00a0katastr\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed obce \u0160ardice (okres Hodon\u00edn) byly pomoc\u00ed obou uveden\u00fdch metod zaznamen\u00e1ny projevy eroze z\u00a0t\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu v\u00a0roce 2017. Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo posouzen\u00ed p\u0159esnosti v\u00fdstup\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch metodou bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fdstupy z\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed erodom\u011brem. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed prvn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee metody bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie poskytuj\u00ed srovnateln\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy (pr\u016fb\u011bh p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f ter\u00e9nu) jako z\u00e1znam erodom\u011brem. V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch kroc\u00edch budou hled\u00e1ny postupy pro zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed stanoven\u00ed objemu odnesen\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu pomoc\u00ed obou metod. Pokud by se prok\u00e1zalo, \u017ee metody bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie poskytuj\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b spolehliv\u00e9 a\u00a0p\u0159esn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, umo\u017enilo by to \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto postup\u016f. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0efektivn\u00ed, flexibiln\u00ed, ekonomick\u00fd i\u00a0ekologick\u00fd zp\u016fsob sb\u011bru dat s\u00a0vysokou p\u0159esnost\u00ed. Ur\u010ditou nev\u00fdhodou bezpilotn\u00edch letadel je v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b slab\u00e1 v\u00fddr\u017e bateri\u00ed a\u00a0s\u00a0t\u00edm spojen\u00fd omezen\u00fd dolet stroje a\u00a0tak\u00e9 zna\u010dn\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost na vhodn\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch pro provoz UAV.<\/p>\n

Kombinace metod bl\u00edzk\u00e9 fotogrammetrie a\u00a0volumetrick\u00e9 kvantifikace tak jak jsou prezentov\u00e1ny, m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0lep\u0161\u00edmu pozn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edry po\u0161kozen\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy erozn\u00edmi jevy. Bezkontaktn\u00ed postupy nav\u00edc umo\u017en\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed spojit\u00e9 informace o\u00a0n\u00e1sledc\u00edch eroze na velk\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch v\u00a0relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m \u010dase.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl za podpory projektu CZ.07.1.02\/0.0\/0.0\/16_023\/0000118 Voda pro Prahu \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho v\u00a0r\u00e1mci opera\u010dn\u00edho programu Praha\u00a0\u2013 P\u00f3l r\u016fstu \u010cR.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This article presents the first results of the research focused on the recording of rill erosion,\u00a0and its evaluation using the outputs\u00a0of the\u00a0two methods that can be\u00a0used to\u00a0determine the soil yield. The consequences of erosion have been documented on a\u00a0selected pilot site, both as\u00a0a\u00a0direct method of volume quantification\u00a0(using an profile meter\u00a0\u2013 so called soil erosion bridge)\u00a0and with the use of unmanned aircraft in close-up photogrammetry (UAV).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":5525,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[1468,1471,1469,1470,1473,1472],"coauthors":[179,1423,488],"class_list":["post-5613","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-close-up-photogrammetry","tag-digital-terrain-model","tag-method-of-volume-quantification","tag-rill-erosion","tag-soil-loss","tag-unmanned-aerial-vehicles"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5613","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5613"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5613\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30485,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5613\/revisions\/30485"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5613"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5613"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5613"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5613"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}