![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/ilustracni-fotografie-4_edit.jpg\")
<\/a>\nfotografie: Ing. Tom\u00e1\u0161 Sezima, Ph.D.<\/h6>\n\u00davod<\/h2>\n
\u017divotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed (Environment) je syst\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00fd z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch, um\u011bl\u00fdch a\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00edch slo\u017eek materi\u00e1ln\u00edho sv\u011bta, je\u017e jsou, nebo mohou b\u00fdt s\u00a0uva\u017eovan\u00fdm objektem ve st\u00e1l\u00e9 interakci. Je to v\u0161e, co vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 podm\u00ednky existence organism\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b \u010dlov\u011bka, a\u00a0je p\u0159edpokladem jejich dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje. Podle \u00a7\u00a02 z\u00e1kona \u010d.\u00a017\/1992 Sb., o\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, je slo\u017ekami my\u0161leno p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, voda, horniny, p\u016fda, organismy, ekosyst\u00e9my a\u00a0energie [1].<\/p>\n
Trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00fd rozvoj je v\u011bt\u0161inou ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako jeden z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch princip\u016f Evropsk\u00e9 unie, sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed se ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f, a\u00a0to z\u00a0udr\u017eitelnosti ekonomick\u00e9, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0environment\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n
V\u00a0oblasti environment\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky je krom\u011b principu trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho rozvoje uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n je\u0161t\u011b zejm\u00e9na princip prevence a\u00a0obez\u0159etnosti, \u00fanosn\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee, uv\u00e1\u017eliv\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi zdroji, p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 zodpov\u011bdnosti, sanace a\u00a0restituce.<\/p>\n
Na \u00faseku \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed se mohou hodnotit jednak r\u016fzn\u00e9 ukazatele a\u00a0slo\u017eky, d\u00e1le opat\u0159en\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b jejich efektivity, anebo r\u016fzn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0kombinac\u00edch a\u00a0seskupen\u00edch, zpracovan\u00e1 v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch projektov\u00fdch n\u00e1vrz\u00edch, a\u00a0to v\u010detn\u011b vyhodnocen\u00ed z\u00a0pohledu pom\u011bru \u201ev\u00fdkon (efektivnost)\/cena\u201c.<\/p>\n
Komplexn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky je prov\u00e1d\u011bno ve Zpr\u00e1v\u011b o\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cR.<\/p>\n
Ka\u017ed\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, zda-li bylo dosa\u017eeno vyty\u010den\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f, pop\u0159.\u00a0s\u00a0jakou efektivitou \u010di s\u00a0jak\u00fdmi finan\u010dn\u00edmi n\u00e1klady.<\/p>\n
Metody hodnocen\u00ed v\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unii<\/h2>\n
V\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unii je doporu\u010dov\u00e1no a\u00a0tak\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bno hodnocen\u00ed zejm\u00e9na pomoc\u00ed metod n\u00e1kladov\u011b-v\u00fdstupov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy efektivnosti Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (d\u00e1le jen CEA), n\u00e1kladov\u011b-p\u0159\u00ednosov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy Cost-Benefit Analysis (d\u00e1le jen CBA) a\u00a0d\u00e1le pop\u0159.\u00a0tak\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00fdmi vybran\u00fdmi metodami multikriteri\u00e1ln\u00edho hodnocen\u00ed Multi-Criteria Analysis (d\u00e1le jen MCA).<\/p>\n
Metoda CEA byla vyvinuta v\u00a0pades\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech americk\u00fdch jako n\u00e1stroj pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi po\u017eadavky kladen\u00fdmi zejm\u00e9na Ministerstvem obrany a\u00a0Arm\u00e1dou na zbrojn\u00ed programy\u00a0atd. Jedn\u00e1 se p\u016fvodn\u011b o\u00a0metodu hodnocen\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f nebo alternativ \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. \u00da\u010delem anal\u00fdzy efektivnosti n\u00e1klad\u016f je zjistit, kter\u00fd projekt\/program nebo varianta projektu\/programu m\u016f\u017ee dos\u00e1hnout stanoven\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f p\u0159i co nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1kladech. CEA se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k\u00a0identifikaci nejv\u00edce n\u00e1kladov\u011b-efektivn\u00ed strategie z\u00a0mno\u017einy mo\u017en\u00fdch variant, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky.<\/p>\n
Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee anal\u00fdza efektivnosti n\u00e1klad\u016f (CEA) \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s\u00a0anal\u00fdzou n\u00e1klad\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f (CBA), lze kombinaci t\u011bchto metod vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed projekt\u016f nebo program\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed. Pomoc\u00ed t\u00e9to n\u00e1kladov\u011b-p\u0159\u00ednosov\u00e9 analytick\u00e9 metody lze u\u00a0realizovan\u00fdch projekt\u016f porovnat r\u016fzn\u00e9 alternativy s\u00a0podobn\u00fdmi c\u00edli a\u00a0zm\u011b\u0159it jejich efektivitu z\u00a0hlediska vynakl\u00e1dan\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f. D\u00e1le lze takt\u00e9\u017e metodu vyu\u017e\u00edt v\u00a0r\u00e1mci hodnocen\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdch dopad\u016f alternativn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e jsou realizov\u00e1na (ex-ante), nebo k\u00a0evaluaci \u00fa\u010dinnosti opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e byla zrealizov\u00e1na (ex-post).<\/p>\n
V\u00fdsledky CEA jsou \u010dastokr\u00e1t integrov\u00e1ny do multikriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzy (MCA), kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje kombinaci r\u016fzn\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch form\u00e1tech.<\/p>\n
Anal\u00fdza n\u00e1klad\u016f a\u00a0u\u017eitk\u016f (Cost-Benefit Analysis, CBA) je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 metoda, kter\u00e1 sleduje ekonomickou efektivnost mo\u017en\u00e9 alternativy posuzovan\u00e9ho projektu, a\u0165 u\u017e v\u00a0soukrom\u00e9m, nebo ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m sektoru.<\/p>\n
CBA je n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje srovn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f, a\u00a0podle t\u00e9to anal\u00fdzy lze ur\u010dit, kter\u00e1 alternativa projektu je z\u00a0hlediska ekonomick\u00e9 efektivnosti nejv\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Aby mohla b\u00fdt CBA dob\u0159e provedena, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt prov\u00e1d\u011bna podle p\u0159esn\u011b logick\u00e9ho postupu (metodiky). Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metodiky CBA jsou nap\u0159.\u00a0podle Boardmana [3] a\u00a0nov\u011b i\u00a0podle manu\u00e1l\u016f a\u00a0doporu\u010den\u00ed EU [4, 5].<\/p>\n
Problematick\u00e9 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ohodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed (oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed) u\u017eitk\u016f na \u00faseku \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed lze prov\u00e1d\u011bt jen v\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch kontextech dan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed podle nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metody oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fd je posun k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm [2].<\/p>\n
Oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed statk\u016f \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Metody oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed statk\u016f \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (\u017dP) m\u016f\u017eeme rozd\u011blit na:<\/p>\n
- \n
- metody tr\u017en\u00edho oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed statk\u016f \u017dP\u00a0\u2013 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se u\u00a0statk\u016f, se kter\u00fdmi se ji\u017e na trhu obchoduje (odvozuj\u00ed hodnotu statk\u016f \u017dP na z\u00e1klad\u011b ceny, kterou ji\u017e trh dan\u00e9mu statku stanovil, obvykle historick\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem),<\/li>\n
- mimotr\u017en\u00ed oce\u0148ovac\u00ed techniky\u00a0\u2013 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se u\u00a0statk\u016f, se kter\u00fdmi se na trhu neobchoduje, a\u00a0je nutn\u00e9 zjistit jejich hodnotu jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Pou\u017e\u00edt lze nap\u0159.\u00a0preferen\u010dn\u00ed metody, kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0preferenc\u00ed spot\u0159ebitel\u016f (odvozuj\u00ed hodnotu statk\u016f \u017dP na z\u00e1klad\u011b chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fdm vyjad\u0159ujeme, jakou hodnotu pro n\u00e1s dan\u00fd statek m\u00e1), a\u00a0nepreferen\u010dn\u00ed metody, kter\u00e9 jsou zalo\u017eeny na expertn\u00edm hodnocen\u00ed (odvozuj\u00ed hodnotu statk\u016f \u017dP na z\u00e1klad\u011b n\u00e1zoru odborn\u00edk\u016f).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
P\u0159ehled z\u00e1kladn\u00edch oce\u0148ovac\u00edch metod je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn na obr.\u00a01<\/em>.<\/p>\n
Multikriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdza je metoda, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi n\u011bkolika alternativami, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se (na rozd\u00edl od line\u00e1rn\u00edho programov\u00e1n\u00ed) nep\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u00edce v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch alternativ, a\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011brem anal\u00fdzy by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v\u017edy pouze alternativa jedin\u00e1. P\u0159edpokladem pou\u017eit\u00ed multikriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzy je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det kvantifikovateln\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zahrnujeme do rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Metoda se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 minim\u00e1ln\u011b ze \u010dty\u0159 navazuj\u00edc\u00edch krok\u016f:<\/p>\n
- \n
- identifikace alternativ a\u00a0krit\u00e9ri\u00ed,<\/li>\n
- ohodnocen\u00ed (kvantifikace) krit\u00e9ri\u00ed,<\/li>\n
- p\u0159id\u011blen\u00ed vah (normalizace),<\/li>\n
- v\u00fdpo\u010det ohodnocen\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Multikriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdza se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 hodnocen\u00edm mo\u017en\u00fdch alternativ podle n\u011bkolika krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e alternativa hodnocen\u00e1 podle jednoho krit\u00e9ria zpravidla neb\u00fdv\u00e1 nejl\u00e9pe hodnocen\u00e1 podle krit\u00e9ria jin\u00e9ho. Metody v\u00edcekriteri\u00e1ln\u00edho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed pot\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161\u00ed disbalance mezi vz\u00e1jemn\u011b protikladn\u00fdmi krit\u00e9rii. Jde o\u00a0metodu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 za c\u00edl shrnout a\u00a0ut\u0159\u00eddit informace o\u00a0variantn\u00edch projektech.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\")
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a01. Oce\u0148ovac\u00ed metody (zdroj: Ekonomie \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, dostupn\u00e9 z: http:\/\/fzp.ujep.cz)
\nFig. 1. Valuation methods (source: Ekonomie \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed)<\/h6>\nV\u00edcekriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed vznik\u00e1 v\u0161ude tam, kde rozhodovatel hodnot\u00ed d\u016fsledky sv\u00e9 volby podle n\u011bkolika krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, a\u00a0to krit\u00e9ri\u00ed kvantitativn\u00edch, kter\u00e1 se zpravidla vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00fdch stupnic\u00edch (hovo\u0159\u00edme tak\u00e9 o\u00a0\u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00edch) nebo krit\u00e9ri\u00ed kvalitativn\u00edch, kdy zav\u00e1d\u00edme vhodnou stupnici, nap\u0159.\u00a0stupnice klasifika\u010dn\u00ed, nebo stupnice velmi vysok\u00fd\u00a0\u2013 vysok\u00fd\u00a0\u2013 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd\u00a0\u2013 n\u00edzk\u00fd\u00a0\u2013 velmi n\u00edzk\u00fd a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u011b definujeme sm\u011br lep\u0161\u00edho hodnocen\u00ed, tj.\u00a0zda je lep\u0161\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo minim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnota (klesaj\u00edc\u00ed nebo stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed hodnoty). Je-li k\u00a0dispozici seznam krit\u00e9ri\u00ed i\u00a0seznam rozhodovac\u00edch variant, je nutn\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017eit, jakou formu by m\u011blo kone\u010dn\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed m\u00edt.<\/p>\n
Metody MCA<\/h2>\n
Multikriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed je v\u017edy analytick\u00fd hierarchick\u00fd proces [6]. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm krokem p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed v\u00edcekriteri\u00e1ln\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f je stanoven\u00ed vah (v\u00fdznamu krit\u00e9ri\u00ed). Pro jejich ur\u010den\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed spektrum metod. Jednou z\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch alternativ je metoda bodovac\u00ed. Tato metoda pat\u0159\u00ed mezi v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u011b nejm\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, ale sou\u010dasn\u011b kvalita v\u00fdsledk\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch jej\u00edm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Metoda b\u00fdv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako alokace 100 bod\u016f [7]. Probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0tom, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161itel mus\u00ed b\u00fdt schopen kvantitativn\u011b ohodnotit d\u016fle\u017eitost krit\u00e9ri\u00ed. Toto je v\u0161ak \u010dasto velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vzhledem k\u00a0r\u016fznorodosti sledovan\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed. Pro zvolenou bodovac\u00ed stupnici mus\u00ed \u0159e\u0161itel ohodnotit i<\/em>-t\u00e9 krit\u00e9rium hodnotou\u00a0b<\/em>i<\/sub> le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0dan\u00e9 stupnici. \u010c\u00edm je krit\u00e9rium d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm je bodov\u00e9 ohodnocen\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. \u0158e\u0161itel nemus\u00ed volit pouze cel\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla z\u00a0dan\u00e9 stupnice a\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159i\u0159adit stejnou hodnotu i\u00a0v\u00edce krit\u00e9ri\u00edm. Bodovac\u00ed metoda sice vy\u017eaduje od \u0159e\u0161itele kvantitativn\u00ed ohodnocen\u00ed krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, ale umo\u017e\u0148uje diferencovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed subjektivn\u00edch preferenc\u00ed ne\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad metoda po\u0159ad\u00ed. V\u00fdpo\u010det v\u00e1hy se prov\u00e1d\u00ed podle vzorce (1) [7].<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nV\u00e1hy jednotliv\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0intervalu <0, 1>, a\u00a0tedy se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0v\u00e1hy normalizovan\u00e9 do jednoho intervalu (1). Tato metoda je zat\u00ed\u017eena velk\u00fdm stupn\u011bm subjektivity v\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed respondenta.<\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je vyu\u017eit\u00ed Saatyho postupu binomick\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed. Saatyho metoda je zalo\u017eena na kvantitativn\u00edm p\u00e1rov\u00e9m srovn\u00e1n\u00ed krit\u00e9ri\u00ed. P\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed p\u00e1rov\u00fdch srovn\u00e1n\u00ed S\u00a0= (s<\/em>ij<\/sub>), i, j = 1, 2,\u00a0\u2026, k<\/em>, se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stupnice 1\u20139. Prvky matice s<\/em>ij<\/sub> jsou interpretov\u00e1ny jako odhady pod\u00edlu i<\/em>-t\u00e9ho krit\u00e9ria a\u00a0j<\/em>-t\u00e9ho krit\u00e9ria. Saatyho metoda je tedy zalo\u017eena na ur\u010den\u00ed v\u00e1hy jednotliv\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 na stanoven\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 preference [7]. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e9 dvojice krit\u00e9ri\u00ed se stanovuje hodnota s\u00edly vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 preference, kter\u00e1 je pot\u00e9 zaps\u00e1na do matice. Hodnocen\u00ed je zalo\u017eeno na vyu\u017eit\u00ed bodov\u00e9 stupnice uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em> [8].<\/p>\n
Tabulka 1. Syst\u00e9m hodnocen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed
\nTable 1. The system of evaluation of individual criteria<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nPro citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed preferenc\u00ed, na z\u00e1klad\u011b princip\u016f mana\u017eersk\u00e9ho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed [8], je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed mezistupn\u011b (2, 4, 6, 8, 10). Velikost preferenc\u00ed i<\/em>-t\u00e9ho krit\u00e9ria proti j<\/em>-t\u00e9mu krit\u00e9riu m\u016f\u017eeme uspo\u0159\u00e1dat do Saatyho matice, jej\u00ed\u017e prvky s<\/em>ij<\/sub> p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed odhady pod\u00edl\u016f vah krit\u00e9ri\u00ed (kolikr\u00e1t je jedno krit\u00e9rium v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e druh\u00e9), podle vztahu (2) [7].<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nMatice S\u00a0je \u010dtvercov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du n x n a\u00a0pro jej\u00ed prvky plat\u00ed [7]:<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nMatice je tedy ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b recipro\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0na jej\u00ed diagon\u00e1le jsou v\u017edy hodnoty jedna. Toto je d\u00e1no faktem, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 krit\u00e9rium je samo o\u00a0sob\u011b rovnocenn\u00e9. Pro ur\u010den\u00ed kone\u010dn\u00fdch vah ka\u017ed\u00e9ho krit\u00e9ria je pak pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n normalizovan\u00fd geometrick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f Saatyho matice, vztah (4) [7].<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nSaatyho princip hodnocen\u00ed je v\u00fdhodn\u00fd vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee redukuje hodnocen\u00ed respondenta na porovn\u00e1n\u00ed dvou krit\u00e9ri\u00ed (variant).<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011bry a\u00a0doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/h2>\n
N\u00e1stroje v\u00edcekriteri\u00e1ln\u00edho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed do hodnocen\u00ed zahrnout \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum kategori\u00e1ln\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z\u00a0metod je do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry zat\u00ed\u017eena subjektivn\u00edm postojem \u0159e\u0161itele. Minimalizaci tohoto vlivu lze dos\u00e1hnout p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u\u00a0Saatyho metody, kdy je pevn\u011b stanoveno hodnocen\u00ed vah, ze kter\u00e9ho mus\u00ed \u0159e\u0161itel vyj\u00edt. Nav\u00edc je \u0161k\u00e1la deskriptor\u016f od sebe odd\u011blena hodnotou dvou bod\u016f, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu odd\u011blen\u00ed vah. Za dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhodu m\u016f\u017eeme ozna\u010dit fakt, \u017ee hodnocen\u00ed je zalo\u017eeno na porovn\u00e1n\u00ed dvou krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, kdy ostatn\u00ed nebereme v\u00a0\u00favahu.<\/p>\n
Vzhledem k\u00a0uveden\u00fdm fakt\u016fm se jako efektivn\u00ed jev\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f v\u00edcekriteri\u00e1ln\u00edho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupem CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis). Tento fakt je podpo\u0159en r\u016fznorodost\u00ed krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, kter\u00fdmi m\u016f\u017eeme probl\u00e9my v\u00a0oblasti \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed hodnotit, ale tak\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na ekonomick\u00e9 vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. V\u00fdhodou kombinace obou p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f je tak\u00e9 mo\u017enost opakovan\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed, a\u00a0tedy verifikace dosa\u017een\u00e9ho zlep\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The paper outlines the possibilities of selected environmental assessment methods. Its aim is to highlight the growing need to devote to this integral science discipline more in the Czech Republic as well.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":5490,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91],"tags":[1459,1433,220,1460,1434],"coauthors":[1419,328,848,493,1420],"class_list":["post-5604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-applied-ecology","tag-assessment-methods-cea","tag-cba","tag-environment","tag-environmental-valuation-of-goods","tag-mca"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5604","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5604"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5604\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30487,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5604\/revisions\/30487"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5490"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5604"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5604"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5604"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}