{"id":5249,"date":"2018-10-09T08:31:41","date_gmt":"2018-10-09T07:31:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=5249"},"modified":"2024-07-16T14:37:10","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T13:37:10","slug":"determining-of-effectiveness-of-the-action-program-according-to-the-nitrate-directive-in-a-period-of-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2018\/10\/determining-of-effectiveness-of-the-action-program-according-to-the-nitrate-directive-in-a-period-of-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Determining of effectiveness of the action program according to the nitrate directive in a period of climate change"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle fa-3x pull-left\"><\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n<h2>Souhrn<\/h2>\n<p>Nitr\u00e1tov\u00e1 sm\u011brnice definuje pravidla pro vymezen\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u00a0stanovuje n\u00e1stroje ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod dusi\u010dnany ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 produkce. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm n\u00e1strojem je ak\u010dn\u00ed program a\u00a0tak\u00e9 z\u00e1sady spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxe\u00a0[1]. Pln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sad spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxe a\u00a0ak\u010dn\u00edho programu je ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech pro zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 podnikatele povinn\u00e9. \u00da\u010deln\u00e9 nastaven\u00ed t\u011bchto pravidel pak nejen\u017ee umo\u017en\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dusi\u010dnany, ale pom\u016f\u017ee takov\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed i\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zet. Proto je nezbytn\u00e9 propojen\u00ed detailn\u00edho monitoringu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0monitoringu vod, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m d\u00e1 nov\u00e9 poznatky o\u00a0vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0kvality vod v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch [2]. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti prob\u00edh\u00e1 detailn\u00ed monitoring ak\u010dn\u00edho programu na 10 pilotn\u00edch lokalit\u00e1ch v\u00a0r\u00e1mci cel\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ilustracni-obrazek-2_edit.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-5249];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"497\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5067 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ilustracni-obrazek-2_edit.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ilustracni-obrazek-2_edit.jpg 799w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ilustracni-obrazek-2_edit-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ilustracni-obrazek-2_edit-768x478.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 799px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 799\/497;\" \/><\/a>\n<h2>\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00edlem sm\u011brnice Rady 91\/676\/EHS o\u00a0ochran\u011b vod p\u0159ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm zp\u016fsoben\u00fdm dusi\u010dnany ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f [3] (d\u00e1le nitr\u00e1tov\u00e1 sm\u011brnice) je sni\u017eovat zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, a\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zet dal\u0161\u00edmu takov\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u00a0to jednak pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dod\u00e1vek kvalitn\u00ed pitn\u00e9 vody a\u00a0jednak k\u00a0ochran\u011b povrchov\u00e9 vody p\u0159ed eutrofizac\u00ed. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jsou vyhl\u00e1\u0161eny zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 262\/2012 Sb., o\u00a0stanoven\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u00a0ak\u010dn\u00edm programu, v\u00a0platn\u00e9m zn\u011bn\u00ed [4], kter\u00e9 nahradilo p\u016fvodn\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 103\/2003 Sb. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je i\u00a0ak\u010dn\u00ed program, co\u017e je nastaven\u00fd program opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed za c\u00edl sn\u00ed\u017eit zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod dusi\u010dnany ze zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch postup\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky je vyhl\u00e1\u0161en pouze jeden ak\u010dn\u00ed program, kter\u00fd je platn\u00fd pro v\u0161echny vymezen\u00e9 zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti. Jednotliv\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edho programu jsou v\u0161ak variantn\u00ed a\u00a0jejich uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxi se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed p\u016fdn\u011b klimatick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami, vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edmi se na jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemc\u00edch. Hlavn\u00ed postupy uplatn\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00a0ak\u010dn\u00edm programu zahrnuj\u00ed podm\u00ednky pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed hnojiv, skladov\u00e1n\u00ed hnojiv a\u00a0podm\u00ednky p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed plodin. I\u00a0p\u0159es v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch vymezen\u00fdch zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch i\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod dusi\u010dnany a\u00a0je t\u0159eba zam\u011b\u0159it pozornost na d\u016fvody, pro\u010d tomu tak je.<\/p>\n<p>Podle nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice o\u00a0ochran\u011b vod p\u0159ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm zp\u016fsoben\u00fdm dusi\u010dnany ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, \u010dl\u00e1nku 5, odstavce 6 jsou \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty povinny zav\u00e9st monitorovac\u00ed programy pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice jsou dosud aktivity souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se sledov\u00e1n\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu v\u00e1z\u00e1ny t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b na monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed vybran\u00fdch pilotn\u00edch farem, kde jsou velmi podrobn\u011b hodnoceny agrotechnick\u00e9 postupy a\u00a0vybran\u00e9 kritick\u00e9 operace [5, 6]. Vedle toho jsou pilotn\u011b v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u017delivky sledov\u00e1ny efekty zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed na stav povrchov\u00fdch vod ve vybran\u00fdch profilech na drobn\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch toc\u00edch. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho\u00a0monitoringu jsou sledov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed indik\u00e1tory \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu, nap\u0159. bilance dus\u00edku, p\u0159em\u011bna a\u00a0pohyb dus\u00edku v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch zp\u016fsobech hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u016fdn\u011b-klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-5249];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"976\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5147 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-1-246x300.jpg 246w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-1-768x937.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/976;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 1. Sch\u00e9ma postupu detailn\u00edho zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu<br \/>\nFig. 1. Scheme of the detailed evaluation of the Action Program effectiveness<\/h6>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem prac\u00ed pro zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010din pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod je v\u0161ak umo\u017enit u\u017e\u0161\u00ed propojen\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho monitoringu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech s\u00a0monitoringem kvality vod. K\u00a0tomuto \u00fa\u010delu byla vytvo\u0159ena v\u00a0roce 2014 nov\u00e1 metodika detailn\u00edho zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0oblastech se zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdmi koncentracemi dusi\u010dnan\u016f v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch. Navr\u017een\u00e1 metodika byla n\u00e1sledn\u011b ov\u011b\u0159ena na \u010dty\u0159ech vytipovan\u00fdch pilotn\u00edch lokalit\u00e1ch v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u016fdn\u011b-klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch a\u00a0zp\u016fsobech hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. Byla vytvo\u0159ena pravidla a\u00a0pracovn\u00ed postupy, kter\u00e9 umo\u017en\u00ed detailn\u00ed zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00ed hlavn\u00edch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod v\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch oblastech a\u00a0stanoven\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny zhor\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se kvality vod. V\u00fdsledky monitoringu byly vyu\u017eity k\u00a0up\u0159es\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edho programu, k\u00a0optimalizaci monitoringu vod a\u00a0k\u00a0vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed podklad\u016f pro jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0Evropskou komis\u00ed. Potvrdil se p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee je pot\u0159eba postupovat od poznatk\u016f na\u00a0\u00farovni \u010cR, pop\u0159. v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho regionu, a\u00a0zp\u0159es\u0148ovat z\u00e1v\u011bry pomoc\u00ed podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0monitoringu a\u017e do \u00farovn\u011b farem a\u00a0mal\u00fdch povod\u00ed. Je to z\u00a0toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e1 dostupn\u00e1 data jsou k\u00a0dispozici pouze v\u00a0celost\u00e1tn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku (nap\u0159\u00edklad \u00fadaje za kraje nebo okresy) a\u00a0nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 je p\u0159\u00edmo vztahovat ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm mikropovod\u00edm nebo farm\u00e1m. Po takto proveden\u00fdch anal\u00fdz\u00e1ch v\u00a0\u0161irok\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku lze postupovat k\u00a0men\u0161\u00edm oblastem, ve\u00a0kter\u00fdch jsou k\u00a0dispozici zase \u00fadaje p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed pouze konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm m\u00edst\u016fm. Na <em>obr. 1<\/em> je uvedeno v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma postupu detailn\u00edho zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu. Navr\u017een\u00fd postup p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 t\u0159i \u00farovn\u011b hodnocen\u00ed. V\u00a0celost\u00e1tn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku (zelen\u00e1 barva), v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku regionu, pop\u0159. povod\u00ed 3. \u0159\u00e1du (oran\u017eov\u00e1 barva), a\u00a0nakonec podrobn\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci mal\u00fdch povod\u00ed nebo farem (modr\u00e1 barva). Na z\u00e1klad\u011b proveden\u00fdch krok\u016f bude na konci cel\u00e9ho procesu zji\u0161t\u011bna p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod dusi\u010dnany a\u00a0budou provedena opat\u0159en\u00ed: nejprve optimalizace monitorovac\u00edch program\u016f a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prokazateln\u00fdch skute\u010dnost\u00ed pak n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 kroky \u2013 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci pl\u00e1n\u016f oblast\u00ed povod\u00ed, vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpadn\u00edmi vodami a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bude provedena \u00faprava ak\u010dn\u00edho programu (zm\u011bna zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0t\u011bchto lokalit\u00e1ch).<\/p>\n<h2>Monitoring \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu<\/h2>\n<p>Tuto \u010dinnost lze rozd\u011blit do dvou hlavn\u00edch kategori\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0sob\u011b zahrnuj\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd monitoring a\u00a0zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n<h3>Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd monitoring<\/h3>\n<p>Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice je zaji\u0161t\u011bno v\u00a0r\u00e1mci monitoringu ak\u010dn\u00edho programu. Na monitoringu se pod koordinac\u00ed V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu rostlinn\u00e9 v\u00fdroby,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., (V\u00daRV,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i.)\u00a0[7] pod\u00edl\u00ed pracovn\u00edci V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 techniky, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., (V\u00daZT,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i.) a\u00a0V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho T. G. Masaryka,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i. (V\u00daV\u00a0TGM,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i.).<\/p>\n<p>Monitoring ak\u010dn\u00edho programu [8] mimo jin\u00e9 zahrnuje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ov\u011b\u0159ovac\u00ed pr\u016fzkum pln\u011bn\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f ak\u010dn\u00edho programu v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch podnic\u00edch ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech (cca 30\u201340 pilotn\u00edch podnik\u016f),<\/li>\n<li>hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje obsahu p\u016fdn\u00edho dus\u00edku z\u00a0hlediska p\u011bstovan\u00fdch plodin, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 agrotechniky a\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu pov\u011btrnosti,<\/li>\n<li>ter\u00e9nn\u00ed \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch podnic\u00edch ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech (cca\u00a0200\u00a0podnik\u016f),<\/li>\n<li>sledov\u00e1n\u00ed vlivu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed podle ak\u010dn\u00edho programu na jakost vod v\u00a0pilotn\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>hodnocen\u00ed vlivu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, p\u016fdn\u011b-klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek a\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu pov\u011btrnosti na jakost vod ve sledovan\u00fdch m\u011brn\u00fdch\u00a0profilech a\u00a0v\u00a0360 d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00edch \u010cR,<\/li>\n<li>zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed tok\u016f dus\u00edku ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech a\u00a0modelov\u00e1n\u00ed pohybu dus\u00edku v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b a\u00a0vod\u011b pro p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f budouc\u00edho v\u00fdvoje jakosti vody,<\/li>\n<li>sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech na z\u00e1klad\u011b dat \u010cesk\u00e9ho statistick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu, Evidence p\u016fdy podle u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch vztah\u016f a\u00a0Evidence hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-5249];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"516\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5149 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-2-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-2-768x495.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/516;\" \/><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<h6>Obr. 2. Hydrologick\u00e1 povod\u00ed 4. \u0159\u00e1du ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech s\u00a0koncentracemi dusi\u010dnan\u016f nad 50\u2008mg\/l a\u00a0s\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm sledov\u00e1n\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch podnik\u016f<br \/>\nFig. 2. Hydrological catchments of 4<sup>th<\/sup> order in vulnerable areas with concentrations of nitrates above 50\u2008mg\/l and with permanent monitoring of agriculture producers<\/h6>\n<p>P\u0159i \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed na farm\u011b jsou zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1ny tyto \u00fadaje:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha;\">\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informace o\u00a0podnic\u00edch (identifikace podniku, celkov\u00e1 obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e1 p\u016fda, p\u016fda ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech, orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, trval\u00e9 travn\u00ed porosty a\u00a0celkov\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bra pastvy);<\/li>\n<li>objekty \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00fdroby (st\u00e1je, sklady statkov\u00fdch a\u00a0organick\u00fdch hnojiv, sklady konzervovan\u00fdch krmiv, sklady sena, sklady sl\u00e1my);<\/li>\n<li>zimovi\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0pastva (sou\u0159adnice zimovi\u0161t\u011b, typ zimovi\u0161t\u011b, druh, kategorie zv\u00ed\u0159at na zimovi\u0161t\u011b, po\u010det zv\u00ed\u0159at na zimovi\u0161ti, po\u010det dn\u016f str\u00e1ven\u00fdch na pastv\u011b, po\u010det hodin, kter\u00e9 tr\u00e1v\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata ve st\u00e1ji ve dnech pastvy);<\/li>\n<li>poln\u00ed slo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b hnoje (sou\u0159adnice slo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, objem slo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, plocha slo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b);<\/li>\n<li>obrat statkov\u00fdch hnojiv (v\u00fddej (prodej) statkov\u00fdch hnojiv mimo podnik, objem statkov\u00fdch hnojiv zpracovan\u00fdch separac\u00ed, kompostov\u00e1n\u00edm, v\u00a0bioplynov\u00e9 stanici, likvidace statkov\u00fdch hnojiv ve smyslu z\u00e1kona o\u00a0odpadech);<\/li>\n<li>rostlinn\u00e1 v\u00fdroba a\u00a0hospoda\u0159en\u00ed na p\u016fd\u011b (v\u00fdnosy plodin, hnojen\u00ed statkov\u00fdmi, organick\u00fdmi a\u00a0miner\u00e1ln\u00edmi hnojivy k\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdm plodin\u00e1m, agrotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Monitoring povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod<\/h3>\n<p>Pro vyhodnocen\u00ed obsahu dusi\u010dnan\u016f v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky monitoringu pro pot\u0159eby nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice (d\u0159\u00edve monitoring ZVHS), kter\u00fd v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b provozuj\u00ed podniky Povod\u00ed, s. p. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jakosti na mal\u00fdch toc\u00edch, kde lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat mo\u017en\u00fd zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd zdroj zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Tyto \u00fadaje jsou je\u0161t\u011b dopl\u0148ov\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky provozn\u00edho monitoringu podnik\u016f Povod\u00ed, s.\u00a0p., a\u00a0d\u00e1le \u00fadaji z\u00a0rozbor\u016f jakosti povrchov\u00e9 surov\u00e9 vody ur\u010den\u00e9 pro lidskou spot\u0159ebu, vykazovan\u00fdch podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 428\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0vodovodech a\u00a0kanalizac\u00edch\u00a0[9]. \u00dadaje o\u00a0jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod jsou z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1ny z\u00a0monitoringu \u010cHM\u00da, kter\u00fd zahrnuje ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech 234 vrt\u016f a\u00a060 pramen\u016f. Tyto \u00fadaje jsou dopl\u0148ov\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jakosti podzemn\u00ed surov\u00e9 vody, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed, vzhledem k\u00a0jejich po\u010dtu a\u00a0\u00fazemn\u00edmu rozlo\u017een\u00ed, z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zdroj informac\u00ed o\u00a0jakosti podzemn\u00ed vody ur\u010den\u00e9 pro pitn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, na co\u017e je kladen velk\u00fd d\u016fraz v\u00a0nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnici. Celkem le\u017e\u00ed ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 tis\u00edc m\u00edst ur\u010den\u00fdch pro tyto odb\u011bry.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-5249];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5151 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-3-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-3-768x475.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/495;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 3. Ohro\u017een\u00e1 hydrologick\u00e1 povod\u00ed 4. \u0159\u00e1du ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech rozd\u011blen\u00e1 do t\u0159\u00ed kategori\u00ed<br \/>\nFig. 3. Threatened hydrological catchments of 4<sup>th<\/sup> order in vulnerable areas divided into 3 categories<\/h6>\n<p>Pro vyhodnocen\u00ed jakosti vody jsou velmi z\u00e1sadn\u00ed informac\u00ed nejen pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 a\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm trendy v\u00fdvoje koncentrac\u00ed dusi\u010dnan\u016f v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch m\u00edstech. Proto p\u0159i posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu je pozornost zam\u011b\u0159ena t\u00edmto sm\u011brem. Podkladem pro v\u00fdb\u011br pilotn\u00edch povod\u00ed byly datov\u00e9 sady, ze\u00a0kter\u00fdch se vych\u00e1zelo pro 3. revize zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2015, tedy data do roku 2013 (surov\u00e1 voda) a\u00a02014, nov\u00e1 data o\u00a0surov\u00e9 vod\u011b podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 428\/2001 od t\u00e9 doby ji\u017e nebyla vyhodnocov\u00e1na. Nejprve byla ur\u010dena povod\u00ed 4. \u0159\u00e1du, ve\u00a0kter\u00fdch se vyskytovaly koncentrace dusi\u010dnan\u016f ve vod\u00e1ch nad 50\u2008mg\/l, a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u011b byla provedena anal\u00fdza polohy zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch podnik\u016f s\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm sledov\u00e1n\u00edm (<em>obr. 2<\/em>). Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee bylo c\u00edlem postihnout aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav jednotliv\u00fdch povod\u00ed, byla tato \u00fazem\u00ed rozd\u011blena je\u0161t\u011b do dal\u0161\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed kategori\u00ed z\u00a0hlediska vyhodnocen\u00ed trendu v\u00fdvoje koncentrace dusi\u010dnan\u016f a\u00a0tak\u00e9 v\u00fdskytu maxim\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnot (<em>obr. 3<\/em>). V\u00a0prvn\u00ed kategorii tak byla povod\u00ed s\u00a0klesaj\u00edc\u00edm a\u00a0stabiln\u00edm trendem, druhou kategorii tvo\u0159ila povod\u00ed s\u00a0rostouc\u00edm trendem, ale s\u00a0maximy do roku 2010, a\u00a0nejohro\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00ed t\u0159et\u00ed kategorie byla s\u00a0v\u00fdskytem stoupaj\u00edc\u00edch trend\u016f a\u00a0s\u00a0maximy v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2011\u20132013. Z\u00a0t\u011bchto povod\u00ed pak byla vybr\u00e1na potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed pilotn\u00ed povod\u00ed, ve\u00a0kter\u00fdch bylo pl\u00e1nov\u00e1no prozkoumat funk\u010dnosti nastaven\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edho programu.<\/p>\n<h2>Posouzen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch a\u00a0klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159i kone\u010dn\u00e9m rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0v\u00fdb\u011bru pilotn\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed byly vzaty v\u00a0\u00favahu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a\u00a0klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0sob\u011b zahrnovaly:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vodn\u00ed bilanci, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdpo\u010det vych\u00e1zel z\u00a0potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed evapotranspirace a\u00a0gridov\u00e9 vrstvy pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f a\u00a0teplot za obdob\u00ed 1981\u20132010,<\/li>\n<li>reten\u010dn\u00ed vodn\u00ed kapacita p\u016fd,<\/li>\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00ed odtok s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm mapy odtoku podzemn\u00ed vody od Kr\u00e1sn\u00e9ho a\u00a0kol. [10],<\/li>\n<li>R-faktor \u2013 faktor erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti de\u0161t\u011b s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm datab\u00e1ze erozivn\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hodnocen\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci cel\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky bylo zalo\u017eeno na v\u00fdpo\u010dtu takzvan\u00e9ho Z-indexu, kde podle jeho hodnoty jsou \u00fazem\u00ed rozd\u011blena do jednotliv\u00fdch kategori\u00ed od v\u00fdborn\u00e9ho stavu a\u017e po extr\u00e9mn\u011b zraniteln\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Pilotn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed pro monitoring ak\u010dn\u00edho programu<\/h2>\n<p>Podle ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed bylo nakonec vybr\u00e1no deset pilotn\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed (<em>obr. 4<\/em>) \u2013 hydrologick\u00fdch povod\u00ed 4. \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00e1 le\u017e\u00ed ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech podle nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice. V\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m povod\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00fd pravideln\u00fd monitoring povrchov\u00fdch nebo podzemn\u00edch vod, kter\u00fd je nyn\u00ed c\u00edlen\u011b dopln\u011bn o\u00a0nov\u00e1 monitorovac\u00ed m\u00edsta. V\u00fdb\u011br t\u011bchto m\u00edst byl zam\u011b\u0159en na mo\u017en\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, tedy na to, aby jednotliv\u00e9 odb\u011bry nebyly ovlivn\u011bny nap\u0159\u00edklad komun\u00e1ln\u00edm vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm apod. Monitoring s\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00fdm vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00edm bude prob\u00edhat minim\u00e1ln\u011b \u010dty\u0159i roky, v\u017edy v\u00a0jarn\u00edm a\u00a0podzimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je kritick\u00e9 pro vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed dusi\u010dnan\u016f do povrchov\u00fdch i\u00a0m\u011blk\u00fdch podzemn\u00edch vod. V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00fdzkumu bude sou\u010dasn\u011b krom\u011b monitoringu vod a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed posouzen vliv klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Prvn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky monitoringu ak\u010dn\u00edho programu budou ji\u017e na konci roku 2018.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-4.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-5249];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5153 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-4-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Hrabankova-4-768x507.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/528;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 4. Pilotn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech<br \/>\nFig. 4. Pilot areas in vulnerable areas<\/h6>\n<h2>V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu je c\u00edlen\u00fd proces pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch i\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod vhodnou volbou zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch m\u00edstech s\u00a0respektov\u00e1n\u00edm specifick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednek tak, jak to po\u017eaduje evropsk\u00e1 i\u00a0na\u0161e legislativa. Ukazuje se, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, \u010dast\u00fd v\u00fdskyt such\u00fdch obdob\u00ed a\u00a0zm\u011bna celoro\u010dn\u00edho cyklu sr\u00e1\u017eek i\u00a0teplot nab\u00fdv\u00e1 st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitosti. Z\u00a0t\u00e9to skute\u010dnosti tak\u00e9 vyplynul v\u00fdb\u011br 10 pilotn\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed, kde v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 detailn\u00ed monitoring vod a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a\u017e do podrobnosti jednotliv\u00fdch p\u016fdn\u00edch blok\u016f. Povod\u00ed 4. \u0159\u00e1du byla vybr\u00e1na v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch regionech a\u00a0s\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskan\u00e9 poznatky v\u00a0budoucnu vyu\u017e\u00edt i\u00a0pro podobn\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky budou slou\u017eit ji\u017e pro revize zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2019 a\u00a0pro p\u0159\u00edpravu revize ak\u010dn\u00edho programu. Pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky budou publikov\u00e1ny na specializovan\u00e9m webu provozovan\u00e9m V\u00daRV,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i. [8].<\/p>\n<h3>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><em>P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl na z\u00e1klad\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9 \u010dinnosti podporovan\u00e9 Ministerstvem \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0Ministerstvem zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Nitrate Directive defines rules for a\u00a0delimitation of vulnerable zones and sets out tools to reduce nitrate pollution. The fundamental instrument is the Action Program and the Good Agricultural Practices [1].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":5068,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[589,381,590,588],"coauthors":[401],"class_list":["post-5249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-action-programme","tag-nitrate","tag-nitrates-directive","tag-vulnerable-zones"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5249","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5249"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5249\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30475,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5249\/revisions\/30475"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5068"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5249"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5249"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5249"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5249"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}