{"id":5245,"date":"2018-10-09T08:31:43","date_gmt":"2018-10-09T07:31:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=5245"},"modified":"2024-07-16T14:38:02","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T13:38:02","slug":"study-on-the-assessment-of-the-effect-of-nature-friendly-measures-in-the-olesna-in-pelhrimov-catchment-area-using-the-bilan-hec-hms-and-hype-models","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2018\/10\/study-on-the-assessment-of-the-effect-of-nature-friendly-measures-in-the-olesna-in-pelhrimov-catchment-area-using-the-bilan-hec-hms-and-hype-models\/","title":{"rendered":"Study on the assessment of the effect of nature-friendly measures in the Ole\u0161n\u00e1 in Pelh\u0159imov catchment area using the BILAN, HEC-HMS and HYPE models"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci n\u011bkolika v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f pro M\u017dP, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0oblasti problematiky zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sucha, byl vypracov\u00e1n katalog p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0vytipov\u00e1ny typick\u00e9 lokality pro jejich aplikaci. \u00da\u010dinek navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na r\u016fzn\u00e9 aspekty hydrologick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu povod\u00ed byl hodnocen prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm modelov\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f. P\u0159edlo\u017een\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek prezentuje v\u00fdsledky tohoto hodnocen\u00ed na jedn\u00e9 z\u00a0typick\u00fdch lokalit \u2013 povod\u00ed Ole\u0161n\u00e9 u\u00a0Pelh\u0159imova. Ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9ho odtokov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu bylo simulov\u00e1no prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm modelu BILAN, vliv na extr\u00e9mn\u00ed odtoky byl hodnocen v\u00a0modelu HMS a\u00a0potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny v\u00a0l\u00e1tkov\u00fdch toc\u00edch byly vymezeny formou citlivostn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy v\u00a0modelu HYPE. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9 bilance byl identifikov\u00e1n lehce pozitivn\u00ed vliv ve sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b bohat\u00fdch letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch a\u00a0lehce negativn\u00ed vliv ve zbytku roku. Z\u00a0hlediska extr\u00e9mn\u00edch odtok\u016f maj\u00ed navr\u017een\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed potenci\u00e1l prakticky zcela zadr\u017eet odtokovou odezvu na sr\u00e1\u017eky s\u00a0dobou opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 2\u20135\u00a0let, u\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch pak byla prok\u00e1z\u00e1na schopnost zna\u010dn\u00e9 redukce kulmina\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f i\u00a0objemu odtoku, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jejich zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed. Citlivostn\u00ed anal\u00fdza l\u00e1tkov\u00fdch tok\u016f uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee p\u0159echod z\u00a0orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy na lu\u010dn\u00ed porost zap\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00ed pokles koncentrace dus\u00edku a\u00a0rozpustn\u00e9ho fosforu, nikoliv v\u0161ak pevn\u00e9ho fosforu. D\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed hnojiv m\u00e1 vliv pouze na fosfor v\u00a0obou f\u00e1z\u00edch a\u00a0jejich v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 koncentrace kladn\u011b koreluje s\u00a0m\u00edrou d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed, dus\u00edk z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nem\u011bnn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 studii je zjednodu\u0161en\u011b kvantifikov\u00e1n vliv p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch reten\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed na hydrologick\u00fd syst\u00e9m v\u00a0povod\u00ed Ole\u0161n\u00e9 u\u00a0Pelh\u0159imova. V\u00a0povod\u00ed byla navr\u017eena \u0159ada d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed vybran\u00fdch z\u00a0katalogu, kter\u00fd byl sestaven v\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u00fakolu pro M\u017dP. C\u00edlem studie bylo vyhodnocen\u00ed komplexn\u00edho dopadu syst\u00e9mu opat\u0159en\u00ed jak na dlouhodob\u00fd hydrologick\u00fd re\u017eim, tak na extr\u00e9mn\u00ed odtoky a\u00a0l\u00e1tkov\u00e9 toky v\u00a0povod\u00ed. Navr\u017een\u00fd postup umo\u017e\u0148uje orienta\u010dn\u00ed stanoven\u00ed hodnot parametr\u016f model\u016f BILAN, HMS a\u00a0HYPE pro povod\u00ed, jeho\u017e hydrologick\u00fd syst\u00e9m je ovlivn\u011bn zejm\u00e9na plo\u0161n\u00fdmi, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b\u00a0n\u011bkolika liniov\u00fdmi \u010di bodov\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdm pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm t\u00e9to studie je ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed modelov\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f pomoc\u00ed fyzick\u00e9ho monitoringu. Ten by m\u011bl vyhodnotit skute\u010dn\u00fd dopad navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na simulovan\u00e9 aspekty hydrologick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu. Takov\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed lze v\u0161ak prov\u00e9st pouze srovn\u00e1n\u00edm st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho stavu se stavem dosa\u017een\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b 10\u00a0let po realizaci jednotliv\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00ed, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje trvalou \u00fadr\u017ebu a\u00a0podporu komplexn\u00edho monitoringu povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Ter\u00e9nn\u00ed mapa a\u00a0leteck\u00fd sn\u00edmek lokality s\u00a0nazna\u010den\u00fdm d\u011blen\u00edm na d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed povod\u00ed pro modelov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0HMS
\nFig. 1. Terrain map and ortophotograph with subcatchment boundaries used for modelling in HMS<\/h6>\n

Charakteristika lokality a\u00a0navr\u017een\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Povod\u00ed posuzovan\u00e9ho povod\u00ed Ole\u0161n\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed 4\u2008km v\u00fdchodn\u011b od Pelh\u0159imova v\u00a0kraji Vyso\u010dina. \u010c\u00e1st povod\u00ed s\u00a0pl\u00e1novan\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi je d\u00e1na z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00fdm profilem um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdm 100\u2008m pod za\u00fast\u011bn\u00edm bezejmenn\u00e9ho pravostrann\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku mezi pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm are\u00e1lem nad obc\u00ed Ole\u0161n\u00e1. Jeho rozloha je 8,9\u2008km2<\/sup>, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka 592\u2008m n. m. a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd sklon \u00fazem\u00ed 7,6\u00a0% (odvozeno z\u00a0DMR4G). Jak je patrn\u00e9 z\u00a0obr. 1<\/em>, charakter povod\u00ed je sp\u00ed\u0161e vrchovinn\u00fd s\u00a0p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm pod\u00edlem zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0jen drobnou venkovskou z\u00e1stavbou.<\/p>\n

Jednou z\u00a0nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch charakteristik odtokov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu povod\u00ed zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed vliv hydrologick\u00fdch charakteristik p\u016fd i\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edho pokryvu je \u010d\u00edslo odtokov\u00e9 k\u0159ivky CN. Na obr. 2<\/em> jsou zobrazeny jeho hodnoty pro t\u0159i \u00farovn\u011b nasycen\u00ed povod\u00ed podle indexu p\u0159edchoz\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek CN I, CN II a\u00a0CN III pro sou\u010dasn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky bez zahrnut\u00ed navrhovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed hodnot CN v\u00a0povod\u00ed Ole\u0161n\u00e9 pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed stavy nasycen\u00ed
\nFig. 2. CN values distribution in Ole\u0161n\u00e1 stream catchment for different antecedent precipitation indices<\/h6>\n

Klimatologick\u00e9 veli\u010diny byly na povod\u00ed Ole\u0161n\u00e9 vyhodnoceny pro t\u0159i \u010dasov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed: 1961\u20131990, 1991\u20132005 a\u00a02006\u20132015 a\u00a0jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny formou box-plot\u016f na obr. 3<\/em> a\u00a04<\/em>. Jednotliv\u00e1 obdob\u00ed jsou od sebe barevn\u011b odli\u0161ena. Na obr. 3<\/em> lze vid\u011bt, \u017ee z\u00a0pohledu pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch \u00fahrn\u016f bylo prost\u0159edn\u00ed hodnocen\u00e9 obdob\u00ed 1991\u20132005 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161e nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav se p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil zp\u011bt podm\u00ednk\u00e1m v\u00a0prvn\u00edm obdob\u00ed 1961\u20131990.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. M\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny za obdob\u00ed 1961\u20131990, 1991\u20132005 a\u00a02006\u20132015 ve form\u011b box-plot\u016f
\nFig. 3. Monthly precipitation means in 1961\u20131990, 1991\u20132005 and 2006\u20132015 periods in the box-plot form<\/h6>\n

Z\u00a0hlediska teplot vzduchu za obdob\u00ed 1961\u20132015 byly hodnoceny pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed teploty za shodn\u00e1 obdob\u00ed jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sr\u00e1\u017eek, v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 grafy jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny na obr. 4<\/em>. M\u016f\u017eeme na n\u011bm pozorovat z\u0159eteln\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst teplot, a\u00a0to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0zimn\u00edch a\u00a0letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch. Tento n\u00e1r\u016fst znamen\u00e1 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1soby vody ve sn\u011bhu v\u00a0zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed, d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jarn\u00ed t\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed jarn\u00ed odtoky a\u00a0v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst evapotranspirace.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 4. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed teploty vzduchu za obdob\u00ed 1961\u20131990, 1991\u20132005 a\u00a02006\u20132015 ve form\u011b box-plot\u016f
\nFig. 4. Monthly temperature means in 1961\u20131990, 1991\u20132005 and 2006\u20132015 periods in the box-plot form<\/h6>\n

Statistick\u00e1 v\u00fdznamnost trendu m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f a\u00a0teplot vzduchu za cel\u00e9 obdob\u00ed 1961\u20132015 byla posouzena Mann-Kendalov\u00fdm testem. V\u00fdsledky jsou zobrazeny na obr. 5.<\/em> Lze pozorovat statisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst teploty s\u00a0vysokou hladinou v\u00fdznamnosti p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch na po\u010d\u00e1tku vegeta\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, kdy naopak sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny maj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e klesaj\u00edc\u00ed, a\u010d statisticky m\u00e1lo v\u00fdznamnou, tendenci. Celkov\u011b sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny sp\u00ed\u0161e lehce rostou.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 5.\u00a0 Anal\u00fdza trend\u016f m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch \u00fahrn\u016f sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch teplot vzduchu pomoc\u00ed Mann-Kendallova testu
\nFig. 5. Trend analysis of monthly means of temperatures and precipitation using Mann-Kendall test<\/h6>\n

Krom\u011b dlouhodob\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch charakteristik byly za \u00fa\u010delem posouzen\u00ed ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00edch odtok\u016f odvozeny \u0161estihodinov\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky s\u00a0dobami opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 2\u201350\u00a0let podle metodiky [1]. \u00dahrny n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek jsou zobrazeny na obr. 6<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fb\u011bh sr\u00e1\u017eky v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje hydrologickou odezvu povod\u00ed. Rozmanitost pr\u016fb\u011bhu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek je velmi zna\u010dn\u00e1 a\u00a0z\u00a0t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f byly pou\u017eity typizovan\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 \u0161estihodinov\u00e9 hyetogramy, pr\u016fb\u011bh jejich p\u011btiminutov\u00fdch intenzit je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn na obr. 7<\/em> naho\u0159e. Typy hyetogram\u016f jsou ozna\u010deny p\u00edsmeny A\u00a0a\u017e F, kdy typy A, B, E a\u00a0F maj\u00ed jednoduch\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh, typy C a\u00a0D p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky se dv\u011bma vrcholy. Pravd\u011bpodobnost v\u00fdskytu n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky pro danou dobu opakov\u00e1n\u00ed N v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 lokalit\u011b je zobrazena na obr. 7<\/em> dole.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 6. \u00dahrny \u0161estihodinov\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky s\u00a0dobami opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 2, 5, 10, 20 a\u00a050\u00a0let
\nFig. 6. Six-hour design rainfall totals of return periods 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 years<\/h6>\n

V\u00a0povod\u00ed Ole\u0161n\u00e9 byla navr\u017eena kombinace technick\u00fdch a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Schematicky je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na obr. 8<\/em> a\u00a0skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed:<\/p>\n