![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ilustracni-obrazek-3_edit.jpg\")
<\/a>\n\u00davod<\/h2>\n
V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, ale i\u00a0ve sv\u011bt\u011b ve st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtu oblast\u00ed velmi rychle nar\u016fst\u00e1 nedostatek vody a\u00a0v\u00fdskyt sucha, kter\u00fd v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech dosahuje \u00farovn\u011b \u017eiveln\u00e9 katastrofy s\u00a0masivn\u00edmi dopady. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sucha doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstu jeho \u010detnosti v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech v\u010detn\u011b st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy. Tento jev \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s\u00a0procesem glob\u00e1ln\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Probl\u00e9m zabezpe\u010den\u00ed vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f se u\u017e za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 projevovat i\u00a0v\u00a0oblastech, v\u00a0nich\u017e obyvatelstvo projevy sucha dosud p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nepoci\u0165ovalo. Nav\u00edc m\u00edru dopad\u016f sucha a\u00a0nedostatku vody na obyvatelstvo a\u00a0pr\u016fmysl v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b ovlivnila skute\u010dnost, \u017ee do\u0161lo k\u00a0poklesu odb\u011br\u016f vody p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o\u00a0polovinu oproti situaci v\u00a0roce 1990. Zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed efekt tohoto v\u00fdvoje se v\u0161ak ji\u017e postupn\u011b vytr\u00e1c\u00ed. V\u00a0roce 2015 byly v\u00a0\u010cR zaznamen\u00e1ny probl\u00e9my se z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00edm obyvatelstva v\u00a0obc\u00edch s\u00a0nedostate\u010dn\u011b spolehliv\u00fdmi vodn\u00edmi zdroji a\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011b vzrostly dopady sucha na zem\u011bd\u011blskou produkci a\u00a0lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, kde se dopady tohoto jevu projevuj\u00ed obvykle nejd\u0159\u00edve, a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sektory. Do\u0161lo ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu dn\u00ed s\u00a0nedostatkem vl\u00e1hy v\u00a0kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9m obdob\u00ed pro produkci v\u011bt\u0161iny plodin. Do budoucna lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed vodn\u00ed zdroje nebudou dostate\u010dn\u00e9, a\u00a0to nejen z\u00a0hlediska potenci\u00e1ln\u011b sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00edho se dostupn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, ale i\u00a0z\u00a0hlediska nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed jakosti vody.\u00a0Z\u00a0t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f se \u0159ada instituc\u00ed zab\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00a0posledn\u00edch v\u00edce ne\u017e 10 letech v\u00fdzkumem problematiky sucha a\u00a0upozor\u0148uje na probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se ji\u017e za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b projevovat. Jednou z\u00a0kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti tvorba n\u00e1stroje pro predikci stavu vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f v\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku, kter\u00fd je p\u0159edstaven v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku.<\/p>\n
V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed dispe\u010der\u016f spr\u00e1vc\u016f povod\u00ed v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha a\u00a0nedostatku vody prob\u00edh\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edchoz\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed, bez podp\u016frn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f. Tento stav by \u0161el p\u0159irovnat k\u00a0situaci zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed povodn\u00ed bez jednotliv\u00fdch prognostick\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f a\u00a0model\u016f. Dispe\u010de\u0159i jsou schopni stav zm\u00edrnit, ale bez podpory expertn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu mohou d\u011blat opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt optim\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet k\u00a0ekonomick\u00fdm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b such\u00e9 epizody (v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b povodn\u00ed by mohlo doch\u00e1zet v\u00a0krajn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech i\u00a0k\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00ed spole\u010dnosti). Pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 dispe\u010dink spr\u00e1vc\u016f povod\u00ed nyn\u00ed k\u00a0dispozici:<\/p>\n
- \n
- manipula\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy vodn\u00edch d\u011bl,<\/li>\n
- informace o\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 a\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9 situaci \u2013 m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 hodnoty sr\u00e1\u017eek, teploty vzduchu, p\u0159\u00edtoku a\u00a0odtoku z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, stavu hladin v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch, pr\u016ftok\u016f atp.,<\/li>\n
- informaci o\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdch statistick\u00fdch charakteristik\u00e1ch hydrologick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v\u00a0dan\u00e9m m\u011bs\u00edci,<\/li>\n
- informaci o\u00a0nutn\u00fdch oprav\u00e1ch na vodn\u00edch d\u00edlech aj.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha v\u0161ak dosud zcela chyb\u00ed informace o\u00a0p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji hydrologick\u00e9 situace ve v\u00fdhledu n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch t\u00fddn\u016f a\u017e m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee napomoci optimalizaci \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch soustav pro efektivn\u00ed distribuci vody v\u00a0\u010dase a\u00a0prostoru. Z\u00a0t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f byl na z\u00e1klad\u011b iniciativy M\u017dP vyvinut syst\u00e9m HAMR.<\/p>\n
Metodika<\/h2>\n
Sucho a\u00a0nedostatek vody jsou pojmy, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba od sebe spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozli\u0161ovat.<\/p>\n
- \n
- Sucho p\u0159edstavuje do\u010dasn\u00fd pokles dostupnosti vody a\u00a0je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za p\u0159irozen\u00fd jev. Pro sucho je charakteristick\u00fd jeho pozvoln\u00fd za\u010d\u00e1tek, zna\u010dn\u00fd plo\u0161n\u00fd rozsah a\u00a0dlouh\u00e9 trv\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159irozen\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0v\u00fdskytu sucha, pokud se nad dan\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm vyskytne anom\u00e1lie v\u00a0atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch cirkula\u010dn\u00edch procesech v\u00a0podob\u011b vysok\u00e9ho tlaku vzduchu beze sr\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e1 setrv\u00e1v\u00e1 po dlouhou dobu nad ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm.<\/li>\n
- Nedostatek vody je de\ufb01nov\u00e1n jako situace, kdy vodn\u00ed zdroj nen\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00fd pro uspokojen\u00ed dlouhodob\u00fdch pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f na vodu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Dopady sucha mohou b\u00fdt m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1padn\u00e9 \u2013 za\u010d\u00e1tek a\u00a0konec sucha lze stanovit jen velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b. \u00da\u010dinky sucha maj\u00ed kumulativn\u00ed charakter, nebo\u0165 velikost sucha se zvy\u0161uje s\u00a0jeho d\u00e9lkou. S\u00a0dopady sucha se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik let po v\u00fdskytu norm\u00e1ln\u00edch de\u0161\u0165\u016f [1]. Sucho nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b ovliv\u0148uje r\u016fzn\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, nap\u0159. zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, energetiku, z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou, pr\u016fmysl, lodn\u00ed dopravu; m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt i\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0environment\u00e1ln\u00ed dopady. \u010cetn\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed jsou potenci\u00e1ln\u011b ohro\u017een\u00e1 v\u00a0d\u016fsledku nedostatku vody v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch slo\u017ek\u00e1ch hydrologick\u00e9ho cyklu zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu [2\u20135]. Dopady sucha lze rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kategori\u00ed: ekonomick\u00e9, environment\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00ed (obr. 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\")
<\/a>\nObr. 1. Propagace sucha do jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho cyklu
\nFig. 1. Drought propagation by the hydrogical cycle<\/h6>\nI\u00a0kdy\u017e b\u00fdv\u00e1 kvanti\ufb01kace \u0161kod zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch suchem velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1, je jist\u00e9, \u017ee ztr\u00e1ty zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 suchem dosahuj\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f. Podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch studi\u00ed p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00ed odhady ztr\u00e1t zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch suchem \u0161kody z\u00a0jin\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch katastrof. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Witt [6] ozna\u010dil sucho jako nejn\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed katastrofu, ro\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1klady na sucho ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech odhaduje na 6\u20138 miliard dolar\u016f, co\u017e je v\u00edce ne\u017e n\u00e1klady na hurik\u00e1ny nebo povodn\u011b [2]. Sucho tak\u00e9 postihuje v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rizika a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 postihuje v\u00edce lid\u00ed ne\u017e jak\u00e1koli jin\u00e1 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed [1, 7, 8]. V\u00a0posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch m\u00e1 sucho v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad na ekonomiku a\u00a0\u017eivot ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Pomineme-li povodn\u011b, jsou sucha pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nejni\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed katastrofy v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. I\u00a0kdy\u017e posledn\u00ed v\u00fdskyt sucha u\u00a0n\u00e1s nemohl b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edmo spojen s\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bkem zp\u016fsobenou zm\u011bnou klimatu, odhadovan\u00e9 dopady sucha ukazuj\u00ed zranitelnost t\u011bchto oblast\u00ed, co se sucha t\u00fd\u010de.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 2. Sch\u00e9ma syst\u00e9mu pro p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f hydrologick\u00e9 situace
\nFig. 2. Scheme of system HAMR<\/h6>\nNav\u00edc ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie Br\u00e1zdila [9] jasn\u011b uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee trendy k\u00a0v\u00fdskytu \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a\u00a0intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho sucha nelze vysv\u011btlit jinou p\u0159irozenou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou, jak\u00fdmi jsou kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed aktivity, vulkanick\u00e1 \u010dinnost \u010di p\u0159irozen\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 oscilace. Vzhledem k\u00a0p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9mu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed teploty nad st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropou s\u00a0jen m\u00edrn\u00fdm r\u016fstem sr\u00e1\u017eek v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch obdob\u00edch (jaro, podzim, zima) a\u00a0poklesu v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee se \u010detnost v\u00fdskytu sucha a\u00a0jeho z\u00e1va\u017enost bude v\u00a0budoucnosti ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b zvy\u0161ovat a\u00a0dopady souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0t\u011bmito ud\u00e1lostmi se zhor\u0161\u00ed. Nav\u00edc, rostouc\u00ed popt\u00e1vka po vod\u011b (i\u00a0rostouc\u00ed tlak na dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje) v\u00a0d\u016fsledku popula\u010dn\u00edho r\u016fstu, zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se urbanizace a\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz kladen\u00fd na ochranu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u011bn\u00ed zranitelnost obyvatelstva v\u016f\u010di obdob\u00ed sucha [7, 10]. Je v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee v\u00a0rozvinut\u00fdch vlhk\u00fdch a\u00a0subhumidn\u00edch oblastech jsou \u0161kody zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 suchem p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \ufb01nan\u010dn\u00edho charakteru, zat\u00edmco nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u016fsledky sucha se \u010dasto vyskytuj\u00ed v\u00a0rozvojov\u00fdch oblastech s\u00a0(polo-) such\u00fdm klimatem, kde je dostupnost vody n\u00edzk\u00e1 ji\u017e za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek, kde se pot\u0159eba bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed nebo p\u0159evy\u0161uje dostupnost p\u0159irozenou, kde spole\u010dnost m\u00e1 jen z\u0159\u00eddka mo\u017enost zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed sucha \u010di p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed se suchu a\u00a0kde sucho \u010dasto ohro\u017euje samotn\u00e9 \u017eivoty lid\u00ed [2, 11]. Sucho nebo kombinace sucha a\u00a0lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti v\u00a0t\u011bchto oblastech mohou v\u00e9st ke vzniku pou\u0161t\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u016fdn\u00ed struktura a\u00a0\u00farodnost p\u016fdy jsou degradov\u00e1ny a\u00a0bio-produktivn\u00ed zdroje se sni\u017euj\u00ed, nebo miz\u00ed [12]. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0management vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f a\u00a0pochopen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje sucha mohou dopady sucha zm\u00edrnit [13].<\/p>\n
Syst\u00e9mov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f hydrologick\u00e9 situace HAMR<\/h2>\n
N\u00e1stroj HAMR je zalo\u017een na propojen\u00ed modelu vl\u00e1hov\u00e9 bilance p\u016fdy SoilClim, modelu hydrologick\u00e9 bilance BILAN a\u00a0modelu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 soustavy jednotliv\u00fdch povod\u00ed WATERES za \u00fa\u010delem modelov\u00e1n\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje hydrologick\u00e9 situace na cca osm t\u00fddn\u016f dop\u0159edu. Sch\u00e9ma syst\u00e9mu je zobrazeno na obr. 2<\/em>. Jednotliv\u00e9 komponenty jsou podrobn\u011bji pops\u00e1ny n\u00ed\u017ee. Syst\u00e9m nese n\u00e1zev HAMR, kter\u00fd v\u00a0sob\u011b skr\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u0161echny komponenty syst\u00e9mu, a\u00a0to:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Hydrologie,<\/li>\n
- Agronomie,<\/li>\n
- Meteorologie,<\/li>\n
- Retence,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
a\u00a0tak\u00e9 samotn\u00e9 slovo \u201ehamr\u201c je p\u0159\u00edmo spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0vodou, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0d\u00edlnu, kter\u00e1 je poh\u00e1n\u011bna vodn\u00edm kolem. V\u00fdhodou n\u00e1zvu rovn\u011b\u017e je jeho shodnost i\u00a0v\u00a0anglick\u00e9m jazyce. Pro syst\u00e9m HAMR bylo navr\u017eeno jednodu\u0161e identifikovateln\u00e9 grafick\u00e9 logo (obr. 3<\/em>).<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 3. Grafick\u00e9 logo syst\u00e9mu HAMR
\nFig. 3. HAMR graphic logo<\/h6>\nC\u00edlem je zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed podklad\u016f pro operativn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch soustav pro dispe\u010dinky st\u00e1tn\u00edch podnik\u016f Povod\u00ed a\u00a0pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201ekomis\u00ed pro zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sucha\u201c svolan\u00fdch v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edm suchem. D\u00e1le je to vytvo\u0159en\u00ed platformy pro sd\u00edlen\u00ed informac\u00ed o\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch po\u017eadavc\u00edch na vodu ze strany odb\u011bratel\u016f pro optimalizaci \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Data<\/h2>\n
Vstupem do syst\u00e9mu jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed data:<\/p>\n
- \n
- klimatologick\u00e1 data:\n
- \n
- sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny,<\/li>\n
- teplota vzduchu,<\/li>\n
- glob\u00e1ln\u00ed radiace,<\/li>\n
- rychlost v\u011btru,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 data:\n
- \n
- pr\u016ftok a\u00a0jeho charakteristiky (m-denn\u00ed vody),<\/li>\n
- manipula\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed,<\/li>\n
- batygrafick\u00e9 k\u0159ivky n\u00e1dr\u017ee,<\/li>\n
- data o\u00a0u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vod z\u00a0datab\u00e1ze V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., v\u00a0m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm \u010dasov\u00e9m kroku (1979\u20132016),<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 informace a\u00a0charakteristiky p\u016fd,<\/li>\n
- jin\u00e9:\n
- \n
- satelitn\u00ed data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Data jsou v\u00a0denn\u00edm kroku za obdob\u00ed 1979\u20132016 (testovac\u00ed obdob\u00ed) a\u00a0jsou pro model agregov\u00e1na na podrobnost vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f (pro mnoho veli\u010din je p\u016fvodn\u00ed informace podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se n\u00e1sledn\u011b agreguje). Jako testovac\u00ed povod\u00ed pro v\u00fdvoj syst\u00e9mu bylo zvoleno povod\u00ed Vltavy.<\/p>\n
BILAN<\/h2>\n
Konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed model BILAN [13], simuluj\u00edc\u00ed hydrologickou bilanci v\u00a0denn\u00edm \u010di\u00a0m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm \u010dasov\u00e9m kroku, je ve\u00a0V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., vyv\u00edjen a\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n od\u00a090.\u00a0let 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed. Vyjad\u0159uje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed bilan\u010dn\u00ed vztahy na povrchu povod\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00f3n\u011b aerace, do n\u00ed\u017e je zahrnut i\u00a0vegeta\u010dn\u00ed kryt povod\u00ed, a\u00a0v\u00a0z\u00f3n\u011b podzemn\u00ed vody. Jako ukazatel bilance tok\u016f energie, kter\u00e1 hydrologickou bilanci v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje, je pou\u017eita teplota vzduchu. V\u00fdpo\u010dtem se modeluje potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed evapotranspirace, \u00fazemn\u00ed v\u00fdpar, infiltrace do z\u00f3ny aerace, pr\u016fsak touto z\u00f3nou, z\u00e1soba vody ve sn\u011bhu, z\u00e1soba vody v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b a\u00a0z\u00e1soba podzemn\u00ed vody. Odtok je modelov\u00e1n jako sou\u010det t\u0159\u00ed slo\u017eek: dv\u011b slo\u017eky p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku (zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed i\u00a0hypodermick\u00fd odtok) a\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00ed odtok. Sch\u00e9ma modelu je uvedeno na obr. 4<\/em>.<\/p>\n
V\u00a0roce 2011 byla p\u016fvodn\u00ed softwarov\u00e1 implementace modelu BILAN, napsan\u00e1 v\u00a0jazyce Object Pascal, kompletn\u011b p\u0159eps\u00e1na do\u00a0jazyka C++, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zjednodu\u0161il dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj modelu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 byla vytvo\u0159ena dv\u011b rozhran\u00ed k\u00a0modelu: grafick\u00e9 u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed (GUI) zalo\u017een\u00e9 na\u00a0multiplatformn\u00ed knihovn\u011b Qt a\u00a0bal\u00edk pro statistick\u00e9 a\u00a0programovac\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed R. Ob\u011b rozhran\u00ed se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b dopl\u0148uj\u00ed (individu\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0hromadn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed). K\u00a0dispozici je tak\u00e9 online verze modelu na adrese http:\/\/bilan.vuv.cz. Model BILAN se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed mnoha komer\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch projekt\u016f, jako jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad projekty\u00a0Podpora dlouhodob\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1vrhu adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v\u00a0kontextu zm\u011bn klimatu, viz http:\/\/rscn.vuv.cz, a\u00a0Mo\u017enosti kompenzace negativn\u00edch dopad\u016f klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny na z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou a\u00a0ekosyst\u00e9my vyu\u017eit\u00edm lokalit vhodn\u00fdch pro akumulaci povrchov\u00fdch vod, viz http:\/\/lapv.vuv.cz.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 4. Sch\u00e9ma modelu BILAN
\nFig. 4. Scheme of model BILAN<\/h6>\nZa pomoci informac\u00ed z\u00a0modelu SoilClim [15] byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny parametry modelu BILAN [14] pro ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00a01 121 \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod. Vstupn\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ady denn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch teplot a\u00a0potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed evapotranspirace poch\u00e1zely z\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1980\u20132010. Model v\u00a0denn\u00edm kroku byl upraven tak, aby jej bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 kalibrovat pomoc\u00ed v\u00edcekriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed funkce s\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed operativn\u00ed volby vah mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi krit\u00e9rii. Simulace chov\u00e1n\u00ed odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f \u00fatvaru vych\u00e1z\u00ed zejm\u00e9na z\u00a0kvantil\u016f m-denn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f (Q30d\u2013Q364d), odvozen\u00fdch pracovn\u00edky \u010cesk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu (\u010cHM\u00da) [16] a\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho ro\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016ftoku (Qa). Odchylky od t\u011bchto hodnot byly ur\u010deny jako pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 absolutn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee hydrologick\u00e9 indexy (Qa, Q30d\u2013Q364d) postr\u00e1daj\u00ed autokorela\u010dn\u00ed strukturu, byly ke kalibraci pou\u017eity rovn\u011b\u017e \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ady skute\u010dn\u00e9 evapotranspirace, op\u011bt vypo\u010dteny modelem SoilClim. Za kalibra\u010dn\u00ed krit\u00e9rium p\u0159i tomto postupu byla zvolena funkce Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) [17]. Optimalizace modelu BILAN byla prov\u00e1d\u011bna pomoc\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00edho optimaliza\u010dn\u00edho algoritmu Shuffled Complex Differential Evolution. Tento algoritmus pracuje s\u00a0populacemi model\u016f a\u00a0prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jejich interakc\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty [18]. Prohled\u00e1van\u00fd parametrick\u00fd prostor maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed velikosti z\u00e1sobn\u00edku p\u016fdn\u00ed vody u\u00a0modelu BILAN (Spa) byl omezen rovn\u011b\u017e vyu\u017eit\u00edm \u00fadaj\u016f o\u00a0celkov\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed z\u00e1sob\u011b vody z\u00a0modelu SoilClim. K\u00a0validaci simulovan\u00fdch denn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f slou\u017e\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ady ze 156 m\u011brn\u00fdch stanic \u010cHM\u00da. Na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nejistot u\u00a0parametr\u016f modelu Bilan se st\u00e1le pracuje, nebo\u0165 \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost kalibrac\u00ed vykazuje v\u00fdznamnou variabilitu, zp\u016fsobenou rozli\u010dn\u00fdmi \u010diniteli.<\/p>\n
SoilClim<\/h2>\n
Z\u00e1kladem pro provoz modelu SoilClim je vyu\u017eit\u00ed datab\u00e1ze meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f v\u00a0denn\u00edm kroku (maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00ed teploty vzduchu, sumy glob\u00e1ln\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed radiace, \u00fahrn\u016f sr\u00e1\u017eek, rychlosti v\u011btru, vlhkosti vzduchu) pro sou\u010dasn\u00e9 klima, kter\u00e1 vych\u00e1z\u00ed\u00a0z\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na jednotliv\u00fdch stanic\u00edch v\u00a0r\u00e1mci cel\u00e9 \u010cR. Tyto hodnoty jsou interpolov\u00e1ny do grid\u016f (500\u2008m \u00d7 500\u2008m) pokr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010cR. Pro tyto gridy jsou pak stanoveny hodnoty indik\u00e1tory referen\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed evapotranspirace (ETr a\u00a0ETa), vodn\u00ed bilance, vlhkosti a\u00a0teploty p\u016fdy a\u00a0popis p\u016fdn\u00edho klimatu. Ve v\u00fdpo\u010dtech SoilClimu je zohledn\u011bna reten\u010dn\u00ed kapacita p\u016fdy (pro ka\u017ed\u00fd grid) ve dvou vrstv\u00e1ch (0\u201340 a\u00a040\u2013100\u2008cm) a\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed vegetace (podle informac\u00ed o\u00a0LandUse). SoilClim byl vyvinut jako modifikace p\u0159\u00edstupu FAO-56 [19] a\u00a0pro podm\u00ednky \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky byl kalibrov\u00e1n a\u00a0validov\u00e1n Hlavinkou [15]. Tento n\u00e1stroj pracuje na modul\u00e1rn\u00ed b\u00e1zi (skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z\u00a0n\u011bkolika samostatn\u00fdch modul\u016f \u2013 sad algoritm\u016f), kdy v\u00fdstupy ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch modul\u016f jsou vyu\u017eity jako vstupy do navazuj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f (viz obr. 5<\/em>).<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 5. Sch\u00e9ma modelu SoilClim
\nFig. 5. Scheme of model SoilClim<\/h6>\nPrvn\u00edm krokem v\u00fdpo\u010dtu je odhad referen\u010dn\u00ed evapotranspirace ETr pro hypotetick\u00fd travn\u00ed porost s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm metody Penman-Monteith [19]. Paraleln\u011b s\u00a0odhadem ETr doch\u00e1z\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b denn\u00edch hodnot teploty vzduchu a\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f k\u00a0odhadu v\u00fdskytu sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky (v\u010d. obsahu akumulovan\u00e9 vody) modelem SnowMAUS [20]. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem jsou odhadov\u00e1ny i\u00a0term\u00edny a\u00a0intenzita p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9ho postupn\u00e9ho t\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu, co\u017e je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd \u00fadaj pro korektn\u00ed modelov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00ed bilance v\u00a0obdob\u00edch s\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed v\u00fdskytu sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e je zohledn\u011bna i\u00a0odhadovan\u00e1 hodnota sublimace. SoilClim n\u00e1sledn\u011b prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kombinace v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f v\u00a0denn\u00edm kroku umo\u017e\u0148uje modelovat obsah vody v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b (pro ka\u017edou ze dvou definovan\u00fdch hloubek) s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm tzv. kapacitn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu. V\u00fdznamnou roli zde sehr\u00e1v\u00e1 odhad odb\u011bru vody aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed evapotranspirac\u00ed (ETa), kter\u00fd je d\u00e1n dostupnost\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed vlhkosti a\u00a0vlastnostmi p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9ho vegeta\u010dn\u00edho krytu \u010di povrchu. K\u00a0tomuto je v\u00a0modelu SoilClim vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na metoda tzv. crop koeficient\u016f (Kc) [19], kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed vlastnosti dan\u00e9ho povrchu vzhledem k\u00a0referen\u010dn\u00edmu tr\u00e1vn\u00edku. Hodnota Kc se m\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu sezony podle aproximovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje listov\u00e9 plochy a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed vegetace.<\/p>\n
WATERES<\/h2>\n
Model WATERES je vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd model vyvinut\u00fd ve V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., v\u00a0Praze a\u00a0je zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na v\u00fdpo\u010det charakteristik a\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed simulac\u00ed na vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch. Model je dostupn\u00fd ve form\u011b R bal\u00edku (voln\u011b sta\u017eiteln\u00fd z\u00a0GitHubu). Model WATERES lze vyu\u017e\u00edt k\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010dtu:<\/p>\n
- \n
- dlouhodob\u00e9 vodn\u00ed bilance n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch soustav,<\/li>\n
- charakteristik vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0odhadu \u00fa\u010dinnosti vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee,<\/li>\n
- nedostatkov\u00fdch objem\u016f (pro posouzen\u00ed sucha) v\u00a0povod\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 soustavy,<\/li>\n
- transformace povod\u0148ov\u00fdch vln.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informace o\u00a0modelu jsou uvedeny na webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch http:\/\/lapv.vuv.cz. Na obr. 6<\/em> je uvedeno ilustra\u010dn\u00ed sch\u00e9ma vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 soustavy, ve kter\u00e9m je tak\u00e9 zobrazeno nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodami.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 6. Sch\u00e9ma modelu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 soustavy a\u00a0nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodami
\nFig. 6. Scheme of water management model with water withdrawals<\/h6>\nVerifikace pou\u017eit\u00e9ho vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho modelu byla provedena pomoc\u00ed podrobn\u00e9ho vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho modelu, kter\u00fd provede obdobnou simulaci na men\u0161\u00edm povod\u00ed. Z\u00a0d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f by v\u0161ak navr\u017een\u00e1 podrobnost m\u011bla b\u00fdt dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed. Vstupem do modelu jsou \u00fadaje o\u00a0nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodami, kdy se hodnot\u00ed jak povolen\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed za den \u010di m\u011bs\u00edc, tak skute\u010dn\u00e9 hodnoty u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vody. Nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodami je identifikov\u00e1no podle k\u00f3du ICOC nebo CZ_NACE.<\/p>\n
Aplikace pro zobrazen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f<\/h2>\n
Grafy zpravidla maj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br prom\u011bnn\u00fdch, kter\u00fd se na uveden\u00e9m obr. 7<\/em> nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0prav\u00e9m horn\u00edm rohu grafick\u00e9ho panelu. Tento v\u00fdb\u011br m\u00e1 tvar srolovateln\u00e9ho menu. D\u00e1le grafick\u00fd panel m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat vlastn\u00ed li\u0161tu se z\u00e1lo\u017ekami pro p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi typy graf\u016f a\u00a0tabulek. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159ehled je uveden na obr. 7<\/em>.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 7. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed syst\u00e9mu HAMR
\nFig. 7. Basic layout of the HAMR system<\/h6>\n\u201eZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapa\u201c je prvn\u00ed z\u00e1lo\u017ekou a\u00a0zobraz\u00ed se ihned po spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed aplikace. Obsahuje informace o\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9 bilanci povod\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Z\u00e1lo\u017eka z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapa je rozlo\u017eena na bo\u010dn\u00ed panel, panel s\u00a0mapov\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem a\u00a0panel s\u00a0grafick\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem.<\/p>\n
V\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00edm panelu se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed pole \u201eVyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fatvaru\u201c, \u201ePrvky hydrologick\u00e9 bilance\u201c, \u201eFiltrace dle hodnoty\u201c, \u201eVrstvy\u201c a\u00a0tla\u010d\u00edtka \u201eReset\u201c a\u00a0\u201eZobrazit\u201c. U\u017eivatel vol\u00ed prom\u011bnnou hydrologick\u00e9 bilance, podle n\u00ed\u017e jsou zbarveny jednotliv\u00e1 povod\u00ed, zobrazen\u00e1 na map\u011b. Hodnoty prom\u011bnn\u00e9 jsou agregov\u00e1ny do m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edch krok\u016f, lze je tak\u00e9 vykreslit jako dlouhodob\u00e9 pr\u016fm\u011bry, tzn. pr\u016fm\u011bry za cel\u00e9 obdob\u00ed nebo za konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed periody po 30 letech: 1961\u20131990, 1971\u20132000\u2028a\u00a01981\u20132010. \u201eFiltrace dle hodnoty\u201c v\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm stavu obsahuje v\u0161echny hodnoty zvolen\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 a\u00a0d\u00e1le umo\u017e\u0148uje nastaven\u00ed rozsahu hodnot, kter\u00e9 omez\u00ed vykreslen\u00e1 povod\u00ed. \u201eVyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fatvaru\u201c je jedinou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed bo\u010dn\u00edho panelu, kter\u00e1 je propojen\u00e1 nejenom s\u00a0mapou, ale i\u00a0s\u00a0grafick\u00fdmi v\u00fdstupy. Mapov\u00e9 objekty jsou vykresleny pomoc\u00ed Leaflet. Pro zvolen\u00e9 povod\u00ed se vypo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ady z\u00a0m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0denn\u00edch dat (pomoc\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dku dygraphs), \u010d\u00e1ra p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed pro cel\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, ro\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed a\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edce (pomoc\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dku Plotly) a\u00a0trendy: grafick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0tabulka s\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00edm statistick\u00e9 v\u00fdznamnosti (ggplot2). Zvolen\u00e9 povod\u00ed se zv\u00fdrazn\u00ed v\u00a0map\u011b \u010derven\u00fdm okrajem. Kliknut\u00edm na jin\u00e9 povod\u00ed se p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed grafick\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy a\u00a0n\u00e1zev nov\u011b zvolen\u00e9ho povod\u00ed s\u00a0jeho UPOV_ID se prom\u00edtne do pole \u201eVyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fatvaru\u201c. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapa je zobrazena na obr. 8<\/em>.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 8. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapa syst\u00e9mu
\nFig. 8. Basic map of the system HAMR<\/h6>\nIndik\u00e1tory sucha<\/h3>\n
Z\u00e1lo\u017eka \u201eIndik\u00e1tory sucha\u201c (obr. 9<\/em>) se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00edho panelu, mapov\u00e9ho panelu a\u00a0grafick\u00e9ho panelu. V\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00edm panelu se obdobn\u011b jako v\u00a0z\u00e1lo\u017ece \u201eZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapa\u201c nach\u00e1z\u00ed pole \u201eVyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fatvaru\u201c a\u00a0\u201eVrstvy\u201c. D\u00e1le v\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00edm panelu lze zvolit indik\u00e1tor a\u00a0krok, do kter\u00e9ho budou data agregov\u00e1na. D\u00e1le lze zvolit datum pro vykreslen\u00ed mapy.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 9. Komponenta indik\u00e1tory sucha
\nFig. 9. Drought indicator component<\/h6>\nProto\u017ee data maj\u00ed m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko, volba konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho dne v\u00a0kalend\u00e1\u0159i nehraje pro vykreslen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou roli, ale volba data ve form\u00e1tu \u201emm-YYYY\u201c zat\u00edm nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1. Moment\u00e1ln\u011b jsou v\u00a0map\u011b zobrazeny indik\u00e1tory SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index<\/em>), SPEI (Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index<\/em>) a\u00a0PDSI (Palmer Drought Severity Index<\/em>) a\u00a0scPDSI (Self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index<\/em>), kter\u00e9 jsou po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny klouzav\u011b s\u00a0krokem 1, 3, 6, 9 a\u00a012\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Povod\u00ed se d\u011bl\u00ed do sedmi kategori\u00ed podle hodnoty p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho indik\u00e1toru tak, aby se dostate\u010dn\u011b projevila variabilita, viz tabulka 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n
Tabulka 1. Hodnocen\u00ed intenzity sucha pro jednotliv\u00e9 indik\u00e1tory
\nTable 1. Dry intensity assessment for individual indicators<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nMapov\u00e9 objekty jsou vykresleny pomoc\u00ed Leaflet. V\u00a0grafick\u00e9m panelu se vykresluje \u010dasov\u00e1 \u0159ada indik\u00e1toru pro zvolen\u00e9 povod\u00ed pomoc\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dku dygraphs.<\/p>\n
U\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n
Z\u00e1lo\u017eka \u201eU\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c obsahuje informace o\u00a0u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vody v\u00a0\u010cR a\u00a0je rozd\u011blena do p\u011bti \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed: bo\u010dn\u00ed panel, panel s\u00a0mapov\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem, dva panely s\u00a0grafick\u00fdmi v\u00fdstupy a\u00a0jeden panel s\u00a0tabulkov\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem. Bo\u010dn\u00ed panel obsahuje pole \u201eVyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fatvaru\u201c a\u00a0\u201eVrstvy\u201c. Pole \u201eVrstvy\u201c je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno o\u00a0vrstvu \u201eOdb\u011bratele\u201c, av\u0161ak postr\u00e1d\u00e1 administrativn\u00ed \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Mapov\u00fd panel spojuje m\u00edsta odb\u011bru do shluk\u016f. Po p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed lze na bod kliknout. Po kliknut\u00ed se zobraz\u00ed popisek s\u00a0informac\u00ed o\u00a0odb\u011brateli a\u00a0vykresl\u00ed se \u010dasov\u00e1 \u0159ada odb\u011br\u016f. Kliknut\u00edm na povod\u00ed se obdr\u017e\u00ed informace o\u00a0v\u0161ech odb\u011bratel\u00edch v\u00a0tabulkov\u00e9m panelu a\u00a0\u010dasov\u00e1 \u0159ada pro jednotliv\u00e9 jevy v\u00a0grafick\u00e9m panelu (odb\u011bry z\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod POD, odb\u011bry z\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod POV \u010di vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed VYP). Grafick\u00e9 panely jsou vytvo\u0159eny pomoc\u00ed dygraphs. Tabulka je vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dku DT a\u00a0je interaktivn\u00ed. Komponenta pro nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodou je na obr. 10<\/em>.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 10. Komponenta nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodou
\nFig. 10. Water withdrawal component<\/h6>\nValidace<\/h3>\n
Z\u00e1lo\u017eka \u201eValidace\u201c se d\u011bl\u00ed na t\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti: bo\u010dn\u00ed panel, panel s\u00a0mapov\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem a\u00a0panel s\u00a0grafick\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem. Bo\u010dn\u00ed panel obsahuje standardn\u00ed pole \u201eVrstvy\u201c a\u00a0p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010d mezi n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi mo\u017enostmi: denn\u00ed pr\u016ftoky, m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016ftoky, p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed parametr\u016f a\u00a0m-denn\u00ed pr\u016ftoky.<\/p>\n
Mapov\u00fd v\u00fdstup denn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f obsahuje polohu 153 m\u011brn\u00fdch stanic a\u00a0grafick\u00fd panel pro zvolen\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed m\u011brn\u00e9 stanice vytvo\u0159\u00ed \u010dasovou \u0159adu pozorovan\u00fdch a\u00a0simulovan\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f, kter\u00e9 lze vykreslit v\u00a0denn\u00edm, m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm a\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edm kroku pomoc\u00ed menu \u201eV\u00fdb\u011br \u010dasov\u00fdch \u0159ad\u201c (nach\u00e1z\u00ed se v\u00a0oblasti bo\u010dn\u00edho panelu). Z\u00e1lo\u017eku grafick\u00e9ho panelu lze p\u0159epnout z\u00a0graf\u016f na tabulky, kter\u00e9 nejsou interaktivn\u00ed. Tabulka denn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f obsahuje pouze z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159ehled o\u00a0datech (po\u010det pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, st\u0159edn\u00ed hodnotu atd.).<\/p>\n
Mapov\u00fd v\u00fdstup m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f obsahuje pozice 542 vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic. Body vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic jsou propojeny s\u00a0informacemi o\u00a0UPOVu, do kter\u00e9ho spadaj\u00ed. Kliknut\u00edm na bod se objev\u00ed popisek stanice a\u00a0vykresl\u00ed se horn\u00ed povod\u00ed, obdobn\u011b jako v\u00a0z\u00e1lo\u017ece \u201eZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapa\u201c. Graf obsahuje \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ady pozorovan\u00fdch a\u00a0simulovan\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0tabulka obsahuje \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 vyhodnocen\u00ed p\u0159esnost\u00ed simulovan\u00fdch dat v\u016f\u010di pozorovan\u00fdm dat\u016fm. V\u00fdpo\u010det je uskute\u010dn\u011bn pomoc\u00ed funkce gof() z\u00a0bal\u00ed\u010dku hydroGOF1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n
Po zvolen\u00ed \u201eP\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed parametr\u016f\u201c se v\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00edm panelu objev\u00ed pole s\u00a0nab\u00eddkou parametr\u016f (Spa, Alf, Dgm, Soc, Mec, Grd<\/em>). Moment\u00e1ln\u011b \u201eP\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed parametr\u016f\u201c obsahuje pouze panel s\u00a0mapov\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem pro vizualizaci plo\u0161n\u00e9ho rozlo\u017een\u00ed parametr\u016f. UPOVy jsou zbarveny podle st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch hodnot parametru (current).<\/p>\n
Po zvolen\u00ed m-denn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f se objev\u00ed v\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00edm panelu nab\u00eddka m-denn\u00edch vod (Q30d, Q60d, Q90d, Q120d, Q150d, Q180d, Q210d, Q240d, Q270d, Q300d, Q330d, Q355d, Q364d<\/em>). Tak\u00e9 se objev\u00ed pole \u201cVyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fatvaru\u201d<\/em>, kter\u00e9 propojuje mapov\u00fd a\u00a0grafick\u00fd panel. \u00datvary mapov\u00e9ho v\u00fdstupu se zbarvuj\u00ed podle hodnoty prom\u011bnn\u00e9, kterou zvol\u00ed u\u017eivatel. Grafick\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem je Plotly objekt, kter\u00fd obsahuje se\u0159azen\u00e9 hodnoty pozorovan\u00fdch a\u00a0simulovan\u00fdch m-denn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f pro zvolen\u00e9 povod\u00ed. Tabulkov\u00fd v\u00fdstup obsahuje tyt\u00e9\u017e hodnoty. Komponenta je na obr. 11<\/em>.<\/p>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 11. Komponenta validace pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0parametr\u016f hydrologick\u00e9ho modelu
\nFig. 11. Validation and estimation component<\/h6>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
V\u00a0p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je uk\u00e1zka navr\u017een\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl b\u00fdt v\u00a0leto\u0161n\u00edm roce zprovozn\u011bn v\u00a0testovac\u00edm re\u017eimu, tzn. bude provedeno propojen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch komponent modelu a\u00a0model bude kalibrov\u00e1n v\u00a0rozli\u0161en\u00ed vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee model teprve vznik\u00e1, tak nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 prezentovat jeho konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky. Dal\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem je propojen\u00ed modelu s\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00edmi daty, tzn. propojen\u00ed na datab\u00e1zi \u010cHM\u00da a\u00a0tvorbu p\u0159edpov\u011bdi hydrologick\u00e9 a\u00a0vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 bilance pro obdob\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch n\u011bkolika t\u00fddn\u016f.<\/p>\n
Pozn\u00e1mky<\/h4>\n
- \n
- https:\/\/rain1.fsv.cvut.cz\/docs\/projekt.html#vypocet-uhrnu-navrhovych-srazek<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n
P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl v\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u00fakol\u016f \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch pro Ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky a\u00a0na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdsledk\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Increasing occurrence of drought periods in the Czech Republic has highlighted a necessity of legislation modification. At the same time, a need has emerged for tools supporting decision making and water resources management at various levels during the drought periods. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":5114,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[1390,121,106,1391],"coauthors":[27,34,1374,1375,1377,1378,2446],"class_list":["post-5235","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-decision-support-tools","tag-drought","tag-hydrological-balance","tag-water-resources-management"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5235","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5235"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5235\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30478,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5235\/revisions\/30478"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5114"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5235"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5235"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5235"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5235"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- https:\/\/rain1.fsv.cvut.cz\/docs\/projekt.html#vypocet-uhrnu-navrhovych-srazek<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
- satelitn\u00ed data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
- klimatologick\u00e1 data:\n