{"id":4996,"date":"2018-08-10T08:31:03","date_gmt":"2018-08-10T07:31:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4996"},"modified":"2024-07-16T14:30:58","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T13:30:58","slug":"dynamics-of-pesticides-leaching-in-the-cechticky-brook-catchment-area","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2018\/08\/dynamics-of-pesticides-leaching-in-the-cechticky-brook-catchment-area\/","title":{"rendered":"Dynamics of pesticides leaching in the \u010cechtick\u00fd brook catchment area"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Vyu\u017eit\u00ed automatick\u00fdch vzorkova\u010d\u016f se st\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed detailn\u00edho\u00a0\u2013 bilan\u010dn\u00edho monitoringu koncentrac\u00ed a\u00a0odnos\u016f l\u00e1tek. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho monitoringu bodov\u00fdch vzork\u016f jsou oproti re\u00e1ln\u00e9mu stavu \u010dasto podhodnocen\u00e9 [1, 2].<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Povod\u00ed \u010cechtick\u00e9ho potoka odvod\u0148uje jedno z\u00a0nejv\u00edce zem\u011bd\u011blsky obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0cel\u00e9m povod\u00ed vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0160vihov na \u017delivce. Od roku 2012 zde st\u00e1tn\u00ed podnik Povod\u00ed Vltavy provozuje vzorkovac\u00ed stanici. Pesticidn\u00ed l\u00e1tky a\u00a0jejich metabolity jsou analyzov\u00e1ny bu\u010f ve sl\u00e9van\u00fdch 14denn\u00edch vzorc\u00edch, nebo jsou na z\u00e1klad\u011b pr\u016ftoku (v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed) odebr\u00e1ny i\u00a0dvoudenn\u00ed sl\u00e9van\u00e9 a\u00a0bodov\u00e9 vzorky.<\/p>\n

Postupn\u00fdm zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00edm vzorkovac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu bylo nejv\u00edce hydrologick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed zachyceno v\u00a0roce 2015 a\u00a02016. Z\u00a0hlediska hydrologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek a\u00a0v\u00fdskytu pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek byl rok 2016 oproti p\u0159edchoz\u00edmu roku zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, publikovan\u00e1 data tedy poch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z\u00a0roku 2016. V\u00fdsledky z\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed uk\u00e1zaly n\u00e1r\u016fsty koncentrac\u00ed a\u00a0odnos\u016f mate\u0159sk\u00fdch pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek na ja\u0159e a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu l\u00e9ta. Celkov\u00e1 l\u00e1tkov\u00e1 bilance n\u00e1mi sledovan\u00fdch pesticid\u016f a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f byla 3,88\u2008kg (4\u201311\/2016, Qpr\u016fm<\/sub>\u00a0=\u00a063,5\u2008l\u2219s-1<\/sup>). Z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska se m\u011bn\u00ed i\u00a0skladba pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pesticid\u016f, patrn\u00e9 je to na p\u0159\u00edkladu terbuthylazinu (p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed kuku\u0159ice). V\u00a0povod\u00ed se nyn\u00ed v\u00edce vyskytuj\u00ed jeho metabolity a\u00a0byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nahrazen jin\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami (isoxaflutole, cyprosulfamide a\u00a0thiencarbazon-methyl). P\u0159i snaze detekovat nov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky maj\u00ed laborato\u0159e oproti zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm aplikac\u00edm v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed. Proto je t\u0159eba neust\u00e1l\u00fd v\u00fdvoj anal\u00fdz a\u00a0sledov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch trend\u016f.<\/p>\n

Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky v\u0161ak poskytuj\u00ed zachycen\u00e9 hydrologick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, kdy se koncentrace oproti kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edmu sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed (nebo naopak sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed) \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b, a\u00a0to b\u011bhem des\u00edtek minut. Dynamika vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivin a\u00a0speci\u00e1ln\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek b\u011bhem sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed se ukazuje b\u00fdt natolik v\u00fdznamn\u00e1, \u017ee bez detailn\u00edho vzorkovac\u00edho sch\u00e9matu m\u016f\u017eeme koncentrace a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 odnosy l\u00e1tek pouze odhadovat.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

\u010cast\u00e9 extr\u00e9mn\u00ed zm\u011bny v\u00a0koncentrac\u00edch pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f ve vzorc\u00edch povrchov\u00fdch vod v\u00a0r\u00e1mci provozn\u00edho monitoringu vedou k\u00a0ot\u00e1zce, jak\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed je t\u011bchto cizorod\u00fdch l\u00e1tek ve vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed doopravdy p\u0159\u00edtomno [3, 4]. Intenzivn\u011bji se t\u00edm za\u010daly zab\u00fdvat i\u00a0vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 laborato\u0159e st\u00e1tn\u00edho podniku Povod\u00ed Vltavy. Pro \u00fa\u010dely p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho odhadu odnos\u016f \u017eivin a\u00a0speci\u00e1ln\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek byla v\u00a0roce 2012 zprovozn\u011bna automatick\u00e1 vzorkovac\u00ed stanice na \u010cechtick\u00e9m potoce. Ten odvod\u0148uje zem\u011bd\u011blsky intenzivn\u011b obd\u011bl\u00e1van\u00e9 povod\u00ed a\u00a0po soutoku se Sedlick\u00fdm potokem a\u00a0pr\u016fchodu zdr\u017e\u00ed VN\u00a0N\u011bm\u010dice \u00fast\u00ed do VN \u0160vihov pobl\u00ed\u017e jej\u00ed hr\u00e1ze. Od roku 2015 analyzujeme vedle sm\u011bsn\u00fdch kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b odeb\u00edran\u00fdch vzork\u016f i\u00a0bodov\u00e9 vzorky v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu hydrologick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1hl\u00e9ho zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee dynamiku pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm vzorkov\u00e1n\u00edm nelze spolehliv\u011b podchytit [1], i\u00a0kdy\u017e se v\u00a0toc\u00edch za na\u0161imi z\u00e1dy b\u011b\u017en\u011b odehr\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Zachycen\u00ed hydrologick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed ve vzorc\u00edch je velice d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro kvantitativn\u00ed, ale i\u00a0kvalitativn\u00ed anal\u00fdzu [1, 2]. N\u011bkter\u00e9 l\u00e1tky se mohou ve vod\u011b vyskytnout pouze p\u0159i sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti [5], a\u00a0to je\u0161t\u011b za podm\u00ednky, \u017ee jejich aplikace prob\u011bhla t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed t\u00edm. Znalost p\u0159em\u011bny rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch l\u00e1tek na dal\u0161\u00ed rozpadov\u00e9 produkty je pro vyhodnocen\u00ed vlivu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 znalost povod\u00ed, zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed [5] a\u00a0p\u0159ehled o\u00a0aplikac\u00edch l\u00e1tek na p\u011bstovan\u00e9 plodiny v\u00a0povod\u00ed [4]. V\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky jsou d\u016fvodem \u010dast\u00e9ho podhodnocen\u00ed bilanc\u00ed \u017eivin i\u00a0speci\u00e1ln\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 nevych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed [1, 2, 6].<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Automatick\u00e1 vzorkovac\u00ed stanice se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze vzorkova\u010de ISCO Avalanche (pro 14 diskr\u00e9tn\u00edch vzork\u016f), kter\u00fd je autonomn\u011b nap\u00e1jen elektrickou energi\u00ed ze dvou sol\u00e1rn\u00edch panel\u016f um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch na st\u0159e\u0161e stanice. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed stanice je sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011br, sondy pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1kalu, vodivosti a\u00a0modul pro kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny (tzv. Bubbler). Pro dan\u00fd profil byla zm\u011b\u0159ena pr\u016ftokov\u00e1 k\u0159ivka, podle kter\u00e9 je automaticky (podle v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny) odvozov\u00e1n okam\u017eit\u00fd pr\u016ftok. Ve\u0161ker\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly jsou ze vzorkova\u010de svedeny do p\u0159enosov\u00e9 GSM stanice Fiedler.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. V\u00fdvoj po\u010dtu analyzovan\u00fdch pesticid\u016f a jejich metabolit\u016f ve VHL Povod\u00ed Vltavy v letech 2006\u20132017
\nFig. 1. The number of analyzed pesticides and their metabolites in the laboratory of Vltava River Basin (2006\u20132017)<\/h6>\n

Odb\u011brov\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma vzorkova\u010de je nastaveno na dva provozn\u00ed re\u017eimy, kter\u00e9 se spou\u0161t\u00ed podle dan\u00e9 situace. Kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b v\u00a0period\u011b po \u010dty\u0159ech hodin\u00e1ch. Vznikne tak jeden integr\u00e1ln\u00ed sl\u00e9van\u00fd vzorek, kter\u00fd reprezentuje celou 14denn\u00ed periodu. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby je mo\u017en\u00e9 analyzovat i\u00a0dvoudenn\u00ed sl\u00e9van\u00fd vzorek. Pro vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti je vyhrazena polovina vzorkovnic (7\u2008ks). P\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hladiny se automaticky spust\u00ed vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u00fdch vzork\u016f, a\u00a0to v\u00a0intervalu sedmi hodin. Toto sch\u00e9ma bylo na \u010cechtick\u00e9m potoce uplatn\u011bno v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch obdob\u00edch: 10. 3.\u201330. 11. 2015 a\u00a01. 4.\u201328. 11. 2016. V\u00a0zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed nen\u00ed stanice provozov\u00e1na, proto\u017ee nelze zajistit jej\u00ed bezprobl\u00e9mov\u00fd provoz v\u00a0obdob\u00ed mraz\u016f.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Koncentrace herbicidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek v povrchov\u00e9 vod\u011b, kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed
\nFig. 2. Concentrations of herbicides in surface water, continuous sampling<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 3. Vysok\u00e9 koncentrace fungicidn\u00ed l\u00e1tky (dimethenomorph) a t\u0159\u00ed herbicidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek (bentazon, fluoxypyr a linuron) v jarn\u00edm obdob\u00ed
\nFig. 3. High concentrations of fungicide (dimethenomorph) and three herbicides (bentazon, fluoxypyr a linuron) in spring<\/h6>\n

Pesticidy a\u00a0metabolity jsou v\u00a0laborato\u0159i ze vzork\u016f n\u00e1sledn\u011b stanoveny p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm n\u00e1st\u0159ikem vzorku vody do kapalinov\u00e9ho chromatografu (LC). Detekce je provedena pomoc\u00ed hmotnostn\u00edho detektoru na principu trojit\u00e9ho kvadrup\u00f3lu (MS\/MS) v\u00a0re\u017eimu pozitivn\u00ed nebo negativn\u00ed ionizace. Anal\u00fdza vzork\u016f prob\u00edh\u00e1 po skupin\u00e1ch (tzv. m\u00f3dech), kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsobem p\u0159ed\u00fapravy vzorku, r\u016fzn\u00fdmi chromatografick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami a\u00a0re\u017eimem ionizace. Analyzov\u00e1ny byly t\u0159i skupiny pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0jejich metabolick\u00e9 produkty: triazinov\u00e9 herbicidy (nap\u0159. terbuthylazin), chloracetanilidy (nap\u0159. alachlor, metazachlor, metolachlor) a\u00a0pesticidy pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do skupiny deriv\u00e1t\u016f kyseliny mo\u010dov\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 tzv. urony (nap\u0159.\u00a0linuron, chlortoluron).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 4. Koncentrace terbuthylazinu a jeho metabolit\u016f; pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd pr\u016ftok b\u011bhem odb\u011bru sm\u011bsn\u00fdch vzork\u016f
\nFig. 4. Concentrations of terbuthylazine and his metabolites; average flow during the sampling<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 5. Sezonn\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh koncentrace alachloru, metolachloru a jejich metabolit\u016f
\nFig. 5. Seasonal course of alachlor, metolachlor and their metabolites<\/h6>\n

Pesticidy a\u00a0jejich metabolity jsou v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech hlavn\u00edmi prioritami sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality vod [3, 6, 7]. To je patrn\u00e9 i\u00a0na v\u00fdvoji mno\u017estv\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch pesticid\u016f a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f (obr. 1<\/em>) v\u00a0laborato\u0159\u00edch Povod\u00ed Vltavy. Nov\u00e9 analyty se zav\u00e1d\u00ed s\u00a0ohledem na legislativu (WFD), po\u017eadavky Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed komise pro ochranu Labe a\u00a0p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm datab\u00e1zi pesticid\u016f \u010cHM\u00da [8], zalo\u017eenou na z\u00e1klad\u011b spot\u0159eby pesticid\u016f v\u00a0\u010cR. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi podn\u011bty jsou nov\u00e9 trendy v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a\u00a0publikovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n

Rok 2016 byl sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd a\u017e podpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd (Qpr\u016fm<\/sub> (4\u201311\/2016) = 63,5\u2008l\u2219s-1<\/sup>). I\u00a0p\u0159es tuto skute\u010dnost p\u0159inesl ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u011b such\u00fdm rokem 2015 (Qpr\u016fm<\/sub> (6\u201312\/2015) = 54,7\u2008l\u2219s-1<\/sup>) relevantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky o\u00a0vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek (tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. P\u0159ehled v\u0161ech detekovan\u00fdch pesticid\u016f a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00e9m profilu \u010cechtick\u00e9ho potoka (profil Lesk\u00fd Ml\u00fdn) v\u00a0obdob\u00ed od 1. 4. do 30. 11. 2016; D\u00a0\u2013 deriv\u00e1ty (metabolity), H\u00a0\u2013 herbicidy, F\u00a0\u2013 fungicidy, I\u00a0\u2013 insekticidy, R\u00a0\u2013 regul\u00e1tory r\u016fstu, n\u00a0\u2013 nedetekov\u00e1no
\nTable 1. Overview of all detected pesticides and their metabolites on the closing profile of the \u010cechtick\u00fd brook (1st<\/sup> April\u201330th<\/sup> November 2016); D\u00a0\u2013 derivatives (metabolites), H\u00a0\u2013 herbicides, F\u00a0\u2013 fungicides, I\u00a0\u2013 insecticides, R\u00a0\u2013 growth regulator, n\u00a0\u2013 undetected<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace ve sl\u00e9van\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch byly nam\u011b\u0159eny u\u00a0metazachoru ESA (2 840\u2008ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>), linuronu (1 270\u2008ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>) a\u00a0bentazonu (860\u2008ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>). Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace byly b\u011bhem hydrologick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159eny u\u00a0linuronu (9 540\u2008ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>), bentazonu (4 500\u2008ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>), cyprosulfamidu (5 900\u2008ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>), isoxaflutolu (3 500\u2008ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>), thiencarbazone-methylu (2 800\u2008ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>) a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek. Podobn\u011b jako u\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f i\u00a0zde se v\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch koncentrac\u00edch vyskytuj\u00ed v\u0161echny t\u0159i slo\u017eky ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho komer\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edpravku Adengo.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 6. V\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed terbuthylazinu a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f b\u011bhem sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 epizodn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti (28. 5.\u20131. 6. 2016); bodov\u00e9 a\u00a0sm\u011bsn\u00e9 dvoudenn\u00ed vzorky
\nFig. 6. Concentrations of terbuthylazine and his metabolites during the hydrological event (28th<\/sup> May\u20131st<\/sup> June 2016); simple and continuous sampling<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr. 7. V\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch pesticid\u016f a\u00a0metabolit\u016f b\u011bhem sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 epizodn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti (28. 5.\u20131. 6. 2016); bodov\u00e9 a\u00a0sm\u011bsn\u00e9 dvoudenn\u00ed vzorky
\nFig. 7. Concentrations of selected pesticides and their metabolites during the hydrological event (28th<\/sup> May\u20131st<\/sup> June 2016); simple and continuous sampling<\/h6>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 l\u00e1tky se v\u00a0povod\u00ed vyskytovaly pouze b\u011bhem sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed (ve sl\u00e9van\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch se nevyskytovaly v\u016fbec, nebo byly pod mez\u00ed stanovitelnosti). Jedn\u00e1 se nap\u0159. o\u00a0fungicidy azoxystrobin a\u00a0propiconazol, insekticidy clothianidin a\u00a0thiacloprid, chloracetanilidov\u00e9 pesticidy metazachlor a\u00a0metolachlor a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed. Koncentrace t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek b\u011bhem epizod jsou m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9, p\u0159esto velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9 (tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edho vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek<\/h3>\n

Na v\u00fdsledc\u00edch ze sm\u011bsn\u00fdch vzork\u016f jsou dob\u0159e patrn\u00e9 zm\u011bny v\u00a0koncentraci zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm pr\u016ftokem a\u00a0jarn\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b podzimn\u00ed) aplikac\u00ed pesticid\u016f na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu (obr. 2, 3<\/em>). Vysok\u00e9 koncentrace vybran\u00fdch herbicid\u016f a\u00a0fungicid\u016f byly m\u011b\u0159eny ve vzorc\u00edch koncem jara a\u00a0za\u010d\u00e1tkem l\u00e9ta, zat\u00edmco po zbytek vzorkovac\u00edho obdob\u00ed nebyly detekov\u00e1ny v\u016fbec, nebo v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1dov\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch koncentrac\u00edch. Jarn\u00ed maxima nalezen\u00fdch l\u00e1tek se mohou \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ekr\u00fdvat nebo naopak\u00a0\u2013 jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bentazonu (kuku\u0159ice, brambory, obil\u00ed) a\u00a0dimethenomorphu (mj. pl\u00eds\u0148ov\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed brambor), viz obr. 3<\/em>. L\u00e1tky byly pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b aplikov\u00e1ny v\u00a0jin\u00e9m obdob\u00ed, nap\u0159. su\u0161\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0teplej\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st roku u\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky dimethenomorph. Dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed pesticid\u016f v\u00a0jarn\u00edm obdob\u00ed je linuron (v\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m povod\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b aplikovan\u00fd na brambory, kuku\u0159ici a\u00a0obiloviny). V\u00a0\u010cechtick\u00e9m potoce je koncentra\u010dn\u00ed maximum patrn\u00e9 v\u00a0kv\u011btnu a\u00a0\u010dervnu (obr. 3<\/em>). Linuron \u00fa\u010dinkuje na povrch rostlin i\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, aktivn\u011b tedy p\u016fsob\u00ed i\u00a0v\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edm profilu, odkud je vyplavov\u00e1n do povrchov\u00fdch vod.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 8. V\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch pesticid\u016f a\u00a0metabolit\u016f b\u011bhem sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 epizodn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti (28. 5.\u20131. 6. 2016); bodov\u00e9 a\u00a0sm\u011bsn\u00e9 dvoudenn\u00ed vzorky
\nFig. 8. Concentrations of selected pesticides and their metabolites during the hydrological event (28th<\/sup> May\u20131st<\/sup> June 2016); simple and continuous sampling<\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 9. V\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed metazachloru a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f b\u011bhem sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 epizodn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti (28. 5.\u20131. 6. 2016); bodov\u00e9 a\u00a0sm\u011bsn\u00e9 dvoudenn\u00ed vzorky
\nFig. 9. Concentrations of metazachlor and his metabolites during the hydrological event (28th<\/sup> May\u20131st<\/sup> June 2016); simple and continuous sampling<\/h6>\n

Zachycen\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 koncentrace \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (obr. 2\u20134<\/em>) koresponduj\u00ed s\u00a0p\u011bstovan\u00fdmi plodinami v\u00a0povod\u00ed. Kuku\u0159ice je po p\u0161enici druhou nejp\u011bstovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed plodinou (v\u00a0roce 2015 19,3\u00a0% z\u00a0celkov\u00e9 plochy povod\u00ed \u010cechtick\u00e9ho potoka, v\u00a0roce 2016 pak 19,1\u00a0%). P\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0161enice pokr\u00fdvalo 29,4\u00a0% v\u00a0roce 2015, resp. 23,3\u00a0% (2016). Dal\u0161\u00ed hojn\u011b p\u011bstovan\u00e9 plodiny v\u00a0povod\u00ed byly \u0159epka 11,4\u00a0% (2015) a\u00a09,9\u00a0% (2016) a\u00a0brambory (5,2\u00a0% v\u00a0roce 2015 a\u00a09,8\u00a0% v\u00a0roce 2016) [5, 9].<\/p>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci sledov\u00e1n\u00ed byly detekov\u00e1ny l\u00e1tky \u010di metabolity l\u00e1tek, jejich\u017e koncentrace jsou v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku vysok\u00e9 a\u00a0prakticky konstantn\u00ed (obr. 4, 5<\/em>). To mohlo b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeno \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi aplikacemi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku nebo vysokou persistenc\u00ed metabolit\u016f v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b a\u00a0vod\u011b. P\u0159\u00edkladem jsou metabolity herbicidu chloridazonu. Stabilita mate\u0159sk\u00e9 l\u00e1tky je podle publikovan\u00fdch informac\u00ed velice prom\u011bnliv\u00e1 a\u00a0nebyla detekov\u00e1na nad mez\u00ed stanovitelnosti (10\u2008ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>) ani jednou. Oproti tomu metabolity chloridazon desphenyl a\u00a0chloridazon methyl-desphenyl jsou pom\u011brn\u011b stabiln\u00ed a\u00a0ve sm\u011bsn\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch byly v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu vzorkovac\u00edho obdob\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159eny pozitivn\u00ed koncentrace metabolit\u016f chloridazonu v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed (57\u2013110\u2008ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>, resp. 12\u201322\u2008ng.l-1<\/sup>) ve v\u0161ech vzorc\u00edch (tabulka 1<\/em>). V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu hydrologick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed pak doch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0jejich na\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed. Podobn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt byl zaznamen\u00e1n i\u00a0u\u00a0chloracetanilidov\u00fdch pesticid\u016f metolachloru a\u00a0metazachloru a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f (obr. 5<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Stabiln\u00ed v\u00fdskyt metabolit\u016f je patrn\u00fd i\u00a0u\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek. V\u00a0povod\u00ed Sedlick\u00e9ho a\u00a0\u010cechtick\u00e9ho potoka se v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00edm kuku\u0159ice velice \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvala pesticidn\u00ed l\u00e1tka terbuthylazin (obr. 4<\/em>). Ta nahradila v\u00a0roce 2005 zak\u00e1zan\u00fd atrazin a\u00a0byla v\u00a0povod\u00ed stabiln\u011b m\u011b\u0159ena ve vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch [4]. V\u00a0posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika letech do\u0161lo na n\u011bkter\u00fdch profilech v\u00a0povod\u00ed k\u00a0\u0159\u00e1dov\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed a\u00a0m\u016f\u017eeme tak p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee byla v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravc\u00edch postupn\u011b nahrazena za nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed l\u00e1tky. Jedn\u00e1 se nap\u0159\u00edklad o\u00a0pesticidn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravek, kter\u00fd se prod\u00e1v\u00e1 pod komer\u010dn\u00edm n\u00e1zvem Adengo a\u00a0obsahuje t\u0159i \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (isoxaflutole, cyprosulfamide a\u00a0thiencarbazone-methyl) (obr. 2<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 10. V\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed metabolit\u016f chloracetanilidov\u00fdch pesticid\u016f b\u011bhem sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 epizodn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti (28. 5\u20131. 6. 2016); bodov\u00e9 a sm\u011bsn\u00e9 dvoudenn\u00ed vzorky
\nFig. 10. Concentrations of chloracetanilid metabolites during the hydrological event (28th<\/sup> May\u20131st<\/sup> June 2016); simple and continuous sampling<\/h6>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd v\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed alachloru a\u00a0jeho metabolitu alachloru ESA byl pozorov\u00e1n v\u00a0cel\u00e9m vzorkovac\u00edm obdob\u00ed (obr. 5<\/em>). Zat\u00edmco u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed alachloru bylo zak\u00e1z\u00e1no v\u00a0roce 2008 a\u00a0jeho koncentrace jsou pod mez\u00ed stanovitelnosti, koncentrace jeho stabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho metabolitu (formy ESA) jsou st\u00e1le vysok\u00e9. Zpravidla je pozorov\u00e1n dlouhodob\u00fd pokles t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky [4], na profilu Lesk\u00fd Ml\u00fdn v\u00a0roce 2016 tomu tak ov\u0161em nebylo a\u00a0koncentrace v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku sp\u00ed\u0161e rostla. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou mohla b\u00fdt hydrologick\u00e1 situace a\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e1 perzistence metabolitu v\u00a0p\u016fd\u00e1ch nebo nepovolen\u00e1 recentn\u00ed aplikace.<\/p>\n

Dynamika vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek b\u011bhem hydrologick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Zat\u00edmco koncentrace pesticid\u016f b\u011bhem kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edho sledov\u00e1n\u00ed nab\u00fdvaj\u00ed hodnot des\u00edtek a\u017e stovek ng\u2219l-1<\/sup>, v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed se koncentrace \u010dasto zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b a\u017e na tis\u00edce ng\u2219l-1<\/sup> (tabulka 1<\/em>). Ze \u010dty\u0159 zachycen\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v\u00a0roce\u00a02016 uv\u00e1d\u00edme p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00fdsledky z\u00a0jarn\u00ed epizody (slo\u017een\u00e9 ze dvou men\u0161\u00edch), viz\u00a0obr. 6\u201310<\/em>. P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina pesticid\u016f v\u010d. jejich metabolit\u016f reagovala na rychl\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pr\u016ftoku zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm koncentrac\u00ed (obr. 6\u20138<\/em>). Sr\u00e1\u017eky, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobily zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pr\u016ftoku v\u00a0potoce (cca 8\u00d7), byly pom\u011brn\u011b vydatn\u00e9 s\u00a0rychl\u00fdm n\u00e1stupem. D\u00e1 se tedy p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody byla do potoka odvedena po povrchu, resp. prom\u00fdvala vrchn\u00ed vrstvy p\u016fdy. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed l\u00e1tek tak nastalo se zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm o\u00a0cca dev\u011bt hodin. Jinak by tomu bylo p\u0159i m\u00edrn\u00fdch\u00a0a\u00a0vytrval\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch, kdy by podpovrchov\u00fd odtok vytla\u010dil podzemn\u00ed a\u00a0podpovrchov\u00e9 vody s\u00a0cizorod\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami \u201ep\u0159ed sebou\u201c [5].<\/p>\n

Koncentra\u010dn\u00ed k\u0159ivky terbuthylazinu a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f m\u011bly b\u011bhem epizody prakticky stejn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh (obr. 6<\/em>) a\u00a0li\u0161ily se mezi sebou pouze v\u00a0l\u00e1tkov\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed a\u017e o\u00a0jeden \u0159\u00e1d. Podobn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh koncentrac\u00ed s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edmou z\u00e1vislost\u00ed na pr\u016ftoku m\u011bly i\u00a0ostatn\u00ed l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 byly na ja\u0159e \u010dasto detekov\u00e1ny i\u00a0b\u011bhem kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edho vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 nap\u0159. linuron, bentazon a\u00a0cyprosulfamide (obr. 7<\/em>). L\u00e1tky isoxaflutole, cyprosulfamide a\u00a0thiencarbazone-methyl (p\u0159\u00edpravek Adengo) se p\u0159i hydrologick\u00e9 epizod\u011b vyskytovaly ve vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch (obr. 6<\/em>), co\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o\u00a0jejich pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed na pol\u00edch v\u00a0povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmavou skute\u010dnost\u00ed byla rozd\u00edln\u00e1 dynamika vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Zat\u00edmco koncentrace n\u011bkter\u00fdch pesticid\u016f byly ve vod\u011b t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed byl pr\u016ftok, koncentrace jin\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (nap\u0159. fluroxypyr, metribuzin a\u00a0mesotrione) se zv\u00fd\u0161ily a\u017e p\u0159i druh\u00e9, v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti (obr. 8<\/em>). N\u011bkter\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v\u0161ak mohly b\u00fdt v\u00a0povod\u00ed aplikov\u00e1ny a\u017e po prvn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ece.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 11. L\u00e1tkov\u00e1 bilance v\u0161ech m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek v \u010cechtick\u00e9m potoce na profilu Lesk\u00fd Ml\u00fdn v obdob\u00ed od 1. 4. do 30. 11. 2016
\nFig. 11. Total mass balance of all measured pesticides in the \u010cechtick\u00fd brook (1st<\/sup> April\u201330th<\/sup> November 2016)<\/h6>\n

Zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd v\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed b\u011bhem sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 epizody byl nam\u011b\u0159en u\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161iny metabolit\u016f chloracetanilidov\u00fdch pesticid\u016f (obr. 9, 10<\/em>). V\u00a0obdob\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku v\u00a0\u010cechtick\u00e9m potoce do\u0161lo ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed a\u00a0k\u00a0na\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech detekovan\u00fdch metabolit\u016f metazachloru, alachloru, acetochloru a\u00a0metolachloru. Tyto metabolity jsou velice persistentn\u00ed a\u00a0ve sl\u00e9van\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch byly na lokalit\u011b detekov\u00e1ny po cel\u00fd rok, proto jsou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b za vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vod\u011b \u00fam\u011brn\u011b sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1m \u201ena\u0159e\u010fov\u00e1ny\u201c.<\/p>\n

L\u00e1tkov\u00e1 bilance<\/h2>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f byl proveden v\u00fdpo\u010det l\u00e1tkov\u00e9 bilance celkov\u00e9ho odnosu pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek z\u00a0povod\u00ed \u010cechtick\u00e9ho potoka v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu vzorkovac\u00edho obdob\u00ed (4\u201311\/2016). Do l\u00e1tkov\u00e9 bilance nebyly zapo\u010dteny speci\u00e1ln\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (nap\u0159. DEET, benzotriazol a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed). Epizody byly v\u00a0bilanci zahrnuty pouze v\u00a0r\u00e1mci sl\u00e9van\u00fdch vzork\u016f. Celkov\u00fd odnos pesticid\u016f \u010dinil ve vzorkovac\u00edm obdob\u00ed 3,88\u2008kg (obr. 11<\/em>). Vzhledem k\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9 situaci a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9mu pr\u016ftoku 63,5\u2008l\u2219s-1<\/sup> to nen\u00ed m\u00e1lo i\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na to, \u017ee velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch metabolizovan\u00fdch forem pesticid\u016f nen\u00ed zat\u00edm m\u011b\u0159eno. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed odnosy v\u00a0roce 2016 byly nam\u011b\u0159eny pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vzorkovac\u00ed stanice (1. 4.\u00a02016). P\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtech l\u00e1tkov\u00fdch odnos\u016f pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek je tedy nutn\u00e9 zohled\u0148ovat i\u00a0zimn\u00ed, pop\u0159. brzk\u00e9 jarn\u00ed obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky o\u00a0v\u00fdskytu a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed pesticid\u016f a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku. Odnosy t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek koreluj\u00ed pozitivn\u011b i\u00a0negativn\u011b s\u00a0pr\u016ftokem, z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed p\u0159itom na hydrologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch ve spojen\u00ed s\u00a0dobou aplikace l\u00e1tek na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu [7]. Proto je t\u0159eba m\u00edt dokonal\u00fd p\u0159ehled o\u00a0u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f l\u00e1tek (ide\u00e1ln\u011b formou spolehliv\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 evidence).<\/p>\n

Dynamick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj v\u00a0produkci a\u00a0u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f vede k\u00a0obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 identifikaci a\u00a0stanoven\u00ed nov\u00fdch a\u00a0zat\u00edm nem\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch l\u00e1tek [3]. Spr\u00e1vci tok\u016f mus\u00ed neust\u00e1le zav\u00e1d\u011bt nov\u00e9 analyty, dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed se tak do situace, kdy maj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed za zem\u011bd\u011blskou aplikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Koncentrace l\u00e1tek se v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vod\u011b b\u011bhem sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdch epizod m\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du des\u00edtek minut, b\u011b\u017en\u00fd \u010dty\u0159t\u00fddenn\u00ed monitoring tak nem\u016f\u017ee odhalit dynamiku jejich vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed [4]. Velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 se na plodiny ji\u017e dlouhodob\u011b aplikuje, se v\u00a0na\u0161ich vod\u00e1ch v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch form\u00e1ch stabiln\u011b objevuje. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed pouze na tom, jestli jsme schopni tyto l\u00e1tky zachytit a\u00a0hlavn\u011b\u00a0\u2013 situaci \u0159e\u0161it [3].<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl za podpory projektu TA04021527 Studium p\u0159\u00ed\u010din a\u00a0dynamiky z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee vod drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f p\u0159\u00edpravky na ochranu rostlin, podpo\u0159en\u00e9ho agenturou TA \u010cR. Auto\u0159i d\u011bkuj\u00ed koleg\u016fm z\u00a0V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu meliorac\u00ed a\u00a0ochrany p\u016fdy, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., za veden\u00ed a\u00a0spolupr\u00e1ci na projektu.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl publikov\u00e1n ve sborn\u00edku Vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee 2017, ISBN 978-80-905368-5-2.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The use of automatic samplers for detailed monitoring of substance concentrations and balance is nowadays an important part of special monitoring of surface waters. The average results of routine monitoring (consisting of point samples) are often underestimated over the real situation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4944,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,87],"tags":[1291,1292,454,1293,452],"coauthors":[395,1249,1250,1123,393],"class_list":["post-4996","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","tag-automatic-sampling","tag-hydrological-event","tag-pesticides","tag-substance-balance","tag-svihov-water-reservoir"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4996","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4996"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4996\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30467,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4996\/revisions\/30467"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4944"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4996"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4996"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4996"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4996"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}