![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/ilustracni-fotografie-1_edit.jpg\")
<\/a>\n\u00davod<\/h2>\n
Realizac\u00ed komplexn\u00ed ochrany a\u00a0organizace povod\u00ed je mo\u017eno v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it reten\u010dn\u00ed schopnost povod\u00ed, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b infiltraci sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody do p\u016fdy a\u00a0zadr\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0postupn\u00e9 zas\u00e1knut\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed. Komplex ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed pln\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b \u0159adu funkc\u00ed (protierozn\u00ed, protipovod\u0148ovou, ochranu p\u0159ed suchem, ale i\u00a0ekologickou) podporuj\u00edc\u00edch ochranu krajinn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f. V\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b je jedn\u00edm z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f jak prov\u00e9st analytick\u00e9 vyhodnocen\u00ed hydrologie povod\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9 modelov\u00e1n\u00ed. Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed obecn\u011b p\u0159edstavuje zjednodu\u0161en\u00fd popis reality, kter\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0lep\u0161\u00edmu pochopen\u00ed modelovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a\u00a0k\u00a0p\u0159edpov\u011bdi jeho chov\u00e1n\u00ed [2].<\/p>\n
C\u00edlem p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je posouzen\u00ed efektivnosti komplexn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu opat\u0159en\u00ed navr\u017een\u00fdch v\u00a0plo\u0161e \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed Litavy s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm hydrologick\u00e9ho modelu, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9ho v\u00a0programu HEC-HMS (Hydrology Engineering center \u2013 Hydrologic modeling system) [1]. Hodnocen\u00ed efektivnosti bylo provedeno d\u00edky simulaci s\u00a0aplikac\u00ed \u010dty\u0159 p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch epizod.<\/p>\n
Pro vyhodnocen\u00ed byla vybr\u00e1na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed topograficky velmi \u010dlenit\u00e1, zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st povod\u00ed Litavy, a\u00a0to z\u00a0d\u016fvodu velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu lokalit mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b siln\u011b ohro\u017eovan\u00fdch nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi odtoky z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e9 vedou k\u00a0\u010detn\u00fdm povod\u0148ov\u00fdm situac\u00edm, doprov\u00e1zen\u00fdch intenzivn\u00ed vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed a\u00a0transportem splavenin. Ty maj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na ekologickou nestabilitu n\u011bkter\u00fdch ploch.<\/p>\n Z\u00e1kladem p\u0159i posouzen\u00ed efektivity opat\u0159en\u00ed bylo vytvo\u0159en\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00e9ho (S-O) modelu, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e byl n\u00e1sledn\u011b modelov\u00e1n vliv navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na velikost kulmina\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016ftoku a\u00a0objemu povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku. K\u00a0jeho vytvo\u0159en\u00ed bylo t\u0159eba stanovit orienta\u010dn\u00ed specifick\u00e9 odtoky, tedy pr\u016ftok vzta\u017een\u00fd na jednotku plochy za ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek, kter\u00e9 s\u00a0r\u016fstem plochy povod\u00ed klesaj\u00ed, a\u00a0objemov\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky pro z\u00e1jmov\u00fd nemonitorovan\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00fd profil povod\u00ed v\u00a0katastru obce Bu\u010dovice (o\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed 136,86\u2008km2<\/sup>). Z\u00edskan\u00e9 hodnoty byly stanoveny ze sestaven\u00e9ho zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9ho modelu povod\u00ed Litavy (obr.\u00a01<\/em>) s\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00edm m\u00edst s\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm pr\u016ftok\u016f ve stanic\u00edch Brankovice (hl\u00e1sn\u00fd profil \u010cHM\u00da \u010d. 381 o\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed 71,79\u2008km2<\/sup>) a\u00a0Rychmanov (hl\u00e1sn\u00fd profil \u010cHM\u00da \u010d. 382 o\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed 495,38\u2008km2<\/sup>) [3]. V\u00fdpo\u010det specifick\u00fdch odtok\u016f pro jednotliv\u00e9 stanice a\u00a0\u010dty\u0159i vybran\u00e9 povod\u0148ov\u00e9 epizody vych\u00e1zel z\u00a0ploch povod\u00ed a\u00a0objem\u016f povrchov\u00fdch odtok\u016f, z\u00edskan\u00fdch z\u00a0re\u00e1ln\u00fdch nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch dat z\u00a0t\u011bchto stanic. Z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00fd profil z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti se pak nach\u00e1z\u00ed mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma stanicemi, tzn., \u017ee hodnoty vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9ho objemu povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku i\u00a0hodnota specifick\u00e9ho odtoku se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00a0intervalu hodnot t\u011bchto parametr\u016f mezi m\u011brn\u00fdmi stanicemi.<\/p>\n Vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 odtoky se pohybovaly v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 4,4\u201313,6\u2008l\/s\/km2<\/sup> pro profil Brankovice, 3,0\u20139,3\u2008l\/s\/km2<\/sup> pro profil Rychmanov a\u00a04,1\u201312,9\u2008l\/s\/km2<\/sup> pro z\u00e1jmov\u00fd profil Bu\u010dovice.<\/p>\n Pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed Litavy bylo nutn\u00e9 vytvo\u0159en\u00ed S-O\u00a0modelu ve dvou kroc\u00edch. Nejd\u0159\u00edve byl vytvo\u0159en S-O\u00a0model se z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00fdm profilem Brankovice, kde prob\u00edh\u00e1 kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Zde byla provedena podrobn\u00e1 kalibrace a\u00a0parametry tohoto modelu byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b aplikov\u00e1ny do modelu se z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00fdm profilem Rychmanov, kter\u00fd byl pro kalibraci rozd\u011blen do \u0161esti kalibra\u010dn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed (obr.\u00a02<\/em>), kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed rozd\u00edln\u00e9 kalibra\u010dn\u00ed koeficienty. Koeficienty v\u00a0horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed byly stanoveny pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0prvn\u00edm modelu. C\u00edlem tohoto rozd\u011blen\u00ed bylo zachytit rozd\u00edlnost chov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed (d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f) povod\u00ed Litavy. Prvn\u00edm nezbytn\u00fdm krokem pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed S-O\u00a0modelu \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed je schematizace povod\u00ed, tj. rozd\u011blen\u00ed na d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed povod\u00ed, z\u00a0nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e9 m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 vlastnosti. V\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed povod\u00ed Litavy byla provedena podrobn\u00e1 schematizace se zohledn\u011bn\u00edm n\u00e1vrh\u016f biotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Pro \u010d\u00e1st povod\u00ed v\u00a0\u00faseku Bu\u010dovice\u2013Rychmanov byla provedena schematizace hrub\u0161\u00edho charakteru. Ve schematizaci \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed po profil Brankovice bylo povod\u00ed rozd\u011bleno na 42 subpovod\u00ed, po profil Bu\u010dovice bylo vytvo\u0159eno 90 subpovod\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0povod\u00ed po profil Rychmanov bylo vymezeno 114 subpovod\u00ed (obr.\u00a01<\/em>).<\/p>\n Do programu HEC-HMS vstupuje schematizovan\u00e9 povod\u00ed, tj. \u00faseky a\u00a0jejich charakteristiky (d\u00e9lky, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 sklony, rozm\u011bry, drsnosti) a\u00a0k\u00a0nim zav\u011b\u0161en\u00e9 plochy a\u00a0jejich charakteristiky (plocha, sklon aj.) podle zvolen\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdch metod. Pro na\u0161e podm\u00ednky byla pro v\u00fdpo\u010det hydrologick\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t a\u00a0transformace zvolena metoda SCS CN. Pro transformaci p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku byl vyu\u017eit jednotkov\u00fd hydrogram podle Clarka (Clark unit hydrograph), pro v\u00fdpo\u010det podzemn\u00edho odtoku byla vyu\u017eita recesn\u00ed metoda (recession) a\u00a0odtok v\u00a0koryt\u011b byl stanoven\u00a0s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm metody Muskingum-Cunge, kter\u00e1 je zalo\u017eena na aproximaci kombinace rovnice kontinuity a\u00a0dif\u00fazn\u00ed formy momentov\u00e9 rovnice [4] a\u00a0podrobn\u011bji je pops\u00e1na nap\u0159. Feldmanem [5].<\/p>\n Kalibrace modelu (obr.\u00a03<\/em>) p\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny prob\u011bhla na vybran\u00e9 re\u00e1ln\u00e9 povod\u0148ov\u00e9 epizod\u011b z\u00a0roku 2014 (3.\u20138. 8. 2014), kdy dos\u00e1hla kulminace v\u00a0profilu Brankovice 4,76\u2008m3<\/sup>\/s\u00a0a\u00a0v\u00a0profilu Rychmanov 9,35\u2008m3<\/sup>\/s\u00a0a\u00a0celkov\u00fd \u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek ve sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00e9 stanici Nemochovice byl 67,3\u2008mm. Hlavn\u00edmi ukazateli \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nosti kalibrace modelu jsou Nash-Suttleffe krit\u00e9rium shody (shoda je dostate\u010dn\u00e1, pokud E \u2265 0,5) [6] a\u00a0objem povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku W (model je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za p\u0159ijateln\u00fd, pokud rozd\u00edl modelovan\u00e9ho povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku a\u00a0po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho objemov\u00e9ho odtoku nep\u0159ekro\u010dil 10\u00a0%). Hodnotic\u00ed krit\u00e9ria kalibrace modelu jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n Verifikace modelu pak prob\u011bhla na dal\u0161\u00edch t\u0159ech re\u00e1ln\u00fdch povod\u0148ov\u00fdch epizod\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 byly vyvol\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami:<\/p>\n V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edlnost povrchov\u00fdch objem\u016f v\u00a0profilu Rychmanov je d\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm hrub\u0161\u00ed schematizac\u00ed a\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed podrobnost\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch dat. Data z\u00a0profilu Rychmanov slou\u017eila zejm\u00e9na k\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed spr\u00e1vnosti modelu a\u00a0stanoven\u00ed objemov\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00e9m profilu z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti. Rozd\u00edl modelovan\u00fdch objem\u016f v\u0161ak ani v\u00a0profilu Rychmanov nen\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010di men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 10\u00a0%. Model byl tedy vyhodnocen jako dostate\u010dn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fd a\u00a0pou\u017eiteln\u00fd pro dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely.<\/p>\n N\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed byly vyhotoveny podle b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch postup\u016f realizuj\u00edc\u00edch se v\u00a0n\u00e1vrz\u00edch pl\u00e1n\u016f spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav. Celkov\u00e1 plocha zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy v\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m povod\u00ed \u010din\u00ed 81,262\u2008km2<\/sup>, tedy zhruba 59,38\u00a0% a\u00a0plocha samotn\u00e9 orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy 77,625\u2008km2<\/sup>, tedy zhruba 56,72\u00a0%. Na t\u00e9to plo\u0161e do\u0161lo k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed expertn\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu plo\u0161n\u00fdch a\u00a0liniov\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na bloc\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u016fdy evidovan\u00e9 v\u00a0registru LPIS v\u00a0cel\u00e9m \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m povod\u00ed. Plochy veden\u00e9 jako zatravn\u011bn\u00e9 do n\u00e1vrhu ji\u017e nevstupovaly. Navrhov\u00e1no bylo n\u011bkolik typ\u016f plo\u0161n\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Agrotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed (AGT) m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (v\u00fdsevu do ochrann\u00e9 plodiny, strni\u0161t\u011b, mul\u010de nebo poskliz\u0148ov\u00fdch zbytk\u016f), intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed AGT (kdy se kuku\u0159ice z\u00e1sadn\u011b seje vrstevnicov\u011b do kryc\u00ed plodiny (nap\u0159. do vymrzl\u00e9 svazenky), obiloviny a\u00a0\u0159epka se sej\u00ed tak\u00e9 vrstevnicov\u011b a\u00a0v\u00a0osevn\u00edm postupu je tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed ozim\u00fdch obilovin, luskovin a\u00a0v\u00edcelet\u00fdch p\u00edcnin). Ochrann\u00e9 sady a\u00a0vinice maj\u00ed zatravn\u011bn\u00e1 mezi\u0159ad\u00ed a\u00a0jsou situov\u00e1ny ve sm\u011bru vrstevnic. Opat\u0159en\u00ed formou vylou\u010den\u00ed erozn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch plodin z\u00a0osevn\u00ed rotace nebo jeho intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed forma, kdy vedle vylou\u010den\u00ed kuku\u0159ice, slune\u010dnice a\u00a0\u0159epky se vrstevnicov\u011b sej\u00ed tak\u00e9 obiloviny a\u00a0v\u00a0osevn\u00edm postupu je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed ozim\u00fdch obilovin, luskovin a\u00a0v\u00edcelet\u00fdch p\u00edcnin.<\/p>\n V\u00fdskyt plo\u0161n\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b je z\u00e1visl\u00fd na zp\u016fsobu vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u016fdy v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch katastrech. N\u00e1vrh plo\u0161n\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed zauj\u00edm\u00e1 93,91\u00a0% ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, v\u00fdm\u011bry jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed tabulka 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n N\u00e1vrh byl d\u00e1le zam\u011b\u0159en na n\u00e1vrh liniov\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed typu zasakovac\u00ed mez, zasakovac\u00ed p\u00e1s a\u00a0dr\u00e1ha soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho odtoku. P\u0159i lokalizaci liniov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed byl br\u00e1n v\u00a0potaz n\u00e1vrh prvk\u016f \u00daSES. Doch\u00e1zelo ke slou\u010den\u00ed t\u011bchto krajinotvorn\u00fdch, ochrann\u00fdch prvk\u016f tak, aby byla dodr\u017eena jejich funk\u010dnost. Lokalizace jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na obr. 4<\/em>. Jejich po\u010dty a\u00a0sou\u010dty d\u00e9lek uv\u00e1d\u00ed tabulka 2<\/em>, u\u00a0v\u0161ech opat\u0159en\u00ed byla pou\u017eita \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka 30\u2008m.<\/p>\n N\u00e1vrh pro\u0161el \u0159adou v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch st\u00e1di\u00ed a\u00a0\u0159adou \u00faprav ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edmi prvky v\u00a0krajin\u011b, n\u00e1vrhy veden\u00fdmi v\u00a0\u00fazemn\u011b pl\u00e1novac\u00ed dokumentaci a\u00a0v\u00a0ukon\u010den\u00fdch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav\u00e1ch, ter\u00e9nn\u00edm \u0161et\u0159en\u00edm, opakovan\u00fdm vyhodnocen\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinnosti ochrany a\u00a0projedn\u00e1n\u00edm s\u00a0u\u017eivateli i\u00a0vlastn\u00edky p\u016fdy a\u00a0z\u00e1stupci dot\u010den\u00fdch obc\u00ed. Vznikl tak n\u00e1vrh ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed ve smyslu n\u00e1vrh\u016f realizovan\u00fdch v\u00a0procesech pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav, kter\u00fd nahl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na cel\u00e9 z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 povod\u00ed jako na hydrologicky uzav\u0159en\u00fd celek.<\/p>\n Efektivitu t\u011bchto opat\u0159en\u00ed lze stanovit nap\u0159\u00edklad jejich prom\u00edtnut\u00edm do hydrologick\u00e9ho S-O\u00a0modelu. Je v\u0161ak slo\u017eit\u00e9 schematizovat v\u0161echny typy opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0modelu tak, aby jejich modelovan\u00fd vliv odpov\u00eddal co nejv\u00edce realit\u011b a\u00a0nebyly opomenuty hlavn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n Plo\u0161n\u00e1 organiza\u010dn\u00ed \u010di agrotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako zasakovac\u00ed p\u00e1sy \u010di zatravn\u011bn\u00e9 \u00fadolnice a\u00a0meze i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edkopy, byly do modelu prom\u00edtnuty zm\u011bnou pokryvu, tedy zm\u011bnou (sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm) \u010d\u00edsla CN. Jde o\u00a0metodu hojn\u011b u\u017e\u00edvanou a\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u011b vypov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n Pro zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed vlivu \u010d\u00edsla CN na velikost kulmina\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016ftoku i\u00a0povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku byla provedena anal\u00fdza na dvou vybran\u00fdch subpovod\u00edch, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti tvo\u0159eny ornou p\u016fdou. Pro tuto anal\u00fdzu byla vybr\u00e1na subpovod\u00ed W43 (obr.\u00a01<\/em>) \u2013 mal\u00e9 povod\u00ed (0,49\u2008km2<\/sup>) s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdm sklonem (23,97\u00a0%) a\u00a0pod\u00edlem orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy 98,31\u00a0% a\u00a0subpovod\u00ed W61 \u2013 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed povod\u00ed (2,28\u2008km2<\/sup>) s\u00a0m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdm sklonem (5,15\u00a0%) a\u00a0pod\u00edlem orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy 96,43\u00a0%. V\u00fdsledkem t\u00e9to anal\u00fdzy byl graf z\u00e1vislosti \u010d\u00edsla CN na Qkul <\/sub>a\u00a0W, z\u00a0n\u011bho\u017e vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee z\u00e1vislost obou veli\u010din m\u00e1 pro jednotliv\u00e9 povod\u00ed obdobn\u00fd nebo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 shodn\u00fd polynomick\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh (obr. 5<\/em>).<\/p>\n Na verifikovan\u00e9m hydrologick\u00e9m modelu byly provedeny simulace p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b navrhovan\u00fdch liniov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, pro v\u0161echny \u010dty\u0159i modelovan\u00e9 epizody (obr. 6\u20139<\/em>), kter\u00e9 byly zp\u016fsobeny p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami.<\/p>\n Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno v\u00fd\u0161e, zm\u011bna vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0navrhovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed byla do modelu prom\u00edtnuta zm\u011bnou \u010d\u00edsla CN v\u00a0d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00edch, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru sn\u00ed\u017eilo o\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 6\u00a0% (maxim\u00e1ln\u011b o\u00a011,25\u00a0%).<\/p>\n Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd vliv navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na velikost kulmina\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016ftoku i\u00a0objemu povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00e9m profilu z\u00e1jmov\u00e9ho povod\u00ed nen\u00ed zanedbateln\u00fd a\u00a0je uveden v\u00a0tabulce 3<\/em>. Aplikac\u00ed navrhovan\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e do vytvo\u0159en\u00e9ho modelu do\u0161lo v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00e9m profilu Bu\u010dovice ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kulmina\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f o\u00a04,8\u00a0% (E1), 5,3\u00a0% (E2), 18,4\u00a0% (E3), 17,2\u00a0% (E4) a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed objemu povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku o\u00a011,5\u00a0% (E1), 5,29\u00a0% (E2), 16,2\u00a0% (E3), 16,35\u00a0% (E4). M\u00edra sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed sledovan\u00fdch veli\u010din je tedy p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 velikosti p\u016fvodn\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e9 epizody. Procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bna odtoku odpov\u00edd\u00e1 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek s\u00a0vysok\u00fdmi \u00fahrny za kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd interval.<\/p>\n I\u00a0pokud by biotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edkopy, pr\u016flehy, meze apod.) vstupovala do modelu ne ve form\u011b zm\u011bny \u010d\u00edsla CN, ale jako nekone\u010dn\u011b mal\u00e1 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e bez funk\u010dn\u00edch objekt\u016f, co\u017e model HEC-HMS umo\u017e\u0148uje, byl by vzhledem k\u00a0jejich mal\u00e9 rozloze jejich v\u00fdznam pro hodnocen\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00e9m profilu povod\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nulov\u00fd. Celkov\u00e1 kapacita navr\u017een\u00fdch zasakovac\u00edch prvk\u016f byla stanovena na zhruba 10\u2008tis. m3<\/sup> p\u0159i uva\u017eovan\u00fdch modelov\u00fdch parametrech (\u0161\u00ed\u0159ka ve dn\u011b = 0,4\u2008m, hloubka = 0,5\u2008m, sklony svah\u016f = 1 : 2).<\/p>\n Pracujeme v\u0161ak s\u00a0my\u0161lenkou dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm komponenty vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u201ereservoir\u201c pro modelov\u00e1n\u00ed vlivu zasakovac\u00edch bezodtokov\u00fdch navrhovan\u00fdch liniov\u00fdch prvk\u016f, pr\u00e1v\u011b jako nekone\u010dn\u011b mal\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee bez funk\u010dn\u00edch objekt\u016f. Problematice vyhodnocen\u00ed liniov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed se v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b u\u00a0n\u00e1s v\u011bnovali ji\u017e publikovan\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce nap\u0159. Feltl [7] a\u00a0Strouhal [8]. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba posoudit individu\u00e1ln\u011b a\u00a0stanovit p\u0159esn\u00e9 parametry jednotliv\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0ohledem na morfologii ter\u00e9nu a\u00a0lok\u00e1ln\u00ed podm\u00ednky. Tento postup je ale u\u00a0rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed zdlouhav\u00fd, a\u00a0proto bude c\u00edlem n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed i\u00a0zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed efektivn\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu liniov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed ji\u017e s\u00a0jist\u00fdm efektem.<\/p>\n Probl\u00e9m v\u0161ak nast\u00e1v\u00e1 u\u00a0liniov\u00fdch biotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed povrchov\u00fd odtok jinak, ne\u017e opat\u0159en\u00ed plo\u0161n\u00e1. Jedn\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na o\u00a0p\u0159\u00edkopy a\u00a0pr\u016flehy, kter\u00e9 soust\u0159e\u010fuj\u00ed povrchov\u00fd odtok a\u00a0podle funkce odv\u00e1d\u00ed nebo zadr\u017euj\u00ed vodu, pop\u0159. vodu p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed do vedlej\u0161\u00edho povod\u00ed. Zachytit tyto funkce v\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9m modelu HEC-HMS je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Podle prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch re\u0161er\u0161\u00ed (nap\u0159. Kov\u00e1\u0159 a\u00a0kol. [9]) b\u00fdv\u00e1 schematizace liniov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji \u0159e\u0161ena tak\u00e9 zm\u011bnou \u010d\u00edsla CN, tedy se do modelu prom\u00edtne jen nap\u0159. zatravn\u011bn\u00ed nebo jin\u00e1 zm\u011bna povrchu u\u00a0dan\u00e9ho opat\u0159en\u00ed. Z\u00e1m\u011brem dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed dan\u00e9 problematiky je propojen\u00ed hydraulick\u00e9ho modelu HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center\u2019s\u00a0River Analysis System) [1] a\u00a0hydraulick\u00e9ho modelu HEC-HMS.<\/p>\n V\u00a0modelech lze schematizovat p\u0159\u00edkopy \u010di pr\u016flehy jako samostatn\u00e9 \u00faseky vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, bude tak mo\u017en\u00e9 co nejp\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vystihnut\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00e9m koryt\u011b pr\u016flehu \u010di p\u0159\u00edkopu. Oba programy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro v\u00fdpo\u010det proud\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00e9m koryt\u011b v\u00a0r\u00e1mci zvolen\u00fdch metod stejn\u00e9 principy v\u00fdpo\u010dtu. Tyto v\u00fdpo\u010dty jsou zalo\u017eeny na Saint Venantovy rovnici, tedy kombinaci rovnice kontinuity a\u00a0v\u011bt\u011b o\u00a0hybnosti [1].<\/p>\n Stanoven\u00ed vlivu a\u00a0efektivnosti ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed je aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed problematika, kter\u00e1 nem\u00e1 sjednocen\u00e9 metodick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. P\u0159itom efektivita jednotliv\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011bla b\u00fdt jedn\u00edm z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch parametr\u016f pro posouzen\u00ed vhodnosti a\u00a0ekonomick\u00e9 v\u00fdhodnosti. Dosavadn\u00ed praxe navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u0161ak obvykle nezahrnuje vyhodnocen\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 efektivnosti n\u00e1vrhu a\u00a0z\u00a0t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f \u010dasto doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e1 nejsou efektivn\u00ed. Z\u00a0tohoto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 pot\u0159eba zpracovat metodiku pro hodnocen\u00ed technicko-ekonomick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti prvk\u016f protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 a\u00a0protierozn\u00ed ochrany a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b ji implementovat do metodick\u00fdch postup\u016f pro navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00ed. Negativn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0a\u00a0ekonomick\u00e1 n\u00e1vratnost opat\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasto pak vede k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee se zem\u011bd\u011blci jako u\u017eivatel\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy, pop\u0159. jej\u00ed vlastn\u00edci zdr\u00e1haj\u00ed zav\u00e1d\u011bt protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed bez pat\u0159i\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1hrad.<\/p>\n Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0vhodn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro hodnocen\u00ed vliv\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed na rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edch \u00fazem\u00edch mohou b\u00fdt pr\u00e1v\u011b hydrologick\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00e9 modely, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed vystihnout nejen zm\u011bny kulmina\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f, posuny kulminac\u00ed \u010di zm\u011bny v\u00a0objemu povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku, tedy veli\u010diny, kter\u00e9 jsou ochrann\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi c\u00edlen\u011b sni\u017eov\u00e1ny, ale i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed parametry podle zvolen\u00e9ho modelu a\u00a0softwaru. Zobrazen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u0161ak v\u00a0mnoha modelech nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 a\u00a0nap\u0159. v\u00a0HEC-HMS lze samostatn\u011b \u0159e\u0161it pouze vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Na\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem je tedy d\u00e1le rozv\u00edjet schematizaci a\u00a0prom\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed do sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00e9ho modelu tak, aby jejich vliv na sledovan\u00e9 veli\u010diny co nejv\u00edce odpov\u00eddal re\u00e1ln\u00e9mu stavu za pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch metod.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl za podpory projektu QJ1520268 \u201eNov\u00e9 postupy optimalizace syst\u00e9m\u016f integrovan\u00e9 ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0kontextu jejich ekonomick\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti\u201c \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho v\u00a0r\u00e1mci programu KUS Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed \u010cR.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" This article describes part of results of the project \u201cQJ1520268 The new procedures of optimization systems integrated protection area in the context of their economic sustainability\u201c. The aim is effectiveness assessment of the designed measures in the Litava basin in hydrological model created in software HEC-HMS (Hydrology Engineering center \u2013 Hydrologic modeling system).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4765,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[1234,1233,1235,212,1232,671],"coauthors":[2906,179],"class_list":["post-4817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-area-erosion-control-measures","tag-hydrological-model","tag-line-erosion-control-measures","tag-litava-basin","tag-precipitaion-runoff-model","tag-schematization"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4817","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4817"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4817\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30461,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4817\/revisions\/30461"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4765"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4817"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4817"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4817"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4817"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a>\nObr.\u00a01. Schematizace pro HEC-HMS
\nFig. 1. Schematization to HEC-HMS<\/h6>\nMateri\u00e1ly a metoda hodnocen\u00ed efektivity opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Tvorba sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00e9ho modelu<\/h2>\n
\n
\n
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a02. Kalibra\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my povod\u00ed Litavy
\nFig. 2. Calibration systems od Litava basin<\/h6>\nN\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Schematizace opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0S-O\u00a0modelu<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 3. Kalibrace S-O modelu
\nFig. 3. Calibration of precipitation-runoff model (red\/dashed red \u2013 profile Rychmanov simulated\/observed, blue\/dashed blue \u2013 Brankovice simulated\/observed, green \u2013 Bu\u010dovice simulated, no observed data)<\/h6>\nV\u00fdsledky a diskuse<\/h2>\n
Vliv a\u00a0efektivita opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n
Tabulka 1. V\u00fdm\u011bry plo\u0161n\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m povod\u00ed
\nTable 1. Size of the area erosion control measures in the basin<\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a04. N\u00e1vrh plo\u0161n\u00fdch protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m povod\u00ed
\nFig. 4. Design of erosion control measures<\/h6>\nTabulka 2. Po\u010dty a d\u00e9lky liniov\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m povod\u00ed
\nTable 2. Quantity and lengths of the line erosion control measures in the basin<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nTabulka 3. Vliv navrhovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na velikost kulmina\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0objemy povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku
\nTable 3. Influence of designed measures on peak flow (Qkul<\/sub>) and runoff volume (W)<\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a05. Graf z\u00e1vislosti zm\u011bny \u010d\u00edsla CN na kulmina\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016ftoku a\u00a0objemu odtoku
\nFig. 5. Graph of CN number, peak flow (blue and red) and runoff volume (green and purple)<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 6. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed hydrogram\u016f pro epizodu E1 ve dvou sledovan\u00fdch profi lech
\nFig. 6. Comparsion of hydrographs in two profiles (flood episode E1)<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a07. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed hydrogram\u016f pro epizodu E2 ve dvou sledovan\u00fdch profilech
\nFig. 7. Comparsion of hydrographs in two profiles (flood episode E2)<\/h6>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a08. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed hydrogram\u016f pro epizodu E3 ve dvou sledovan\u00fdch profilech
\nFig. 8. Comparsion of hydrographs in two profiles (flood episode E3)<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a09. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed hydrogram\u016f pro epizodu E4 ve dvou sledovan\u00fdch profilech
\nFig. 9. Comparsion of hydrographs in two profiles (flood episode E4)<\/h6>\nPod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n