{"id":4681,"date":"2018-04-11T10:16:10","date_gmt":"2018-04-11T09:16:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4681"},"modified":"2024-07-16T14:16:56","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T13:16:56","slug":"water-in-the-cultures-of-old-peru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2018\/04\/water-in-the-cultures-of-old-peru\/","title":{"rendered":"Water in the cultures of old Peru"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed d\u011bjiny Peru jsou obvykle spojov\u00e1ny s\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed Ink\u016f. Je pravda, \u017ee za vl\u00e1dy Inky Pachacutiho se jednalo o\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kter\u00e1 na jihoamerick\u00e9m kontinentu nem\u011bla obdoby. Kdy\u017e Pachacuti v\u00a0r. 1471 zem\u0159el, t\u00e1hla se jeho \u0159\u00ed\u0161e na \u00fazem\u00ed dlouh\u00e9m 3 800\u2008km od dne\u0161n\u00edho Chile na jihu po Ekv\u00e1dor na severu a\u00a0z\u010d\u00e1sti zasahovala i\u00a0do \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed Argentiny, Braz\u00edlie a\u00a0Bol\u00edvie. \u010casto se v\u0161ak zapom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee mohutn\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Ink\u016f vyrostla na z\u00e1kladech des\u00edtek p\u0159edchoz\u00edch kultur, je\u017e si Inkov\u00e9 postupn\u011b podmanili. Tyto kultury m\u011bly mnoh\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00e9ho. Jedn\u00edm ze spole\u010dn\u00fdch atribut\u016f byl posv\u00e1tn\u00fd vztah k\u00a0vod\u011b. Jednou z\u00a0mnoha bo\u017estev byla nap\u0159. Mamacocha (Matka vody) \u2013 inck\u00e1 bohyn\u011b v\u0161ech vod. P\u0159edstavovala nejen mo\u0159e a\u00a0jeho p\u0159\u00edliv, ale vztahovala se t\u00e9\u017e k\u00a0jezer\u016fm a\u00a0\u0159ek\u00e1m, jejich\u017e d\u011btmi byly prameny. Krom\u011b toho, \u017ee star\u00e9 peru\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kultury vodu uct\u00edvaly, s\u00a0nedostatkem i\u00a0nadbytkem vody si dok\u00e1zaly obdivuhodn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem poradit.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Cantalloc \u2013 studna akvaduktu<\/em><\/h6>\n

Mezi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 p\u0159edinck\u00e9 kultury pat\u0159ila kultura Nasca, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1hadn\u00fdmi velkoplo\u0161n\u00fdmi obrazci a\u00a0geoglyfy, kter\u00e9 ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle zpopularizoval Erich von D\u00e4niken. Tato kultura se dok\u00e1zala v\u00a0horsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed geni\u00e1ln\u011b vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s\u00a0nedostatkem vody. K\u00a0zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dod\u00e1vek vody do m\u011bsta a\u00a0pro zavla\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edch pol\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed bavlny, fazol\u00ed, brambor atd. v\u00a0jinak vyprahl\u00e9 oblasti vybudovali akvadukt Cantalloc (nebo t\u00e9\u017e Cantayo), jen\u017e je skute\u010dn\u011b d\u00edlem v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9ho hydrologick\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed a\u00a0je mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 obrazce. Jeho st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se odhaduje na 1500\u20132000\u00a0let. Objeven byl v\u00a0r. 1605 a\u00a0prvn\u00ed z\u00e1znam o\u00a0jeho existenci poch\u00e1z\u00ed od \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho kronik\u00e1\u0159e Reginalda de Lizzaragy.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se \u0159ekne akvadukt, obvykle se n\u00e1m vybav\u00ed visut\u00e1 stavba podobaj\u00edc\u00ed se mostu, jak ji zn\u00e1me z\u00a0dob star\u00e9ho \u0158\u00edma. Cantalloc pln\u00ed sice stejnou funkci, ale na\u0161i za\u017eitou podobu akvaduktu nespl\u0148uje, vede toti\u017e pod zem\u00ed. Voda je p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bna z\u00a012\u2008km vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 hory Cerro Blanco. K\u00a0p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u0161tn\u00edho klimatu, kter\u00fd je extr\u00e9mn\u011b hork\u00fd a\u00a0such\u00fd, je voda vedena podzemn\u00edm potrub\u00edm, kter\u00e9 krom\u011b toho, \u017ee vylu\u010duje odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 kapaliny, sb\u00edr\u00e1 d\u00e1le vodu, kterou filtruje ze zem\u011b. Nejprve byly vykop\u00e1ny 20 a\u017e 50\u2008m vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 studny, dokud se nenarazilo na vodn\u00ed vrstvy. T\u011bchto studn\u00ed, zn\u00e1m\u00fdch jako \u201eojos de agua\u201c (vodn\u00ed o\u010di), je v\u00edce ne\u017e 30, jsou 4\u20135\u2008m hlubok\u00e9 a\u00a0na jejich dno se sch\u00e1z\u00ed po spir\u00e1lov\u00e9m chodn\u00edku. Slou\u017eily z\u00e1rove\u0148 jako inspek\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017ebov\u00e1 m\u00edsta. Jsou propojeny kan\u00e1lem, kter\u00fd je dosud funk\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0je dost vysok\u00fd, aby j\u00edm mohl prol\u00e9zat \u010dlov\u011bk. Na podobn\u00e9m principu jsou vybudov\u00e1ny i\u00a0podzemn\u00ed kan\u00e1ly v\u00a0pou\u0161tn\u00edch oblastech Afriky a\u00a0Asie, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako kan\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Machu Picchu \u2013 pohled na m\u011bsto s terasami<\/i><\/h6>\n

Nem\u00e9n\u011b umu, stavitelsk\u00e9 geniality a\u00a0konstruk\u010dn\u00edho mistrovstv\u00ed p\u0159edvedli ve sv\u00fdch stavb\u00e1ch tak\u00e9 Inkov\u00e9. P\u0159i stavb\u011b proslul\u00e9ho Machu Picchu, na \u00fapat\u00ed ovinut\u00e9m posv\u00e1tnou \u0159ekou Urubamba, vynalo\u017eili obrovsk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed, aby se zbavili p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9 vody. Bez znalosti kola, \u017eelezn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f i\u00a0bez p\u00edsemn\u00e9 podoby sv\u00e9ho jazyka dok\u00e1zali vybudovat na plo\u0161e n\u011bkolika hektar\u016f monument\u00e1ln\u00ed stavby a\u00a0chr\u00e1my, kter\u00e9 by se nedochovaly do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f, kdyby stavb\u00e1m nep\u0159edch\u00e1zely zemn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce sahaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 2,5\u2008m do hloubky. Jejich \u00fa\u010delem bylo odveden\u00ed p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9 vody pry\u010d z\u00a0m\u011bsta. Tuto oblast toti\u017e ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b bi\u010duj\u00ed siln\u00e9 lij\u00e1ky, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed na sv\u011bdom\u00ed \u010dast\u00e9 sesuvy p\u016fdy. Ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b tu spadne p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2\u2008m sr\u00e1\u017eek. In\u010dt\u00ed stavitel\u00e9 proto museli nejd\u0159\u00edve horu zpevnit, co\u017e se jim poda\u0159ilo pomoc\u00ed pozoruhodn\u00e9 soustavy teras, kter\u00e9 jsou pro Machu Picchu \u017eivotn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9. Krom\u011b p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed plodin bylo jejich hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem odv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 vody a\u00a0zpevn\u011bn\u00ed svahu. De\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1 voda by hol\u00e9 svahy bez teras rozmo\u010dila a\u00a0stavby by se po nich svezly dol\u016f. Inkov\u00e9 ale tomu zabr\u00e1nili d\u016fmysln\u00fdm odvod\u0148ovac\u00edm syst\u00e9mem. Archeologov\u00e9 na\u0161li uvnit\u0159 teras vrstvu \u00farodn\u00e9 ornice, pod kterou byla vrstva p\u00edsku a\u00a0pod n\u00ed \u0161t\u011brk a\u00a0vrstva v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch kamen\u016f. D\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee jsou to jak\u00e9si filtra\u010dn\u00ed ochozy schopn\u00e9 pojmout obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek. Voda m\u016f\u017ee t\u011bmito d\u016fmysln\u00fdmi vrstvami bez probl\u00e9m\u016f prosakovat a\u00a0teras\u00e1m nehroz\u00ed zaplaven\u00ed a\u00a0nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed erozi.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Cantalloc \u2013 vy\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed kan\u00e1lu z\u00a0akvaduktu<\/em><\/h6>\n

Cel\u00e9 toto d\u00edlo korunuje d\u016fmysln\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 stup\u0148ovit\u011b \u0159azen\u00fdch font\u00e1n. Inkov\u00e9 s\u00a0vodou bojovali a\u00a0p\u0159itom zde na jej\u00ed oslavu z\u00e1rove\u0148 budovali font\u00e1ny. Ve m\u011bst\u011b je 16 n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch font\u00e1n, kter\u00e9 krom\u011b sv\u00e9 okrasn\u00e9 funkce slou\u017eily i\u00a0jako p\u0159irozen\u00fd zdroj pitn\u00e9 vody. Font\u00e1ny jsou nap\u00e1jeny z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho pramene v\u00a0nedalek\u00e9 ho\u0159e. Inkov\u00e9 od n\u00ed vybudovali kan\u00e1l s\u00a0pe\u010dliv\u011b vypo\u010dten\u00fdm sklonem 3 %, aby p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bl do font\u00e1n pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody. V\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na ro\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed j\u00edm p\u0159it\u00e9k\u00e1 n\u011bco mezi 23\u2013114\u2008l vody za minutu.<\/p>\n

Se z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00edm m\u011bst vodou si Inkov\u00e9 v\u017edy poradili s\u00a0obdivuhodnou zru\u010dnost\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt kdysi kultovn\u00ed centrum Inky Pachacutiho v\u00a0Ollantaytambo s\u00a0velkolep\u00fdm chr\u00e1mem Slunce a\u00a0l\u00e1zn\u011bmi. Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se asi 72\u2008km severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od centra inck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u2013 Cuzca. V\u00a0dob\u011b \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed Peru slou\u017eilo jako pevnost, v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e se ukryl Inka Manco Yupanqui. Prvn\u00ed n\u00e1por \u0160pan\u011bl\u016f se mu poda\u0159ilo odrazit, kdy\u017e si vzal na pomoc pr\u00e1v\u011b vodu. Cel\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed nechal zaplavit \u0159ekou Patacancha. Pitoreskn\u00ed malebn\u00e9 m\u011bste\u010dko je ob\u00fdvan\u00e9 dodnes a\u00a0st\u00e1le j\u00edm proch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00fd zavla\u017eovac\u00ed kan\u00e1l, kter\u00fd je nap\u00e1jen p\u0159ivad\u011b\u010dem z\u00a0okoln\u00edch hor.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Sch\u00e9ma akvaduktu<\/em><\/h6>\n

Tak\u00e9 p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed plodin na m\u00edstech s\u00a0nedostatkem vody vy\u017eadovalo \u0161etrn\u00e9 hospoda\u0159en\u00ed postaven\u00e9 na d\u016fmysln\u00e9m zavla\u017eovac\u00edm syst\u00e9mu. Takov\u00fdm m\u00edstem je b\u00fdval\u00e9 m\u011bsto Tip\u00f3n nal\u00e9zaj\u00edc\u00ed se 22\u2008km jihov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Cuzca. Dnes jsou tu jen zbytky p\u016fvodn\u00edch staveb, ale i\u00a0ty uchv\u00e1t\u00ed sv\u00fdm architektonick\u00fdm stylem. Krom\u011b chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho komplexu se tu nach\u00e1z\u00ed i\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed 900\u2008m\u00b3 vody nap\u00e1jen\u00e1 z\u00a0kamenn\u00e9ho akvaduktu na kopci a\u00a0s\u00ed\u0165 dosud perfektn\u011b zachoval\u00fdch vodn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f, jimi\u017e jsou zavla\u017eov\u00e1ny \u0161irok\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 terasy. Archeologov\u00e9 nevylu\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee Tip\u00f3n ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b slou\u017eil jako jak\u00e9si experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed centrum inck\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Machu Picchu \u2013 rozvod vody m\u011bstem<\/em><\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Machu Picchu \u2013 font\u00e1na<\/em><\/h6>\n

Inkov\u00e9 vodu pou\u017e\u00edvali nejen na pit\u00ed a\u00a0zavla\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pol\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 na o\u010distu t\u011bla i\u00a0ducha. Za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem vybudovali \u0159adu l\u00e1zn\u00ed, je\u017e m\u011bly i\u00a0ob\u0159adn\u00ed \u010di ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u010del. Takov\u00e9 l\u00e1zn\u011b se nal\u00e9zaj\u00ed nap\u0159. pobl\u00ed\u017e Cuzka v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b zvan\u00e9m Tambo Machay. Le\u017e\u00ed u\u00a0pramene, z\u00a0n\u011bho\u017e je rozvedena soustava kan\u00e1l\u016f a\u00a0vodop\u00e1d\u016f, kter\u00e9 proch\u00e1zej\u00ed terasovit\u00fdmi skalami. Na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm stupni jsou um\u00edst\u011bny \u010dty\u0159i lichob\u011b\u017en\u00edkov\u00e9 v\u00fdklenky, je\u017e patrn\u011b slou\u017eily jako sed\u00e1tka. Z\u00a0otvoru ve spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kask\u00e1dy trysk\u00e1 pramenit\u00e1 podzemn\u00ed voda vy\u00fast\u011bn\u00e1 do mal\u00e9ho vodop\u00e1du, kter\u00fd je vysok\u00fd pr\u00e1v\u011b tak, aby se pod n\u00edm mohl osprchovat stoj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk. D\u00e1le se pramen rozd\u011bluje do dvou kan\u00e1lk\u016f, kter\u00fdmi voda st\u00e9k\u00e1 a\u017e na zem. Rozvod vody do kan\u00e1lk\u016f byl vytvo\u0159en tak, aby jimi prot\u00e9kalo identick\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody. Pro\u010d tomu tak je, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1hadou. \u00dadajn\u011b se tu om\u00fdvali pouze p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed inck\u00e9 \u0161lechty, a\u00a0to v\u00fdhradn\u011b p\u0159i ritu\u00e1lech.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Ollantaytambo \u2013 p\u0159ivad\u011b\u010d vody do m\u011bsta<\/em><\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Ollantaytambo \u2013 rozvod vody m\u011bstem<\/em><\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Tip\u00f3n \u2013 vodn\u00ed kan\u00e1ly (fotografie: Lucie Reme\u0161ov\u00e1)<\/em><\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Tambo Machay \u2013 ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e1zn\u011b<\/em><\/h6>\n

Nebyla to v\u0161ak jen voda, ke kter\u00e9 Inkov\u00e9 p\u0159istupovali s\u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou \u00factou. Se stejnou v\u00e1\u017enost\u00ed a\u00a0ob\u0159adnost\u00ed uct\u00edvali Slunce, M\u011bs\u00edc, Zemi a\u00a0\u0159adu dal\u0161\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pova\u017eovali za bo\u017esk\u00e9. Jejich p\u0159\u00edze\u0148 si bylo nutno z\u00edsk\u00e1vat ob\u011btn\u00edmi ob\u0159ady. D\u011btsk\u00e9 ob\u011bti p\u0159itom nebyly v\u00fdjimkou.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The oldest history of Peru is usually associated with the Inca Empire. It is true that during the reign of Inka Pachacuti, this was an empire that was unparalleled in the South American continent. When Pachacuti died in 1471, his empire was dragged over 3,800 km from Chile today to the south after Ecuador to the north, and partly to the territory of today’s Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4635,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[1200,118],"coauthors":[1140],"class_list":["post-4681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-culture","tag-water"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4681","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4681"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4681\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30448,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4681\/revisions\/30448"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4635"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4681"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4681"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4681"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}