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<\/a>\n\u00davod<\/h2>\n
Adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by mohla pomoci se p\u0159izp\u016fsobit zm\u011bn\u00e1m klimatu a\u00a0jejich d\u016fsledk\u016fm, jsou v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti navrhov\u00e1na a\u00a0zav\u00e1d\u011bna na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed a\u00a0region\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni, dotknou se v\u0161ak i\u00a0jednotlivc\u016f a\u00a0jejich ka\u017edodenn\u00edch \u017eivot\u016f. Ob\u010dan\u00e9 sami budou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edvat k\u00a0realizaci n\u011bkter\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bt vlastn\u00ed, individu\u00e1ln\u00ed, kroky k\u00a0minimalizaci dopad\u016f na sv\u016fj \u017eivot a\u00a0majetek. Realizace adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed proto do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry z\u00e1vis\u00ed na n\u00e1zoru a\u00a0reakci ve\u0159ejnosti. Podpora ve\u0159ejnosti m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0implementaci politik a\u00a0ovlivnit ochotu politik\u016f p\u0159ijmout konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed [1].<\/p>\n
Z\u00a0t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f jsme uskute\u010dnili na ja\u0159e 2016 dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed obyvatel \u010cR, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci kter\u00e9ho jsme zkoumali pr\u00e1v\u011b postoje a\u00a0preference v\u016f\u010di adapta\u010dn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm. Zji\u0161\u0165ovali jsme, jak\u00e9 \u017eiveln\u00e9 pohromy \u010ce\u0161i o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed, jak\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed d\u016fsledky zm\u011bny klimatu, jak\u00e1 ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 a\u00a0individu\u00e1ln\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed, jak\u00e9 preferuj\u00ed pl\u00e1ny na p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed se zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu a\u00a0jestli by byli ochotni n\u00e9st n\u00e1klady zaveden\u00ed takov\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n
Materi\u00e1l a\u00a0metody<\/h2>\n
V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku analyzujeme data z\u00a0dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo provedeno na reprezentativn\u00edm vzorku obyvatel \u010cR prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm webov\u00e9ho dotazn\u00edku zaslan\u00e9ho respondent\u016fm v\u00a0aktivn\u011b spravovan\u00e9m panelu, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e je identita dotazovan\u00fdch pravideln\u011b ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1na. Bylo celkem z\u00edsk\u00e1no 3 666 platn\u00fdch dotazn\u00edk\u016f od obyvatel star\u0161\u00edch 18\u00a0let. Vzorek je reprezentativn\u00ed pro 8 region\u016f (NUTS 2) na z\u00e1klad\u011b kv\u00f3tn\u00edch charakteristik, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b velikost m\u00edsta bydli\u0161t\u011b, v\u011bk, pohlav\u00ed a\u00a0vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n
V\u0161ech respondent\u016f jsme se ptali, jak \u010dasto budou oni a\u00a0jejich dom\u00e1cnost b\u011bhem p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch 10\u00a0let vystaveni dopad\u016fm \u017eiveln\u00edch pohrom a\u00a0jak z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 dopady \u017eiveln\u00edch pohrom o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u010detnosti a\u00a0z\u00e1va\u017enosti dopad\u016f \u017eiveln\u00edch pohrom bylo m\u011b\u0159eno s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm sedmibodov\u00e9 Likertovy \u0161k\u00e1ly a\u00a0byla nab\u00eddnuta mo\u017enost, \u017ee se \u017eiveln\u00ed pohroma respondentovy dom\u00e1cnosti net\u00fdk\u00e1. Na obr<\/em>.\u00a02 uv\u00e1d\u00edme pod\u00edly z\u00a0dot\u00e1zan\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed uvedli, \u017ee se jich \u017eiveln\u00ed pohroma t\u00fdk\u00e1.<\/p>\n V\u0161ichni dot\u00e1zan\u00ed tak\u00e9 zodpov\u00eddali ot\u00e1zku, jak\u00e9 budou d\u016fsledky zm\u011bny klimatu do roku 2040, nebudou-li podniknuty \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 kroky vedouc\u00ed k\u00a0zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed zm\u011bny klimatu (\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 nov\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed). Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b byli po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1ni uv\u00e9st na \u0161k\u00e1le od 1 do 7, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry souhlas\u00ed s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee nastanou r\u016fzn\u00e9 situace (nap\u0159. budou \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed sucha, zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed se produkce potravin a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed). V\u00a0textu uv\u00e1d\u00edme pod\u00edly ze v\u0161ech odpov\u011bd\u00ed.<\/p>\n \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci v\u00fdzkumu byli n\u00e1sledn\u011b n\u00e1hodn\u011b rozd\u011bleni do t\u0159\u00ed podskupin, z\u00a0nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 obdr\u017eela jinou verzi v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho experimentu a\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed jin\u00fdch adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. V\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku analyzujeme data ze dvou podskupin, z\u00a0nich\u017e prvn\u00ed podskupina obdr\u017eela adapta\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed dopady povodn\u00ed a\u00a0druh\u00e1 podskupina obdr\u017eela opat\u0159en\u00ed sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed dopady sucha. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu je po\u010det respondent\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed volili v\u00a0experimentu na sucho, 1 213 a\u00a0na povodn\u011b 1 160. T\u0159et\u00ed podskupina volila pl\u00e1ny sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed dopady sucha i\u00a0povodn\u00ed dle z\u00e1va\u017enosti jejich dopad\u016f a\u00a0pod\u00edl\u016f ohro\u017een\u00fdch obyvatel, ale v\u00fdsledky tohoto v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho experimentu nejsou v\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku prezentov\u00e1ny (v\u00fdsledky lze naj\u00edt ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b [2]).<\/p>\n Pro hodnocen\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed jsme se respondent\u016f ptali, jestli by zavedli \u010di nezavedli r\u016fzn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed na \u0161k\u00e1le od 1 do 7, kdy 1 znamenala \u201erozhodn\u011b zav\u00e9st\u201c a\u00a07 \u201erozhodn\u011b nezav\u00e9st\u201c, nebo mohli vybrat mo\u017enost \u201enev\u00edm\u201c.<\/p>\n Preference ob\u010dan\u016f byly zkoum\u00e1ny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho experimentu, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci kter\u00e9ho respondenti volili mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi adapta\u010dn\u00edmi pl\u00e1ny, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161ily pod\u00edlem p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch a\u00a0technick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, druhem nestavebn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, pod\u00edlem opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 p\u0159isp\u011bj\u00ed ke zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed klimatu, a\u00a0tak\u00e9 vyvolan\u00fdmi n\u00e1klady, kter\u00e9 by dom\u00e1cnosti respondent\u016f musely n\u00e9st p\u0159i jejich zaveden\u00ed.<\/p>\n Respondent\u016fm byla volba podoby adapta\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu v\u00a0dotazn\u00edku p\u0159edstavena jako jist\u00e1 forma referenda, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci kter\u00e9ho bychom r\u00e1di zjistili, jak\u00fd pl\u00e1n by lid\u00e9 up\u0159ednost\u0148ovali. D\u00e1le bylo vysv\u011btleno, \u017ee prob\u00edh\u00e1 diskuse mezi odborn\u00edky a\u00a0politiky, jak\u00fd by N\u00e1rodn\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1n adaptace na zm\u011bnu klimatu m\u011bl b\u00fdt, a\u00a0\u017ee tento dokument bude schv\u00e1len vl\u00e1dou a\u00a0bude stanovovat v\u00fd\u0161i finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 by se m\u011bly vynakl\u00e1dat na opat\u0159en\u00ed pro p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed se zm\u011bn\u00e1m klimatu. V\u00a0dob\u011b realizace \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed se N\u00e1rodn\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1n adaptace na zm\u011bnu klimatu teprve p\u0159ipravoval, tak\u017ee mohl b\u00fdt vyu\u017eit pro sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho experimentu. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1n adaptace na zm\u011bnu klimatu byl schv\u00e1len vl\u00e1dou \u010cR 16. ledna 2017 [3].<\/p>\n Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f respondenta bylo v\u00a0dotazn\u00edku zd\u016fvodn\u011bno jako zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cen pitn\u00e9 vody a\u00a0v\u00fdrobk\u016f v\u00a0d\u016fsledku toho, \u017ee st\u00e1t, spr\u00e1vy povod\u00ed a\u00a0spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed pitnou vodu, budou muset prov\u00e9st nov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed. Zaveden\u00edm poplatk\u016f za zastavov\u00e1n\u00ed ploch nebo za vysok\u00e9 odb\u011bry vody by se podnik\u016fm zv\u00fd\u0161ily n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdrobu. V\u0161echny tyto n\u00e1klady by se z\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti prom\u00edtly do zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cen pitn\u00e9 vody a\u00a0v\u00fdrobk\u016f, kter\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u011b v\u0161echny dom\u00e1cnosti plat\u00ed.<\/p>\n C\u00edlem v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho experimentu je zjistit preference respondent\u016f ohledn\u011b typ\u016f adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b jsme vyzvali respondenty volit mezi pl\u00e1ny, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161ily:<\/p>\n P\u0159ed volbou pl\u00e1nu jsme respondent\u016fm v\u00a0dotazn\u00edku vysv\u011btlili, \u017ee bychom cht\u011bli zjistit, jak\u00e9 druhy opat\u0159en\u00ed pova\u017euj\u00ed za nejlep\u0161\u00ed. V\u00fdb\u011brovou kartu pro opat\u0159en\u00ed na zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed \u0161kod ze sucha ilustruje obr. 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n Respondenti volili mezi dv\u011bma pl\u00e1ny a\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi celkem p\u011btkr\u00e1t a\u00a0alternativy byly pops\u00e1ny efektivn\u00edm designem rozd\u011blen\u00fdm do 15 blok\u016f. Charakteristiky pl\u00e1n\u016f a\u00a0\u00farovn\u011b, kter\u00e9 se respondent\u016fm zobrazovaly, jsou shrnuty v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n Data byla statisticky a\u00a0ekonometricky analyzov\u00e1na. U\u017eit\u00e9 byly zejm\u00e9na modely diskr\u00e9tn\u00ed volby. Pro tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byla ochota platit odhadnuta multinomi\u00e1ln\u00ed podm\u00edn\u011bnou logistickou regres\u00ed. Teoretick\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem ekonometrick\u00e9ho modelu je model n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho u\u017eitku (\u201erandom utility model\u201c) [4].<\/p>\n Pro anal\u00fdzu dat z\u00a0v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho experimentu jsme identifikovali protestuj\u00edc\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u017edy ve v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9m experimentu zvolili \u201e\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd pl\u00e1n\u201c a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 projevovali nesouhlas s\u00a0p\u0159edstaven\u00fdm sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159em\u00a0zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00edho ak\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sucha protestovala necel\u00e1 3\u00a0% respondent\u016f, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b povodn\u00ed pouze okolo 2\u00a0%. Pouze 1\u00a0% respondent\u016f nev\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee budou v\u00fdnosy zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cen skute\u010dn\u011b vyu\u017eity na realizaci pl\u00e1nu. Ekonometrick\u00e9 modely jsou v\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku pak odhadnut\u00e9 s\u00a0vylou\u010den\u00edm t\u011bchto protestn\u00edch voleb. D\u016fvodem pro vylou\u010den\u00ed protestuj\u00edc\u00edch je, \u017ee vlastn\u011b nezn\u00e1me jejich preferenci, tedy \u017ee v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jin\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e by mohli volit adapta\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1n nebo nikoliv.<\/p>\n Z\u00a0anal\u00fdz jsme naopak nevylou\u010dili odpov\u011bdi respondent\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed uvedli, \u017ee nebudou oni ani jejich dom\u00e1cnost b\u011bhem p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch 10\u00a0let vystaveni dopad\u016fm \u017eiveln\u00edch pohrom. C\u00edlem bylo toti\u017e zjistit preference obecn\u00e9 populace pro adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 budou financov\u00e1na podle N\u00e1rodn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu v\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. D\u016fsledky zaveden\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00edch pl\u00e1n\u016f se budou t\u00fdkat v\u0161ech obyvatel, nikoliv jen t\u011bch, kter\u00fdch se pohromy bezprost\u0159edn\u011b t\u00fdkaj\u00ed. Pokud respondenti, kte\u0159\u00ed nejsou vystaveni dopad\u016fm pohrom, necht\u011bli p\u0159isp\u00edvat, zvolili \u201e\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd pl\u00e1n\u201c, co\u017e pova\u017eujeme za platnou volbu. Pouze velmi mal\u00fd pod\u00edl respondent\u016f (0,3\u00a0% respondent\u016f, kter\u00fdm byl p\u0159i\u0159azen v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00fd experiment na sucho a\u00a02,4\u00a0% v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho experimentu na povodn\u011b) uvedl jako d\u016fvod volby \u201e\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu\u201c, \u017ee dom\u00e1cnost nen\u00ed ohro\u017eena suchem \u010di povodn\u011bmi. Dal\u0161\u00ed informace k\u00a0dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9mu \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdzy dat v\u010detn\u011b v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00fdch experiment\u016f jsou k\u00a0dispozici ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b z\u00a0v\u00fdzkumu [2].<\/p>\n V\u011bt\u0161ina respondent\u016f, kter\u00fdch se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed povodn\u011b (60\u00a0%), vich\u0159ice \u010di krupobit\u00ed, sesuvy nebo sesed\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy (64\u00a0%) p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee jejich dom\u00e1cnost bude t\u011bmto pohrom\u00e1m v\u00a0p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch deseti letech vystavena stejn\u011b \u010dasto jako v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti. Co se t\u00fd\u010de z\u00e1va\u017enosti, tak u\u00a0povodn\u00ed, vich\u0159ic a\u00a0krupobit\u00ed a\u00a0sesuvu nebo sesed\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy jedinci z\u00a0v\u00edce jak 70\u00a0% p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee dopady budou stejn\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 jako doposud. Z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u016fsledky spojuj\u00ed s\u00a0vlnami horka a\u00a0sucha, kdy u\u00a0horka 42 % a\u00a0u\u00a0sucha t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 50\u00a0% dotazovan\u00fdch p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 zhor\u0161en\u00ed dopad\u016f na svou dom\u00e1cnost. Podle 59\u00a0% respondent\u016f budou jejich dom\u00e1cnosti \u010dast\u011bji vystaveny suchu a\u00a0podle 56\u00a0% respondent\u016f dom\u00e1cnosti budou \u010dast\u011bji vystaveny vln\u00e1m horka (viz obr. 2<\/em>).<\/p>\n \u010cast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyty sucha v\u00a0budoucnu respondenti d\u00e1le spojuj\u00ed se zm\u011bnami klimatu. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku zm\u011bny klimatu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b dv\u011b t\u0159etiny z\u00a0cel\u00e9ho vzorku obyvatel (62\u00a0%) o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed do roku 2040 \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed sucha ve sv\u00e9m\u00a0regionu a\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovina ze v\u0161ech respondent\u016f rovn\u011b\u017e o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00fabytek biodiverzity. V\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159etina p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 celkov\u00e9 zhor\u0161en\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b obyvatel (35\u00a0%) a\u00a0\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed povodn\u011b (29\u00a0%).<\/p>\n Podobn\u011b jako \u010ce\u0161i tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161ina Ital\u016f (62\u00a0%) o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 do roku 2040 \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed sucha v\u00a0d\u016fsledku klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Naopak pouze 37\u00a0% Brit\u016f m\u00e1 stejn\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Povodn\u011b v\u0161ak o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 41\u00a0% Brit\u016f a\u00a051\u00a0% Ital\u016f [5]. Bou\u0159e a\u00a0povodn\u011b, nep\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost po\u010das\u00ed, sucho a\u00a0vlny veder, ale i\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hladiny mo\u0159\u00ed jsou nej\u010dast\u011bji jmenovan\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 dopady zm\u011bny klimatu tak\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad ve studii proveden\u00e9 ve Francii, N\u011bmecku, Norsku a\u00a0Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii [6].<\/p>\n Mezi opat\u0159en\u00edmi zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmi dopady sucha v\u00a0kraji z\u00edskalo nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed podporu opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by do kraje p\u0159ineslo zlep\u0161en\u00ed a\u00a0vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v\u00edce zelen\u00fdch a\u00a0vodn\u00edch ploch (71\u00a0%). D\u00e1le by jedinci v\u00a0nadpolovi\u010dn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b uv\u00edtali informace o\u00a0zp\u016fsobech chov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem sucha (58\u00a0%), budov\u00e1n\u00ed mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f (54\u00a0%) nebo regulaci spot\u0159eby vody v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha (53\u00a0%). Nejv\u00edce kriticky se respondenti stav\u011bli k\u00a0tzv. zelen\u00fdm st\u0159ech\u00e1m na budov\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 by zavedlo pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed sucha jen 35\u00a0% dot\u00e1zan\u00fdch a\u00a0jsou tak nejm\u00e9n\u011b preferovan\u00fdm typem opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n Tak\u00e9 na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni respondenti pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed negativn\u00edch d\u016fsledk\u016f sucha podporovali zejm\u00e9na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed (obr. 3<\/em>), konkr\u00e9tn\u011b nej\u010dast\u011bji zm\u011bnu zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch (72\u00a0%) a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b (69\u00a0%). T\u0159et\u00edm nejv\u00edce podporovan\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm je pot\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00ed a\u00a0de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 vody. Nejkriti\u010dt\u011bji se respondenti vyjad\u0159ovali naopak k\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by se jich mohlo dot\u00fdkat p\u0159\u00edmo a\u00a0to dan\u011b \u010di poplatky za nadm\u011brnou spot\u0159ebu vody. Toto opat\u0159en\u00ed odm\u00edt\u00e1 30\u00a0% dot\u00e1zan\u00fdch a\u00a0p\u0159ijalo by ho pouh\u00fdch 18\u00a0%.<\/p>\n Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed preference p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed lze naj\u00edt i\u00a0ve\u00a0studi\u00edch z\u00a0jin\u00fdch zem\u00ed [5, 7, 8]. Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy se v\u0161ak sp\u00ed\u0161e zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na preference ur\u010dit\u00fdch skupin obyvatel, nap\u0159. farm\u00e1\u0159\u016f [9, 10] \u010di turist\u016f [11], nebo jsou prov\u00e1d\u011bny v\u00a0jin\u00e9m geografick\u00e9m regionu, tak\u017ee se orientuj\u00ed na jin\u00e9 dopady zm\u011bny klimatu, adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0jejich kombinace [12]. Prezentovan\u00e1 studie je v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00a0tom, \u017ee se zam\u011b\u0159uje na preference obecn\u00e9 populace v\u00a0regionu, kde obdobn\u00e1 studie nebyla doposud provedena, a\u00a0na bal\u00ed\u010dek r\u016fzn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n Co se t\u00fd\u010de povodn\u00ed, tak nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl respondent\u016f na krajsk\u00e9 \u00farovni up\u0159ednost\u0148uje \u00fadr\u017ebu a\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed koryt \u0159ek \u010di potok\u016f (73\u00a0%) a\u00a0udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0tvorbu zelen\u011b, mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0jez\u00edrek zachycuj\u00edc\u00edch vodu (71\u00a0%). T\u0159et\u00edm nejp\u0159ijateln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm pro respondenty bylo strategick\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00edch, kter\u00e9 podpo\u0159ilo v\u00edce jak t\u0159i p\u011btiny respondent\u016f (66\u00a0%). Oproti tomu nejkriti\u010dt\u011bji se respondenti vyslovili op\u011bt v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tzv. zelen\u00fdch st\u0159ech, kter\u00e9 by i\u00a0v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159ijalo jen 35\u00a0% dot\u00e1zan\u00fdch. V\u00fdznamn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl by zavedl jednoduch\u00e1 a\u00a0zn\u00e1m\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed proti povodn\u00edm jako pytlov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0budov\u00e1n\u00ed protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch z\u00e1bran (39\u00a0% a\u00a047\u00a0%). Na celorepublikov\u00e9 \u00farovni jsou pro povodn\u011b nejv\u00edce preferovan\u00e1 stejn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed jako pro sucho, i\u00a0kdy\u017e opat\u0159en\u00ed pro sucho a\u00a0povodn\u011b byla hodnocena jin\u00fdmi respondenty (viz kapitola Materi\u00e1l a\u00a0metody).<\/p>\n Mezi opat\u0159en\u00edmi zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed dopady vln veder bylo nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pasivn\u00ed chlazen\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch budov, respektive izolace, \u017ealuzie a\u00a0rolety. Pro zaveden\u00ed t\u00e9to mo\u017enosti bylo p\u0159es t\u0159i p\u011btiny lid\u00ed (63\u00a0%). Nadpolovi\u010dn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina respondent\u016f by podpo\u0159ila pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstavby rozvoje (56\u00a0%). \u010ce\u0161i byli naopak kriti\u010dt\u00ed k\u00a0aktivn\u00edmu chlazen\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch budov, klimatizaci, kterou by necht\u011blo po\u0159izovat 17\u00a0% respondent\u016f a\u00a0pro zaveden\u00ed bylo pouh\u00fdch 25\u00a0% jedinc\u016f. O\u00a0n\u011bco l\u00e9pe byla hodnocena klimatizace v\u00a0prost\u0159edc\u00edch hromadn\u00e9 dopravy, kterou by uv\u00edtalo 37\u00a0% a\u00a0nezavedlo 11\u00a0% respondent\u016f. V\u00a0obou p\u0159\u00edpadech klimatizace se ale hodnocen\u00ed koncentrovalo ve st\u0159edov\u00e9 kategorii.<\/p>\n \u010ce\u0161i jsou ochotni i\u00a0n\u00e9st \u010d\u00e1st n\u00e1klad\u016f na opat\u0159en\u00ed zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed dopady sucha a\u00a0povodn\u00ed. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy dat z\u00a0v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho experimentu jsme zjistili, \u017ee v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru jsou respondenti ochotni zaplatit za adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed 1 000\u2008K\u010d (sucho) nebo 923\u2008K\u010d (povodn\u011b) m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b za dom\u00e1cnost (viz tabulka 2<\/em>). Dot\u00e1zan\u00ed siln\u011b preferuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed. Ochota platit se sni\u017euje s\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00fdm procentem, o\u00a0kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed nahrazov\u00e1na technick\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi (viz obr. 4<\/em>). Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pod\u00edlu 50% technick\u00fdch a\u00a050% p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed ochota platit za adapta\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny klesne na 660\u2008K\u010d m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b za dom\u00e1cnost pro opat\u0159en\u00ed na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dopad\u016f sucha (1000\u201350*6,8\u2008K\u010d) a\u00a0na 640\u2008K\u010d m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b za dom\u00e1cnost u\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed (923\u201350*5,7\u2008K\u010d).<\/p>\n Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f z\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republiky se\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00edm umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdzkum realizovan\u00fd autory \u010dl\u00e1nku v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, It\u00e1lii a\u00a0ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii na vzorc\u00edch obyvatel ve v\u011bku 18\u201369\u00a0let [5]. V\u00a0tomto v\u00fdzkumu jsme se zam\u011b\u0159ili na preference pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed. Zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 vody je jedno z\u00a0nejv\u00edce preferovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed dopad\u016f sucha ve v\u0161ech t\u0159ech zem\u00edch. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice byla ochota platit za zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 vody t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u011b vysok\u00e1 jako ochota platit za vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f, v\u00fdstavbu mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f, \u010di za zm\u011bny zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b (403 a\u017e 447\u2008K\u010d za jednotliv\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b za dom\u00e1cnost). Naopak ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii je ze v\u0161ech opat\u0159en\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ochota platit za v\u00fdstavbu velk\u00fdch p\u0159ehrad. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i\u00a0ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii je vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f velmi obl\u00edben\u00e9 a\u00a0ochota platit je jen o\u00a0m\u00e1lo ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e za p\u0159ehrady. Italov\u00e9 up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159ed ostatn\u00edmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi nestavebn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na da\u0148ov\u00e9 \u00falevy na technologie \u0161et\u0159\u00edc\u00ed vodu. Preference pro adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje nejen typ opat\u0159en\u00ed ale i\u00a0vn\u00edman\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry si lid\u00e9 mysl\u00ed, \u017ee jsou opat\u0159en\u00ed zavedena [5].<\/p>\n Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed preferenc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch, strukturn\u00edch, technick\u00fdch a\u00a0m\u011bkk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed poskytuje tak\u00e9 nap\u0159. \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 studie [8], ve kter\u00e9 jsou respondenti ochotn\u00ed zaplatit za zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed zalesn\u011bn\u00ed o\u00a040\u00a0% a\u017e 260 CHF na osobu za rok (cca 5\u00a0800\u2008K\u010d), ale je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee design v\u00fdzkumu byl jin\u00fd. Ochota platit za opat\u0159en\u00ed proti suchu byla tak\u00e9 zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na v\u00a0n\u011bkolika americk\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumech. Nap\u0159\u00edklad podle Wangov\u00e9 [13] je ochota platit za vodu 0,0120\u20130,048 USD\/m3<\/sup> (0,23\u20130,9\u2008K\u010d\/m3<\/sup>) v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na z\u00e1va\u017enosti sucha. Podle Griffina a\u00a0Mjeldeho [14] jsou respondenti ochotn\u00ed zaplatit mezi 12,99 a\u00a048,88 USD (460\u20131 750\u2008K\u010d), aby zamezili omezen\u00edm zp\u016fsoben\u00fdm suchem. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee lid\u00e9 jsou ochotni zaplatit za \u00fa\u010det za vodu m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b o\u00a011,60\u201316,90 USD (350\u2013500\u2008K\u010d) v\u00edce, aby se vyhnuli sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed dod\u00e1vek vody [15].<\/p>\n Z\u00a0dodate\u010dn\u00fdch strukturn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed lid\u00e9 up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u0161kod ze sucha, zbyl\u00e1 dodate\u010dn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed nezvy\u0161uj\u00ed ochotu platit za adapta\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny. Opat\u0159en\u00ed na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u0161kod z\u00a0povodn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed vysok\u00fd potenci\u00e1l sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f (mitigace), jsou m\u00edrn\u011b preferov\u00e1na (ochota platit je 38\u2008K\u010d m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b za dom\u00e1cnost). V\u00a0ostatn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f pomoc\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed nezvy\u0161uje preferenci pro p\u0159ijet\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed (viz tabulka 2<\/em>).<\/p>\n Z\u00a0hlediska ve\u0159ejnosti je nejp\u0159ijateln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed takov\u00fd N\u00e1rodn\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1n adaptace na zm\u011bnu klimatu, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem bude dos\u00e1hnout vysok\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0bude podporovat poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u0161kod ke zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch dopad\u016f sucha. Potenci\u00e1l adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed pro mitigaci je pro v\u011bt\u0161inu respondent\u016f nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. V\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru jsou respondenti ochotni zaplatit za adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed 1 000\u2008K\u010d (sucho) nebo 923\u2008K\u010d (povodn\u011b) m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b za dom\u00e1cnost. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pod\u00edlu 50 % technick\u00fdch a\u00a050 % p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed ochota platit za adapta\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny klesne na 660\u2008K\u010d m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b za dom\u00e1cnost pro opat\u0159en\u00ed na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dopad\u016f sucha a\u00a0na 640\u2008K\u010d m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b za dom\u00e1cnost u\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Za p\u0159edpokladu zaveden\u00ed stejn\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu technick\u00fdch a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed je celkov\u00e1 ochota platit za v\u0161echny dom\u00e1cnosti \u010cR za rok kolem 33\u2008mld. K\u010d.<\/p>\n V\u00fdzkum, jeho\u017e v\u00fdsledky jsou prezentov\u00e1ny v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku, byl realizov\u00e1n v\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projekt\u016f Podpora v\u00fdm\u011bny informac\u00ed o\u00a0dopadech zm\u011bny klimatu a\u00a0adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed a\u00a0region\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni (EHP-CZ02-OV-1-011-2014) financovan\u00e9ho z\u00a0EHP fond\u016f 2009\u20132014 \u2013 programu CZ02 \u2013 \u017divotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, GEMCLIME \u2013 Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed excelence v\u00a0modelov\u00e1n\u00ed klimatu a\u00a0energetiky financovan\u00e9ho z\u00a0programu Horizont 2020 Evropsk\u00e9 komise (H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015) a\u00a0Ekonomie energetiky a\u00a0politiky \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed Univerzity Karlovy (PRIMUS\/17\/HUM\/16).<\/em><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl publikov\u00e1n ve sborn\u00edku konference Vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee 2017, ISBN 978-80-905368-5-2.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The aim of the research is to examine attitudes and preferences of the Czechs for adaptation measures reducing impacts of floods and droughts. In spring 2016, we conducted a survey on a representative sample of the Czech population (3,666 respondents). <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4624,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,86],"tags":[1192,1195,1193,1194,1196],"coauthors":[1137,1138,1139],"class_list":["post-4676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-applied-ecology","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-climate-change-adaptation","tag-discrete-choice-experiments","tag-hard-measures","tag-nature-based-measures","tag-willingness-to-pay"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4676"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4676\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30454,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4676\/revisions\/30454"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4624"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4676"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a>\nObr. 1. Uk\u00e1zka v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 karty pro v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00fd experiment zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na typy adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161kody ze sucha
\nFig. 1. Example of a\u00a0choice card \u2013 choice experiment focused on types of adaptation measures to limit drought damage<\/h6>\n\n
Tabulka 1. Atributy a\u00a0\u00farovn\u011b v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho experimentu
\nTable 1. Discrete choice experiment \u2013 the attributes and their levels<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nV\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n
Tabulka 2. Odhad volby konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u0161kod z\u00a0povodn\u00ed a\u00a0sucha, multinom\u00e1ln\u00ed logistick\u00e1 regrese, po\u00a0vylou\u010den\u00ed protestn\u00edch odpov\u011bd\u00ed
\nTable 2. Choice of specific measures to limit damages from floods and droughts, multinomal logistic regression, after exclusion of protest responses<\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a>\nObr. 2. Vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u010detnosti dopad\u016f \u017eiveln\u00fdch pohrom na dom\u00e1cnosti respondent\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se vyj\u00e1d\u0159ili, \u017ee se jich dan\u00e9 pohromy t\u00fdkaj\u00ed
\nFig. 2. Perception of the frequency of natural disasters impacts on households of respondents who have expressed their concern about the disasters<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 3. Vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed souhlasu \u010di nesouhlasu se zaveden\u00edm navrhovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed dopady sucha v\u00a0\u010cR (%; N = 1196)
\nFig. 3. Agreement or disagreement with the implementation of proposed measures to limit negative impacts of drought in the Czech Republic (%, N = 1196)<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 4. Ochota platit za adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed (v\u00a0K\u010d) v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na pod\u00edlu technick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed (v\u00a0procentech)
\nFig. 4. Willingness to pay for adaptation measures (in CZK) depending on the share of technical measures (in percentage)<\/h6>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n