{"id":4650,"date":"2018-04-11T10:16:15","date_gmt":"2018-04-11T09:16:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4650"},"modified":"2024-07-16T14:17:41","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T13:17:41","slug":"storage-capacity-assessment-of-water-reservoir-on-current-hydrologic-data","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2018\/04\/storage-capacity-assessment-of-water-reservoir-on-current-hydrologic-data\/","title":{"rendered":"Storage capacity assessment of water reservoir on current hydrologic data"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

C\u00edlem p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je p\u0159edn\u00e9st v\u00fdsledky studie, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla za \u00fakol posouzen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti funk\u010dn\u00edch objem\u016f n\u00e1dr\u017ee V\u00edr I\u00a0na aktualizovan\u00e1 vstupn\u00ed data. Studie byla zam\u011b\u0159ena na p\u0159epo\u010det z\u00e1sobn\u00edho objemu, zabezpe\u010denosti nalep\u0161en\u00e9ho odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0na posouzen\u00ed ochrann\u00e9ho objemu n\u00e1dr\u017ee. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edho objemu n\u00e1dr\u017ee bylo provedeno pomoc\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00fdch pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch \u0159ad maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 d\u00e9lky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch \u0159ad. P\u0159epo\u010det ochrann\u00e9 funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee byl proveden pro teoretick\u00e9 povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny odvozen\u00e9 klasickou metodou a\u00a0pomoc\u00ed metody podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobnosti. Zad\u00e1n\u00ed vych\u00e1zelo z\u00a0po\u017eadavku aktualizace v\u00fdpo\u010dtu uveden\u00fdch veli\u010din s\u00a0ohledem na\u00a0prodlou\u017een\u00ed d\u00e9lky m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch vstupn\u00edch hydrologick\u00fdch podklad\u016f, zejm\u00e9na pak s\u00a0p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm na sucho z\u00a0roku 2015 a\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00ed povodn\u011b posledn\u00edch let.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Posledn\u00ed roky ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee probl\u00e9m sucha se v\u00fdrazn\u011b t\u00fdk\u00e1 i\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch region\u016f \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. V\u00a0minulosti se hojn\u011b \u0159e\u0161ila problematika povodn\u00ed a\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 ochrany. Opa\u010dn\u00fd extr\u00e9m byl v\u00a0pozad\u00ed. Dnes je v\u0161ak sucho stejn\u011b v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm t\u00e9matem stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0minulosti povodn\u011b. Posledn\u00ed roky pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejteplej\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0cel\u00e9 historii meteorologick\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. Na mnoha m\u00edstech \u010cR byly pozorov\u00e1ny v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 poklesy hladiny vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. Na v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch toc\u00edch se op\u011btovn\u011b objevily hladov\u00e9 kameny, jedny z\u00a0nejstar\u0161\u00edch inform\u00e1tor\u016f o\u00a0such\u00fdch obdob\u00edch v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Z\u00e1soby podzemn\u00edch vod byly a\u00a0st\u00e1le jsou pod dlouhodob\u00fdmi norm\u00e1ly. N\u011bkter\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee musely kv\u016fli probl\u00e9m\u016fm s\u00a0nedostatkem vody p\u0159istoupit k\u00a0mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm manipulac\u00edm. Nezapom\u00ednejme v\u0161ak, \u017ee mo\u017enost povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed je st\u00e1le p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1, a\u00a0je j\u00ed t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat pozornost. Proto \u00falohy spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0p\u0159ehodnocen\u00edm funk\u010dn\u00edch objem\u016f n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed z\u00a0pohledu aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch hydrologick\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f jsou vysoce aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed. Po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 s\u00a0n\u00edm i\u00a0vl\u00e1dn\u00ed dokument Strategie p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed se zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cR [1], kter\u00fd si problematiku posouzen\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00edch objem\u016f st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed vyty\u010dil jako jeden z\u00a0mnoha c\u00edl\u016f adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0boji proti zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edm\u011btem p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je prezentace v\u00fdsledk\u016f studie, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla za \u00fakol p\u0159epo\u010det \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00edch objem\u016f n\u00e1dr\u017ee V\u00edr I. V\u00fdpo\u010dty byly zam\u011b\u0159eny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na v\u00fdpo\u010det nalep\u0161en\u00e9ho odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee ze st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho z\u00e1sobn\u00edho objemu n\u00e1dr\u017ee p\u0159i zadan\u00e9 zabezpe\u010denosti odtoku a\u00a0na posouzen\u00ed ochrann\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Zad\u00e1n\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0po\u017eadavku podniku Povod\u00ed Moravy, s. p., na aktualizaci v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f uveden\u00fdch veli\u010din s\u00a0ohledem na\u00a0prodlou\u017een\u00ed d\u00e9lky m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch vstupn\u00edch hydrologick\u00fdch podklad\u016f. P\u0159esn\u011bji aktualizaci \u0159ady pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f, tak aby zahrnovala such\u00e9 epizody z\u00a0devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, z\u00a0roku 2014 a\u00a0p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0roku 2015. D\u00e1le aktualizaci hydrogram\u016f povodn\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch jsou zahrnuty ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 extr\u00e9mn\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti z\u00a0roku 1997 a\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch let. Hydrologick\u00e9 podklady poskytl \u010cHM\u00da, pobo\u010dka Brno.<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00ed funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee<\/h3>\n

V\u00fdpo\u010det z\u00e1sobn\u00ed funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee byl proveden pomoc\u00ed programu UNCERESER-VOIR\u00a0[2]. Z\u00e1kladem programu je simula\u010dn\u00ed model chov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, kter\u00fd popsal Star\u00fd, viz\u00a0[3]. Algoritmus softwaru vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0upraven\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rovnice n\u00e1dr\u017ee v\u00a0sou\u010dtov\u00e9m tvaru, kter\u00e1 je omezena podm\u00ednkou typu nerovnosti. V\u00fdpo\u010det zabezpe\u010denosti je proveden podle klasick\u00e9ho vztahu \u010cegodajeva, viz [3], a\u00a0normy \u010cSN 75 2405 [4], kdy je stanovena zabezpe\u010denost podle trv\u00e1n\u00ed PT<\/sub> a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed nedodan\u00e9 vody PD<\/sub>. Simula\u010dn\u00ed model n\u00e1dr\u017ee do v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f zahrnuje i\u00a0ztr\u00e1ty vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Ztr\u00e1ty jsou uvedeny ve form\u011b ztr\u00e1ty vody v\u00fdparem z\u00a0vodn\u00ed hladiny a\u00a0pr\u016fsakem t\u011blesa hr\u00e1ze. Ztr\u00e1ty jsou \u0159e\u0161eny itera\u010dn\u00ed metodou.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Vztah mezi zabezpe\u010denost\u00ed odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0hodnotou nalep\u0161en\u00e9ho odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u2013 re\u00e1ln\u00e1 pr\u016ftokov\u00e1 \u0159ada
\nFig. 1. Relation between reliability of reservoir outflow and total water outflow \u2013 historical flow series<\/h6>\n

Vzhledem k\u00a0v\u00fdznamu vodn\u00edho d\u00edla V\u00edr I\u00a0bylo provedeno i\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pomoc\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch \u0159ad. K\u00a0sestrojen\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch \u0159ad byl pou\u017eit program LRM soft [5]. Algoritmus gener\u00e1toru vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze standardn\u00edho postupu generov\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch \u0159ad, kter\u00fd popsal Star\u00fd, viz\u00a0[6]. \u0158\u00eddic\u00ed rovnice gener\u00e1toru v\u010detn\u011b principu jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed d\u00e1le popsal Kos, viz\u00a0[7].<\/p>\n

Vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee<\/h3>\n

Proces transformace povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byl simulov\u00e1n pomoc\u00ed programu HYDROG [8]. Pro transformaci povodn\u011b (\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rovnice n\u00e1dr\u017ee v\u00a0diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edm tvaru) je v\u00a0programu pou\u017eita explicitn\u00ed diferen\u010dn\u00ed metoda Runge-Kutta 4.\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du. Metoda umo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e1d\u011bt diskr\u00e9tn\u00ed bodovou simulaci spojit\u00e9ho procesu.<\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e1 aplikace<\/h2>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9 \u00fadaje o\u00a0povod\u00ed nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. N\u00e1dr\u017e je vybudov\u00e1na v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u0159eky Svratky a\u00a0\u0159eka Svratka je tak\u00e9 hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtokem vody do n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Plocha povod\u00ed nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 410,35\u2008km2<\/sup>. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd dlouhodob\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtok vody do n\u00e1dr\u017ee je Qa<\/sub> = 3,607\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. Ekologick\u00fd pr\u016ftok tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed hranici sucha je Q355<\/sub> a\u00a0odpov\u00edd\u00e1 pr\u016ftoku 0,48\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. \u010casov\u00e1 \u0159ada pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f byla pou\u017eita z\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ve vodom\u011brn\u00e9m profilu Dale\u010d\u00edn, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u011b nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho v\u00fdparu z\u00a0vodn\u00ed hladiny odpov\u00edd\u00e1 hodnot\u011b Ea<\/sub> = 613\u2008mm\/rok.<\/p>\n

T\u011bleso hr\u00e1ze n\u00e1dr\u017ee V\u00edr I\u00a0je betonov\u00e9 t\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00e9 z\u00a026 blok\u016f. D\u00e9lka hr\u00e1ze v\u00a0korun\u011b hr\u00e1ze je 390\u2008m. Celkov\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka hr\u00e1ze je 67,3\u2008m. \u0160\u00ed\u0159ka hr\u00e1ze v\u00a0korun\u011b je\u00a09\u2008m. Dno \u00fadol\u00ed u\u00a0hr\u00e1ze je 404,24\u2008m n. m. a\u00a0k\u00f3ta koruny hr\u00e1ze je 470,45\u2008m\u00a0n.\u00a0m. V\u00fdpustn\u00e1 a\u00a0odb\u011brn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou tvo\u0159ena 2\u00d7 spodn\u00ed v\u00fdpust\u00ed DN 1 800\u2008mm a\u00a0jednou asana\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdpust\u00ed DN 200\u2008mm. Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed p\u0159eliv je konstrukce korunov\u00e9 nehrazen\u00e9 o\u00a0celkov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce 60,5\u2008m a\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed kapacit\u011b 180,5\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup> p\u0159i hladin\u011b 468,45\u2008m n. m. N\u00e1dr\u017e slou\u017e\u00ed tak\u00e9 k\u00a0elektr\u00e1rensk\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. Na\u00a0prav\u00e9 stran\u011b hr\u00e1ze je vybudov\u00e1na vodn\u00ed elektr\u00e1rna s\u00a0dv\u011bma turb\u00ednami o\u00a0hltnosti 2 \u00d7 12\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. Minim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00fd odtok vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee je MQ = 0,530\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. Ne\u0161kodn\u00fd pr\u016ftok je QNE<\/sub> = 55\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. Celkov\u00fd objem n\u00e1dr\u017ee je V\u00a0= 56,193\u2008mil. m3<\/sup>. Prostor st\u00e1l\u00e9ho nadr\u017een\u00ed je VS<\/sub>\u00a0=\u00a03,800\u00a0mil.\u00a0m3<\/sup>. Z\u00e1sobn\u00ed objem n\u00e1dr\u017ee je VZ<\/sub> = 44,056\u2008mil.\u00a0m3<\/sup>. Ochrann\u00fd objem n\u00e1dr\u017ee je VR<\/sub> = 8,337\u2008mil. m3<\/sup>. Celkov\u00fd rovnom\u011brn\u00fd odb\u011br vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee V\u00edr I\u00a0je stanoven podle manipula\u010dn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du [9] na hodnoty nalep\u0161en\u00e9ho odtoku OP\u00a0<\/sub>=\u00a02,53\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. Nalep\u0161en\u00fd odtok je rozd\u011blen na d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed odb\u011bry a\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00ed odtok do toku MQ. Odb\u011br z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee pro oblast \u017d\u010f\u00e1r nad S\u00e1zavou je Q\u017d\u010e\u00c1R<\/sub> = 0,2\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. Odb\u011br pro V\u00edrsk\u00fd oblastn\u00ed vodovod v\u010detn\u011b odb\u011bru vody pro Brno a\u00a0jeho okol\u00ed je QVOV<\/sub> = 1,8\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. V\u0161echny uveden\u00e9 parametry vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0platn\u00e9ho manipula\u010dn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du k\u00a0vodn\u00edmu d\u00edlu [9].<\/p>\n

Vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00ed funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee<\/h3>\n

V\u00fdpo\u010det byl proveden pro vyhodnocen\u00ed zabezpe\u010denosti odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee PT<\/sub> a\u00a0PD<\/sub>. Vstupn\u00ed hodnoty pro v\u00fdpo\u010det z\u00e1sobn\u00edho objemu n\u00e1dr\u017ee tvo\u0159ila \u010dasov\u00e1 \u0159ada pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch ve vodom\u011brn\u00e9m profilu Dale\u010d\u00edn. D\u00e9lka hydrologick\u00e9 \u0159ady je 65\u00a0let za obdob\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed 1950 a\u017e 2015. Vzhledem k\u00a0\u00fa\u010delu n\u00e1dr\u017ee byla ve v\u00fdpo\u010dtech pou\u017eita i\u00a0data z\u00a0gener\u00e1tor\u016f um\u011bl\u00fdch pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch \u0159ad. Pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely byl vybr\u00e1n a\u00a0pou\u017eit line\u00e1rn\u00ed regresn\u00ed model s\u00a0d\u00e9lkou regresn\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti 4 a\u00a0celkovou d\u00e9lkou generovan\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 pr\u016ftokov\u00e9 \u0159ady 10\u00a0000\u00a0let. Z\u00e1sobn\u00ed objem n\u00e1dr\u017ee byl po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n s\u00a0uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm ztr\u00e1t vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee. \u00daloha byla \u0159e\u0161ena pro hodnotu z\u00e1sobn\u00edho objemu n\u00e1dr\u017ee dan\u00e9ho v\u00a0[9]. Kdy hodnota OP<\/sub> byla postupn\u011b zvy\u0161ov\u00e1na a\u00a0pro volen\u00e9 OP<\/sub> byly v\u017edy dopo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1ny hodnoty zabezpe\u010denost\u00ed PT<\/sub> a\u00a0PD<\/sub>. V\u00fdsledky byly porovn\u00e1ny ze dvou pohled\u016f. Prvn\u00ed byla zm\u011bna PT<\/sub> p\u0159i uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed OP<\/sub> = 2,53\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup> dan\u00e9ho v\u00a0[9]. Druh\u00fd pohled byl ve zm\u011bn\u011b OP<\/sub> p\u0159i uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zabezpe\u010denosti PT<\/sub> = 99,5 % dan\u00e9 v\u00a0[4] a\u00a0[9].<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Vztah mezi zabezpe\u010denost\u00ed odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0hodnotou nalep\u0161en\u00e9ho odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u2013 um\u011bl\u00e1 pr\u016ftokov\u00e1 \u0159ada
\nFig. 2. Relation between reliability of reservoir outflow and total water outflow \u2013 artificial flow series<\/h6>\n

Vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee<\/h3>\n

C\u00edlem \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bylo posoudit, zda a\u00a0jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem n\u00e1dr\u017e p\u0159evede aktualizovan\u00e9 povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny PV100<\/sub>, n\u00e1vrhovou PV1000<\/sub> a\u00a0kontroln\u00ed PV10000<\/sub>. P\u0159itom povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny byly aktualizovan\u00e9 \u010cHM\u00da v\u00a0roce 2008 [10]. Podklady, ze kter\u00fdch byly povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny zkonstruovan\u00e9, zahrnovaly i\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00ed historick\u00e9 povodn\u011b z\u00a0posledn\u00edch let z\u00a0konce minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a\u00a0ze za\u010d\u00e1tku sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Povodn\u011b byly odvozeny jednak klasick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem a\u00a0jednak pomoc\u00ed podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed s\u00a030% podm\u00edn\u011bnou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed objemu povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny, v\u00a0tabulk\u00e1ch uvedeno pod zkratkou PP. Za simulovan\u00e9ho pr\u016fchodu povodn\u011b byl sledov\u00e1n transforma\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0byl ode\u010dten v\u017edy kulmina\u010dn\u00ed odtok vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee Omax<\/sub>, kter\u00fd byl porovn\u00e1n s\u00a0hodnotou ne\u0161kodn\u00e9ho odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee ONE<\/sub>\u00a0=\u00a055\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. D\u00e1le byla ode\u010dtena k\u00f3ta maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hladiny v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei Hmax<\/sub>, kter\u00e1 byla n\u00e1sledn\u011b porovn\u00e1na s\u00a0mezn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnou hladinou MBH stanovenou pro n\u00e1dr\u017e V\u00edr I\u00a0na k\u00f3t\u011b 470,45\u2008m n. m. P\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtech byly testov\u00e1ny dva vybran\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Prvn\u00ed zp\u016fsob neumo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e9st p\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem povodn\u011b povypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edho objemu n\u00e1dr\u017ee, doporu\u010den\u00ed podle [11]. Uveden\u00e1 varianta je v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm textu a\u00a0obr\u00e1zc\u00edch ozna\u010dena jako varianta bez p\u0159edpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Druh\u00fd zp\u016fsob se li\u0161\u00ed od prvn\u00edho zp\u016fsobu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uje operativn\u011b povypr\u00e1zdnit z\u00e1sobn\u00ed objem n\u00e1dr\u017ee p\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem povodn\u011b, tzv. varianta s\u00a0p\u0159edpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm. Pro jednoduchost je z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee hned vypou\u0161t\u011bn odtok roven ne\u0161kodn\u00e9mu odtoku. Jedn\u00e1 se tedy o\u00a0agresivn\u00ed zp\u016fsob \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee ve vztahu ke korytu toku pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Oba zp\u016fsoby \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou pro posouzen\u00ed mezn\u00ed a\u00a0ur\u010duj\u00ed interval, ve kter\u00e9m je mo\u017eno hledat i\u00a0jin\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee za pr\u016fchodu n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n

Vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00ed funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee<\/h3>\n

Obr\u00e1zek 1<\/em> a\u00a02<\/em> ukazuj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f zabezpe\u010denosti PT<\/sub> a\u00a0PD<\/sub>. Opakovan\u011b byla m\u011bn\u011bna hodnota nalep\u0161en\u00e9ho odtoku a\u00a0stanovena zabezpe\u010denost a\u017e byly sestaveny z\u00e1vislosti OP<\/sub> na PT<\/sub> a\u00a0PD<\/sub>. Obr\u00e1zek 1<\/em> popisuje z\u00e1vislost odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0zabezpe\u010denosti stanovenou v\u00a0re\u00e1ln\u00e9 pr\u016ftokov\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b. Obr\u00e1zek 2<\/em> pak popisuje stejnou z\u00e1vislost, ale vstupem do v\u00fdpo\u010dtu je um\u011bl\u00e1 pr\u016ftokov\u00e1 \u0159ada. Ode\u010dty v\u00a0grafech ukazuj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0hodnotami uveden\u00fdmi v\u00a0manipula\u010dn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1du k\u00a0vodn\u00edmu d\u00edlu V\u00edr I\u00a0[9].<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Dosa\u017een\u00e9 efekty p\u0159i transformaci \u2013 varianta bez p\u0159edpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed
\nTable 1. Resulting transformation effects \u2013 alternative without emptying<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Jak bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e. Podle manipula\u010dn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du z\u00e1sobn\u00edmu objemu n\u00e1dr\u017ee 44 056 000\u2008m3<\/sup> odpov\u00edd\u00e1 nalep\u0161en\u00fd odtok OP<\/sub> = 2,53\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup> p\u0159i zabezpe\u010denosti podle trv\u00e1n\u00ed PT<\/sub> = 99,5\u00a0%.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed nalep\u0161en\u00e9ho odtoku OP<\/sub> = 2,53\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup> a\u00a0z\u00e1sobn\u00edho objemu 44\u00a0056\u00a0000\u2008m3<\/sup> je zabezpe\u010denost v\u00a0re\u00e1ln\u00e9 pr\u016ftokov\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b PT<\/sub> = 98,59\u00a0%. Zabezpe\u010denost nevyhov\u00ed a\u00a0rozd\u00edl \u010din\u00ed 0,91\u00a0%. V\u00a0um\u011bl\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b je zabezpe\u010denost PT<\/sub>\u00a0=\u00a097,99\u00a0%. Zabezpe\u010denost op\u011bt nevyhov\u00ed a\u00a0rozd\u00edl \u010din\u00ed 1,51\u00a0%.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed zabezpe\u010denosti PT<\/sub> = 99,5 % a\u00a0z\u00e1sobn\u00edho objemu 44 056 000\u2008m3<\/sup> je nalep\u0161en\u00fd odtok vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee OP<\/sub>\u00a0=\u00a02,32\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup> v\u00a0re\u00e1ln\u00e9 pr\u016ftokov\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b. Nalep\u0161en\u00ed odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee nevyhov\u00ed a\u00a0rozd\u00edl \u010din\u00ed 0,21\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. V\u00a0um\u011bl\u00e9 pr\u016ftokov\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b vych\u00e1z\u00ed nalep\u0161en\u00ed odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee OP<\/sub> = 2,32\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup> a\u00a0rozd\u00edl op\u011bt \u010din\u00ed 0,21\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee<\/h3>\n

Souhrnn\u00e9 zhodnocen\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00fdch efekt\u016f pro oba mezn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed odtoku vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee za pr\u016fchodu povodn\u00ed PV100<\/sub>, PV1000<\/sub> a\u00a0PV10000<\/sub> jsou uvedeny v\u00a0tabulce<\/em>\u00a01<\/em> a\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0uveden\u00fdch tabulek plyne, \u017ee ve variant\u011b bez p\u0159edpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee byl pro v\u0161echny hydrogramy povodn\u00ed ne\u0161kodn\u00fd odtok v\u00a0koryt\u011b pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u017edy p\u0159ekro\u010den. Pozitivn\u00ed skute\u010dnost\u00ed je, \u017ee maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed hladina nebyla pro \u017e\u00e1dnou N-letost dosa\u017eena.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 2. Dosa\u017een\u00e9 efekty p\u0159i transformaci \u2013 varianta s\u00a0p\u0159edpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm
\nTable 2. Resulting transformation effects \u2013 alternative with emptying<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Ve variant\u011b s\u00a0p\u0159edpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee pro hydrogram PV100<\/sub> a\u00a0pro hydrogram PP PV100<\/sub> navr\u017een\u00fd pomoc\u00ed podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed byl ne\u0161kodn\u00fd odtok v\u00a0koryt\u011b pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed kulmina\u010dn\u00edm odtokem dosa\u017een. Pro v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed hydrogramy povodn\u00ed s\u00a0N-letost\u00ed 1 000 a\u00a010 000\u00a0rok\u016f byl ne\u0161kodn\u00fd odtok v\u00a0koryt\u011b pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed kulmina\u010dn\u00edm odtokem v\u017edy p\u0159ekro\u010den. Pozitivn\u00ed skute\u010dnost\u00ed op\u011bt je, \u017ee maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed hladina nebyla pro \u017e\u00e1dnou N-letost dosa\u017eena.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Podle proveden\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee n\u00e1dr\u017e V\u00edr I, kter\u00e1 je za\u0159azena do t\u0159\u00eddy v\u00fdznamnosti A\u00a0(PT<\/sub> \u2265 99,5\u00a0%), m\u00e1 vzhledem k\u00a0aktualizovan\u00fdm dat\u016fm t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o\u00a01\u00a0% men\u0161\u00ed hodnoty zabezpe\u010denosti podle trv\u00e1n\u00ed. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed je i\u00a0nalep\u0161en\u00fd odtok vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Z\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f je z\u0159ejm\u00fd pokles nalep\u0161en\u00e9ho odtoku o\u00a0p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0.21\u2008m3<\/sup>\u2219s-1<\/sup>. Toto sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad odb\u011br vody pro \u017d\u010f\u00e1rsko. Je tedy z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee kapacita zdroje vody pro z\u00e1soben\u00e9 oblasti \u017dd\u00e1rska, Byst\u0159icka, Brna a\u00a0okol\u00ed je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti negativn\u011b nadhodnocena. Vzhledem k\u00a0prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m klimatu je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1vat dal\u0161\u00ed budouc\u00ed pokles p\u0159\u00edtoku vody do n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Toto tvrzen\u00ed je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 prok\u00e1zat d\u016fkladnou anal\u00fdzou vlivu zm\u011bny klimatu na z\u00e1sobn\u00ed objem n\u00e1dr\u017ee. P\u0159itom up\u0159ednostn\u011bn\u00ed odb\u011br\u016f vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee p\u0159ed odtokem vody do toku m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt p\u0159i dlouhodob\u00e9m dr\u017een\u00ed pr\u016ftoku vody v\u00a0\u0159ece Svratce pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed V\u00edr I\u00a0na n\u00edzk\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch fat\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fsledky. Mohou nastat probl\u00e9my spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0jakost\u00ed vody a\u00a0biologickou rovnov\u00e1hou v\u00a0toku. Je tedy z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159i v\u00fdpadku z\u00e1soben\u00ed Brna vodou z\u00a0prameni\u0161t\u011b B\u0159ezov\u00e1, nem\u00e1 Brno ekvivalentn\u00ed n\u00e1hradn\u00ed zdroj.<\/p>\n

Jak ukazuj\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky proveden\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy, \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm je nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edho objemu v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei V\u00edr. Proto\u017ee to v\u0161ak nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9, logicky se nab\u00edz\u00ed hledat p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd z\u00e1sobn\u00ed objem v\u00fd\u0161e po toku, kde se nab\u00edz\u00ed vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee v\u00a0dlouhodob\u011b h\u00e1jen\u00e9m profilu Borovnice.<\/p>\n

Ochrann\u00e1 funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee byla p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1na z\u00a0pohledu pr\u016fchodu aktualizovan\u00fdch povod\u0148ov\u00fdch vln. Dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0tabulk\u00e1ch ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee i\u00a0v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti je jej\u00ed transforma\u010dn\u00ed schopnost nadhodnocena. N\u00e1dr\u017e nen\u00ed schopna bez p\u0159edpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed udr\u017eet kulmina\u010dn\u00ed odtoky pod hodnotou ne\u0161kodn\u00e9ho odtoku. P\u0159edpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je v\u0161ak u\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee V\u00edr I\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e9, proto\u017ee m\u00e1 trvalou obsluhu a\u00a0je nav\u00e1z\u00e1na na vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd dispe\u010dink. Ten z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 operativn\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bdi p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f z\u00a0\u010cHM\u00da, kter\u00fd je poskytuje. Nav\u00edc m\u00e1 i\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed. Spodn\u00ed v\u00fdpusti disponuj\u00ed dostate\u010dnou kapacitou pro uvedenou \u010dinnost.<\/p>\n

Uveden\u00fd zp\u016fsob p\u0159edpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je hodn\u011b agresivn\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech testovan\u00fdch kontroln\u00edch povodn\u00ed vede p\u0159\u00ed dlouh\u00fdch n\u00e1b\u011bz\u00edch vzestupn\u00fdch v\u011btv\u00ed povodn\u00ed ke zna\u010dn\u00e9mu vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edho objemu n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Zpracovatel\u00e9 jej pova\u017euj\u00ed pouze jako mezn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Zp\u016fsoby \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed odtoku je t\u0159eba podrobn\u011b analyzovat a\u00a0zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti prom\u00edtnout do manipula\u010dn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00fd je t\u0159eba s\u00a0ohledem na zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti neprodlen\u011b aktualizovat.<\/p>\n

T\u00fdm zpracovatel\u016f studie p\u0159istupoval k\u00a0p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed ochrann\u00e9 funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee s\u00a0nad\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee bude v\u00a0dan\u00e9 oblasti jej\u00ed kapacita m\u00edrn\u011b p\u0159edimenzovan\u00e1, \u017ee bude mo\u017eno sn\u00ed\u017eit reten\u010dn\u00ed objem n\u00e1dr\u017ee ve prosp\u011bch z\u00e1sobn\u00ed funkce a\u00a0pos\u00edlit jej\u00ed mo\u017enosti v\u00a0oblasti z\u00e1soben\u00ed vodou. Dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zaly,\u00a0\u017ee tato cesta nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1. Jako mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se op\u011bt nab\u00edz\u00ed hledat dal\u0161\u00ed ochrann\u00fd prostor v\u00fd\u0161e po toku, vyu\u017e\u00edt h\u00e1jen\u00fd profil Svratka\/Borovnice pro v\u00fdstavbu nov\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee. D\u016fvod je velmi z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd. N\u00e1dr\u017e V\u00edr I\u00a0je z\u00a0pohledu z\u00e1sobn\u00ed i\u00a0ochrann\u00e9 funkce vzhledem k\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm hydrologick\u00fdm podklad\u016fm poddimenzovan\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek je v\u00fdsledkem specifick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu FAST-J-17-4214 Nov\u00e9 pojet\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhu n\u00e1dr\u017ee v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch hlubok\u00fdch nejistot s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm multikriteri\u00e1ln\u00ed optimalizace.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl publikov\u00e1n ve sborn\u00edku konference Vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee 2017, ISBN 978-80-905368-5-2.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The aim of this paper is to present results of study, which was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of reservoir capacities for updated input data. The study has focused on review of storage capacity, reliability of total reservoir outflow and analysis of flood protection capacity. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4542,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[1176,1175,1174,657],"coauthors":[1120,806],"class_list":["post-4650","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-flood-capacity","tag-reservoir","tag-reservoir-volume","tag-storage-capacity"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4650","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4650"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4650\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30449,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4650\/revisions\/30449"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4542"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4650"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4650"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4650"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}