{"id":4469,"date":"2018-02-12T10:57:11","date_gmt":"2018-02-12T09:57:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4469"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:56:40","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:56:40","slug":"baseflow-evolution-from-the-part-of-bohemian-moravian-highlands","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2018\/02\/baseflow-evolution-from-the-part-of-bohemian-moravian-highlands\/","title":{"rendered":"Baseflow evolution from the part of Bohemian-Moravian Highlands"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00fdvojem podzemn\u00edho odtoku z\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti \u010ceskomoravsk\u00e9 vrchoviny. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0t\u00e9ma aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0vzhledem k\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 situaci tak\u00e9 \u010dasto diskutovan\u00e9. Problematika podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0jejich dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed je z\u00e1sadn\u00edm (nejen) hydrogeologick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, jeliko\u017e nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech, a\u00a0to zejm\u00e9na n\u00edzk\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny, maj\u00ed negativn\u00ed vliv na dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich hladin. Aby mohl b\u00fdt tento stav i\u00a0v\u00fdvoj exaktn\u011b posouzen, byly vypo\u010dteny hodnoty podzemn\u00edho odtoku a\u00a0dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0letech 2006\u20132015 z\u00a0vybran\u00e9\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti \u010ceskomoravsk\u00e9 vrchoviny v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti Nov\u00e9ho M\u011bsta na Morav\u011b. Jeliko\u017e v\u00a0t\u00e9to konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed oblasti nebyly provedeny t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy tohoto charakteru, v\u00fdsledky bude mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt i\u00a0pro p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy. Z\u00edskan\u00e1 data takt\u00e9\u017e pomohou p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit stav a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0t\u011bchto letech pro z\u00e1jmovou oblast. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty umo\u017enily p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zjistit trend a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj podzemn\u00edho odtoku v\u00a0dan\u00e9 oblasti a\u00a0z\u00edskat hodnoty, kter\u00e9 umo\u017en\u00ed porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi oblastmi. V\u00fdpo\u010dty byly uskute\u010dn\u011bny aplikac\u00ed Mailletovy rovnice a\u00a0hydrogeologick\u00e9ho programu PART na data z\u00edskan\u00e1 od \u010cHM\u00da (denn\u00ed pr\u016ftoky v\u00a0toku a\u00a0t\u00fddenn\u00ed vydatnosti pramene v\u00a0letech 2006\u20132015). Stru\u010dn\u011b bylo nutn\u00e9 tak\u00e9 popsat geomorfologii, klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, geologii a\u00a0hydrologii z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti (obr. 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek je zam\u011b\u0159en na problematiku podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich z\u00e1sob. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0\u010dasto \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 t\u00e9ma, jeliko\u017e nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, kter\u00e9 panuj\u00ed v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech, a\u00a0to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm n\u00edzk\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny, zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se teploty a\u00a0z\u00a0toho plynouc\u00ed sucho, maj\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd vliv na dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sob podzemn\u00edch vod. Klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b jsou charakteristick\u00e9 obdob\u00edmi sucha v\u00a0letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, v\u00a0zimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0redukci sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0do\u010dasn\u00e9 akumulaci vody ve form\u011b sn\u011bhu [1]. Hladiny podzemn\u00edch vod se neust\u00e1le sni\u017euj\u00ed. Pro anal\u00fdzu v\u00fdvoje podzemn\u00edho odtoku v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti byla pou\u017eita data o\u00a0denn\u00edch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch na \u0159ece Fry\u0161\u00e1vce a\u00a0data o\u00a0t\u00fddenn\u00edch vydatnostech pramene PB0286 Ski I, Nov\u00e9 M\u011bsto na Morav\u011b, z\u00e1jmov\u00e1 oblast se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edm okraji CHKO \u017d\u010f\u00e1rsk\u00e9 vrchy. Geograficky n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed ob\u011b povod\u00ed geomorfologick\u00e9mu okrsku Pohledeckoskalsk\u00e1 vrchovina, podcelku \u017d\u010f\u00e1rsk\u00e9 vrchy, celku Hornosvrateck\u00e1 vrchovina. Povod\u00ed pramene PB0286 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce zhruba 635\u2013650\u2008m n. m., cca 2\u2008km severn\u011b od centra Nov\u00e9ho M\u011bsta na Morav\u011b a\u00a0p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 300\u2008m od hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Vyso\u010dina Ar\u00e9ny. Pramen Fry\u0161\u00e1vky vyv\u011br\u00e1 na povrch v\u00a0nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce cca 750\u2008m n. m., zhruba 1,5\u2008km severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od obce T\u0159i Studn\u011b, jeho tok pak pokra\u010duje do ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161ek a\u00a0kon\u010d\u00ed zhruba v\u00a0500\u2008m n. m. v\u00a0obci Jimramov. M\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed bod pr\u016ftoku se nach\u00e1z\u00ed zhruba na p\u00e1t\u00e9m kilometru toku, jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0stanici Kadov-Fry\u0161ava (v\u00fdpo\u010dty byly uskute\u010dn\u011bny jen pro \u010d\u00e1st povod\u00ed po tuto stanici \u010cHM\u00da). Tyto dva m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed body (obr. 2<\/em>) jsou od sebe vzd\u00e1leny zhruba 5\u2008km. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty podzemn\u00edho odtoku z\u00edskan\u00e9 pro tyto povod\u00ed byly vyu\u017eity k\u00a0analyzov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0posouzen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se takt\u00e9\u017e vyskytuje term\u00edn efektivn\u00ed infiltrace, kter\u00fd lze pova\u017eovat za synonymum podzemn\u00edho odtoku, av\u0161ak jen v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy v\u00a0povod\u00ed nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm antropogenn\u00edm, odb\u011br\u016fm \u010di p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstk\u016fm vod. Term\u00edn efektivn\u00ed infiltrace tedy nelze pou\u017e\u00edt u\u00a0pramene PB0286, jeliko\u017e v\u00a0jeho povod\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0zimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch k\u00a0zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e je zp\u016fsobeno polohou povod\u00ed v\u00a0JV \u010d\u00e1sti Vyso\u010dina Ar\u00e9ny (vlastn\u00edk\u016fm byla dokonce ulo\u017eena pokuta za nadm\u011brn\u00e9 \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed vod pro zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho Cihelsk\u00e9ho potoka). Geologicky se ob\u011b povod\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00ed velmi bl\u00edzko rozhran\u00ed mezi str\u00e1\u017eeck\u00fdm moldanubikem a\u00a0svrateck\u00fdm krystalinikem, jedn\u00e1 se tedy o\u00a0puklinov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde jsou infiltrace a\u00a0proud\u011bn\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00e1z\u00e1ny na pukliny, trhliny a\u00a0zlomy. Proud\u011bn\u00ed m\u011blk\u00fdch podzemn\u00edch vod je v\u00a0tomto prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00e1z\u00e1no jen na m\u00e1lo vyvinut\u00fd kvart\u00e9rn\u00ed pokryv, hlub\u0161\u00ed ob\u011bh pak na puklinovou propustnost horninov\u00e9ho mas\u00edvu [2]. Pro ob\u011b oblasti jsou charakteristick\u00e9 katazon\u00e1ln\u011b a\u017e ultrametamorfovan\u00e9 horniny, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pararuly, ortoruly, migmatitizovan\u00e9 ortotuly a\u017e migmatity. V\u00a0oblasti povod\u00ed pramene se jedn\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0ortoruly a\u017e migmatity reprezentuj\u00edc\u00ed gfohlskou skupinu moldanubika. M\u00edsty se zde nach\u00e1z\u00ed i\u00a0biotitick\u00e9 migmatity (tzv. arterity). Jednotka str\u00e1\u017eeck\u00e9ho moldanubika je rozd\u011blena na dv\u011b d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti k\u0159\u00eddelsk\u00fdm zlomem, prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edm zhruba v\u00a0linii\u00a0Byst\u0159ice n. P. \u2013 Nov\u00e9 M\u011bsto na Mor. \u2013 Po\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed. Zkoumanou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed povod\u00ed Fry\u0161\u00e1vky se t\u00e1hne men\u0161\u00ed zlom kadovsk\u00fd, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 sm\u011br SZ-JV [3]. Tyto p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 zlomy jsou velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, proto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b rychlou infiltraci vody do horninov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Podzemn\u00ed voda m\u016f\u017ee d\u00edky t\u011bmto dislokac\u00edm proudit na vzd\u00e1lenost a\u017e n\u011bkolika kilometr\u016f [4].<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti (zdroj: \u010cesk\u00e1 geologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba, mapov\u00e1 aplikace: geov\u011bdn\u00ed mapa 1 : 500\u00a0000, dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/mapy.geology.cz\/geocr500\/, upraveno)
\nFig. 1. Approximate location of interest area<\/h6>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Podzemn\u00ed odtok (n\u011bkdy naz\u00fdvan\u00fd jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed) p\u0159edstavuje tu \u010d\u00e1st vod, kter\u00e1 se infiltrovala do p\u00e1sma nasycen\u00ed, ze kter\u00e9ho n\u00e1sledn\u011b odt\u00e9k\u00e1 do ur\u010dit\u00e9ho profilu povrchov\u00fdch vod. K\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00ed podzemn\u00edho odtoku u\u00a0pramene PB0286 byla pou\u017eita Mailletova rovnice [5]. Pro v\u00fdpo\u010det bylo nutn\u00e9 zn\u00e1t plochu povod\u00ed pramene a\u00a0hodnoty vydatnosti pramene. Stanoven\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9 plochy dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed oblasti pro pramen PB0286 bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na kv\u016fli jej\u00ed mal\u00e9 plo\u0161e. Po detailn\u00edm prozkoum\u00e1n\u00ed oblasti byla plocha stanovena na zhruba 0,015\u2008km2<\/sup>. Tento pramen je monitorov\u00e1n \u010cHM\u00da jednou za t\u00fdden za pomoc\u00ed troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00e9ho m\u011brn\u00e9ho p\u0159elivu. Hodnoty vydatnosti jsou ud\u00e1v\u00e1ny v\u00a0l\/s. V\u00fdpo\u010det podzemn\u00edho odtoku pro povod\u00ed Fry\u0161\u00e1vky byl uskute\u010dn\u011bn ve specializovan\u00e9m hydrogeologick\u00e9m programu PART, kter\u00fd vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 hodnoty podzemn\u00edho odtoku d\u00edky hodnot\u00e1m pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0velikosti dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed oblasti zkouman\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti toku. Pou\u017eita byla data o\u00a0denn\u00edch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch ve vodom\u011brn\u00e9 stanici Kadov-Fry\u0161ava spadaj\u00edc\u00ed pod \u010cHM\u00da. Zkouman\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st povod\u00ed Fry\u0161\u00e1vky m\u00e1 plochu o\u00a0velikosti 20,93\u2008km2<\/sup>. Pou\u017eita byla data za roky 2006\u20132015.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Poloha me\u0159ic\u00edch bod\u016f \u010cHM\u00da (zdroj: \u010cesk\u00e1 geologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba, mapov\u00e1 aplikace: geov\u011bdn\u00ed mapa 1 : 500\u00a0000, dostupn\u00e9 z: https:\/\/mapy.geology.cz\/geocr500\/, upraveno)
\nFig. 2. Location of measuring points of CHMI<\/h6>\n

Nejprve bylo nutn\u00e9 z\u00edskat hodnoty pr\u016ftok\u016f ze zkouman\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti toku Fry\u0161\u00e1vky a\u00a0hodnoty vydatnost\u00ed pramene PB0286. Tato data byla zakoupena od \u010cHM\u00da, kter\u00fd poskytl denn\u00ed hodnoty pro Fry\u0161\u00e1vku (v\u00a0m3<\/sup>\/s) a\u00a0t\u00fddenn\u00ed hodnoty pro pramen PB0286 (v\u00a0l\/s). Hodnoty bylo n\u00e1sledn\u011b nutn\u00e9 upravit do spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 podoby v\u00a0textov\u00e9m editoru, jeliko\u017e program PART pracuje jen s\u00a0p\u0159esn\u011b upraven\u00fdmi a\u00a0spr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159eveden\u00fdmi daty. U\u00a0hodnot pr\u016ftok\u016f bylo nutn\u00e9 hodnoty p\u0159ev\u00e9st do jednotek, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00a0USA, jeliko\u017e pou\u017eit\u00fd program byl vytvo\u0159en americk\u00fdmi hydrogeology. Po vlo\u017een\u00ed dat do p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1dku programu podle n\u00e1vodu poskytl program PART v\u00fdsledky ve \u010dty\u0159ech r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch v\u00a0textov\u00e9m dokumentu, a\u00a0to v\u00fdsledky denn\u00ed, m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed (obr. 3<\/em>), \u010dtvrtletn\u00ed a ro\u010dn\u00ed. Hodnoty byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b zpracov\u00e1ny do p\u0159ehledn\u00fdch graf\u016f. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm v\u0161ak bylo op\u011bt nutn\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e9st hodnoty zp\u011bt do na\u0161\u00ed metrick\u00e9 soustavy.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. Uk\u00e1zka v\u00fdstupu z\u00a0programu PART, m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty podzemn\u00edho odtoku pro Fry\u0161\u00e1vku
\nFig. 3. Output from PART, monthly values<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdpo\u010dty pro pramen PB0286 byly m\u00e9n\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e9, nebylo nutn\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt jednotky, jeliko\u017e v\u00fdpo\u010dty byly uskute\u010dn\u011bny v\u00a0programu vytvo\u0159en\u00e9m v\u00a0Excelu, kter\u00fd nav\u00edc vytvo\u0159il grafy v\u00fdvoje v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch hodnot. Tento program vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Mailletovu rovnici [5].<\/p>\n

Metoda z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed hodnoty podzemn\u00edho odtoku na z\u00e1klad\u011b pr\u016ftokov\u00e9ho hydrografu, tedy z\u00e1znamu pr\u016ftoku v\u00a0toku za ur\u010dit\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, by m\u011bla b\u00fdt ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f pou\u017eita pro dlouhou dobu z\u00e1znamu (rok nebo v\u00edce), aby byl z\u00edsk\u00e1n p\u0159esn\u00fd odhad pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho odtoku podzemn\u00ed vody. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee je doba anal\u00fdzy dostate\u010dn\u011b dlouh\u00e1, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zanedbat efekt na vodn\u00ed bilanci ve zm\u011bn\u00e1ch z\u00e1sob, podzemn\u00ed odtok se d\u00e1 pova\u017eovat za efektivn\u00ed infiltraci. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se d\u00e1 tato metoda rozd\u011blit na dva z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kroky: 1. stanoven\u00ed obdob\u00ed zanedbateln\u00e9ho povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku a\u00a0ur\u010den\u00ed podm\u00ednky, kdy dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00ed vody je rovno pr\u016ftoku v\u00a0toku, a\u00a02. interpolace dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod ve dnech mezi t\u011bmito obdob\u00edmi. Pro dan\u00e9 dny je po\u017eadavek p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed recese spln\u011bn, pokud recese byla kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed po dobu N dn\u00ed nebo v\u00edce p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch dn\u00ed [6] (tuto metodu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i\u00a0program PART).<\/p>\n

Program PART<\/h2>\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0automatizovan\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program, kter\u00fd byl vytvo\u0159en na z\u00e1klad\u011b modelu vyvinut\u00e9ho Rorabaughem [7]. Je zalo\u017een na p\u0159edchoz\u00ed recesi pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch hodnot, tedy na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftoku po sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti. Program vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 rozd\u011blen\u00ed pr\u016ftoku pro odhad denn\u00edho z\u00e1znamu podzemn\u00edho odtoku. Zachycuje obdob\u00ed z\u00e1znamu pro dny, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016fm p\u0159edchoz\u00ed recese, infiltrace podzemn\u00ed vody je v\u00a0t\u011bchto dnech rovna pr\u016ftoku. Pot\u00e9 se line\u00e1rn\u011b interpoluje odtok podzemn\u00edch vod ve dnech, kter\u00e9 neodpov\u00eddaj\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016fm na p\u0159edchoz\u00ed recesi [7]. Program PART je ur\u010den pro anal\u00fdzu syst\u00e9mu proud\u011bn\u00ed podzemn\u00ed vody, kter\u00fd je charakterizov\u00e1n dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm difuzn\u00edho prostoru na vodn\u00ed plochu a\u00a0odtokem podzemn\u00ed vody do proudu. Metoda je vhodn\u00e1, pokud se cel\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st nebo v\u011bt\u0161ina podzemn\u00ed vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do toku. Po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee podzemn\u00ed odtok m\u016f\u017eeme br\u00e1t jako pr\u016ftok v\u00a0toku po ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dase od sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti [8] podle n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed rovnice:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nN<\/em><\/td>\nje<\/td>\npo\u010det dn\u016f od sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nA<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nplocha povod\u00ed (ve \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch m\u00edl\u00edch).\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Mailletova rovnice<\/h2>\n

Slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010dtu podzemn\u00edho odtoku z\u00a0hodnot vydatnost\u00ed pramene (pop\u0159. toku), navazuje na rovnici Boussinesqua [9] a\u00a0vypad\u00e1 takto:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nQt<\/sub><\/td>\nje<\/td>\nvydatnost p\u0159i obdob\u00ed vyprazd\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed (recese) vody v\u00a0\u010dase t<\/em>,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nQ0<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/td>\nvydatnost v\u00a0\u010dase t <\/em>= 0,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n\u03b1<\/td>\n<\/td>\nrecesn\u00ed koeficient.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tato rovnice je charakterizov\u00e1na\u00a0exponenci\u00e1ln\u00edm tvarem, kter\u00fd po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 s\u00a0line\u00e1rn\u00edm vztahem mezi hladinou podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0pr\u016ftokem. Nejprve je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edtat recesn\u00ed koeficient alfa, kter\u00fd vyjad\u0159uje sklon hodnot recese, a\u00a0k\u00a0jeho\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010dtu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eita tato rovnice [6]:<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nIn Q0<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\nje<\/td>\np\u0159irozen\u00fd logaritmus maxima odtoku za sr\u00e1\u017ekovou ud\u00e1lost,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nIn Q<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nn\u00e1sledn\u00e9 recesn\u00ed minimum,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nt\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u010dasov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Recesn\u00ed koeficient je pot\u00e9 dosazen do rovnice [10], na z\u00e1klad\u011b kter\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edtat efektivn\u00ed infiltraci a\u00a0objem vody ve zvodni:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nV<\/em><\/td>\nje<\/td>\ndynamick\u00e1 z\u00e1soba,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nQ<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nzm\u011bna v\u00a0z\u00e1sob\u00e1ch podzemn\u00ed vody,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n\u03b1<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nrecesn\u00ed koeficient.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Celkov\u00e1 efektivn\u00ed infiltrace se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 jako sou\u010det zm\u011bn z\u00e1sob b\u011bhem dvou sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a\u00a0objemem podzemn\u00ed vody, kter\u00fd je p\u0159i t\u00e9to ud\u00e1losti dr\u00e9novan\u00fdm pramenem.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n

Povod\u00ed pramene PB0286<\/h3>\n

Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 denn\u00ed hodnoty podzemn\u00edho odtoku za roky 2006\u20132015 jsou v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od 0,035\u2008mm\/den po 4,02\u2008mm\/den, co\u017e jsou pom\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00e9 hodnoty. Nav\u00edc tyto hodnoty vykazovaly vzestupnou tendenci, kter\u00e1 je v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty potvrdily spr\u00e1vnost p\u0159edpokladu vlivu um\u011bl\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00fdvoj trendu v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu let vykazuje m\u00edrn\u011b sestupnou tendenci. Hodnoty dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0letech 2006 a\u017e 2015 (obr. 4<\/em>) se pohybuj\u00ed zhruba od 1 000\u2008m3<\/sup>\/rok do 4 000\u2008m3<\/sup>\/rok.<\/p>\n

Povod\u00ed Fry\u0161\u00e1vky<\/h3>\n

Z\u00edskan\u00e9 hodnoty ro\u010dn\u00edho podzemn\u00edho odtoku (efektivn\u00ed infiltrace) vypo\u010dten\u00e9 pro \u010d\u00e1st povod\u00ed Fry\u0161\u00e1vky v\u00a0letech 2006\u20132015 (obr. 5<\/em>) vykazuj\u00ed z\u0159etelnou sestupnou tendenci. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty efektivn\u00ed infiltrace se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od 167,64\u2008mm\/rok do 398,78\u2008mm\/rok. V\u00a0roce 2014 byla nam\u011b\u0159ena nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hodnota, naopak v\u00a0roce 2006 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 4. V\u00fdvoj dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0letech 2005\u20132016
\nFig. 4. Evolution of groundwater recharge in years 2005\u20132016<\/h6>\n

Hodnoty podzemn\u00edho odtoku se tedy od roku 2006 do roku 2015 sn\u00ed\u017eily, a\u00a0to o\u00a031,43\u00a0%. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty efektivn\u00ed infiltrace (obr. 6<\/em>) kol\u00edsaj\u00ed od nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch v\u00a0prosinci (10,72\u2008mm\/m\u011bs\u00edc) po nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0dubnu (47,88\u2008mm\/m\u011bs\u00edc). Vysok\u00e9 hodnoty v\u00a0dubnu jsou zp\u016fsobeny t\u00e1n\u00edm sn\u011bhu a\u00a0jarn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami, naopak n\u00edzk\u00e9 hodnoty v\u00a0srpnu n\u00edzkou precipitac\u00ed a\u00a0suchem. Trend v\u00fdvoje pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot je v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku tak\u00e9 sestupn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 5. V\u00fdvoj efektivn\u00ed infiltrace v\u00a0letech 2006\u20132015 (hodnoty z\u00edskan\u00e9 z\u00a0programu PART)
\nFig. 5. Evolution of effective inflitration in years 2006\u20132015 (values obtained from program PART)<\/h6>\n

Pro povod\u00ed Fry\u0161\u00e1vky bylo d\u00e1le vypo\u010dteno procento sr\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159ilo podzemn\u00ed odtok. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty v\u0161ak dosahovaly a\u017e 55\u00a0%. Takto vysok\u00e9 procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek v\u00a0podzemn\u00edm odtoku je nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9. Pro tento v\u00fdpo\u010det byla pou\u017eita data o\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrnech pro kraj Vyso\u010dina, jeho\u017e pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka je okolo 400\u2013500\u2008m n. m. V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 procenta mohou b\u00fdt tedy pouze orienta\u010dn\u00ed, jeliko\u017e nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st povod\u00ed Fry\u0161\u00e1vky dosahuje a\u017e 750\u2008m n. m. Je toti\u017e nutn\u00e9 vz\u00edt v\u00a0\u00favahu tzv. sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd gradient [4], kter\u00fd p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee s\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstem nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky o\u00a0100\u2008m se sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny zvy\u0161uj\u00ed zhruba o\u00a040\u201360\u2008mm.<\/p>\n

Diskuse<\/h2>\n

U\u00a0povod\u00ed pramene PB0286, Ski I, Nov\u00e9 M\u011bsto na Morav\u011b bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed doch\u00e1zelo v\u00a0letech 2005\u20132016 k\u00a0zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159esn\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed zasn\u011b\u017eovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed v\u0161ak nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9, stejn\u011b tak\u00e9 stanoven\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed um\u011ble dodan\u00e9 vody na toto povod\u00ed. Bylo tedy vyu\u017eito p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee trend by m\u011bl vyj\u00edt sestupn\u00fd kv\u016fli v\u00fdsledn\u00e9mu poklesov\u00e9mu trendu pro povod\u00ed Fry\u0161\u00e1vky, popisuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdvoj podzemn\u00edho odtoku v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti. P\u0159esn\u00e9 hodnoty dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu cel\u00e9ho roku (tedy pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b s\u00a0vlivem um\u011bl\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed) pro povod\u00ed pramene PB0286 jsou tedy pouze orienta\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0dokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee i\u00a0p\u0159es pom\u011brn\u011b nepatrn\u00e9 antropogenn\u00ed z\u00e1sahy do re\u017eimu podzemn\u00edch vod mohou vyvolat n\u011bkdy v\u00edce z\u0159eteln\u00e9 zm\u011bny. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 zm\u00ednit, \u017ee v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty u\u00a0zkouman\u00fdch povod\u00ed jsou v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi povod\u00edmi velmi vysok\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad hodnoty ro\u010dn\u00ed efektivn\u00ed infiltrace za roky 1995\u20132005 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 Kuchovsk\u00fdm a\u00a0\u0158\u00ed\u010dkou [2] u\u00a0povod\u00ed \u0159ek Nedv\u011bdi\u010dky a\u00a0Lou\u010dky v\u00a0lo\u017eiskov\u00e9 oblasti Ro\u017en\u00e1 (nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se zhruba 20\u2008km od Nov\u00e9ho M\u011bsta na Morav\u011b) se u\u00a0obou povod\u00ed pohybuj\u00ed v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed zhruba od 88\u2008mm\/rok do 260\u2008mm\/rok. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty efektivn\u00ed infiltrace pro Fry\u0161\u00e1vku se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od 167,64\u2008mm\/rok do 398,78\u2008mm\/rok. Hodnoty jsou tedy z\u0159eteln\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 v\u0161ak je, \u017ee plocha zkouman\u00e9ho povod\u00ed Nedv\u011bdi\u010dky je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed (56,8\u2008km2<\/sup>) a\u00a0plocha zkouman\u00e9ho povod\u00ed Lou\u010dky je dokonce zhruba desetkr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed (222\u2008km2<\/sup>). Lze tedy pozorovat opravdu v\u00fdrazn\u00fd rozd\u00edl v\u00a0hodnot\u00e1ch ro\u010dn\u00ed efektivn\u00ed infiltrace, i\u00a0p\u0159esto, \u017ee se lo\u017eiskov\u00e1 oblast Ro\u017en\u00e1 nach\u00e1z\u00ed nedaleko od zkouman\u00e9 z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti v\u00a0podobn\u00fdch horninov\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Tyto vysok\u00e9 hodnoty u\u00a0povod\u00ed Fry\u0161\u00e1vky lze p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce a\u00a0velmi dobr\u00e9 retenci vod v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na t\u00edm, \u017ee na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm lesy (v\u00edce ne\u017e 50\u00a0%), d\u00e1le pak traviny, orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, louky a\u00a0pastviny [11]. Negativn\u00ed antropogenn\u00ed vlivy na retenci vod jsou v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti minim\u00e1ln\u00ed. U\u00a0pramene PB0286 nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edtat hodnoty efektivn\u00ed infiltrace kv\u016fli vlivu zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, u\u017e z\u00a0hodnot vydatnost\u00ed lze v\u0161ak odvodit, \u017ee pramen je i\u00a0p\u0159es velmi malou plochu povod\u00ed velmi siln\u00fd. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty pr\u016ftok\u016f jsou shodn\u00e9 s\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdmi prameny, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed desetkr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed povod\u00ed. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dina t\u011bchto takt\u00e9\u017e vysok\u00fdch hodnot je op\u011bt ve velmi dobr\u00e9 retenci krajiny v\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed topografick\u00e9 poloze.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 6. V\u00fdvoj pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed efektivn\u00ed infiltrace (hodnoty z\u00edskan\u00e9 v\u00a0programu PART)
\nFig. 6. Evolution of average month values of effective infiltration (values obtained from program PART)<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

C\u00edlem tohoto v\u00fdzkumu bylo zhodnotit v\u00fdvoj podzemn\u00edho odtoku v\u00a0letech 2006\u20132015. Tento c\u00edl se i\u00a0p\u0159es m\u00edrn\u00e9 komplikace (zejm\u00e9na u\u00a0zkouman\u00e9ho pramene) poda\u0159ilo naplnit. U\u00a0Fry\u0161\u00e1vky prob\u011bhlo zhodnocen\u00ed bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f, jeliko\u017e v\u00a0povod\u00ed tohoto toku nedoch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm z\u00e1sadn\u00edm antropogenn\u00edm \u010di jin\u00fdm vliv\u016fm, kter\u00e9 by ovlivnily v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty. U\u00a0pramene PB0286 bylo zhodnocen\u00ed zt\u00ed\u017eeno vlivem um\u011bl\u00e9ho zasn\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti jeho povod\u00ed. V\u00fdvoj hodnot podzemn\u00edho odtoku z\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti \u010ceskomoravsk\u00e9 vrchoviny vykazuje sestupnou tendenci, kter\u00e1 je v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Fry\u0161\u00e1vky patrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u\u00a0pramene PB0286. Tento nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd v\u00fdvoj je zp\u016fsoben zejm\u00e9na sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00edmi se sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi \u00fahrny. Tato klimatick\u00e1 situace m\u00e1 samoz\u0159ejm\u011b negativn\u00ed dopad na dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod i\u00a0v\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou a\u00a0velmi dobrou retenc\u00ed, kter\u00fdmi disponuje oblast CHKO \u2013 \u017d\u010f\u00e1rsk\u00e9 vrchy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This article is focused on evolution of baseflow from part of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands. This is a topical issue and, given the current situation, is also often discussed. The problem of groundwater and its recharge is an important (not only) hydrogeological problem, as climatic conditions in recent years, especially low precipitation, have a negative impact on groundwater recharge. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4438,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[110,1112,308,1111],"coauthors":[1071],"class_list":["post-4469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-baseflow","tag-bohemian-moravian-highlands","tag-groundwater","tag-groundwater-recharge"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4469","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4469"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4469\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30441,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4469\/revisions\/30441"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4438"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4469"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4469"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4469"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4469"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}