![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ilustracni-fotografie-5_edit.jpg\")
<\/a>\n\u00davod<\/h2>\n
Z\u00edskat nov\u00e9 \u00fadaje o\u00a0tom, co v\u0161echno se v\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed vyskytuje, je ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l t\u00edm jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Instrument\u00e1ln\u00ed technika se bou\u0159liv\u011b vyv\u00edj\u00ed, je st\u00e1le citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, obsluha p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f se zjednodu\u0161uje. V\u00a0jednom analytick\u00e9m b\u011bhu stanovujeme stovky slou\u010denin najednou, a\u00a0to v\u00a0nanogramov\u00fdch i\u00a0subnanogramov\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00edch. Stanovujeme l\u00e1tky zn\u00e1m\u00e9 (target analysis), hled\u00e1me dal\u0161\u00ed l\u00e1tky (non-target screening), abychom je n\u00e1sledn\u011b ji\u017e jako zn\u00e1m\u00e9 l\u00e1tky mohli d\u00e1le sledovat. Takto z\u00edskan\u00e1 data v\u011bt\u0161inou porovn\u00e1me s\u00a0legislativou, s\u00a0normami, vyhl\u00e1\u0161kami, maxim\u00e1ln\u00edmi rezidu\u00e1ln\u00edmi limity a\u00a0zjist\u00edme, zda analyzovan\u00fd vzorek vyhovuje \u010di nevyhovuje po\u017eadovan\u00fdm parametr\u016fm.<\/p>\n
Na nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 data m\u016f\u017eeme ale pohl\u00ed\u017eet i\u00a0jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Epidemiologick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0anal\u00fdze komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod (wastewater based epidemiology \u2013 WBE) je p\u0159\u00edkladem jin\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch dat. Z\u00e1klad WBE byl polo\u017een na p\u0159elomu let 1999 a\u017e 2000 vysloven\u00edm hypot\u00e9zy, \u017ee ke komun\u00e1ln\u00ed\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b lze p\u0159istupovat jako ke z\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9mu vzorku mo\u010di [1,\u00a02] a\u00a0poprv\u00e9 byla aplikov\u00e1na v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u0159eky P\u00e1d [3]. Prvn\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami, kter\u00e9 byly takto sledov\u00e1ny, byly nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 drogy, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kokain a\u00a0jeho metabolity. C\u00edlem bylo zjistit spot\u0159ebu nez\u00e1konn\u00fdch drog ve sledovan\u00e9 populaci zp\u011btnou kalkulac\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed drog v\u00a0komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch. Obecn\u00fd princip nov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu k\u00a0monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0zp\u0159es\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed odhadu prevalence a\u00a0u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed drog v\u00a0populaci metodou epidemiologie odpadn\u00edch vod \u2013 sewage epidemiology \u2013 byl pops\u00e1n ve zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed zpr\u00e1v\u011b Evropsk\u00e9ho monitorovac\u00edho centra pro drogy a\u00a0drogov\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti (EMCDDA) z\u00a0roku 2008 [4]. Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed analytickou metodou pou\u017e\u00edvanou k\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed je bezpochyby kapalinov\u00e1 chromatografie ve spojen\u00ed s\u00a0hmotnostn\u00ed detekc\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Od dob sv\u00e9ho vzniku se stala WBE plnohodnotnou, velmi rychle se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed discipl\u00ednou, kter\u00e1 spojuje pr\u00e1ci expert\u016f z\u00a0mnoha obor\u016f. V\u00a0celosv\u011btov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako dopl\u0148kov\u00e1 metoda k\u00a0monitoringu spot\u0159eby nez\u00e1konn\u00fdch drog, nap\u0159. v\u00a0Evrop\u011b Ort [5], v\u00a0Asii Khan [6] nebo Gao [7], v\u00a0Americe Subedi a\u00a0Kannan [8], v\u00a0Austr\u00e1lii Irvine [9].<\/p>\n
V\u00a0mo\u010di, a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0v\u00a0komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch, se vyskytuj\u00ed i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed l\u00e1tky (\u010di jejich metabolity), kter\u00fdm je lidsk\u00e1 populace exponov\u00e1na a\u00a0kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00a0t\u011ble metabolizov\u00e1ny, jako nap\u0159. z\u00e1konn\u00e9 drogy a\u00a0l\u00e9\u010diva, kofein, nikotin, ethanol, potravinov\u00e9 a\u00a0environment\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminanty, ale i\u00a0specifick\u00e9 biomarkery, kter\u00e9 mohou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et informace o\u00a0zdravotn\u00edm stavu monitorovan\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. Kvantitativn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek spolu se zp\u011btnou kalkulac\u00ed poskytne informaci nap\u0159. o\u00a0stravovac\u00edch n\u00e1vyc\u00edch, zdravotn\u00edm stavu, v\u00fdskytu chorob, spot\u0159eb\u011b alkoholu, l\u00e9\u010div a\u00a0nikotinu nebo expozici potravinov\u00fdm a\u00a0environment\u00e1ln\u00edm polutant\u016fm. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 lze zjistit tak\u00e9 trendy v\u00a0u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di expozici, a\u0165 u\u017e kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 nebo dlouhodob\u00e9.<\/p>\n
P\u0159\u00edklad mo\u017en\u00fdch biomarker\u016f vyu\u017eiteln\u00fdch pro monitoring zdravotn\u00edho stavu populace prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm WBE uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed Thomas a\u00a0Reid [10]. Tyto biomarkery rozd\u011bluj\u00ed do \u010dty\u0159 skupin. Prvn\u00ed skupina slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0monitoringu \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu, druh\u00e1 ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed stravovac\u00edch n\u00e1vyk\u016f, dal\u0161\u00ed k\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed zdravotn\u00edho stavu populace a\u00a0v\u00fdskytu chorob, posledn\u00ed je zam\u011b\u0159ena na dopady stavu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed na \u010dlov\u011bka (expozice pesticid\u016fm, PAH a\u00a0aflatoxin\u016fm). Auto\u0159i\u00a0upozor\u0148uj\u00ed na obrovsk\u00fd potenci\u00e1l epidemiologick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu k\u00a0anal\u00fdze komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod, stejn\u011b jako Kasprzyk-Hordern [11].<\/p>\n
Alkohol, drogy, l\u00e9\u010diva, nikotin<\/h2>\n
Sledov\u00e1n\u00edm spot\u0159eby alkoholu v\u00a0Norsku prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm specifick\u00fdch biomarker\u016f ethylsulf\u00e1tu a\u00a0ethylglukuronidu v\u00a0komun\u00e1ln\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed Reid a kol. [12] a\u00a0doporu\u010duj\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u00e9to metody ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed efektivity preventivn\u00edch kampan\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed spot\u0159eby alkoholu.<\/p>\n
Venkatesan a\u00a0Halden navrhuj\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt \u010dist\u00edrny odpadn\u00edch vod jako \u201eobservato\u0159\u201c pro p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f zdravotn\u00edho a\u00a0environment\u00e1ln\u00edho rizika zp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho antropogenn\u00edmi chemick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami [13].<\/p>\n
Venhuis s\u00a0kolegy sledovali spot\u0159ebu sildenafilu, l\u00e9ku na erektivn\u00ed disfunkci, ve t\u0159ech nizozemsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech. V\u00fdsledky porovnali s\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00edm p\u0159edepisovan\u00e9ho farmaka. Z\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed obou \u00fadaj\u016f usuzuj\u00ed, \u017ee cca 60\u00a0% sildenafilu bylo po\u0159\u00edzeno na \u010dern\u00e9m trhu [14].<\/p>\n
K\u00a0monitoringu spot\u0159eby nikotinu v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 a\u00a0Slovensk\u00e9 republice vyu\u017eili epidemiologick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0anal\u00fdze odpadn\u00edch vod [15]. Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f t\u00fddenn\u00edho monitoringu celkem v\u00a0sedmi m\u011bstech byla zp\u011btnou kalkulac\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed specifick\u00fd korek\u010dn\u00ed faktor vypo\u010dtena spot\u0159eba cigaret v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9, resp. Slovensk\u00e9 republice a\u00a0v\u00fdsledky byly porovn\u00e1ny s\u00a0ofici\u00e1ln\u00edmi statistikami o\u00a0spot\u0159eb\u011b cigaret. Shoda mezi v\u00fdsledky byla velmi dobr\u00e1. Obdobn\u00fdm postupem monitorovali spot\u0159ebu nikotinu (a\u00a0cigaret) v\u00a0osmi italsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech Castiglioni a kol. [16]. Oba zp\u016fsoby zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed spot\u0159eby cigaret se vhodn\u011b dopl\u0148uj\u00ed, epidemiologick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup umo\u017e\u0148uje sledovat trendy ve spot\u0159eb\u011b v\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost opat\u0159en\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed spot\u0159eby tab\u00e1ku. V\u00a0Belgii (m\u011bsto Lier) monitorovali spot\u0159ebu nikotinu a\u00a0alkoholu pomoc\u00ed epidemiologick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu van Vel a kol. [17].<\/p>\n
Baz-Lomba a kol. porovn\u00e1vali mno\u017estv\u00ed neleg\u00e1ln\u00edch drog, alkoholu, nikotinu a\u00a0kofeinu v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch s\u00a0\u00fadaji zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem (prodej, zabaven\u00e9 drogy, spot\u0159eba). Pro l\u00e9\u010diva a\u00a0kokain byla prok\u00e1z\u00e1na dobr\u00e1 shoda v\u00fdsledk\u016f, u\u00a0ostatn\u00edch l\u00e1tek je t\u0159eba ve v\u00fdzkumu pokra\u010dovat [18].<\/p>\n
Prvn\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed studii srovn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed spot\u0159ebu alkoholu zji\u0161t\u011bnou prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm epidemiologick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu ke komun\u00e1ln\u00edm odpadn\u00edm vod\u00e1m v\u00a0celkem 20 m\u011bstech Evropy, Austr\u00e1lie a\u00a0Kanady prezentovali Ryu a kol. [19]. Op\u011bt bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee epidemiologick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0anal\u00fdze odpadn\u00edch vod je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm n\u00e1strojem pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed spot\u0159eby alkoholu na komun\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/p>\n
Pesticidy<\/h2>\n
Nov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0biomonitoringu prezentuj\u00ed Rousis a\u00a0kol. [20, 21]. V\u00a0komun\u00e1ln\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b z\u00a0n\u011bkolika italsk\u00fdch m\u011bst sledovali p\u0159\u00edtomnost hum\u00e1nn\u00edch metabolit\u016f alkylfosf\u00e1t\u016f, pyrethroid\u016f, chlorpyrifosu a\u00a0chlorpyrifos-methylu. V\u00fdsledky dokumentuj\u00ed vysokou expozici populace pesticidn\u00edm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm k\u00a0ochran\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin, pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm a\u00a0dom\u00e1c\u00edm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci Evropy sledoval Routis se spoluautory specifick\u00e9 biomarkery triazin\u016f, organofosf\u00e1t\u016f a\u00a0pyrethroid\u016f v\u00a0osmi evropsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech a\u00a0st\u00e1tech. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty byly zji\u0161t\u011bny pro organofosf\u00e1ty, nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed pro triaziny. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u011bstech byla populace vystavena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u016fsoben\u00ed pyrethroid\u016f, v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159evl\u00e1daly organofosf\u00e1ty. V\u00fdsledky byly v\u00a0dobr\u00e9 korelaci s\u00a0n\u00e1rodn\u00edmi statistikami o\u00a0prodeji pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0dokumentuj\u00ed vhodnost vyu\u017eit\u00ed tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed expozice populace pesticidn\u00edm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m [22].<\/p>\n
Ftal\u00e1ty<\/h2>\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed skupinou l\u00e1tek, kterou je mo\u017eno t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem sledovat, jsou ftal\u00e1ty. Mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed sledov\u00e1n\u00ed metabolit\u016f ftal\u00e1t\u016f v\u00a0komun\u00e1ln\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b pro \u010dasoprostorov\u00e9 studie expozice populace t\u011bmto slou\u010denin\u00e1m a\u00a0identifikaci v\u00edce ohro\u017een\u00fdch oblast\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed Gonz\u00e1les-Mari\u0148o a kol. [23].<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek uv\u00e1d\u00ed pouze p\u0159\u00edklady mo\u017enost\u00ed epidemiologick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu k\u00a0odpadn\u00edm vod\u00e1m. Sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav a\u00a0budouc\u00ed perspektivy vyu\u017eit\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed biomarker\u016f v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch jako nov\u00e9ho zdroje epidemiologick\u00fdch informac\u00ed publikuje v\u00a0podrobn\u00e9m souhrnn\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku skupina badatel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se t\u00e9to problematice v\u011bnuj\u00ed dlouhodob\u011b [24]. Jak ji\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, epidemiologick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0anal\u00fdze odpadn\u00edch vod je velmi rychle se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed multidisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed obor, kter\u00fd otv\u00edr\u00e1 mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu a\u00a0zdrav\u00ed populace. Je t\u0159eba prov\u00e9st je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm je nutno v\u011bnovat pozornost chov\u00e1n\u00ed biomarker\u016f v\u00a0kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edti, nap\u0159. jejich schopnosti v\u00e1zat se na suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 v\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b, vliv pH, teploty vody v\u00a0syst\u00e9mu \u010di dobu z\u00e1dr\u017ee v\u00a0t\u00e9to s\u00edti, ne\u017e bude mo\u017eno WBE adekv\u00e1tn\u011b aplikovat. Bylo by vhodn\u00e9 i\u00a0v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice t\u00e9to problematice v\u011bnovat v\u00edce pozornosti.<\/p>\n
P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl publikov\u00e1n ve sborn\u00edku konference Hydroanalytika 2017, ISBN-978-80-904986-3-1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The paper outlines the possibilities of using the epidemiological approach to the analysis of municipal wastewater to monitor the lifestyle of the population, its dietary habits, the environmental impacts on humans, the assessment of the state of health of the population and monitoring the consumption of illicit drugs and other substances in the monitored population<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[1105,1110,663,1107,1109,1106,1108,213,1104],"coauthors":[599],"class_list":["post-4464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","tag-alcohol","tag-biomarkers","tag-illicit-drugs","tag-nicotine","tag-pesticide-rezidue","tag-pharmaceuticals","tag-phtalats","tag-wastewater","tag-wastewater-based-epidemiology"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4464","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4464"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4464\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30442,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4464\/revisions\/30442"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4464"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4464"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4464"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4464"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}