{"id":4342,"date":"2017-12-11T10:45:02","date_gmt":"2017-12-11T09:45:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4342"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:34:27","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:34:27","slug":"expected-cruise-of-roman-ships-from-carnunt-to-musov-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/12\/expected-cruise-of-roman-ships-from-carnunt-to-musov-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Expected cruise of Roman ships from Carnunt to Mu\u0161ov – I"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

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\u00davodn\u00ed informace<\/h2>\n

Pojedn\u00e1vanou problematiku mo\u017en\u00e9ho dopravn\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed1<\/sup> \u0159eky Moravy<\/em> a\u00a0Dyje<\/em> a\u017e po Mu\u0161ov<\/em> je mo\u017en\u00e9 rozd\u011blit na dv\u011b historicky dolo\u017een\u00e9, pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasov\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9, etapy, u\u00a0kter\u00fdch lze shledat jen minim\u00e1ln\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 souvislosti. Jak s\u00a0ohledem na tuto skute\u010dnost, tak z\u00a0d\u016fvodu pom\u011brn\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch (autorem shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch) historick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch a\u00a0geografick\u00fdch (kni\u017en\u00edch i\u00a0internetov\u00fdch) podklad\u016f byla n\u00e1sledn\u011b zvolena varianta publikov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce samostatn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1sti, kter\u00e9 by po sob\u011b (pokud mo\u017eno bezprost\u0159edn\u011b) n\u00e1sledovaly v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch \u010d\u00edslech \u010dasopisu VTEI. T\u00e9\u017e bylo rozhodnuto (s\u00a0ohledem na rozpracovan\u00fd zna\u010dn\u00fd rozsah textu \u2013 v\u011bnovan\u00fd cel\u00e9 prvn\u00ed historick\u00e9 etap\u011b) uve\u0159ejnit nakonec \u010d\u00e1sti t\u0159i. Ve zde p\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00e9 prvn\u00ed \u201et\u0159etin\u011b\u201c p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku si dovol\u00edme \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i oz\u0159ejmit situaci, kter\u00e1 nastala v\u00a0prostoru st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy do\u0161lo k\u00a0chystan\u00e9 a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b nedokon\u010den\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 akci (jej\u00ed\u017e velen\u00ed bylo c\u00edsa\u0159em Augustem<\/em> sv\u011b\u0159eno Tiberiovi Claudiovi Neronovi<\/em> a\u00a0Gaiovi Sentiovi Saturninovi<\/em>) sm\u011b\u0159ovan\u00e9 proti germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9mu vl\u00e1dci Marobudovi<\/em> v\u00a0roce 6 n.\u2008l. A\u017e v\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b dosti zna\u010dn\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m odstupu, po uveden\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, do\u0161lo (ji\u017e bez jak\u00fdchkoliv pochybnost\u00ed) ke kontaktu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch vojsk s\u00a0na\u0161\u00edm \u00fazem\u00edm za tzv. Markomansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek<\/em>, kter\u00e9 prob\u011bhly a\u017e v\u00a0obdob\u00ed vl\u00e1dy c\u00edsa\u0159e Marca Aurelia Antonina<\/em>2<\/sup>. Tuto ud\u00e1lost se pokus\u00edme popsat a\u017e v\u00a0posledn\u00ed, historicky i\u00a0geograficky pln\u011b navazuj\u00edc\u00ed, \u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku (ozna\u010den\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmskou \u010d\u00edslic\u00ed III). Proti p\u016fvodn\u00edmu z\u00e1m\u011bru bude publikov\u00e1na i\u00a0druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u2013 v\u00a0t\u00e9 se pokus\u00edme podrobn\u011bji prok\u00e1zat, \u017ee hypot\u00e9zu mo\u017en\u00e9ho pobytu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch vojsk na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 6 n.\u2008l. je mo\u017en\u00e9 ozna\u010dit za zcela nere\u00e1lnou \u2013 lze ji (kupodivu jen na z\u00e1klad\u011b dochovan\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramen\u016f) pln\u011b vyvr\u00e1tit.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Sm\u011br postupu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch vojsk veden\u00fdch Tiberiem Claudiem Neronem a\u00a0Sentiem Saturninem proti kr\u00e1li Marobudovi v\u00a0roce 6. n.\u2008l.<\/h6>\n

My\u0161lenku o\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e9 plavb\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch lod\u00ed po \u0159ece Morav\u011b<\/em> a\u00a0Dyji<\/em> a\u017e k\u00a0Mu\u0161ovu-Hradisku<\/em> vyslovil jako prvn\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fd archeolog A. Gnirs ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1976. Pozd\u011bji n\u00e1sledovala velmi podrobn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza M. B\u00e1lka a\u00a0O. \u0160edy3<\/sup> publikovan\u00e1 v\u00a0roce 1998. Auto\u0159i se p\u0159iklonili k\u00a0variant\u011b, \u017ee k\u00a0vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9ho \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstavu do\u0161lo dokonce u\u017e v\u00a0roce 6. n.\u2008l. (v\u00a0r\u00e1mci vojensk\u00e9 akce veden\u00e9 Tiberiem Claudiem Neronem<\/em> proti germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9mu \u201ekr\u00e1li\u201c Marobudovi<\/em>4<\/sup>) \u2013 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u00a0prostoru p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9ho (dnes ji\u017e neexistuj\u00edc\u00edho5<\/sup>) ramene \u0159eky Jihlavy<\/em> (nedaleko od lokality Mu\u0161ov<\/em>–Neurissen<\/em>). V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm textu se pokus\u00edme k\u00a0uveden\u00e9 hypot\u00e9ze uv\u00e9st rovn\u011b\u017e dal\u0161\u00ed podrobn\u00e9 informace.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00fd kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd vojensk\u00fd\u00a0pobyt \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch legi\u00ed v\u00a0roce 6. n.\u2008l. u\u00a0Mu\u0161ova \u2013 rozd\u00edln\u00e9 sou\u010dasn\u00e9 i\u00a0d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed archeologicko-historick\u00e9 interpretace<\/h2>\n

O. \u0160edo ve sv\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edm samostatn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku6<\/sup> vydan\u00e9m v\u00a0roce 2001 do\u0161el k\u00a0n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee soubor objekt\u016f v\u00a0lokalit\u011b Mu\u0161ov<\/em>–Neurissen<\/em> byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi vojsky vybudov\u00e1n ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 6 n.\u2008l.7<\/sup> S\u00a0ohledem na mo\u017enou plavbu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch lod\u00ed \u2013 p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm tehdej\u0161\u00edm korytem doln\u00edho \u00faseku \u0159eky Moravy<\/em> po soutok s\u00a0Dyj\u00ed<\/em> \u2013 by \u0161lo o\u00a0zcela z\u00e1sadn\u00ed informaci8<\/sup>. K\u00a0t\u00e9to hypot\u00e9ze v\u0161ak B. Komor\u00f3czy uvedl celou \u0159adu argument\u016f, kter\u00e9 mo\u017enost pobytu legi\u00ed v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed Mu\u0161ova<\/em>, v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0vojenskou akc\u00ed vedenou Tiberiem Claudiem Neronem<\/em>, v\u00fdrazn\u011b zpochybnily9<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ke zcela odli\u0161n\u00fdm stanovisk\u016fm obou v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00fdch brn\u011bnsk\u00fdch archeolog\u016f si dovol\u00edme uv\u00e9st velmi stru\u010dnou zm\u00ednku o\u00a0sp\u00ed\u0161e netradi\u010dn\u00edm pojet\u00ed (pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00e9m jak od d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed10<\/sup>, tak i\u00a0\u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b od sou\u010dasn\u00e911<\/sup> existuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 historick\u00e9 interpretace) dochovan\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramen\u016f doby \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9<\/em>, kter\u00e9 vyslovil (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k\u00a0uveden\u00e9 pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 akci) P. Kehne12<\/sup>. Tento v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00fd n\u011bmeck\u00fd archeolog a\u00a0historik do\u0161el k\u00a0n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee archeologick\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 maj\u00edc\u00ed mo\u017enou souvislost s\u00a0ud\u00e1lostmi v\u00a0roce 6 n.\u2008l. (sp\u00ed\u0161e jen s\u00a0pl\u00e1novanou \/z\u0159ejm\u011b i\u00a0nerealizovanou\/ \u0159\u00edmskou vojenskou akc\u00ed), lze pom\u011brn\u011b velmi dob\u0159e porovnat s\u00a0ji\u017e nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed interpretac\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00edch liter\u00e1rn\u00edch pramen\u016f13<\/sup>. S\u00a0ohledem na podrobn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy, proveden\u00e9 uveden\u00fdm autorem, lze rovn\u011b\u017e souhrnn\u011b konstatovat, \u017ee Tiberius<\/em> st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed hranice \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky<\/em> pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nep\u0159ekro\u010dil\u00a0\u2013 do centra \u010cech<\/em> se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zcela jist\u011b nikdy nedostal.<\/p>\n

Na uveden\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u011b14<\/sup> nav\u00e1zal V. Sala\u010d15<\/sup>, kter\u00fd nav\u00edc vych\u00e1zel z\u00a0ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 interpretace publikovan\u00e9 B. Komor\u00f3czym16<\/sup>; k\u00a0tomu pak rovn\u011b\u017e doplnil dal\u0161\u00ed velmi pravd\u011bpodobnou historickou okolnost \u2013 a\u00a0to, \u017ee \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd t\u00e1bor pobl\u00ed\u017e n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Marktbreitu<\/em> nejen nebyl (v\u00a0r\u00e1mci chystan\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 akce v\u00a0roce 6\u00a0n.\u2008l.) vojensky vyu\u017eit, ale i\u00a0t\u00e9\u017e, \u017ee s\u00a0n\u00edm, s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed, nebylo ani pln\u011b strategicky po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1no17<\/sup>. Ve stejn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku t\u00fd\u017e autor upozornil na tu skute\u010dnost, \u017ee vojska Sentia<\/em> Saturnina<\/em> nesm\u011b\u0159ovala (tak jak je to b\u011b\u017en\u011b v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b odborn\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f a\u00a0studi\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u011bno) od Mogontiaca<\/em> (dne\u0161n\u00edho, historicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho, n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Mohu\u010d<\/em>) \u00fadol\u00edm Mohanu<\/em> sm\u011brem na v\u00fdchod. Ne zcela dob\u0159e b\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou autor\u016f toti\u017e interpretov\u00e1na pas\u00e1\u017e18<\/sup> obsa\u017een\u00e1 v\u00a0nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b Velleia Patercula<\/em>19<\/sup>.<\/em> Jde o\u00a0zcela z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zku, kter\u00e9 se budeme je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bnovat v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0anal\u00fdzou mo\u017en\u00e9 lokalizace antick\u00e9ho Boiohaema<\/em>. Domn\u00edv\u00e1me se, \u017ee k\u00a0uveden\u00e9 (pouze chystan\u00e9) akci v\u00a0roce 6 n.\u2008l. nejen nedo\u0161lo (pln\u011b v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0n\u00e1zorem P. Kehneho20<\/sup>) \u2013 n\u00fdbr\u017e, \u017ee i\u00a0Tiberiovo<\/em> a\u00a0Saturninovo<\/em> \u00fasil\u00ed ani nem\u011blo za c\u00edl dobyt\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cech<\/em> \u010di ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy<\/em> (rovn\u011b\u017e i\u00a0ne obsazen\u00ed strategick\u00e9 pozice v\u00a0lokalit\u011b Mu\u0161ov<\/em>–Neurissen<\/em>21<\/sup>).<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1v\u011br t\u00e9to d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti pojedn\u00e1van\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je vhodn\u00e9 se je\u0161t\u011b zm\u00ednit o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm podn\u011btn\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku V. Sala\u010de, publikovan\u00e9m v\u00a0roce 200922<\/sup>. Autor zde prezentoval celkem \u010dty\u0159i mo\u017en\u00e9 varianty23<\/sup> mo\u017en\u00e9ho postupu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch legi\u00ed, soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b jak v\u00a0oblasti Doln\u00edho<\/em> R\u00fdna <\/em>(Niederrhein<\/em>), tak st\u0159edn\u00edho toku Dunaje<\/em> (pod V\u00eddn\u00ed<\/em> v\u00a0prostoru dne\u0161n\u00edho Doln\u00edho Rakouska<\/em> \/Nieder\u00f6sterreich<\/em>\/) proti vojsk\u016fm Marobudov\u00fdm<\/em>. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed o\u00a0rozsahu lesn\u00edho pokryvu \u010desk\u00fdch pohrani\u010dn\u00edch hor v\u00a0dob\u011b lat\u00e9nsk\u00e9 <\/em>a\u00a0\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9<\/em> lze dovodit, \u017ee v\u00a0obdob\u00ed na p\u0159elomu letopo\u010dt\u016f by bylo sou\u010dasn\u00e9 Chebsko<\/em> evidentn\u011b pro \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 legie zcela \u201enepr\u016fchodn\u00e9\u201c \u2013 proto tuto \u201evariantu\u201c V. Sala\u010d zcela opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b vylou\u010dil24<\/sup>. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u00fd\u010dtu mo\u017en\u00fdch historick\u00fdch interpretac\u00ed publikovan\u00fdch uveden\u00fdm autorem si dovol\u00edme uv\u00e9st jen kr\u00e1tkou zm\u00ednku o\u00a0jeho \u010dtvrt\u00e9 variant\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9ho postupu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch legi\u00ed \u2013 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm proto, \u017ee se jev\u00ed jako nejl\u00e9pe zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00e1. Sentius<\/em> Saturninus<\/em> nejsp\u00ed\u0161e sm\u011b\u0159oval z\u00a0oblasti povod\u00ed \u0159eky Lippe<\/em> sm\u011brem na Marktbreit<\/em> \u2013 n\u00e1sledn\u011b pak (asi) k\u00a0Ambergu<\/em>25<\/sup>. Naopak Tiberius<\/em> zvolil cestu od v\u00fdchodu na z\u00e1pad26<\/sup> \u2013 pod\u00e9l Dunaje<\/em> (nikoliv na sever pod\u00e9l doln\u00edho toku \u0159eky Moravy<\/em>). Snad i\u00a0p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal (k\u00a0vojensk\u00e9 akci evidentn\u011b nedo\u0161lo27<\/sup>), \u017ee vyu\u017eije \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed lod\u011b28<\/sup> k\u00a0doprav\u011b pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch z\u00e1sob proti proudu zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 vele\u0159eky.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed informace, kter\u00e9 potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee k\u00a0vojensk\u00e9mu pobytu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch legi\u00ed v\u00a0roce 6. n.\u2008l. v\u00a0prostoru pobl\u00ed\u017e sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho Mu\u0161ova pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u016fbec nedo\u0161lo \u2013 geografick\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed Hercynsk\u00e9ho lesa<\/h2>\n

Pro \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed historick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, kter\u00e1 se odehr\u00e1vala na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cech<\/em> a\u00a0Moravy<\/em> ke konci 1. stol. p\u0159. n.\u2008l. a\u00a0na za\u010d\u00e1tku 1. stol. n.\u2008l., je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed uv\u00e9st rovn\u011b\u017e krat\u0161\u00ed zm\u00ednku o\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm keltsk\u00e9m os\u00eddlen\u00ed<\/em>29<\/sup> v\u00a0prostoru st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy<\/em>. Ot\u00e1zkou (doposud ne zcela vy\u0159e\u0161enou) z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, jak\u00fd geografick\u00fd rozsah v\u00a0obdob\u00ed t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed germ\u00e1nskou migrac\u00ed (na z\u00e1klad\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b detailn\u00ed dochovan\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy G. J.<\/em>\u00a0Caesara<\/em>30<\/sup> \u2013 popisuj\u00edc\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00ed etnickou situaci ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b<\/em>) zauj\u00edmali B\u00f3jov\u00e9<\/em> a\u00a0jak\u00fd pak Volkov\u00e9-Tektos\u00e1gov\u00e9<\/em>31<\/sup>. S\u00a0ohledem na jeho pom\u011brn\u011b podrobn\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e velmi kriticky posuzovat dochovanou Tacitovu<\/em> zm\u00ednku o\u00a0tom, \u017ee Markomani<\/em>, z\u00edskali sv\u00e1 s\u00eddla \u201evyhn\u00e1n\u00edm\u201c B\u00f3j\u016f<\/em>32<\/sup>. Tuto kr\u00e1tkou (ne zcela jednozna\u010dnou) informaci uveden\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho historika je nezbytn\u00e9 (s\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u201eopatrnost\u00ed\u201c) p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b interpretovat \u2013 t\u00e9\u017e s\u00a0ohledem na tu okolnost, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou lokalizaci b\u00f3jsk\u00e9ho os\u00eddlen\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b mo\u017en\u00fdch v\u00a0\u010dase prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch zm\u011bn) v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 1. stol. p\u0159. n.\u2008l. je pom\u011brn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 (p\u0159i st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch, mnohdy rozd\u00edln\u00fdch, stanovisc\u00edch n\u011bkter\u00fdch historik\u016f a\u00a0archeolog\u016f) zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b definovat33<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0pojedn\u00e1vanou (bohu\u017eel nelehce interpretovatelnou) historickou situac\u00ed na p\u0159elomu letopo\u010dt\u016f je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zapot\u0159eb\u00ed pln\u011b reflektovat p\u00edsemn\u011b dochovan\u00e9 poznatky antick\u00e9 geografie o\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b<\/em> (t\u00e9to problematice se ji\u017e v\u00a0prv\u00e9 polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed v\u011bnoval p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00fd brn\u011bnsk\u00fd archeolog a\u00a0historik Emanuel \u0160imek34<\/sup>). Jako nejstar\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00fd z\u00e1znam o\u00a0st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9m prostoru by asi bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ozna\u010dit velmi kr\u00e1tkou zm\u00ednku35<\/sup> obsa\u017eenou v\u00a0Aristotelov\u011b<\/em> spisu pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm o\u00a0tzv. meteorologii<\/em>36<\/sup> \u2013 zde lze nal\u00e9zt, by\u0165 jen velmi stru\u010dnou, informaci o\u00a0tzv. \u201eArkynsk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch<\/em>\u201c (do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry geograficky toto\u017en\u00fdmi s\u00a0pozd\u011bji zn\u00e1m\u00fdm vymezen\u00edm Hercynsk\u00e9ho lesa<\/em> \u2013 hvozdu<\/em> \u010di doubravy<\/em>) \u2013 je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee ve 4. stol. p\u0159. n.\u2008l. byly poj\u00edm\u00e1ny sp\u00ed\u0161e jen jako velmi \u0161irok\u00fd (t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0dlouh\u00fd) p\u00e1s poho\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00fd se rozprost\u00edral od R\u00fdna<\/em> a\u017e po \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed Ukrajiny<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Jako neopominuteln\u00fd (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o\u00a0300\u00a0let pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed) dochovan\u00fd p\u00edsemn\u00fd pramen je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e zm\u00ednit kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u00faryvek obsa\u017een\u00fd v\u00a0Caesarov\u00fdch Z\u00e1pisc\u00edch o\u00a0v\u00e1lce galsk\u00e9<\/em> (Commentarii de bello Gallico<\/em>37<\/sup>). N\u00ed\u017ee uvedeme pouze krat\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st ze 24. kapitoly \u0161est\u00e9 knihy, kter\u00e1 charakterizuje jednak Galy<\/em>, jednak Germ\u00e1ny<\/em> \u2013 jak v\u00a0popisovan\u00e9 dob\u011b, tak i\u00a0d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed minulosti. Krom\u011b nich je rovn\u011b\u017e jmenov\u00e1n keltsk\u00fd kmen Volk\u016f<\/em>–Tektos\u00e1g\u016f.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201e[6, 24<\/em>] Ac fuit antea tempus, cum Germanos Galli virtute superarent, ultro bella inferrent, propter hominum multitudinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum colonias mitterent. Itaque ea quae fertilissima Germaniae sunt loca circum Hercyniam silvam, quam Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecis fama notam esse video, quam illi Orcyniam appellant, Volcae Tectosages occupaverunt atque ibi consederunt; quae gens ad hoc tempus his sedibus sese continet summamque habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem. Nunc quod in eadem inopia, egestate, patientia<\/em>[que<\/em>38<\/sup>] [in<\/em>39<\/sup>] qua Germani permanent, eodem victu et cultu corporis utuntur; Gallis<\/em>40<\/sup> autem provinciarum propinquitas et transmarinarum rerum notitia multa ad copiam atque usus largitur, paulatim adsuefacti superari multisque victi proeliis ne se quidem ipsi cum illis virtute comparant<\/em>41<\/sup>. <\/em>[D\u0159\u00edve t\u00e9\u017e b\u00fdvala doba, ve kter\u00e9 Galov\u00e9 Germ\u00e1ny p\u0159ed\u010dili svou state\u010dnost\u00ed \u2013 dokonce je v\u00e1le\u010dn\u011b napadali z\u00a0d\u016fvodu p\u0159elidn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0nedostatku \u00fazem\u00ed \u2013 pos\u00edlali t\u00e9\u017e za R\u00fdn osadn\u00edky. Tak tedy ty (kraje), je\u017e jsou z\u00a0germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti Hercynsk\u00e9ho lesa nej\u00farodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, lesa, kter\u00fd byl Erastothenovi a\u00a0i\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdm (dal\u0161\u00edm) \u0158ek\u016fm zn\u00e1m z\u00a0\u00fastn\u00edho pod\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 a\u00a0kter\u00fd j\u00e1 t\u00e9\u017e pozn\u00e1v\u00e1m jen z\u00a0jejich spis\u016f, ve kter\u00fdch jej tito (zem\u011bpisci) naz\u00fdvali \u201aOrkynsk\u00fdm\u2018 \u2013 Volkov\u00e9-Tektos\u00e1gov\u00e9 obsadili a\u00a0(trvale) se tam us\u00eddlili. \u2013 Tento kmen se a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti zdr\u017euje ve sv\u00fdch s\u00eddlech \u2013 t\u00e9\u017e je proslul\u00fd jak dokonalou spravedlnost\u00ed, tak v\u00fdjime\u010dnou v\u00e1le\u010dnou sl\u00e1vou. Nyn\u00ed (a\u017e do tehdej\u0161\u00ed doby) setrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9 nouzi, chudob\u011b a\u00a0st\u0159\u00eddmosti (od\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00ed), ve kter\u00e9 setrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed (t\u00e9\u017e) Germ\u00e1ni \u2013 stejn\u011b se i\u00a0\u017eiv\u00ed a\u00a0od\u00edvaj\u00ed. Naopak Gal\u016fm bl\u00edzkost provinci\u00ed a\u00a0zn\u00e1most z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed dop\u0159\u00e1v\u00e1 mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed k\u00a0(v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu) blahobytu jako\u017e i\u00a0k\u00a0(rozli\u010dn\u00fdm) po\u017eitk\u016fm \u2013 ponen\u00e1hlu si (Galov\u00e9) zvykli na por\u00e1\u017eky \u2013 byli (Germ\u00e1ny) v\u00a0mnoha bitv\u00e1ch pora\u017eeni, a\u00a0tak se oni samotn\u00ed (Galov\u00e9) zcela jist\u011b s\u00a0(Volky-Tektos\u00e1gy) co do state\u010dnosti nemohou srovn\u00e1vat.<\/em>]\u201c<\/p>\n

N\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd p\u0159eklad, je pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00fd od b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 interpretace tohoto, velmi zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho, textu (nejen \u010desk\u00e9 \u2013 t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00e9) \u2013 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 na\u0161e podrobn\u00e9 zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed pak uv\u00e1d\u00edme v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch (t\u00e9\u017e se budeme t\u00e9to citovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti je\u0161t\u011b podrobn\u011b v\u011bnovat i\u00a0v\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku \u2013 rovn\u011b\u017e publikovan\u00e9m ve VTEI). Z\u00a0Caesarovy zpr\u00e1vy je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti Hercynsk\u00e9ho<\/em> lesa<\/em> (\u201ehvozdu<\/em>\u201c) se nach\u00e1zela s\u00eddla keltsk\u00fdch Volk\u016f<\/em>–Tektos\u00e1g\u016f<\/em>. Dle Waldhausera42<\/sup> \u0161lo o\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch \u010cech<\/em> (sp\u00ed\u0161e jen na sever od Prahy<\/em>). Tento kmen zde z\u0159ejm\u011b dok\u00e1zal odol\u00e1vat vojensk\u00e9mu n\u00e1poru Germ\u00e1n\u016f<\/em> p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b a\u017e do desetilet\u00ed 40\u201330\u00a0p\u0159. n.\u2008l. V\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b, kdy Caesar<\/em> sv\u00e9 d\u00edlo psal43<\/sup>, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st uveden\u00e9 \u201ev\u011btve\u201c Kelt\u016f<\/em>44<\/sup> (na z\u00e1klad\u011b archeologick\u00fdch zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed) na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed st\u00e1le setrv\u00e1vala \u2013 lze opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b konstatovat, \u017ee zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd p\u00edsemn\u00fd pramen tohoto v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho vojev\u016fdce je (rovn\u011b\u017e d\u00edky ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00edm archeologick\u00fdm i\u00a0historick\u00fdm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm) pln\u011b v\u011brohodn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

S\u00a0ohledem na nezbytn\u00e9 (pokud mo\u017eno v\u00a0co nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edch souvislostech poj\u00edman\u00e9) komplexn\u00ed objasn\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech souvislost\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci popisovan\u00e9ho st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9ho prostoru nelze opominout dochovan\u00e9 p\u00edsemn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy \u0159eck\u00e9ho geografa Strab\u00f3na<\/em> (\u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>) \u2013 kter\u00e9ho m\u016f\u017eeme t\u00e9\u017e, do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry, ozna\u010dit za sou\u010dasn\u00edka45<\/sup> Velleia Patercula<\/em>. Neoceniteln\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed je jeho sedmn\u00e1ctisvazkov\u00e1 Geografika<\/em>46<\/sup> (\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/em>). \u010cten\u00e1\u0159e nejprve sezn\u00e1m\u00edme s\u00a0vybran\u00fdm kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u00faryvkem z\u00a0jeho sedm\u00e9 knihy:<\/p>\n

\u201e[7, 1, 5<\/em>] \u1f41 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f19\u03c1\u03ba\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u00b5\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u00b5\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c5\u00b5\u03bd\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u00b5\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u00b5\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f10\u03bd \u00b5\u03ad\u03c3\u1ff3 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f35\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u00b5\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f27\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u00b5\u03b5\u03bd. \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f25 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f3c\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1fec\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21 \u00b5\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u1f7a \u1f00\u00b5\u03c6\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bb\u03af\u00b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f15\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1fec\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03cc\u00b5\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1<\/em>47<\/sup>. <\/em>(Hercynsk\u00e1 doubrava, kter\u00e1 je zna\u010dn\u011b hust\u00e1 \u2013 a\u00a0k\u00a0tomu t\u00e9\u017e pln\u00e1 ohromn\u00fdch strom\u016f, se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00edch p\u0159irozen\u011b neprostupn\u00fdch. Sv\u00edr\u00e1 velk\u00fd kruh, v\u00a0jeho\u017e st\u0159edu je t\u00e9\u017e um\u00edst\u011bna krajina, o\u00a0kter\u00e9 jsme se ji\u017e (v\u00fd\u0161e) zm\u00ednili, (je\u017e je) k\u00a0os\u00eddlen\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b dosti vhodn\u00e1. V\u00a0sousedstv\u00ed t\u00e9to (doubravy) je jak pramen Dunaje, tak i\u00a0R\u00fdna \u2013 t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0mezi ob\u011bma (prameny) se nach\u00e1z\u00ed jednak jezero (Bodamsk\u00e9), jednak i\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly zapln\u011bn\u00e9 rozl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed se (vodou) z\u00a0R\u00fdna.<\/em>)\u201c<\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eitou je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ta informace, \u017ee v\u00a0sousedstv\u00ed tohoto Hercynsk\u00e9ho lesa<\/em> (doubravy<\/em>) se nach\u00e1zel jak pramen Dunaje<\/em>48<\/sup>, tak i\u00a0R\u00fdna<\/em>49<\/sup>. Zd\u00e1nliv\u00e1 podobnost, kter\u00e1 (bohu\u017eel) t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed historiky jednozna\u010dn\u011b \u201enapadla\u201c \u2013 a\u00a0to, \u017ee jde o\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch \u010cech<\/em> (samoz\u0159ejm\u011b t\u00e9\u017e \u201ekruhovit\u011b\u201c obklopen\u00e9 neprostupn\u00fdm lesem50<\/sup>), je bohu\u017eel nespr\u00e1vn\u00e151<\/sup>. Strab\u00f3n<\/em> n\u00e1m zanechal (v\u00a0t\u00e9\u017ee knize) je\u0161t\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed:<\/p>\n

\u201e\u2026\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u1f55\u03bb\u03b7 \u00b5\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u0393\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b152<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a3\u03bf\u03ae\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u1fbd \u1f41 \u1f19\u03c1\u03ba\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u00b5\u03cc\u03c2: \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u1f00\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u1fbd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd53<\/sup>. <\/em>(Existuje t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0jin\u00fd velk\u00fd les Gabr\u00e9ta, u\u00a0(s\u00eddel) Sv\u00e9b\u016f \u2013 na protilehl\u00e9 stran\u011b se pak nach\u00e1z\u00ed Hercynsk\u00e1 doubrava \u2013 i\u00a0ona je (tak\u00e9) Sv\u00e9by os\u00eddlena.)\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho \u00faryvku lze bez jak\u00fdchkoliv pochybnost\u00ed konstatovat, \u017ee nelze geograficky dovodit jakoukoliv jinou mo\u017enou variantu ne\u017e tu, \u017ee \u201eproti\u201c Gabr\u00e9t\u011b<\/em> (\u0160umav\u011b<\/em> \u2013 v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm pojet\u00ed asi i\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9mu<\/em> lesu<\/em> a\u00a0Novohradsk\u00fdm<\/em> hor\u00e1m<\/em>) se (dle Strab\u00f3na <\/em>sm\u011brem na z\u00e1pad) nach\u00e1zelo poho\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 Fr\u00e4nkische Alb<\/em>54<\/sup> (Fransk\u00e1<\/em> Alba<\/em> \/\u201eAlpy<\/em>\u201c\/ \u010di Fransk\u00e1<\/em> Jura<\/em>). Z\u00a0citovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti je tedy z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee \u201eStrab\u00f3n\u016fv<\/em>\u201c Hercynsk\u00fd<\/em> les<\/em> (doubrava<\/em>) vytv\u00e1\u0159el \u201eokrouhlou\u201c (pom\u011brn\u011b \u0161irokou) lesn\u00ed hranici, uvnit\u0159 kter\u00e9 se nal\u00e9zalo horn\u00ed a\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00ed Pomohan\u00ed<\/em> \u2013\u2028nikoliv sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010cechy<\/em>55<\/sup> (rovn\u011b\u017e ne \u201emnohem pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u201c Kosmovy<\/em> ran\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 \u2013 p\u0159emyslovsk\u00e9<\/em>56<\/sup>). Lze t\u00e9\u017e nav\u00edc konstatovat, \u017ee proti Caesarovi<\/em> a\u00a0Aristotelovi<\/em> vymezil Strab\u00f3n<\/em> uveden\u00fd les (doubravu) v\u00a0mnohem men\u0161\u00edm rozsahu. V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9mu \u00faryvku se budeme je\u0161t\u011b velmi podrobn\u011b v\u011bnovat v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm navazuj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku (\u010d\u00e1sti II \u2013 zde bude n\u00e1sledn\u011b i\u00a0proveden zcela detailn\u00ed rozbor tohoto Strab\u00f3nova \u0159eck\u00e9ho textu).<\/p>\n

Ur\u010dit\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee nastat, p\u0159i snaze o\u00a0pokud mo\u017eno co nejv\u011brohodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed historickou interpretaci dochovan\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramen\u016f, je i\u00a0ta okolnost, \u017ee uveden\u00fd les lze n\u00e1sledn\u011b podle pojet\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed57<\/sup> zpr\u00e1vy podan\u00e9 Tacitem<\/em>58<\/sup> poj\u00edmat ji\u017e jen ve zna\u010dn\u011b omezen\u00e9m rozsahu:<\/p>\n

\u201e<\/em>\u2026Igitur inter Hercyniam silvam Rhenumque et Moenum amnes Helvetii, ulteriora Boii, Gallica utraque gens, tenuere (tenuerunt). Manet adhuc Boihaemi nomen sign(ific)atque loci veterem memoriam quamvis mutatis cultoribus<\/em>59<\/sup>. <\/em>(\u2026 A\u00a0tak mezi Hercynsk\u00fdm lesem a\u00a0\u0159ekami R\u00fdnem a\u00a0Mohanem byli (d\u0159\u00edve) usazeni Helvetiov\u00e9, ve vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edch (kraj\u00edch \u2013 ve sm\u011bru od Galie) B\u00f3jov\u00e9 \u2013 oba kmeny jsou galsk\u00e9. Doposud se dochoval n\u00e1zev Boiohaemum a\u00a0ozna\u010duje d\u00e1vnou minulost tohoto m\u00edsta \u2013 t\u0159eba\u017ee ji\u017e obyvatel\u00e9 byli vyst\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ni (Germ\u00e1ny).<\/em>)\u201c<\/p>\n

Pro spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 pochopen\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho vymezen\u00ed je nezbytn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st rovn\u011b\u017e odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed interpretaci orografick\u00fdch a\u00a0hydrografick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v\u00a0oblasti dne\u0161n\u00edho povod\u00ed Mohanu<\/em>. P\u0159i pohledu na fyzickou mapu dne\u0161n\u00ed Spolkov\u00e9 republiky N\u011bmecko<\/em> je mo\u017en\u00e9 si pov\u0161imnout \u201ejak\u00e9hosi\u201c (velmi nepravideln\u00e9ho) \u201etroj\u00faheln\u00edku\u201c. Jeho z\u00e1padn\u00ed stranu tvo\u0159\u00ed \u0159eka R\u00fdn<\/em>, severn\u00ed jeho pravostrann\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtok Mohan<\/em> \u2013 ji\u017en\u00ed pak Schwarzwald<\/em> (\u010cern\u00fd<\/em> les<\/em>) a\u00a0Schw\u00e4bische<\/em> Alb<\/em> (t\u00e9\u017e Schwabenalb \u2013<\/em> \u0160v\u00e1bsk\u00e1<\/em> Alba<\/em> \/\u201eAlpy<\/em>\u201c\/ \u010di \u0160v\u00e1bsk\u00e1<\/em> Jura<\/em>). Kam a\u017e sahalo (p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u2013 p\u0159ed germ\u00e1nskou expanz\u00ed) \u00fazem\u00ed Helveti\u016f<\/em> je dnes obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 zrekonstruovat \u2013 jist\u00e9 v\u0161ak je, \u017ee za nimi bezprost\u0159edn\u011b (v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b) \u201en\u00e1sledovali\u201c B\u00f3jov\u00e9<\/em>. Tolik pouze na okraj \u2013 pro n\u00e1s je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 lokalizace Hercynsk\u00e9ho<\/em> lesa<\/em> odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed pojet\u00ed Tacitovy Germ\u00e1nie<\/em>. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee \u0161lo o\u00a0horsk\u00fd p\u00e1s nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se severn\u011b od Dunaje<\/em> \u2013 jednozna\u010dn\u011b jen o\u00a0poho\u0159\u00ed Schwarzwald<\/em> a\u00a0Schw\u00e4bische<\/em> Alb<\/em>. Souhrnn\u011b je mo\u017en\u00e9 konstatovat, \u017ee se jednalo nejen o\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed vymezen\u00ed v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0Aristotelem<\/em> \u010di Caesarem<\/em> \u2013 ale t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na Strab\u00f3n\u016fv spis Geografika<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Zcela na z\u00e1v\u011br t\u00e9to d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku se zm\u00edn\u00edme o\u00a0Hercynsk\u00e9m lese<\/em> v\u00a0pojet\u00ed v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00e9ho antick\u00e9ho geografa Klaudia<\/em> Ptolemaia<\/em> (\u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u00b5\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>) \u2013 zde si m\u016f\u017eeme pov\u0161imnout (proti ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00fdm p\u00edsemn\u00fdm zm\u00ednk\u00e1m d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch autor\u016f) op\u011bt zcela odli\u0161n\u011b poj\u00edman\u00fd rozsah jeho prostorov\u00e9ho vymezen\u00ed60<\/sup>:<\/p>\n

\u201e<\/em>\u2026<\/em>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u00b5\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f44\u03c1\u03b7, \u1f67\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u00b5\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b4\u00b4 \u03bd\u00b4 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u00b5\u00b4 \u03bd\u00b4 \u1f51\u03c6\u1fbd \u1f03 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21 \u0393\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f5d\u03bb\u03b7\u0387 \u1f67\u03bd \u00b5\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u1f7a \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u00b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f41\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f41 \u1f48\u03c1\u03ba\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03c1\u03c5\u00b5\u03cc\u03c261<\/sup>. <\/em>(\u2026 D\u00e1le pak se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed hory naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 Sudetsk\u00e9, jejich\u017e krajn\u00ed body maj\u00ed (sou\u0159adnice) 34\u00b0 a\u00a050\u00b0 a\u00a040\u00b0 a\u00a050\u00b0. Pod nimi (Sudetami) je les Gabr\u00e9ta \u2013 mezi nimi a\u00a0horami Sarmatsk\u00fdmi (Karpaty) se nach\u00e1z\u00ed Hercynsk\u00e1 doubrava.)\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Pokud bychom cht\u011bli uvedenou Ptolemaiovu doubravu<\/em> lokalizovat, vymezili bychom ji sice jako \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed orografick\u00fd soubor \u2013 av\u0161ak nal\u00e9zaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdhradn\u011b jen na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9<\/em> republiky<\/em>62<\/sup>. Z\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch citac\u00ed d\u011bl antick\u00fdch autor\u016f je tedy evidentn\u011b z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch (1. stol. p\u0159. n.\u2008l. a\u00a01. a\u00a02. stol. n.\u2008l.) byl Hercynsk\u00fd<\/em> les<\/em> (doubrava<\/em>) poj\u00edm\u00e1n pom\u011brn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem (u\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch historik\u016f se bohu\u017eel \u201ev\u017eilo\u201c na \u010dase zcela nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 \u201estatick\u00e9\u201c, geograficky \u201epevn\u011b\u201c vymezen\u00e9, pojet\u00ed \u2013 nereflektuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy obsa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00a0dochovan\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramenech p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch (ji\u017e zde v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch) antick\u00fdch autor\u016f).<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 interpretace zpr\u00e1vy Velleia Patercula o\u00a0\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 akci v\u00a0roce 6. n.\u2008l. na z\u00e1klad\u011b jak dostupn\u00fdch pramen\u016f, tak i\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fdch historick\u00fdch a\u00a0geografick\u00fdch poznatk\u016f<\/h2>\n

Podle \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho historika Velleia Patercula<\/em> \u201ev\u00a0Germanii u\u017e nebyl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd kmen, kter\u00fd by \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b m\u011bli porazit, krom\u011b Markoman\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se na popud sv\u00e9ho v\u016fdce Marobudua zdvihli ze sv\u00fdch s\u00eddel a\u00a0uch\u00fdliv\u0161e se hloub\u011bji do vnitrozem\u00ed ob\u00fdvali roviny obklopen\u00e9 Hercynsk\u00fdm lesem<\/em>63<\/sup>.\u201c D\u00e1le pak se od t\u00e9ho\u017e autora dov\u00edd\u00e1me, \u017ee uveden\u00fd germ\u00e1nsk\u00fd v\u016fdce \u2013 Marobud<\/em>, cht\u011bl vybudovat pevnou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i s\u00a0\u201ekr\u00e1lovskou\u201c vl\u00e1dou, sp\u00ed\u0161e mimo bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed dosah \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch legi\u00ed \u2013 v\u00a0jak dalek\u00e9m \u00fazemn\u00edm prostoru v\u0161ak bohu\u017eel nelze z\u00a0dochovan\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy jednozna\u010dn\u011b stanovit. B\u011b\u017en\u00e1 historick\u00e1 interpretace lokalizuje hlavn\u00ed s\u00eddlo Marobuda<\/em> do pom\u011brn\u011b vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho prostoru dne\u0161n\u00edch \u010cech<\/em>. Tak tomu v\u0161ak b\u00fdt nemohlo \u2013 nelze toti\u017e (k\u00a0dan\u00e9 dob\u011b \u2013 tj. k\u00a0p\u0159elomu letopo\u010dt\u016f) vymezovat Hercynsk\u00fd<\/em> les<\/em> (doubravu<\/em>) \u201e\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm\u201c zp\u016fsobem \u2013 odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm zpr\u00e1v\u011b Aristotelov\u011b<\/em> \u010di Caesarov\u011b<\/em>. Popisovan\u00e9 dob\u011b odpov\u00eddal rozsah zaznamenan\u00fd Strab\u00f3nem<\/em> (tedy nejen v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd, d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 ani t\u00e9\u017e pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, Tacit\u016fv<\/em>; zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed Ptolemaiovo<\/em> pak bylo op\u011bt odli\u0161n\u00e964<\/sup>).<\/p>\n

Na v\u00fdsti\u017enou pozn\u00e1mku zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho \u010desk\u00e9ho archeologa a\u00a0historika V. Sala\u010de jsme ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e upozornili \u2013 jde na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b o\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u011b uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fd sm\u011br ta\u017een\u00ed vojsk Gaia Sentia Saturnina <\/em>z\u00a0Mohu\u010de<\/em> pod\u00e9l Mohanu<\/em> sm\u011brem do \u010cech<\/em>, na stran\u011b druh\u00e9 pak o\u00a0zcela odli\u0161nou lokalizaci s\u00eddel germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch Chatt\u016f<\/em>. Ti zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b ob\u00fdvali \u00fazem\u00ed nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed na sever od st\u0159edn\u00edho Pomohan\u00ed<\/em>. Nelze opominout zcela ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e9ho roku 5 n.\u2008l. \u2013 v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b se toti\u017e Tiberius<\/em> nach\u00e1zel p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0prostoru povod\u00ed \u0159eky Lippe<\/em>, kde (p\u0159ed sv\u00fdm odchodem) z\u0159\u00eddil (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b vyu\u017eil ji\u017e vybudovan\u00e9) zimn\u00ed t\u00e1bory65<\/sup> (nebo\u0165 se v\u00a0dan\u00e9 dob\u011b dostal dokonce a\u017e ke b\u0159eh\u016fm Labe<\/em>66<\/sup> \u2013 pot\u00e9 se vr\u00e1til zp\u011bt do p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen67<\/sup>). P\u00edsemn\u011b zaznamenan\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va Velleia Patercula<\/em> (podle kter\u00e9 Gaius<\/em> Sentius<\/em> Saturninus<\/em> m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed zjevn\u011b ze severu \/skrz Hercynsk\u00fd les<\/em>\/) se nav\u00edc t\u00e9\u017e shoduje se Strab\u00f3nov\u00fdmi<\/em> z\u00e1znamy. Tiberius<\/em> (veden\u00ed legi\u00ed nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch se v\u00a0t\u00e1borech u\u00a0Lippe<\/em> p\u0159edt\u00edm pln\u011b p\u0159enechal Saturninovi <\/em>\/tj. t\u011bch, kter\u00fdm v\u00a0roce 5 n.\u2008l. je\u0161t\u011b pln\u011b velel\/) postupoval nejsp\u00ed\u0161e jen \u00fadol\u00edm Dunaje<\/em> od Carnunta<\/em> \u2013 tj. nejkrat\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enou cestou k\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edmu \u0158eznu <\/em>(k\u00a0\u00fast\u00ed \u0159ek Regen<\/em> a\u00a0Naab<\/em> do Dunaje<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Sm\u011br ta\u017een\u00ed jak Tiberia Claudia Nerona<\/em>, tak Gaia Sentia Saturnina <\/em>je mo\u017en\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b up\u0159esnit, pokud zn\u00e1me p\u0159esnou lokalizaci hlavn\u00edho s\u00eddla \u201ekr\u00e1le\u201c Marobuda<\/em>. Do ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 doby panovaly ohledn\u011b t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zky zna\u010dn\u00e9 nejasnosti \u2013 teprve a\u017e v\u00a0roce 2010 vy\u0161la publikace, kter\u00e1 zve\u0159ejnila v\u00fdsledky velmi podrobn\u00e9ho (matematicko-geograficko-historick\u00e9ho) v\u00fdzkumu realizovan\u00e9ho \u010dty\u0159\u010dlenn\u00fdm t\u00fdmem Berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 univerzity \u2013 v\u00a0t\u00e9 je mj. uvedeno68<\/sup>:<\/p>\n

\u201e105 \u201aMarobudum\u2018 \u2013 bei Amberg.<\/em>\u201c<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0citovan\u00e9 velmi obs\u00e1hl\u00e9 studie vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee Marobudum<\/em> se nal\u00e9zalo mimo \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cech<\/em> \u2013 severn\u011b od \u0158ezna<\/em> \u2013 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm prostoru mezi sou\u010dasn\u00fdm Rozvadovem<\/em> a\u00a0Norimberkem<\/em>. Uveden\u00e1 lokalizace je i\u00a0zcela v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0Velleiovou<\/em> zpr\u00e1vou69<\/sup>, \u017ee Marobud<\/em> \u201esvou rozp\u00ednavost\u00ed nenech\u00e1val v\u00a0klidu ani It\u00e1lii, v\u017edy\u0165 vysok\u00e9 alpsk\u00e9 h\u0159bety na jej\u00edch hranic\u00edch nebyly vzd\u00e1leny o\u00a0mnoho v\u00edc ne\u017e 200\u00a0000 dvojkrok\u016f<\/em>70<\/sup> od okraje jeho \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/em>\u201c Na \u201epodporu\u201c v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 lokalizace si dovol\u00edme uv\u00e9st je\u0161t\u011b pouze jeden velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u00faryvek z\u00a0d\u00edla ji\u017e zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9ho geografa Klaudia<\/em> Ptolemaia<\/em> (\u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u00b5\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>)71<\/sup>:<\/p>\n

\u201e<\/em>\u2026<\/em>\u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u0393\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd72<\/sup> \u1f5d\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u0387 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u00b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af, \u1f7a\u03c6\u1fbd \u03bf\u1f55\u03c2 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03af73<\/sup>\u2026<\/em>(\u2026 Pod lesem Gabr\u00e9tou (se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed) Markomani, pod nimi Sudeinov\u00e9\u2026)\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159es ve\u0161ker\u00e9 (v\u011bt\u0161inou sp\u00ed\u0161e nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9) interpretace74<\/sup> uveden\u00e9ho Ptolemaiova<\/em> z\u00e1znamu je zcela nezpochybnitelnou skute\u010dnost\u00ed, \u017ee Markomani<\/em> se nach\u00e1zeli sm\u011brem na jih od \u0160umavy <\/em>\u2013 \u010cesk\u00e9ho<\/em> lesa (mj. zde existovalo i\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 Marobudum<\/em> \/u\u00a0Ambergu<\/em>\/). Do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry (zcela nez\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b) je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee autor p\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku mj. i\u00a0\u201ep\u0159episuje\u201c \u201eD\u011bjiny \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed p\u0159ed vystoupen\u00edm Slovan\u016f<\/em>\u201c75<\/sup> \u2013 prvotn\u00edm jeho z\u00e1m\u011brem bylo jen ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy mo\u017en\u00e9 plavby \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch lod\u00ed v\u00a0roce 6. n.\u2008l. po \u0159ece Morav\u011b<\/em> a\u00a0po doln\u00edm \u00faseku Dyje<\/em> \u2013 z\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f je v\u0161ak z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee k\u00a0n\u00ed v\u016fbec nedo\u0161lo. Zcela ke konci t\u00e9to prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti chystan\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u00edln\u00e9 \u0159ady (na z\u00e1klad\u011b proveden\u00e9 detailn\u00ed geograficko-historick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy) tak m\u016f\u017eeme konstatovat, \u017ee interpretace B.\u00a0Komor\u00f3czyho, kterou jsme v\u00fd\u0161e pouze stru\u010dn\u011b popsali76<\/sup>, je spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 \u2013 pln\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 (by\u0165 ne zcela jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 a\u00a0v\u00a0existuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramenech jen spo\u0159e dolo\u017een\u00e9) historick\u00e9 situaci, kter\u00e1 nastala v\u00a0dot\u010den\u00e9m geografick\u00e9m prostoru st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy<\/em> na p\u0159elomu letopo\u010dt\u016f. V\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku (ozna\u010den\u00e9m \u0159\u00edmskou \u010d\u00edslic\u00ed II) se pak pokus\u00edme uv\u00e9st je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed argumentaci k\u00a0uveden\u00e9mu tvrzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Zcela na z\u00e1v\u011br si dovol\u00edme prezentovat p\u0159ehlednou mapu, ve kter\u00e9 je zakreslena p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9ho prostoru v\u00a01. stol. n.\u2008l. spolu s\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdm postupem \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch vojsk k\u00a0Marobudu<\/em> v\u00a0roce 6 n.\u2008l. V\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00edm druh\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku pak \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e sezn\u00e1m\u00edme s\u00a0je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00edmi dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmi informacemi, kter\u00e9 toto ilustrativn\u00ed kartografick\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed, pokud mo\u017eno co nejpodrobn\u011bji, objasn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed koment\u00e1\u0159 k\u00a0uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 map\u011b<\/h2>\n

Pro vlastn\u00ed zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9ho postupu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch legi\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci vojensk\u00e9 akce sm\u011b\u0159ovan\u00e9 do prostoru s\u00eddla \u201ekr\u00e1le\u201c (\u0161lo sp\u00ed\u0161e jen o\u00a0n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edka po\u010detn\u00e9ho kmenov\u00e9ho svazu4<\/sup> Sv\u00e9b\u016f<\/em> \/i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch Germ\u00e1n\u016f<\/em>\/) Marobuda<\/em> byly t\u00e9\u017e vyu\u017eity dochovan\u00e9 historick\u00e9 a\u00a0geografick\u00e9 prameny, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmou souvislost s\u00a0prostorem st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy. Jde p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0dochovan\u00e9 d\u00edlo Klaudia Ptolemaia<\/em> o\u00a0n\u00e1zvu: \u201eN\u00e1vod ke geografii<\/em>\u201c (\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f59\u03c6\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2<\/em>). V\u00a0nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b byla provedena velmi zda\u0159il\u00e1 geograficko-historick\u00e1 interpretace realizovan\u00e1 pracovn\u00edm t\u00fdmem Berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 univerzity (Kleineberg, A., et al., 2010) \u2013 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0n\u00ed jsme vych\u00e1zeli. Provedli jsme d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed korekce jen tam, kde lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat (s\u00a0ohledem na archeologick\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed) sp\u00ed\u0161e odli\u0161nou lokalizaci (nap\u0159. u\u00a0Hrazan<\/em>, Nev\u011bzic<\/em> a\u00a0T\u0159\u00edsova<\/em> \/pokud jde o\u00a0Nomisterium<\/em> \u2013 je t\u00e9\u017e mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee \u0161lo sp\u00ed\u0161e o\u00a0nedalek\u00e9 Lovosice <\/em>ne\u017e o\u00a0Litom\u011b\u0159ice<\/em>\/). N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed auto\u0159i p\u0159i ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch lokalit vych\u00e1zeli z\u00a0latinsk\u00e9ho p\u0159ekladu Ptolemaiova d\u00edla \u2013 pouze v\u00a0n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo p\u0159\u00edpadech jsme si dovolili prov\u00e9st p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 korekce (nap\u0159. u\u00a0lokalit: Mersovium<\/em>, Setovia<\/em>, Brodentia<\/em> a\u00a0Abilunum<\/em> \/t\u00e9\u017e v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edm \u0159eck\u00fdm zn\u011bn\u00edm\/). Klaudios<\/em> Ptolemaios<\/em> sice sv\u00e9 d\u00edlo vydal p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b a\u017e v\u00a0polovin\u011b 2.\u00a0stol.\u00a0n.\u2008l.\u00a0\u2013 vych\u00e1zel v\u0161ak p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ze star\u0161\u00edch autor\u016f a\u00a0z\u00e1znam\u016f. Pouze tam, kde bylo z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee dan\u00e1 lokalita v\u00a0roce 6\u00a0n.\u2008l. je\u0161t\u011b neexistovala, uv\u00e1d\u00edme jej\u00ed zn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1vork\u00e1ch (mj. t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echna geografick\u00e1 ozna\u010den\u00ed lze jazykov\u011b analyzovat jako p\u016fvodn\u011b keltsk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy \/severn\u011b od Dunaje toto etnikum toti\u017e zcela \u201emiz\u00ed\u201c v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 50\u201330 p\u0159. n.\u2008l. \u2013 v\u00a0roce 6 n.\u2008l. zde tedy ji\u017e evidentn\u011b v\u016fbec nes\u00eddlilo \u2013 dan\u00e1 geografick\u00e1 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak po ur\u010ditou del\u0161\u00ed dobu pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b je\u0161t\u011b \u201ep\u0159etrv\u00e1vala\u201c\/). Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e1 dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed pozn\u00e1mka: lokalitu Bergium<\/em> je mo\u017en\u00e9 ztoto\u017enit s\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm (pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jen kr\u00e1tkodob\u011b existuj\u00edc\u00edm) vojensk\u00fdm t\u00e1borem u\u00a0Marktbreitu<\/em> \u2013 rovn\u011b\u017e tak Mattiacum<\/em> lze ztoto\u017enit s\u00a0t\u00e1borem (t\u00e9\u017e v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b i\u00a0prosperuj\u00edc\u00edm civiln\u00edm m\u011bstem) u\u00a0Waldgirmes<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mky<\/h4>\n
    \n
  1. V\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed terminologii vojensk\u00e9 strategie by \u0161lo nejen o\u00a0logistick\u00e9 zabezpe\u010den\u00ed chystan\u00e9ho \u00fatoku, ale t\u00e9\u017e o\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00edho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vojensk\u00fdch (s\u00a0ohledem na danou dobu) zna\u010dn\u011b dislokovan\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f.<\/li>\n
  2. Lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b. V\u00a0obdob\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159e Commoda<\/em> (t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0jeho syna \u2013 co\u017e bylo s\u00a0ohledem na p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stupnick\u00fd \u201esyst\u00e9m\u201c pon\u011bkud neobvykl\u00e9) do\u0161lo ve velmi brzk\u00e9 dob\u011b k\u00a0uzav\u0159en\u00ed m\u00edru mezi tzv. barbary a\u00a0\u0158\u00edmany.<\/li>\n
  3. B\u00e1lek, M. a\u00a0\u0160edo, O., 1998, s.\u00a0167\u2013168.<\/li>\n
  4. \u00damysln\u011b jsme u\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00ed hodnosti Marobuda<\/em> uvedli uvozovky. O\u00a0kr\u00e1le ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9m \u010di ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00e9m pojet\u00ed zajist\u00e9 ne\u0161lo \u2013 byl sp\u00ed\u0161e jen vojensk\u00fdm n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edkem \u201e\u0161ir\u0161\u00edho\u201c kmenov\u00e9ho svazu. Obdobn\u011b tomu bylo nap\u0159. i\u00a0u\u00a0Arminia<\/em>.<\/li>\n
  5. Viz p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Unger, J., 2015, s.\u00a033. Autor provedl rekonstrukci vodn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b na soutoku Jihlavy<\/em>, Svratky<\/em> a\u00a0Dyje<\/em> existuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b na po\u010d\u00e1tku 15. stolet\u00ed (obr. 1 \/v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku tohoto autora\/).<\/li>\n
  6. P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek v\u011bcn\u011b navazoval na d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek B\u00e1lka, M. a\u00a0\u0160edy, O., 1998 (viz pozn\u00e1mku \u010d. 3).<\/li>\n
  7. \u0160edo, O., 2001, s.\u00a044: \u201eZvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost si vynucuje soubor objekt\u016f (stavba s\u00a0apsidou, studna, val, br\u00e1na, p\u0159\u00edkop, v\u011b\u017ee) p\u0159i\u010d\u00edtan\u00fdch t\u00e1boru Mu\u0161ov-Neurissen I, kter\u00fd je autory z\u00e1chrann\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu spojov\u00e1n s\u00a0Tiberiovou v\u00fdpravou z\u00a0r. 6 (B\u00e1lek, \u0160edo, 1996). V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee bude akceptov\u00e1na uveden\u00e1 interpretace, je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00a0\u00farovni pracovn\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy nov\u011b vyhodnotit historick\u00e9 a\u00a0archeologick\u00e9 prameny. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd text Velleia Patercula (II 108\u2013110) nevylu\u010duje v\u00fdklad, podle kter\u00e9ho do\u0161lo v\u00a0Mu\u0161ov\u011b v\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u00fdpravy k\u00a0v\u00fdstavb\u011b (zimn\u00edho) t\u00e1bora ur\u010den\u00e9ho pro pobyt vojska v\u00a0zim\u011b 6\/7. \u0160\u00ed\u0159ka t\u00e1borov\u00e9 cesty a\u00a0odhadovan\u00e1 velikost are\u00e1lu by dovolovaly \u00favahy o\u00a0tom, \u017ee tento t\u00e1bor v\u00a0r\u00e1mci p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f m\u011bl sv\u00fdmi dimenzemi odpov\u00eddat nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm objekt\u016fm vystav\u011bn\u00fdm \u0158\u00edmany na \u00fazem\u00ed na v\u00fdchod od R\u00fdna a\u00a0\u017ee v\u00a0Mu\u0161ov\u011b m\u011bla b\u00fdt konstituov\u00e1na z\u00e1kladna \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 moci na v\u00fdchodn\u00edm okraji zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 provincie.\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n
  8. S\u00a0ohledem na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 shodn\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 konstatovat, \u017ee se zcela jist\u011b jednalo o\u00a0plnou analogii k\u00a0p\u016fsoben\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch legi\u00ed a\u00a0pomocn\u00fdch sbor\u016f v\u00a0povod\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0159eky Lippe<\/em> (pravostrann\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku R\u00fdna<\/em>) \u2013 podrobn\u011b viz p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Bremer, E., 2001.<\/li>\n
  9. Komor\u00f3czy, B., 2006, s. 191: \u201eZ\u00e1v\u011brem bych cht\u011bl navrhnout k\u00a0diskusi odli\u0161nou interpretaci a\u00a0datov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bch objekt\u016f v\u00a0trati Neurissen, jejich\u017e zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed jsem ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1dc\u00edch kriticky p\u0159ipom\u00ednkoval. Vzhledem k\u00a0povaze p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00fdch dokumentac\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1lez\u016f tak mohu \u010dinit jen ve velmi omezen\u00e9m rozsahu. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1m, \u017ee detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyhodnocen\u00ed bude p\u0159edm\u011btem jin\u00e9 studie, kter\u00e1 mus\u00ed nezbytn\u011b zahrnovat i\u00a0s\u00a0touto terasou organicky souvisej\u00edc\u00ed ostatn\u00ed partie Hradiska u\u00a0Mu\u0161ova. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b archeologick\u00fdch rozbor\u016f a\u00a0dobov\u00e9ho kontextu mus\u00edm vyslovit p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee ran\u011b c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd t\u00e1bor Mu\u0161ov-Neurissen I\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 podob\u011b nikdy neexistoval. S\u00a0ohledem na v\u00fdsledky dlouholet\u00fdch systematick\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f na Hradisku a\u00a0na obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed prospekc\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f se p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u00edm k\u00a0variant\u011b, \u017ee se zde poda\u0159ilo objevit \u010d\u00e1st rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho le\u017een\u00ed z\u00a0obdob\u00ed markomansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Fortifikace MN I\u00a0a\u00a0z\u0159ejm\u011b i\u00a0MN II, V\u00a0a\u00a0VI jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00e9ho\u017e opevn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 obklopuje i\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed partie Hradiska. Provincion\u00e1ln\u00ed analogie proti takov\u00e9mu datov\u00e1n\u00ed nehovo\u0159\u00ed, hlin\u011bn\u00fd val a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edkop, br\u00e1na a\u00a0d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee jsou typick\u00e9 pro vojenskou architekturu 1. a\u00a02. stolet\u00ed po Kr. a\u00a0jako takov\u00e9 je nelze interpretovat jinak ne\u017e v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho vojensk\u00e9ho kontingentu. Chronologick\u00e9 a\u00a0interpreta\u010dn\u00ed ur\u010den\u00ed budovy s\u00a0apsidou je m\u00edrn\u011b problematizov\u00e1no chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmi podklady k\u00a0jej\u00ed stratigrafii (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm se to t\u00fdk\u00e1 vazby na opevn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0u\u017eit\u00edm stavebn\u00edch forem, maj\u00edc\u00edch sv\u00e9 p\u0159edlohy v\u00a0civiln\u00ed architektu\u0159e). Terminus ante quem pro ni \u2013 ale i\u00a0pro ostatn\u00ed objekty na Neurissenu \u2013 jsou na v\u00edce m\u00edstech zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 stopy germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho os\u00eddlen\u00ed z\u00a0relativn\u011b-chronologick\u00e9ho stupn\u011b C1 (Tejral 1986, 1999). Dosavadn\u00ed poznatky o\u00a0v\u00fdvoji germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti ve star\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed podle m\u00e9ho soudu neposkytuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u016fvody p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee by mohlo doch\u00e1zet k\u00a0v\u00fdstavb\u011b takto koncipovan\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 budovy, a\u0165 u\u017e pro m\u00edstn\u00ed slo\u017eku nebo pro \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 civilisty\u2026<\/em>\u201c. Autor sv\u00e9 teze je\u0161t\u011b up\u0159esnil v\u00a0pozd\u011bji publikovan\u00e9m n\u011bmeck\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku (Komor\u00f3czy, B., 2009, s. 537\u2013550). Na z\u00e1v\u011br t\u00e9to pozn\u00e1mky je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed uv\u00e9st i\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fd \u201ezpochyb\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c moment souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0n\u00e1lezem dvou \u010dasn\u00fdch spon typu Aucissa<\/em> \u201ev\u00a0prostoru budovy a\u00a0jej\u00edm bezprost\u0159edn\u00edm okol\u00ed<\/em>\u201c (jde o\u00a0tzv. stavbu s\u00a0apsidou \u2013 viz Droberjar,\u00a0E., 2002, s.\u00a0196). Ot\u00e1zkou v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, jak interpretovat v\u00fd\u0161e uvedenou nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159esnou lokalizaci.<\/li>\n
  10. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm: Palack\u00fd, F., 1928, s. 65\u201387; Novotn\u00fd, V., 1912, s. 54\u2013145; Dobi\u00e1\u0161, J., 1964, s. 89\u2013148.<\/li>\n
  11. Droberjar, E. a\u00a0Saka\u0159 V., 2000, s. 21\u201342. Je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zm\u00ednit i\u00a0obs\u00e1hlou monografii prvn\u00edho z\u00a0autor\u016f (Droberjar, E., 2000), kter\u00e1 podrobn\u011b pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o\u00a0germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9m \u201ekr\u00e1li\u201c Marobudovi <\/em>(viz pozn\u00e1mku \u010d. 4).<\/li>\n
  12. Kehne, P., Sala\u010dov\u00e1, H. a\u00a0Sala\u010d, V., 2006, s. 447\u2013461.<\/li>\n
  13. Tamt\u00e9\u017e, s. 447: \u201e\u2026V\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00e9m efektu by to znamenalo, \u017ee Tiberius a\u00a0jeho exercitus Illyricus v\u00a0podob\u011b konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho vojensk\u00e9ho ta\u017een\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b \u00fapln\u011b nedos\u00e1hl zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00fdch pozic v\u00a0regionu Carnuntum \u2013 Bratislava a\u00a0ani je nikdy neopustil za \u00fa\u010delem ofenzivn\u00edho vojensk\u00e9ho v\u00fdpadu proti Marobudovi. S\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed nep\u0159ekro\u010dil ani Saturninus \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0okol\u00ed Marktbreitu \u2013 pokud v\u016fbec ov\u0161em tohoto op\u011brn\u00e9ho bodu, p\u0159ipraven\u00e9ho p\u0159edsunutou \u017eenijn\u00ed jednotkou, dos\u00e1hl. Fakt, \u017ee \u0158\u00edm kv\u016fli panonsko-dalmatsk\u00fdm v\u00e1lk\u00e1m uzav\u0159el s\u00a0Marobudem velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b m\u00edr form\u00e1ln\u00edm ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm zp\u016fsobem foedus pacis, kter\u00fd ov\u0161em Velleius v\u016fbec nezmi\u0148uje, po v\u00e1lce, kterou se dle p\u0159edepsan\u00e9ho postupu nejprve ofici\u00e1ln\u011b rozhodl prov\u00e9st (decretum belli) a\u00a0pot\u00e9 ji pr\u00e1vn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem (bellum iustum) i\u00a0form\u00e1ln\u011b vyhl\u00e1sit (indictio belli), nen\u00ed v\u00a0rozporu s\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed interpretac\u00ed stavu jako v\u00e1lky bez boje.<\/em>\u201c<\/li>\n
  14. T\u00e9\u017e v\u00a0Archeologick\u00fdch rozhledech<\/em>, 2006, ro\u010d. 58(3)<\/em> \u2013 v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm tematicky navazuj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku.<\/li>\n
  15. Sala\u010d, V., 2006, s. 462\u2013485.<\/li>\n
  16. Komor\u00f3czy, B., 2006, s. 155\u2013205.<\/li>\n
  17. Sala\u010d, V., 2006, s. 480: \u201e\u2026 V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b t\u00e1bora u\u00a0Mu\u0161ova dosp\u00edv\u00e1 B. Komor\u00f3czy (2006) novou interpretac\u00ed publikovan\u00fdch archeologick\u00fdch pramen\u016f k\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee tento t\u00e1bor je nutno datovat a\u017e do obdob\u00ed markomansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Dle autora tedy v\u00a0dob\u011b ta\u017een\u00ed v\u016fbec neexistoval. Hodnocen\u00edm historick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b na po\u010d\u00e1tku nov\u00e9ho letopo\u010dtu dosp\u00edv\u00e1 k\u00a0podobn\u00e9mu z\u00e1v\u011bru i\u00a0B. Steidel (2004) v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b opevn\u011bn\u00ed u\u00a0Marktbreitu. Tento badatel se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee t\u00e1bor byl vybudov\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velkoryse na to, aby byl ur\u010den pro jedin\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed. Je rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee tak\u00e9 nebylo d\u016fvodu jej po odvolan\u00e9m ta\u017een\u00ed nav\u017edy opustit. Proto ch\u00e1pe jeho zalo\u017een\u00ed jako vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed trval\u00e9ho strategick\u00e9ho op\u011brn\u00e9ho bodu pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed Pomohan\u00ed k\u00a0\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i a\u00a0klade jej do souvislosti a\u017e se snahami Q. P. Varra o\u00a0trvalou anexi r\u00fdnsk\u00e9ho pravob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b Pomohan\u00ed \u0158\u00edmem v\u00a0letech 7\u20139 po Kr. Tyto aktivity nav\u017edy ukon\u010dila \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 por\u00e1\u017eka v\u00a0Teutobursk\u00e9m lese v\u00a0r. 9 po Kr. Do tohoto obdob\u00ed by tedy nejl\u00e9pe spadalo definitivn\u00ed opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e1bora u\u00a0Marktbreitu, kter\u00fd nebyl nikdy trvaleji osazen vojskem. Jist\u00e9 archeologick\u00e9 doklady \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho ta\u017een\u00ed proti \u010desk\u00e9mu \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159ed dv\u011bma tis\u00edci lety tedy zat\u00edm nebyly nalezeny.<\/em>\u201c<\/li>\n
  18. P\u016fvodn\u00ed latinsk\u00fd text je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: \u201eSentio Saturnino mandatum, ut per Cattos excisis continentibus Hercyniae silvis legiones Boiohaemum (id regioni, quam incolebat Maroboduus, nomen est) duceret, ipse a\u00a0Carnunto, qui locus Norici regni proximus ab hac parte erat, exercitum, qui in Illyrico merebat, ducere in Marcomannos orsus est<\/em>.\u201c Pokud mo\u017eno doslovn\u00fd p\u0159eklad t\u00e9to Velleiovy<\/em> pas\u00e1\u017ee by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 formulovat n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: \u201eSentiovi Saturninovi bylo (p\u0159edt\u00edm) ulo\u017eeno, aby p\u0159es (\u00fazem\u00ed) Chatt\u016f (ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve) prosekan\u00fdmi p\u0159ilehl\u00fdmi (i\u00a0souvisl\u00fdmi) lesy Hercynie vedl legie (sm\u011brem) do Boiohaema (Bohemie, \u201e\u010cech\u201c) \u2013 tak se tato zem\u011b, kde Marobud s\u00eddlil, jmenuje \u2013 on s\u00e1m (tj. Tiberius) zapo\u010dal v\u00e9st od Carnunta, m\u00edsta Norick\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, je\u017e bylo nejbl\u00ed\u017ee v\u00a0dan\u00e9m sm\u011bru (\u00fatoku \u2013 k\u00a0Boiohaemu), proti Markoman\u016fm vojsko, kter\u00e9 (v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b) slou\u017eilo (za \u017eold) v\u00a0Il\u00fdrii.<\/em>\u201c Dostupn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad: Barto\u0148kov\u00e1, I. a\u00a0Radov\u00e1, D., 2010, s. 22 a\u00a0Mouchov\u00e1, B., ed., 2013, s. 149. K\u00a0uveden\u00e9mu textu si dovol\u00edme t\u00e9\u017e p\u0159ipojit dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed podrobnou pozn\u00e1mku. U\u00a0vazby \u201eexcisis continentibus<\/em>\u2026 silvis<\/em>\u201c se evidentn\u011b nejedn\u00e1 o\u00a0tzv. ablativ absolutn\u00ed. Dle mluvnice Quitt, Z. a\u00a0Kucharsk\u00fd, P., 1989, s. 155, vyjad\u0159uje ablativ absolutn\u00ed d\u011bjovou okolnost, kter\u00e1 prov\u00e1z\u00ed hlavn\u00ed d\u011bj vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsudkem. V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e1 vazba je v\u0161ak sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u011bty vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u2013 tzv. fin\u00e1ln\u00ed (\u00fa\u010delov\u00e9 \/viz v\u00a0textu obsa\u017een\u00e1 latinsk\u00e1 spojka ut<\/em>\/). Podrobnosti lze nal\u00e9zt tamt\u00e9\u017e na s. 167. V\u011bta \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed je zjevn\u011b v\u00a0tzv. vedlej\u0161\u00edm (minul\u00e9m) \u010dase \u2013 proto je p\u0159\u00edsudek v\u011bty fin\u00e1ln\u00ed (sloveso ducere<\/em>) ve tvaru konjunktivu imperfekta. D\u00e1le pak je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e poznamenat, \u017ee tvar excisis<\/em> je ablativem plur\u00e1lu od participia perfekta pasivn\u00edho excisus<\/em> \u2013 naopak u\u00a0continentibus<\/em> jde o\u00a0participium pr\u00e9zentu aktiva. Nem\u016f\u017ee tedy platit pou\u010dka uveden\u00e1 na str. 155 t\u00e9\u017ee mluvnice, podle kter\u00e9 ve vazb\u011b ablativu absolutn\u00edho se m\u016f\u017ee vyskytovat bu\u010f participium pr\u00e9zentu aktivn\u00edho (vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed okolnosti d\u011bjov\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9), nebo participium perfekta pasivn\u00edho (vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed okolnost\u00ed d\u011bjov\u011b p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed). Pokud jde o\u00a0participium excisus<\/em>, jde evidentn\u011b o\u00a0funkci p\u0159\u00edvlastku \u2013 (\u201eexcisa est arbor, non evulsa<\/em>\u201c \u2013 strom je pok\u00e1cen\u00fd, ne vyvr\u00e1cen\u00fd, \u201eexcisae arbores<\/em>\u201c \u2013 pora\u017een\u00e9 \/stromy\/) \u2013 jde tedy o\u00a0stromy, kter\u00e9 byly (ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve) pora\u017eeny \u2013 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm stav (perfektum pr\u00e9zentn\u00ed nevyjad\u0159uje p\u0159\u00edmo vlastn\u00ed minulost \u2013 sp\u00ed\u0161e jej\u00ed n\u00e1sledek, kter\u00fd v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtomnosti trv\u00e1 \/jako p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd stav\/ \u2013 viz tamt\u00e9\u017e na s. 143 \/obdobn\u011b viz t\u00e9\u017e pou\u010dku uvedenou na s. 154 t\u00e9\u017ee mluvnice: \u201e\u2026participium vyjad\u0159uje \u010das jen relativn\u011b: participium pr\u00e9zentu zna\u010d\u00ed d\u011bj s\u00a0d\u011bjem slovesa ur\u010dit\u00e9ho sou\u010dasn\u00fd, participium perfekta d\u011bj p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00fd a\u00a0participium futura d\u011bj n\u00e1sledn\u00fd.<\/em>\u201c\/).<\/li>\n
  19. Sala\u010d, V., 2006, s. 479: \u201eStriktn\u011b vzato, rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee jedno vojsko sm\u011b\u0159ovalo do \u010cech pod\u00e9l Mohanu a\u00a0druh\u00e9 p\u0159es ji\u017en\u00ed Moravu, nen\u00ed ni\u010d\u00edm jin\u00fdm ne\u017e modern\u00ed dedukc\u00ed historik\u016f, o\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e m\u016f\u017ee pochybovat ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo cestu od R\u00fdna pod\u00e9l Mohanu a\u00a0Oh\u0159e do \u010cech absolvoval. Domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee je p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm stejn\u011b pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee se vojska m\u011bla spojit mimo \u010ceskou kotlinu, nap\u0159. v\u00a0Podunaj\u00ed, a\u00a0spole\u010dn\u011b do \u010cech vniknout n\u011bkter\u00fdm z\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00fdch a\u00a0v\u00a0prav\u011bku u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pr\u016fsmyk\u016f (nap\u0159. mezi \u0160umavou a\u00a0\u010cesk\u00fdm lesem, nebo po tzv. Zlat\u00e9 stezce apod.)\u2026Sta\u010d\u00ed porovnat tradi\u010dn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fd sm\u011br ta\u017een\u00ed vojsk Sentia Saturnina z\u00a0Mohu\u010de pod\u00e9l Mohanu sm\u011brem do \u010cech s\u00a0lokalizac\u00ed s\u00eddel germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch Chatt\u016f. Velleius Paterculus toti\u017e jasn\u011b p\u00ed\u0161e: \u201aS. Saturninus dostal za \u00fakol sm\u011b\u0159ovat se sv\u00fdmi legiemi do \u010cech p\u0159es \u00fazem\u00ed Chatt\u016f<\/em>\u2026\u2018. Tato zpr\u00e1va se p\u0159i rekonstrukci ta\u017een\u00ed pod\u00e9l Mohanu mnohdy opom\u00edj\u00ed, nebo\u0165 s\u00a0n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nekoresponduje.\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n
  20. Kehne, P., Sala\u010dov\u00e1, H. a\u00a0Sala\u010d, V., 2006, s. 447\u2013461.<\/li>\n
  21. Odli\u0161n\u00e9 pojet\u00ed lze nal\u00e9zt nap\u0159. v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvc\u00edch: B\u00e1lek, M. a\u00a0\u0160edo, O., 1998, s.\u00a0159\u2013184; Droberjar, E. a\u00a0Saka\u0159 V., 2000, s. 21\u201342; \u0160edo, O., 2001, s. 93\u2013106; Bouzek, J. a\u00a0Musil,\u00a0J., 2009, s. 75\u201379.<\/li>\n
  22. Sala\u010d, V., 2009, s. 107\u2013138.<\/li>\n
  23. Tamt\u00e9\u017e \u2013 s.\u00a0131 (\u010dty\u0159i velmi n\u00e1zorn\u00e9 schematick\u00e9 mapy: \u201eM\u00f6gliche Trassen des r\u00f6mischen Feldzuges gegen Marbod im Jahre 6 n. Chr.<\/em>\u201c).<\/li>\n
  24. Sala\u010d, V., 2009, s. 133: \u201eAusgehend von der Auswertung arch\u00e4ologischer und geografischer Situationen bin ich davon \u00fcberzeugt, da\u00df das Vorr\u00fccken von Saturninus\u2018 Heer nach B\u00f6hmen Main und Eger folgend praktisch ausgeschlossen werden kann.<\/em>\u201c V. Sala\u010d ji\u017e v\u00a0d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvc\u00edch (nap\u0159. Sala\u010d, V., 2006, s.\u00a0462\u2013485) zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b vyvr\u00e1til b\u011b\u017en\u011b tradovanou variantu sm\u011bru \u00fatoku veden\u00e9ho pod\u00e9l \u0159eky Oh\u0159e do \u00farodn\u00e9 (hust\u011b os\u00eddlen\u00e9) oblasti doln\u00edho Pooh\u0159\u00ed a\u00a0Polab\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  25. T\u00e9to lokalit\u011b se je\u0161t\u011b budeme podrobn\u011b v\u011bnovat v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0geografickou interpretac\u00ed tzv. Ptolemaiovy mapy<\/em>.<\/li>\n
  26. Sala\u010d, V., 2009, s. 133: \u201e\u2026Wenn wir annehmen, da\u00df Tiberius beabsichtigte, aus dem S\u00fcden nach B\u00f6hmen zu kommen und lassen wir sein Heer von Carnuntum aus in Richtung Westen in den Raum Linz-Regensburg marschieren und vermuten wir, da\u00df auch Saturninus in denselben Raum zielte (Abb. 11:D), scheinen viele Probleme gel\u00f6st zu sein. Besonders dann, wenn wir eine Vereinigung beider Heere im weiteren Umkreis von Regensburg annehmen. Zun\u00e4chst teilt sich die Entfernung zwischen dem Ort des Zusamentreffens der Heere und deren Ausgangspunkte in mehr vergleichbare Abschnitte und vor allem w\u00fcrden die beiden Heere entgegen kommen, was die Kommunikation und gegenseitige Koordinierung deutlich vereinfachen w\u00fcrde \u2013 wie auch die Verbindung mit der Zentralmacht in Rom. Die Heere w\u00fcrden auf bekannten Kommunikationsrouten vorankommen und f\u00fcr den Vorsto\u00df nach B\u00f6hmen einen nat\u00fcrlichsten und einfachsten Korridore durch die Chamer Senke nutzen.<\/em>\u201c<\/li>\n
  27. Viz ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd Kehne, P., Sala\u010dov\u00e1, H. a\u00a0Sala\u010d, V., 2006, s. 447\u2013461.<\/li>\n
  28. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b liburnsk\u00e9 dvoj\u0159adky<\/em> (podrobn\u011b se o\u00a0nich zm\u00edn\u00edme a\u017e ve druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti na\u0161eho p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku).<\/li>\n
  29. Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, velmi detailn\u00ed, informace uv\u00e1d\u00ed Waldhauser, J., 2001<\/li>\n
  30. Caesar, G. I., 1972, s. 188. Jak latinsk\u00fd p\u016fvodn\u00ed text, tak \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad lze t\u00e9\u017e nal\u00e9zt v\u00a0ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 publikaci Barto\u0148kov\u00e1, D. a\u00a0Radov\u00e1, I., 2010, s. 13.<\/li>\n
  31. Uveden\u00e9 problematice se v\u011bnovala v\u00a0ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u00favodn\u00ed kapitola publikace: Waldhauser, J., 2001. <\/em>Tamt\u00e9\u017e na s. 12 autor uv\u00e1d\u00ed: \u201eS\u00eddla <\/em>(Volk\u016f<\/em>)-Tektos\u00e1g\u016f p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed psan\u00e9 prameny kdesi v\u00a0hloubi Herk\u00fdnsk\u00e9ho lesa ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, d\u00e1le zase v\u00a0Karpatsk\u00e9 kotlin\u011b a\u00a0tak\u00e9 na ji\u017en\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Francie, b\u00fdval\u00e9 narbonnsk\u00e9 Galie, a\u00a0to v\u00a0sousedstv\u00ed (Volk\u016f)-Arekomick\u00fdch. <\/em>(Volkov\u00e9<\/em>)-Tektos\u00e1gov\u00e9 zabrali \u00fazem\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u011b od nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho tureck\u00e9ho hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Ankary a\u00a0spolu s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi keltsk\u00fdmi kmeny vytvo\u0159ili po roce 278 p\u0159. n.<\/em>\u2008l. Galatsk\u00e9.<\/em>\u201c Tamt\u00e9\u017e, s. 13: \u201ePokud lze centr\u00e1ln\u00ed Evropu v\u010detn\u011b \u010cech <\/em>(snad s\u00a0p\u0159ilehl\u00fdmi okoln\u00edmi oblastmi<\/em>) po\u010d\u00edtat za m\u00edsta, z\u00a0nich\u017e v\u00a05.\u20133. stolet\u00ed vy\u0161la expanze Kelt\u016f na jih a\u00a0v\u00fdchod Evropy, mohli by B\u00f3jov\u00e9 b\u00fdt jm\u00e9nem nejstar\u0161\u00edho kmene tohoto \u00fazem\u00ed. Naopak <\/em>(Volkov\u00e9<\/em>)-Tektos\u00e1gov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed svoje s\u00eddla v\u00a0Herk\u00fdnsk\u00e9m lese podle p\u00edsemn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v zaujali, by mohli p\u0159edstavovat imigruj\u00edc\u00ed proud. Sm\u011bru t\u011bchto posun\u016f kmene B\u00f3j\u016f z\u00a0\u010cech v\u00a01.<\/em>\u00a0stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n.<\/em>\u2008l. by <\/em>(s\u00a0rezervou<\/em>) nasv\u011bd\u010dovaly archeologick\u00e9 prameny, zat\u00edmco \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va ani v\u00a0nejmen\u0161\u00edm nenazna\u010duje, \u017ee by <\/em>(Volkov\u00e9<\/em>)-Tektos\u00e1gov\u00e9 ze s\u00eddel uvnit\u0159 Herk\u00fdnsk\u00e9ho lesa ode\u0161li. Naopak, Caesar je tu v\u00a0polovin\u011b 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n.<\/em>\u2008l. doslovn\u011b zm\u00ednil. Nezahrnovaly proto regiony s\u00a0keltsk\u00fdm os\u00eddlen\u00edm ve <\/em>(st\u0159edoz\u00e1padn\u00edch<\/em>) \u010cech\u00e1ch, situovan\u00e9 do nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti nekeltsk\u00e9ho (germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho) os\u00eddlen\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy \u2013 z\u00a0\u010deho\u017e b\u00fdv\u00e1 odvozov\u00e1no jejich \u201adruh\u00e9\u2018 pr\u00e1v\u011b z\u00a0germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f vznikl\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed Volkov\u00e9 \u2013 tektos\u00e1gsk\u00e1 s\u00eddla? S\u00eddla (Volk\u016f)-Tektos\u00e1g\u016f jako p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f kmenov\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed B\u00f3j\u016f? Nejsp\u00ed\u0161e ano.<\/em>\u201c<\/li>\n
  32. Tacitus, P. C., 1976, s. 359.<\/li>\n
  33. Waldhauser, J., 2001, <\/em>s. 13: \u201ePokud mluvili anti\u010dt\u00ed spisovatel\u00e9 o\u00a0Boiohaemu, doslova zemi B\u00f3j\u016f, o\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed, kde s\u00eddlili p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci tohoto keltsk\u00e9ho kmene mohli m\u00edt na mysli: 1. Prostor alespo\u0148 z\u010d\u00e1sti v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch, s\u00a0b\u00f3jsk\u00fdm os\u00eddlen\u00edm p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm do p\u0159elomu 2.\/1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n.<\/em>\u2008l.; toto os\u00eddlen\u00ed v\u00a0n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo desetilet\u00edch zesl\u00e1blo, v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch regionech eventu\u00e1ln\u011b zmizelo i\u00a0d\u0159\u00edve. 2. Prostor okolo soutoku Dunaje s\u00a0Moravou na z\u00e1pad\u011b karpatsk\u00e9 kotliny s\u00a0b\u00f3jsk\u00fdm os\u00eddlen\u00edm od prvn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n.<\/em>\u2008l. a\u00a0pozd\u011bji snad a\u017e do zlomu star\u00e9ho a\u00a0nov\u00e9ho letopo\u010dtu, kdy archeologov\u00e9 ji\u017e v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch nenach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 stopy hmotn\u00e9 kultury Kelt\u016f. 3. \u00dazem\u00ed alespo\u0148 z\u010d\u00e1sti v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u00a0Karpatsk\u00e9 kotlin\u011b ve 2.\u20131. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n.<\/em>\u2008l. jako prostory, kter\u00e9 B\u00f3jov\u00e9 postupn\u011b os\u00eddlili. De facto by \u0161lo o\u00a0nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159esnou a\u017e zmatenou informaci. Zpr\u00e1va Velleia Patercula <\/em>(2, 109<\/em>) z\u00a0\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin z\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tku na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu z\u00a0doby p\u0159ed rokem 30 \u2013 tedy bohu\u017eel a\u017e z\u00a0doby po definitivn\u00edm z\u00e1niku keltsk\u00e9ho os\u00eddlen\u00ed \u2013 nazna\u010duje sm\u011br, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v\u00fdchod a\u017e jihov\u00fdchod kter\u00fdm le\u017eelo Boiohaemum z\u00a0postaven\u00ed pozorovatele na \u00fazem\u00ed germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kmene Chatt\u016f v\u00a0Hesensku: \u201aSentiovi Saturninovi bylo ulo\u017eeno, aby \u00fazem\u00edm Katt\u016f, prosekaje hust\u00e9 herk\u00fdnsk\u00e9 lesy, legie vedl do Boiohaema <\/em>(tak se naz\u00fdvala krajina, kterou Marobudus ob\u00fdval<\/em>), s\u00e1m po\u010dal sv\u00e9 vojsko, kter\u00e9 konalo slu\u017ebu v\u00a0Illyriku, v\u00e9sti na Markomany z\u00a0Karnunta, kter\u00e9\u017eto m\u00edsto v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed norick\u00e9m jest z\u00a0t\u00e9to strany nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed.\u2018 Z\u00a0t\u00e9to informace m\u016f\u017eeme konkr\u00e9tn\u011bji odvodit um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed Boiohaema na \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0dlouh\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b mezi dne\u0161n\u00edm W\u00fcrzburgem, Lincem, V\u00eddn\u00ed a\u00a0Bratislavou, od n\u00ed\u017e le\u017e\u00ed ve vzd\u00e1lenosti pouh\u00fdch 10<\/em>\u2008km pr\u00e1v\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd t\u00e1bor Karnuntum. Jak daleko na sever od Dunaje Boiohaemum le\u017eelo? Respektujeme-li doslova informaci o\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159ce Herk\u00fdnsk\u00e9ho lesa dev\u00edti denn\u00edch pochod\u016f od Dunaje <\/em>(cca 50\u2013270<\/em>\u2008km<\/em>) a\u00a0Kelty v\u00a01. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n.<\/em>\u2008l. v\u00a0tomto p\u00e1su os\u00eddlen\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed, vyjde n\u00e1m poloha Boiohaema do horn\u00edho povod\u00ed Mohanu, do z\u00e1padn\u00edch a\u00a0ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech minim\u00e1ln\u011b a\u017e k\u00a0linii Plze\u0148 \u2013 P\u00edsek, d\u00e1le do M\u00fchlviertelu a\u00a0na Moravsk\u00e9 pole v\u00a0Rakousku a\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed Moravu a\u017e k\u00a0Brnu, a\u00a0to v\u010detn\u011b p\u0159il\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00edho jihoz\u00e1padn\u00edho Slovenska. Tato \u201aaritmetick\u00e1\u2018 \u00favaha nem\u00e1 pochopiteln\u011b velkou v\u00e1hu. Je\u0161t\u011b patrn\u011bji vysv\u00edt\u00e1 poloha Boiohaema u\u00a0soutoku Dunaje s\u00a0Moravou ze slov Velleia Patercula <\/em>(2, 109<\/em>) o\u00a0tom, jak je \u0158\u00edman\u016fm Marobudus nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd, pon\u011bvad\u017e m\u00e1 \u201ana lev\u00e9 stran\u011b a\u00a0p\u0159ed sebou Germ\u00e1nii, napravo Pannonii, v\u00a0z\u00e1dech s\u00eddel sv\u00fdch Noricum,\u2018 tj. zhruba dne\u0161n\u00ed Rakousko. Pokud by m\u011bl autor na mysli \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch \u010cech, napsal by nepochybn\u011b, \u017ee m\u011bl v\u00a0z\u00e1dech Rhaetii, tj. Bavorsko.<\/em>\u201c<\/li>\n
  34. Nejprve je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zm\u00ednit monografii: \u0160imek, E., 1934. D\u00e1le pak 1. d\u00edl jeho rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho souboru o\u00a0Germ\u00e1nii: \u0160imek, E., 1930. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou n\u00e1sledoval 2. d\u00edl: \u0160imek, E., 1935 \u2013 bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po n\u00ed pak vy\u0161lo dal\u0161\u00ed pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed: \u0160imek, E., 1949. Posledn\u00edm vydan\u00fdm d\u00edlem pak byl: \u0160imek, E., 1953.<\/li>\n
  35. Pokud mo\u017eno doslovn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad by mohl b\u00fdt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: \u201e\u2026Dunaj <\/em>(Istros, Ister<\/em>) [prot\u00e9k\u00e1<\/em>] celou Evropou <\/em>(p\u0159es celou Evropu<\/em>) do \u010cern\u00e9ho <\/em>(Euxeinsk\u00e9ho, Euchinsk\u00e9ho<\/em>) mo\u0159e. Z\u00a0ostatn\u00edch \u0159ek <\/em>[tj. je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch evropsk\u00fdch \/krom\u011b jmenovan\u00e9ho Dunaje a\u00a0jeho povod\u00ed\/<\/em>] v\u011bt\u0161ina <\/em>[te\u010de<\/em>] z\u00a0Hercynsk\u00fdch <\/em>(Arkynsk\u00fdch<\/em>) hor <\/em>[pozd\u011bji ozna\u010dovan\u00fdch jako Hercynsk\u00fd les<\/em>] k\u00a0severu <\/em>(sm\u011brem na sever<\/em>).<\/em>\u201c<\/li>\n
  36. Ve 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n.\u2008l. se pod pojmem meteora<\/em> rozum\u011bly \u201ev\u0161echny v\u011bci ve vzduchu <\/em>(v\u011bci nadzemsk\u00e9 \u2013 \u010di nadpozemsk\u00e9<\/em>)\u201c.<\/li>\n
  37. Vyu\u017eili jsme velmi dob\u0159e dostupn\u00fd text z\u00a0internetov\u00e9 adresy: http:\/\/www.thelatinlibrary.com\/caes.html<\/em>. D\u00e1le je tento latinsk\u00fd text mo\u017en\u00e9 rovn\u011b\u017e nal\u00e9zt nap\u0159. na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch: http:\/\/www.forumromanum.org\/literature\/ caesar\/gallic1.html<\/em>, http:\/\/la.wikisource.org\/wiki<\/em> a\u00a0http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/218\/218-h\/218-h.htm<\/em>. Na z\u00e1v\u011br pak lze zm\u00ednit patrn\u011b nejlep\u0161\u00ed verzi (s\u00a0ohledem na rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd pozn\u00e1mkov\u00fd apar\u00e1t) p\u0159\u00edstupnou na adrese: http:\/\/www.perseus. tufts.edu\/<\/em>.<\/li>\n
  38. Sou\u0159ad\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice \u201e-que<\/em>\u201c se v\u00a0t\u00e9to v\u011bt\u011b zcela jist\u011b nemohla vyskytovat. Doplnili jsme ji pouze pro \u201e\u0161koln\u00ed\u201c p\u0159ehlednost. Jedn\u00e1 se zde o\u00a0tzv. asyndeton<\/em> (p\u016fvod z\u00a0\u0159eck\u00e9ho asyndetos<\/em> \/nespoutan\u00fd\/) stylistickou \u201efiguru\u201c (u\u00a0Caesara<\/em> mj. dosti \u010dastou \/viz nap\u0159. i\u00a0\u201enotoricky zn\u00e1m\u00e9\u201c \u201eveni, vidi, vici<\/em>\u201c\/), kter\u00e1 je zalo\u017eena na hromad\u011bn\u00ed slov za sebou \u2013 bez pou\u017eit\u00ed spojek (podrobn\u011b se tomuto stylistick\u00e9mu prost\u0159edku budeme je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bnovat ve druh\u00e9m navazuj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku). Dovol\u00edme si v\u00a0dan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nesouhlasit s\u00a0n\u00e1zorem Barto\u0148kov\u00e9, D. a\u00a0Radov\u00e9, I., 2010, s. 21\u201324.<\/li>\n
  39. Vlo\u017eili jsme pouze pro lep\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed \u2013 viz t\u00e9\u017e p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka \u010d. 38.<\/li>\n
  40. N\u011bco jin\u00e9ho je \u201eGalie<\/em> v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu\u201c (mj. nap\u0159. Caesar, G. I., 2009, s. 25), n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho Galov\u00e9<\/em> (nepat\u0159ili mezi n\u011b ani Belgov\u00e9<\/em> \/kte\u0159\u00ed byli sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u201eGalie<\/em> v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu\u201c\/). Z\u00a0uveden\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee Volkov\u00e9<\/em>–Tektos\u00e1gov\u00e9<\/em> (zcela jist\u011b neob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u201eCaesarovu<\/em> Galii<\/em>\u201c) nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0159adit k\u00a0\u201evlastn\u00edm\u201c Gal\u016fm<\/em>. Pokud jde o\u00a0souborn\u00fd n\u00e1zev Keltov\u00e9<\/em> \u2013 tam je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee jde o\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e9. Teprve po uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch souvislost\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159istoupit (zcela exaktn\u011b a\u00a0\u201eopro\u0161t\u011bn\u011b\u201c) k\u00a0p\u0159ekladu uveden\u00e9 (pon\u011bkud komplikovan\u00e9 a\u00a0dlouh\u00e9) Caesarovy<\/em> v\u011btn\u00e9 periody. Pro oz\u0159ejm\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho koment\u00e1\u0159e si na z\u00e1v\u011br t\u00e9to pozn\u00e1mky dovol\u00edme ocitovat t\u00e9\u017e \u00favodn\u00ed v\u011btu z\u00a0jeho d\u00edla Commentarii de bello Gallico<\/em>: \u201eGallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur<\/em>\u2026 [Galie se jako celek d\u011bl\u00ed na t\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti. Jednu z\u00a0nich ob\u00fdvaj\u00ed Belgov\u00e9, druhou Akvit\u00e1nov\u00e9 <\/em>(Akvit\u00e1nci<\/em>), t\u0159et\u00ed pak <\/em>(ty \/kmeny\/<\/em>), je\u017e se samy ve sv\u00e9m <\/em>(vlastn\u00edm<\/em>) jazyce naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed Keltov\u00e9 \u2013 v\u00a0na\u0161em pak jsou naz\u00fdv\u00e1ni Galy<\/em>\u2026]\u201c.<\/li>\n
  41. Pokud mo\u017eno doslovn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad by mohl b\u00fdt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: \u201eD\u0159\u00edve t\u00e9\u017e b\u00fdvala doba, ve kter\u00e9 Galov\u00e9 Germ\u00e1ny p\u0159ed\u010dili svou state\u010dnost\u00ed \u2013 dokonce <\/em>[sami<\/em>] je v\u00e1le\u010dn\u011b napadali z\u00a0d\u016fvodu p\u0159elidn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0nedostatku \u00fazem\u00ed <\/em>(p\u016fdy, zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemk\u016f<\/em>) \u2013 pos\u00edlali t\u00e9\u017e za R\u00fdn <\/em>[sm\u011brem na v\u00fdchod<\/em>] osadn\u00edky <\/em>[v\u00edce skupin do zakl\u00e1dan\u00fdch obc\u00ed<\/em>]. Tak tedy ty <\/em>[kraje<\/em>], je\u017e jsou z\u00a0germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed <\/em>(kon\u010din<\/em>) v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti Hercynsk\u00e9ho lesa nej\u00farodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 <\/em>[toho lesa<\/em>], kter\u00fd byl Erastothenovi a\u00a0i\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdm <\/em>(dal\u0161\u00edm<\/em>) \u0158ek\u016fm zn\u00e1m <\/em>[pouze<\/em>] z\u00a0\u00fastn\u00edho pod\u00e1n\u00ed, <\/em>[kter\u00fd j\u00e1 t\u00e9\u017e<\/em>] pozn\u00e1v\u00e1m <\/em>[jen<\/em>] z\u00a0jejich spis\u016f (m\u00e1m informace), ve kter\u00fdch jej tito <\/em>[zem\u011bpisci<\/em>] naz\u00fdvali \u201eOrkynsk\u00fdm\u201c \u2013 Volkov\u00e9-Tektos\u00e1gov\u00e9 <\/em>[ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve<\/em>] obsadili a\u00a0<\/em>[trvale<\/em>] se tam us\u00eddlili. \u2013 Tento <\/em>(jmenovan\u00fd<\/em>) kmen se a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti <\/em>(a\u017e po popisovanou dobu<\/em>) zdr\u017euje ve sv\u00fdch s\u00eddlech <\/em>(zde setrv\u00e1v\u00e1<\/em>) \u2013 t\u00e9\u017e jak dokonalou spravedlnost\u00ed, tak v\u00fdjime\u010dnou v\u00e1le\u010dnou \u201esl\u00e1vou\u201c <\/em>(p\u0159ednostmi, ctnostmi<\/em>) je proslul\u00fd. \u2013 <\/em>[proto jsou \/Volkov\u00e9-Tektos\u00e1gov\u00e9\/ tak slavn\u00ed, \u017ee<\/em>] a\u017e podnes <\/em>(doposud, a\u017e do nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby<\/em>) [setrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed<\/em>] ve stejn\u00e9 nouzi (nedostatku) chudob\u011b (b\u00edd\u011b) a\u00a0st\u0159\u00eddmosti (skromnosti, od\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00ed), ve kter\u00e9 setrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed Germ\u00e1ni <\/em>(jako Germ\u00e1ni<\/em>) \u2013 stejn\u011b se i\u00a0\u017eiv\u00ed <\/em>[po\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed stejn\u00e9 pokrmy<\/em>] a\u00a0od\u00edvaj\u00ed se <\/em>(zdob\u00ed se<\/em>) [maj\u00ed upraven\u00fd zevn\u011bj\u0161ek<\/em>]. Naopak Gal\u016fm bl\u00edzkost provinci\u00ed a\u00a0zn\u00e1most z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed dop\u0159\u00e1v\u00e1 <\/em>(\u0161t\u011bd\u0159e poskytuje<\/em>) mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed k\u00a0<\/em>[v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu<\/em>] blahobytu <\/em>(bohatstv\u00ed, hojnosti<\/em>) jako\u017e i\u00a0k\u00a0<\/em>[rozli\u010dn\u00fdm<\/em>] po\u017eitk\u016fm <\/em>(pot\u0159eb\u00e1m<\/em>) \u2013 ponen\u00e1hlu si <\/em>[Galov\u00e9<\/em>] zvykli podl\u00e9hat <\/em>(na por\u00e1\u017eky<\/em>) \u2013 byli <\/em>[Germ\u00e1ny<\/em>] v\u00a0mnoha bitv\u00e1ch pora\u017eeni, a\u00a0tak se oni samotn\u00ed <\/em>[Galov\u00e9<\/em>] zcela jist\u011b s\u00a0<\/em>[Volky-Tektos\u00e1gy<\/em>] co do state\u010dnosti nemohou srovn\u00e1vat.<\/em>\u201c Na z\u00e1v\u011br tohoto p\u0159ekladu si dovol\u00edme poznamenat, \u017ee v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e1 varianta je pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00e1. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku nen\u00ed dostatek prostoru k\u00a0podrobn\u00e9 lingvistick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze \u2013 pouze ve zkratce \u2013 jde zde o\u00a0velmi dlouhou tzv. periodu<\/em>. Ta za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1: \u201eItaque ea quae fertilissima Germaniae sunt loca circum Hercyniam silvam, quam Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecis fama notam esse video, quam illi Orcyniam appellant, Volcae Tectosages occupaverunt atque ibi consederunt<\/em>\u2026\u201c Nejde o\u00a0vazbu na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed vedlej\u0161\u00ed v\u011btu: \u201e\u2026quae gens ad hoc tempus his sedibus sese continet summamque habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem<\/em>\u2026\u201c<\/li>\n
  42. Viz ji\u017e uvedenou pozn\u00e1mku \u010d. 31. Mj. zcela spr\u00e1vn\u00fd Waldhauser\u016fv n\u00e1zor potvrdil i\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e proveden\u00fd detailn\u00ed rozbor Caesarovy v\u011btn\u00e9 periody (bohu\u017eel ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nevhodn\u011b p\u0159ekl\u00e1dan\u00e9). S\u00a0lokalizac\u00ed Volk\u016f<\/em>–Tektos\u00e1g\u016f<\/em> t\u00e9\u017e souvis\u00ed p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed (sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u201ezjednodu\u0161en\u00fd\u201c) n\u00e1zor o\u00a0s\u00eddlech keltsk\u00fdch B\u00f3j\u016f<\/em> ve 2.\u00a0pol. 1.\u00a0stol. p\u0159. n.\u2008l.<\/li>\n
  43. Z\u0159ejm\u011b bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po roce 53 p\u0159. n.\u2008l. (kter\u00fd kniha \u0161est\u00e1<\/em> popisuje) \u2013 mo\u017en\u00e1 ji\u017e v\u00a0zim\u011b t\u00e9ho\u017e roku.<\/li>\n
  44. Ne v\u0161ak Gal\u016f<\/em> v\u00a0\u201eCaesarov\u011b pojet\u00ed\u201c \u2013 viz pozn\u00e1mku \u010d. 40.<\/li>\n
  45. Velleius Paterculus<\/em> se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b narodil v\u00a0roce 19. p\u0159. n.\u2008l. a\u00a0um\u0159el v\u00a0roce 31\u00a0n.\u2008l. Strab\u00f3n<\/em> se do\u017eil del\u0161\u00edho v\u011bku \u2013 uv\u00e1d\u00ed se rozmez\u00ed 64 p\u0159. n.\u2008l. a\u017e 19 (\u010di 24)\u00a0n.\u2008l. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b oboj\u00ed popis tzv. Hercynsk\u00e9ho lesa<\/em> vznikl p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b.<\/li>\n
  46. Toto d\u00edlo m\u011blo slou\u017eit jako praktick\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka pro \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 vojev\u016fdce, provinci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky i\u00a0obchodn\u00edky. Prvn\u00ed dva svazky maj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e jen teoretick\u00fd charakter. Kr\u00e1tce je zde pojedn\u00e1na historie geografie \u2013 a\u00a0to ji\u017e od Hom\u00e9ra<\/em>. N\u00e1sleduje v\u00fdklad o\u00a0zemsk\u00e9m povrchu a\u00a0o\u00a0rozm\u011brech Zem\u011b. Zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch 15 knih obsahuje popisy jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00ed a\u00a0oblast\u00ed. Ve 3.\u20136. knize je pojedn\u00e1na Hisp\u00e1nie<\/em>, Galie<\/em>, Brit\u00e1nie<\/em>, It\u00e1lie<\/em> a\u00a0Sic\u00edlie<\/em>; v\u00a07.\u201310. pak severn\u00ed<\/em>, st\u0159edn\u00ed<\/em> a\u00a0v\u00fdchodn\u00ed<\/em> Evropa<\/em>, severn\u00ed Balk\u00e1n<\/em> \u2013 a\u00a0p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm velmi podrobn\u011b \u0158ecko<\/em>; v\u00a011.\u201314. knize je pojedn\u00e1no severn\u00ed<\/em> a\u00a0v\u00fdchodn\u00ed<\/em> \u010cernomo\u0159\u00ed<\/em> a\u00a0Mal\u00e1 Asie<\/em>; v\u00a015.\u201317. pak nakonec Indie<\/em>, Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/em>, Ar\u00e1bie<\/em> a\u00a0Egypt<\/em>.<\/li>\n
  47. Pokud mo\u017eno doslovn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad by mohl b\u00fdt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: \u201e[A\u00a0tak<\/em>] Hercynsk\u00e1 doubrava <\/em>(dubov\u00fd les<\/em>), kter\u00e1 je zna\u010dn\u011b hust\u00e1 \u2013 a\u00a0k\u00a0tomu t\u00e9\u017e pln\u00e1 ohromn\u00fdch strom\u016f, se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00edch p\u0159irozen\u011b neprostupn\u00fdch. Sv\u00edr\u00e1 velk\u00fd kruh <\/em>(kruhov\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed<\/em>), v\u00a0jeho\u017e st\u0159edu je t\u00e9\u017e um\u00edst\u011bna <\/em>(nach\u00e1z\u00ed se<\/em>) krajina <\/em>(zem\u011b<\/em>), o\u00a0kter\u00e9 jsme se ji\u017e <\/em>[v\u00fd\u0161e<\/em>] zm\u00ednili, <\/em>[je\u017e je<\/em>] k\u00a0os\u00eddlen\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b dosti vhodn\u00e1. <\/em>[T\u00e9\u017e<\/em>] bl\u00edzko <\/em>(v\u00a0sousedstv\u00ed<\/em>) t\u00e9to <\/em>[doubravy<\/em>] je jak pramen Dunaje, tak i\u00a0R\u00fdna \u2013 t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0mezi ob\u011bma <\/em>[prameny<\/em>] se nach\u00e1z\u00ed jednak jezero <\/em>[Bodamsk\u00e9<\/em>], jednak i\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly zapln\u011bn\u00e9 rozl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed se <\/em>[vodou<\/em>] z\u00a0<\/em>[\u0159eky<\/em>] R\u00fdna.<\/em>\u201c<\/li>\n
  48. V\u00a0antice byly prameny uveden\u00e9 vele\u0159eky lokalizov\u00e1ny u\u00a0m\u011bsta Donaueschingen<\/em> \u2013 kde se t\u00e9\u017e nach\u00e1z\u00ed siln\u00fd miner\u00e1ln\u00ed pramen, kter\u00fd vyv\u011br\u00e1 do \u0159eky (nejde v\u0161ak o\u00a0jej\u00ed prav\u00fd hydrologick\u00fd po\u010d\u00e1tek). \u0158\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci se nedostali skrz hust\u00fd les \u2013 a\u00a0tak toto m\u00edsto ozna\u010dili za pramen Dunaje<\/em>. Proto i\u00a0dnes m\u00e1 \u0159eka sv\u00e9 jm\u00e9no a\u017e od tohoto m\u011bsta (zde je t\u00e9\u017e dokonce z\u0159\u00eddlo obezd\u011bn\u00e9 jako jej\u00ed symbolick\u00fd pramen). Dle dne\u0161n\u00ed geografick\u00e9 uzance m\u00e1 tak Dunaj<\/em> sv\u016fj po\u010d\u00e1tek a\u017e pod soutokem \u0159\u00ed\u010dek Breg<\/em> a\u00a0Brigach<\/em> (v\u00a0nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce 672\u2008m). V\u00edce vodn\u00fd a\u00a0del\u0161\u00ed je Breg<\/em> \u2013 jeho pramen je sice v\u00a0map\u00e1ch ozna\u010dov\u00e1n jako Bregquelle<\/em> (obecn\u011b je v\u0161ak ch\u00e1p\u00e1n sp\u00ed\u0161e jako Donauquelle<\/em>) \u2013 ten se nach\u00e1z\u00ed pouh\u00fdch 100\u2008m od hlavn\u00edho evropsk\u00e9ho rozvod\u00ed mezi Dunajem<\/em> a\u00a0R\u00fdnem<\/em> (v\u00a0nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce 1\u00a0078\u2008m).<\/li>\n
  49. Kde p\u0159esn\u011b tento pramen Strab\u00f3n<\/em> lokalizoval, je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159it. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti je za po\u010d\u00e1tek ozna\u010dov\u00e1n soutok vodote\u010d\u00ed Vorderrhein<\/em> (P\u0159edn\u00ed<\/em> R\u00fdn<\/em>) a\u00a0Hinterrhein<\/em> (Zadn\u00ed<\/em> R\u00fdn<\/em>) nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se pobl\u00ed\u017e \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Reichenau<\/em> (v\u00a0kantonu Graub\u00fcnden<\/em>).<\/li>\n
  50. P\u0159i pohledu na fyzickou mapu (horopisn\u00e9 a\u00a0vodopisn\u00e9 \u00fadaje) Spolkov\u00e9 republiky N\u011bmecko<\/em> je mo\u017en\u00e9 si pov\u0161imnout t\u00e9\u017e jak\u00e9hosi \u201ekruhu\u201c, kter\u00fd je tvo\u0159en n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi poho\u0159\u00edmi: Schw\u00e4bische Alb<\/em>, Fr\u00e4nkische Alb<\/em>, Frankenwald<\/em>, Th\u00fcringer Wald<\/em>, Rh\u00f6n<\/em>, Spessart<\/em>, Odenwald<\/em> a\u00a0Schwarzwald<\/em>. Uprost\u0159ed tohoto \u201ekruhu\u201c se pak nach\u00e1z\u00ed m\u011bsto W\u00fcrzburg<\/em>. Jde tedy zjevn\u011b o\u00a0oblast horn\u00edho <\/em>a\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00edho Pomohan\u00ed<\/em>.<\/li>\n
  51. Na jak\u00e9koliv internetov\u011b dostupn\u00e9 digitalizovan\u00e9 map\u011b lze ov\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee nap\u0159. nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u010desk\u00e1 lokalita \u2013 Rozvadov<\/em> je od m\u011bsta Donaueschingen<\/em> zna\u010dn\u011b vzd\u00e1lena (vzdu\u0161nou \u010darou 354\u2008km) \u2013 naopak nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vrchol \u0160v\u00e1bsk\u00fdch<\/em> Alp<\/em> \u2013 Lemberg<\/em> (1\u00a0015\u2008m n.\u2008m.) se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve zcela bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti (pouh\u00fdch 30\u2008km).<\/li>\n
  52. P\u0159es v\u0161echny nejasnosti, kter\u00e9 existuj\u00ed p\u0159i interpretaci antick\u00fdch geografick\u00fdch pramen\u016f, lze jednozna\u010dn\u011b konstatovat, \u017ee existuje jeden \u201ezcela pevn\u00fd bod\u201c. T\u00edm je ozna\u010den\u00ed Gabr\u00e9ta<\/em>. Bez ohledu na \u201e\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed\u201c \u010di \u201eu\u017e\u0161\u00ed\u201c pojet\u00ed v\u017edy plat\u00ed, \u017ee sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Gabr\u00e9ty<\/em> byla bezpochyby cel\u00e1 dne\u0161n\u00ed \u0160umava<\/em> (B\u00f6hmerwald<\/em>). Etymologicky souvis\u00ed se staroskotsk\u00fdm (gaelsk\u00fdm) gobhar<\/em> (v\u00a0gal\u0161tin\u011b gabro<\/em>, v\u00a0ir\u0161tin\u011b gabhar<\/em>, ve vel\u0161tin\u011b gafr<\/em>, v\u00a0cornwall\u0161tin\u011b pak gauar \u2013 <\/em>viz Macbain, A., 1911, s\u00a0200). V\u00a0latin\u011b tomu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 caper<\/em> (koza<\/em>) \u2013 \u0161lo v\u0161ak o\u00a0kozoro\u017ece horsk\u00e9ho<\/em> \u010di alpsk\u00e9ho<\/em> (Capra<\/em> ibex<\/em>). Lze tedy o\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed \u0160umav\u011b<\/em> (v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm smyslu \u2013 viz v\u00fd\u0161e) hovo\u0159it jako o\u00a0keltsk\u00e9m \u201elese kozoro\u017ec\u016f<\/em>\u201c (viz t\u00e9\u017e Holder, A., 1896, d\u00edl I., s.\u00a01\u00a0510\u20131\u00a0511). Pro zaj\u00edmavost lze i\u00a0uv\u00e9st, \u017ee v\u00a0proto-germ\u00e1n\u0161tin\u011b byl pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pro kozu<\/em> v\u00fdraz gait<\/em> (Kroonen, G., 2013, s. 163 \/viz i\u00a0nap\u0159. v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti platn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed goat<\/em>\/).<\/li>\n
  53. Pokud mo\u017eno doslovn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad by mohl b\u00fdt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: \u201eExistuje t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0jin\u00fd velk\u00fd les Gabr\u00e9ta \u2013 a\u017e k\u00a0t\u011bm <\/em>[m\u00edst\u016fm, s\u00eddl\u016fm<\/em>] Sv\u00e9b\u016f <\/em>(kde \u017eij\u00ed Sv\u00e9bov\u00e9<\/em>); na protilehl\u00e9 stran\u011b se pak <\/em>[nach\u00e1z\u00ed<\/em>] Hercynsk\u00e1 doubrava <\/em>(dubov\u00fd les<\/em>) \u2013 i\u00a0ona je tak\u00e9 jimi <\/em>[Sv\u00e9by<\/em>] obsazena (os\u00eddlena).<\/em>\u201c<\/li>\n
  54. Viz v\u00fd\u0161e pozn\u00e1mku \u010d. 50.<\/li>\n
  55. Viz p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm: \u0160imek, E., 1930; \u0160imek, E. 1935; \u0160imek, E., 1949; \u0160imek, E., 1953.<\/li>\n
  56. Viz t\u00e9\u017e p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed pozn\u00e1mku \u010d. 55.<\/li>\n
  57. Germ\u00e1nie<\/em> (t\u00e9\u017e i\u00a0Magna<\/em> Germania<\/em> \/Velk\u00e1<\/em> Germ\u00e1nie<\/em>\/) bylo ve starov\u011bku \u00fazem\u00edm existuj\u00edc\u00edm v\u00fdchodn\u011b od R\u00fdna<\/em> (ob\u00fdvan\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdmi kmeny<\/em> \/se zbytkem Kelt\u016f<\/em>\/). Tacitus<\/em> jej popsal v\u00a0uveden\u00e9m spise, kter\u00fd byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vyd\u00e1n a\u017e v\u00a0roce 98 n.\u2008l. \u2013 tedy o\u00a0p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 90\u00a0let pozd\u011bji, ne\u017e Strab\u00f3n<\/em> zpracoval sedmou knihu sv\u00e9ho sedmn\u00e1ctisvazkov\u00e9ho spisu Geografika<\/em> (\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/em>).<\/li>\n
  58. Jde o\u00a0jeho vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed spis ozna\u010den\u00fd n\u00e1zvem Germ\u00e1nie<\/em> (Germania<\/em>). M\u016f\u017eeme t\u00e9\u017e zm\u00ednit jeho \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad obsa\u017een\u00fd v\u00a0publikaci: Tacitus, 1976. Krat\u0161\u00ed \u00faryvky je mo\u017en\u00e9 nal\u00e9zt tak\u00e9 u\u00a0Barto\u0148kov\u00e9, D. a\u00a0Radov\u00e9, I., 2010. <\/em>Citujeme pouze \u010d\u00e1st (druhou polovinu) z\u00a028. kapitoly.<\/li>\n
  59. Pokud mo\u017eno doslovn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad bychom mohli formulovat asi takto: \u201e\u2026A\u00a0tak mezi Hercynsk\u00fdm lesem a\u00a0\u0159ekami R\u00fdnem a\u00a0Mohanem <\/em>(d\u0159\u00edve<\/em>) byli usazeni Helvetiov\u00e9, ve vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edch <\/em>[kraj\u00edch \u2013 ve sm\u011bru od Galie<\/em>] B\u00f3jov\u00e9 \u2013 oba kmeny <\/em>(\u201en\u00e1rody\u201c<\/em>) jsou galsk\u00e9. Doposud <\/em>(do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby<\/em>) se dochoval n\u00e1zev Boiohaemum a\u00a0ozna\u010duje d\u00e1vnou minulost tohoto m\u00edsta \u2013 t\u0159eba\u017ee ji\u017e obyvatel\u00e9 byli vyst\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ni <\/em>(jsou zde jin\u00ed \u2013 tj. Germ\u00e1ni<\/em>).<\/em>\u201c<\/li>\n
  60. N\u00e1vod ke geografii<\/em> (\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f59\u03c6\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2), kniha 2. kap. 10 (\u0159eck\u00fd text je dostupn\u00fd na: http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Gazetteer\/Periods\/<\/em>Roman\/_Texts\/Ptolemy\/2\/10.html<\/em>).<\/em><\/li>\n
  61. Pokud mo\u017eno doslovn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad by mohl b\u00fdt asi tento: \u201e\u2026a\u00a0<\/em>[d\u00e1le pak se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed<\/em>] hory naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 Sudetsk\u00e9 <\/em>(Sudety<\/em>), jejich\u017e krajn\u00ed body maj\u00ed <\/em>[sou\u0159adnice<\/em>] 34\u00b0 a\u00a050\u00b0 a\u00a040\u00b0 a\u00a050\u00b0. Pod nimi <\/em>[Sudetami<\/em>] je les Gabr\u00e9ta \u2013 mezi nimi a\u00a0horami Sarmatsk\u00fdmi <\/em>[Karpaty<\/em>] se nach\u00e1z\u00ed Orkynsk\u00e1 <\/em>(Hercynsk\u00e1<\/em>) doubrava <\/em>(Hercynsk\u00fd \/dubov\u00fd\/ les \/\u201ahvozd\u2018\/<\/em>).\u201c<\/li>\n
  62. \u0160lo nejsp\u00ed\u0161e o: Slavkovsk\u00fd les<\/em>, Doupovsk\u00e9 hory<\/em>, Plze\u0148skou pahorkatinu<\/em>, Brdy<\/em>, St\u0159edo\u010deskou<\/em> pahorkatinu<\/em>, \u010ceskomoravskou<\/em> vrchovinu<\/em>, \u017delezn\u00e9<\/em> hory<\/em> a\u00a0Drahanskou<\/em> vrchovinu.<\/em><\/li>\n
  63. Mouchov\u00e1, B., ed., 2013, <\/em>s. 148.<\/li>\n
  64. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b a\u017e v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 150\u2013160 n.\u2008l., tj. o\u00a0150\u00a0let pozd\u011bji ne\u017e popisovan\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti.<\/li>\n
  65. \u0160lo pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b o\u00a0vojsko \u201ezimuj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c v\u00a0t\u00e1borech: Xanten<\/em>\/Vetara<\/em> (54\u2008ha), Haltern<\/em> (18\u2008ha) a\u00a0Anreppen<\/em> (23\u2008ha). (Podrobn\u00fd seznam \/v\u010detn\u011b rozloh\/: Musil, J. 2005, s. 207\u2013215.) S\u00a0ohledem na v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 (archeology vypo\u010dten\u00e9) plochy je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee \u0161lo o\u00a0zna\u010dn\u00e9 soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 moci. Pokud jde o\u00a0seznam \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch t\u00e1bor\u016f viz nap\u0159. Erdkamp P., ed., 2007, s. 397.<\/li>\n
  66. Mouchov\u00e1, B., ed., 2013, <\/em>s. 147.<\/li>\n
  67. Hypot\u00e9za, \u017ee Sentius<\/em> Saturninus<\/em> vyrazil od Mohu\u010de<\/em> by znamenala, \u017ee by musel nejd\u0159\u00edve p\u0159ev\u00e9st ve\u0161ker\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 a\u00a0\u201ezazimovan\u00e9\u201c legie (konec roku 5.\u00a0n.\u2008l. a\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tek roku 6. n.\u2008l.) z\u00a0povod\u00ed \u0159eky Lippe<\/em> (starov\u011bk\u00e9 Lupie<\/em>) po prav\u00e9m r\u00fdnsk\u00e9m b\u0159ehu. Proto (zcela logicky) vedl legie ji\u017en\u00edm sm\u011brem od Anreppen<\/em> \u2013 aby pak pobl\u00ed\u017e poho\u0159\u00ed Rh\u00f6n<\/em> se s\u00a0legiemi p\u0159em\u00edstil skrz \u201eprosekan\u00fd\u201c Hercynsk\u00fd les<\/em> (vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00edc\u00ed jak\u00fdsi \u201ekruh\u201c \u2013 viz t\u00e9\u017e pozn\u00e1mku \u010d. 47 a\u00a050).<\/li>\n
  68. Kleineberg, A., et al., 2010, s. 31.<\/li>\n
  69. Mouchov\u00e1, B., ed., 2013, <\/em>s. 149.<\/li>\n
  70. \u0160lo o\u00a0200 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch mil. P\u0159i p\u0159epo\u010dtu na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 jednotky je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed uvedenou hodnotu p\u0159en\u00e1sobit konstantou 1,48 (pro zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed lze 1,5). T\u00edm se dost\u00e1v\u00e1me ke vzd\u00e1lenosti cca 300\u2008km. On\u011bmi vysok\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00edty a\u00a0hranic\u00ed It\u00e1lie byl (obdobn\u011b jako je tomu v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti) Brennersk\u00fd<\/em> pr\u016fsmyk<\/em> (Brennerpass<\/em> \u2013 latinsky t\u00e9\u017e Brennus<\/em> Mons<\/em>). P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed funkce m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00ed u\u00a0mapov\u00e9ho port\u00e1lu: www.mapy.cz<\/em> se dozv\u00edme, \u017ee nejkrat\u0161\u00ed p\u011b\u0161\u00ed trasa Brenner<\/em>\u2013Amberg<\/em> \u010din\u00ed 325\u2008km, Brenner<\/em>\u2013Regensburg<\/em> pak pouze 290\u2008km. Pokud by Marobudova \u0159\u00ed\u0161e<\/em> dosahovala a\u017e k\u00a0Dunaji<\/em> (co\u017e je zcela logick\u00e9, nebo\u0165 Amberg\u00a0<\/em>\/tj. Marobudum<\/em>\/ se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nedaleko od t\u00e9to velk\u00e9 \u0159eky), pak by se Velleius<\/em> \u201ezm\u00fdlil\u201c pouze o\u00a010\u2008km. Naopak, pokud by Marobud<\/em> byl u\u00a0Prahy<\/em> (oppidum Z\u00e1vist<\/em>), pak by se jednalo o\u00a0vzd\u00e1lenost 485\u2008km \u2013 v\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by se Velleius<\/em> \u201ezm\u00fdlil\u201c pom\u011brn\u011b zna\u010dn\u011b (o\u00a0pln\u00fdch 185\u2008km). S\u00a0ohledem na tehdej\u0161\u00ed geografick\u00e9 znalosti jak \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9, tak p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u0159eck\u00e9 by \u0161lo o\u00a0velmi nepravd\u011bpodobnou \u201echybu\u201c.<\/li>\n
  71. N\u00e1vod ke geografii<\/em> (\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f59\u03c6\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2), kniha 2. kap. 10. Viz t\u00e9\u017e Barto\u0148kov\u00e1, D. a\u00a0Radov\u00e1, I., 2010, s.\u00a046.<\/li>\n
  72. \u0160lo o\u00a0\u0160umavu<\/em> (v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm pojet\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e o\u00a0\u010cesk\u00fd<\/em> les<\/em> a\u00a0Novohradsk\u00e9<\/em> hory<\/em>) \u2013 viz t\u00e9\u017e pozn\u00e1mku \u010d. 52.<\/li>\n
  73. Doslovn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad by mohl b\u00fdt asi tento: \u201ePod lesem Gabr\u00e9tou <\/em>[se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed<\/em>] Markomani, pod nimi Sudeinov\u00e9\u2026<\/em>\u201c. V\u00a0Ptolemaiov\u011b pojet\u00ed znamenalo \u201epod\u201c ji\u017en\u00ed sm\u011br \u2013 lze tedy t\u00e9\u017e prov\u00e9st n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed up\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed: \u201eSm\u011brem na jih od \u0160umavy a\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9ho lesa se nach\u00e1zeli Markomani\u2026<\/em>\u201c.<\/li>\n
  74. Bohu\u017eel obsa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00a0z\u00e1sadn\u00edm d\u00edle, kter\u00e9 t\u00e9\u017e polo\u017eilo z\u00e1klady ke zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed doby \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed \u2013 (na svou dobu) mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 publikaci: Zeuss, J. K., 1837 (dnes ji\u017e pln\u011b dostupn\u00e9 na: http:\/\/books.google.de, http:\/\/www.archive.org<\/em>). T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ichni v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00ed \u010de\u0161t\u00ed historikov\u00e9 z\u00a0uveden\u00e9ho d\u00edla pln\u011b vych\u00e1zeli. V\u00fdjimkou byl v\u00fdrazn\u011b kritick\u00fd (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edch pramen\u016f vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed) E.\u00a0\u0160imek.<\/li>\n
  75. Jde o\u00a0\u201esymbolick\u00fd\u201c odkaz na doposud nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010deskou monografii pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed o\u00a0uveden\u00e9m historick\u00e9m obdob\u00ed (Dobi\u00e1\u0161, J., 1964).<\/li>\n
  76. Viz t\u00e9\u017e pom\u011brn\u011b rozs\u00e1hlou citaci autora uvedenou v\u00a0pozn\u00e1mce \u010d. 9.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Discussed the issue of the possible use of transport Morava River and Thaya to Musov can be divided into two historically documented, relatively short time, the stages where you can find only minimal mutual respect.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4267,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[1061,1356,1026],"coauthors":[552],"class_list":["post-4342","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-boats","tag-musov-2","tag-water-cruise"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4342","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4342"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4342\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30430,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4342\/revisions\/30430"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4267"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4342"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4342"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4342"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4342"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}