{"id":4333,"date":"2017-12-11T10:45:09","date_gmt":"2017-12-11T09:45:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4333"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:36:03","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:36:03","slug":"bottom-level-estimation-of-water-management-infrastructures-from-historic-project-documentations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/12\/bottom-level-estimation-of-water-management-infrastructures-from-historic-project-documentations\/","title":{"rendered":"Bottom level estimation of water management infrastructures from historic project documentations"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Monitoring a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017eba vodn\u00edch d\u011bl vy\u017eaduj\u00ed znalost jejich referen\u010dn\u00edho stavu charakterizuj\u00edc\u00edho n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 parametry. Referen\u010dn\u00ed stav je odvozov\u00e1n prim\u00e1rn\u011b z\u00a0dostupn\u00fdch projektov\u00fdch dokumentac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou vhodn\u011b zvolen\u00fdmi metodami p\u0159evedeny na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed model ter\u00e9nu dna. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 dna je stanovov\u00e1na pomoc\u00ed sonarov\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f. Rozd\u00edlovou anal\u00fdzou jednotliv\u00fdch datov\u00fdch sad, kter\u00e9 budou v\u00fdhledov\u011b ukl\u00e1d\u00e1ny do specializovan\u00e9ho informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, bude mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt efektivn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed monitoringu \u00fadr\u017eby.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

P\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce na p\u0159\u00edkladech vybran\u00fdch pilotn\u00edch lokalit shrnuje problematick\u00e9 aspekty identifikovan\u00e9 p\u0159i georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed digitalizovan\u00fdch historick\u00fdch situa\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdkres\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou negativn\u011b ovliv\u0148ovat korektn\u00ed lokalizaci jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vodn\u00edch d\u011bl a\u00a0n\u00e1slednou anal\u00fdzu morfologick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. V\u00a0pilotn\u00ed lokalit\u011b vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee je rovn\u011b\u017e hodnocena p\u0159esnost m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed technologie pou\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159i zam\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed dna.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Problematika sediment\u016f p\u0159edstavuje jedno z\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch t\u00e9mat st\u00e1tn\u00ed politiky v\u00a0oblasti vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Spr\u00e1vci vodn\u00edch d\u011bl mus\u00ed podle \u00a7\u00a059 z\u00e1kona \u010d.\u00a0254\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch [1], plnit povinnosti a\u00a0dodr\u017eovat podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch bylo vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo povoleno a\u00a0uvedeno do provozu. Hlavn\u00ed c\u00edle st\u00e1tn\u00ed politiky v\u00a0oblasti vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0Vodn\u00ed r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice 2000\/60\/ES\u00a0[2] a\u00a0z\u00a0obnoven\u00e9 Strategie EU pro udr\u017eiteln\u00fd rozvoj z\u00a0roku 2006.<\/p>\n

Na evropsk\u00e9 \u00farovni je patrn\u00e1 aktivita sm\u011brem k\u00a0problematice sediment\u016f p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0vnitrozemskou plavbou, pota\u017emo rozvojem a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017ebou Transevropsk\u00e9 dopravn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b (TEN-T). Ve snaze o\u00a0implementaci Integrovan\u00e9ho evropsk\u00e9ho ak\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu pro vnitrozemskou vodn\u00ed plavbu z\u00a0roku\u00a02006 vznikl dokument Good Practice Manual on Inland Waterway Maintenance\u00a0[3]. Uveden\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce m\u00e1 charakter komplexn\u00edho manu\u00e1lu \u00fadr\u017eby vodn\u00edch cest vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f dobr\u00e9 praxe. Pozornost je rovn\u011b\u017e soust\u0159ed\u011bna na vliv sediment\u016f na kvalitu vod, a\u00a0to zejm\u00e9na z\u00e1sluhou tzv. SedNet (European Sediment Network)\u00a0[4].<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Uk\u00e1zka digitalizace vrstevnic na podkladu situa\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdkresu \u010d\u00e1sti z\u00e1topy vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Letovice
\nFig. 1. An example of the contour vectorization on the basis of the situational plan of the Letovice Dam<\/h6>\n

B\u011bhem dlouh\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed existence vodn\u00edch d\u011bl doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00fdm i\u00a0antropogenn\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm a\u00a0akcelerovan\u00fdm morfologick\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m jejich dna, resp. koryta. V\u00a0exponovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet k\u00a0zahlubov\u00e1n\u00ed, naopak v\u00a0oblastech s\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed dynamikou proud\u011bn\u00ed jsou un\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 plaveniny deponov\u00e1ny. Tyto zm\u011bny maj\u00ed v\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku dopad na pr\u016fto\u010dnou kapacitu a\u00a0schopnost vodn\u00edho d\u00edla (VD) plnit funkce, pro kter\u00e9 bylo vybudov\u00e1no. Proto je pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b monitorovat stav vodn\u00edch d\u011bl a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby p\u0159istoupit k\u00a0pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed stavu vodn\u00edch d\u011bl \u010di jezer z\u00a0hlediska erozn\u011b-akumula\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f se v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b st\u00e1le v\u00edce uplat\u0148uj\u00ed modern\u00ed metody bezkontaktn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu pomoc\u00ed sonar\u016f, nap\u0159. [5\u201310], \u010di za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed AUV (z\u00a0angl. Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) [11]. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 posoudit m\u00edru zm\u011bn morfologie VD, je t\u0159eba vych\u00e1zet z\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0informacemi o\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9m stavu uveden\u00e9m v\u00a0pat\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9 projektov\u00e9 dokumentaci VD. Ty zahrnuj\u00ed technick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy a\u00a0situa\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny v\u00a0ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b, mnohdy v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch form\u00e1tech a\u00a0v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 kvalit\u011b \u201e\u010ditelnosti\u201c. Tyto podklady je nezbytn\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e9st do digit\u00e1ln\u00ed podoby a\u00a0prov\u00e9st jejich lokalizaci (georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed) do sou\u0159adnicov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Problematika digitalizace georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00fdch map je \u0161iroce pops\u00e1na v\u00a0odborn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e, nap\u0159. [7, 12\u201314]. Praxe ukazuje, \u017ee jednotliv\u00e9 podklady p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vy\u017eaduj\u00ed \u010dasto individu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup vzhledem k\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy vznikly a\u00a0s\u00a0jakou p\u0159esnost\u00ed a\u00a0pe\u010dlivost\u00ed byly vyhotoveny.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edlo\u017een\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek popisuje na p\u0159\u00edkladech pilotn\u00edch lokalit postupy zvolen\u00e9 pro digitalizaci projektov\u00fdch dokumentac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch vodn\u00edch d\u011bl r\u016fzn\u00e9ho st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a\u00a0velikosti. V\u00fdsledky t\u011bchto proces\u016f jsou pak vyu\u017eity p\u0159i prvotn\u00edm srovn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00e9ho digit\u00e1ln\u00edho n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho stavu VD se stavem sou\u010dasn\u00fdm, kter\u00fd reprezentuj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky sonarov\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

N\u00e1vrhov\u00fd stav<\/h3>\n

N\u00e1vrhov\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch d\u011bl shrnuje technick\u00e1 dokumentace. V\u011bt\u0161ina podklad\u016f je star\u0161\u00edho data a\u00a0je k\u00a0dispozici pouze v\u00a0ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch form\u00e1tech. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich jsou \u010dasto po\u0161kozen\u00e9, pop\u0159. h\u016f\u0159e \u010diteln\u00e9. Digitalizace situa\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdkres\u016f proto prob\u00edhala po \u010d\u00e1stech s\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u00fdmi p\u0159ekryvy, kter\u00e9 umo\u017enily nav\u00e1zat jednotliv\u00e9 d\u00edly na sebe.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 profi ly defi novan\u00e9 koncov\u00fdmi body a pr\u016fse\u010d\u00edky s osou toku podle projektov\u00e9 dokumentace
\nFig. 2. Position of cross profi les defi ned by their intersection with the channel\u2018s axis according to the situational plan<\/h6>\n

P\u0159esn\u00e1 lokalizace jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00fdkresov\u00e9 dokumentace, tzv. georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed, byla prov\u00e1d\u011bna v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed ESRI ArcGIS. Zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm po jednotliv\u00fdch d\u00edlech bylo eliminov\u00e1no riziko p\u0159enesen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fdch chyb georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00a0rozli\u0161en\u00ed skenovan\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f, z\u00a0jedn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdkresu do dal\u0161\u00edch. Jako vl\u00edcovac\u00ed body byly vyu\u017eity objekty \u010di jejich \u010d\u00e1sti zakreslen\u00e9 v\u00a0situa\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdkresech, kter\u00e9 bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikovat na sou\u010dasn\u00fdch map\u00e1ch. Obvykle se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0rohy budov a\u00a0v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00e9 tvary projektovan\u00fdch most\u016f, hr\u00e1z\u00ed \u010di jez\u016f. Pokud to bylo mo\u017en\u00e9, bylo vyu\u017eito rovn\u011b\u017e hranic parcel. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech v\u00fdkres\u016f se v\u0161ak pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 z\u00e1chytn\u00e9 body nevyskytovaly. V\u00a0takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech byla lokalizace \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdkresu provedena pomoc\u00ed p\u0159ekryvu se sousedn\u00edmi v\u00fdkresy a\u00a0s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch ter\u00e9nn\u00edch tvar\u016f, jako jsou charakteristick\u00e9 ohyby vrstevnic ve str\u017e\u00edch apod. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byly z\u00a0takto upraven\u00fdch podklad\u016f do vektorov\u00fdch form\u00e1t\u016f p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bny z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informace o\u00a0morfologii dna pilotn\u00edch lokalit podle n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n

Vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee<\/h3>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byly z\u00a0georeferencovan\u00fdch situa\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdkres\u016f do mapov\u00e9 vrstvy vykresleny linie vrstevnic, jim\u017e byla p\u0159i\u0159azena odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00fdm v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem (obr. 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. Sch\u00e9ma stanoven\u00ed nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky a vzd\u00e1lenosti lomov\u00fdch bod\u016f p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu od pr\u016fse\u010d\u00edku s osou
\nFig. 3. Principle of the fracture points\u2018 positioning in a cross profi le based on the distance from the intersection of the channel axis with the cross profi le; calculation of the fracture points\u2018 altitude<\/h6>\n

\u00daseky vodn\u00edch tok\u016f<\/h3>\n

\u00daprava koryt vodn\u00edch tok\u016f je v\u00a0situa\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdkresech obvykle zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna osou koryta a\u00a0polohou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f (obr. 2<\/em>). Tyto profily jsou zaznamen\u00e1ny samostatn\u011b jako linie s\u00a0lomov\u00fdmi body, z\u00a0nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 maj\u00ed uvedenu hodnotu nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky Z<\/em>\u00a0podle pou\u017eit\u00e9ho v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdkres m\u00e1 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bnu referen\u010dn\u00ed hladinu v\u00a0nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce Z<\/em>0<\/sub> (obr. 3<\/em>). Podle t\u00e9to referen\u010dn\u00ed hladiny byly digitalizovan\u00e9 v\u00fdkresy vyrovn\u00e1ny do vodorovn\u00e9 polohy, jednotliv\u00e9 lomov\u00e9 body ulo\u017eeny do bodov\u00e9 vrstvy a\u00a0stanoveny jejich relativn\u00ed kart\u00e9zsk\u00e9 sou\u0159adnice X<\/em>, Y<\/em>. Pomoc\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fdch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161ek n\u011bkter\u00fdch bod\u016f, referen\u010dn\u00ed hladiny a\u00a0jejich vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fdch vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdmi rozd\u00edly sou\u0159adnic X<\/em>,\u00a0Y<\/em> bylo definov\u00e1no m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko zakreslen\u00ed dan\u00e9ho profilu. To pak umo\u017e\u0148uje dopo\u010d\u00edtat nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky Z<\/em>\u00a0bod\u016f, u\u00a0nich\u017e tento \u00fadaj nebyl uveden, a\u00a0tak\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti d<\/em> jednotliv\u00fdch bod\u016f od osy p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1sledn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st v\u00fdpo\u010dtu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0ur\u010den\u00ed polohy (kartografick\u00fdch sou\u0159adnic) jednotliv\u00fdch lomov\u00fdch bod\u016f p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f v\u00a0map\u011b s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm mapov\u00e9 vrstvy p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f vykreslen\u00fdch ze situa\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdkresu a\u00a0tak\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 vrstvy pr\u016fse\u010d\u00edk\u016f p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f s\u00a0osou toku (bl\u00ed\u017ee viz obr. 2<\/em>). Dvojice koncov\u00fdch bod\u016f ka\u017ed\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu ur\u010duj\u00ed sm\u011brov\u00fd vektor u\u00a0pomysln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmky, na n\u00ed\u017e dan\u00fd p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fd profil le\u017e\u00ed. Snadn\u00fdm p\u0159epo\u010dtem je mo\u017en\u00e9 odvodit norm\u00e1lov\u00fd vektor n\u00a0t\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edmky, jej\u00ed\u017e obecn\u00e1 rovnice m\u00e1 tvar:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nn<\/em>1<\/sub>, n<\/em>2<\/sub><\/td>\nje<\/td>\nsou\u0159adnice norm\u00e1lov\u00e9ho vektoru n,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nX<\/em>, Y<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u00a0kartografick\u00e9 sou\u0159adnice libovoln\u00e9ho bodu le\u017e\u00edc\u00edho na p\u0159\u00edmce,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nc<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nkonstanta dan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmky.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

P\u0159i znalosti zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch sou\u0159adnic X<\/em>0<\/sub>, Y<\/em>0<\/sub> pr\u016fse\u010d\u00edku p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu s\u00a0jeho osou a\u00a0na z\u00e1klad\u011b vzd\u00e1lenosti d<\/em> jednotliv\u00fdch lomov\u00fdch bod\u016f p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu od pr\u016fse\u010d\u00edku je mo\u017en\u00e9 sestavit soustavu dvou rovnic o\u00a0dvou nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch X<\/em>i<\/sub>, Y<\/em>i\u00a0<\/sub>(tj. hledan\u00e9 kartografick\u00e9 sou\u0159adnice konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho lomov\u00e9ho bodu) ve tvaru:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

\u00dapravou t\u00e9to soustavy je z\u00edsk\u00e1na kvadratick\u00e1 rovnice, jej\u00edm\u017e \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm jsou dva body le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9m profilu ve stejn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od pr\u016fse\u010d\u00edku s\u00a0osou. Z\u00a0t\u00e9to dvojice bod\u016f je vybr\u00e1n ten, kter\u00fd skute\u010dn\u011b le\u017e\u00ed na p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9m profilu. Vyu\u017eito bylo atributu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost ke stran\u011b (P nebo L) p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu a\u00a0dvou polygon\u016f pokr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch dostate\u010dn\u011b \u0161irok\u00fd prostor v\u00a0okol\u00ed koryta. Oba polygony se dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed sv\u00fdmi hranicemi a\u00a0kop\u00edruj\u00ed p\u0159itom osu koryta. Hledan\u00e9 body le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0polygonu s\u00a0toto\u017en\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm strany (obr. 4<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 4. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00fdch bod\u016f vzhledem k\u00a0jejich p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti k\u00a0prav\u00e9 \u010di lev\u00e9 stran\u011b v\u016f\u010di ose toku (O\u00a0\u2013 pr\u016fse\u010d\u00edk s\u00a0osou toku)
\nFig. 4. Spatial distribution of the calculated fracture points, considering their affiliation to the right\/left side from a\u00a0channel\u2018s\u00a0axis<\/h6>\n

Digitalizovan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 profily byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b pou\u017eity k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho povrchu dna, resp. koryta, podle n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho stavu. Body byly importov\u00e1ny do prost\u0159ed\u00ed HEC-RAS, kde byla z\u00a0p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f vytvo\u0159ena spojit\u00e1 geometrie koryta toku, a\u00a0to tak, \u017ee byly propojeny charakteristick\u00e9 lomov\u00e9 body, a\u00a0na takto vznikl\u00e9 spojnice byly um\u00edst\u011bny meziprofily s\u00a0rozestupem\u00a05\u2008m (obr. 5<\/em>). V\u00a0ojedin\u011bl\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech bylo nutn\u00e9 automatick\u00e9 propojen\u00ed poupravit, aby tvar koryta netvo\u0159il p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku ve sm\u011bru proud\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 5. Vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed 3D koryta v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed HEC-RAS
\nFig. 5. Creation of the 3D model of a\u00a0channel using HEC-RAS<\/h6>\n

Z\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed HEC-RAS byla vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 geometrie p\u0159enesena do prost\u0159ed\u00ed ESRI ArcGIS, kde byla s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm dopl\u0148ku HEC-Geo RAS d\u00e1le zpracov\u00e1na do podoby nepravideln\u00e9 troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b TIN (triangulated irregular network) a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159evedena na rastr s\u00a0velikost\u00ed bu\u0148ky 0,5\u2008m. Stanoven\u00ed tohoto rozli\u0161en\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze s\u00edt\u011b bod\u016f zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch p\u0159i echolokaci dna.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav<\/h3>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed batygrafie vodn\u00edch d\u011bl bylo provedeno plavidlem CAPEREA (obr. 6<\/em>) vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm ze s\u00e9riov\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9ho typu Sunchser 7518, poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9ho dvojic\u00ed sp\u0159a\u017een\u00fdch elektromotor\u016f. Plavidlo bylo vybaveno skupinou za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011bpisn\u00e9 polohy, senzorem zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edm korekci n\u00e1klonu pod\u00e9l hlavn\u00ed a\u00a0vedlej\u0161\u00ed osy a\u00a0za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rychlosti zvuku a\u00a0jeho profilu ve vodn\u00edm sloupci. Samotn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed batygrafie bylo prov\u00e1d\u011bno s\u00a0pomoc\u00ed dvou sonar\u016f.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 6. Multifunk\u010dn\u00ed plavidlo CAPEREA\u00ae
\nFig. 6. Multipurpose watercraft CAPEREA\u00ae used for the sonar measurements of bottom<\/h6>\n

Sonarov\u00e1 jednotka GeoSwatch Plus Compact 500\u2008kHz je syst\u00e9m ur\u010den\u00fd pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed batygrafie m\u011blk\u00fdch vod do hloubky 50\u2008m. Umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1\u0159et digit\u00e1ln\u00ed model dna se statistickou p\u0159esnost\u00ed 1,5\u2008mm. Sonar SES-2000 Compact je schopen pronikat do m\u011blk\u00fdch geologick\u00fdch vrstev a\u00a0umo\u017e\u0148uje zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pod\u00e9ln\u00e9ho profilu sedimentovan\u00fdch vrstev a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jejich mocnosti. Je zalo\u017een na vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch frekvenc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 spolu interaguj\u00ed a\u00a0pomoc\u00ed jejich sumy \u010di rozd\u00edlu je mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat informaci o\u00a0stratigrafii dna.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdstupem m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed batygrafie je mra\u010dno bod\u016f obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fadaje o\u00a0\u00farovni dna v\u00a0dan\u00e9 pozici (tj. kartografick\u00e9 sou\u0159adnice a\u00a0nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161ku). Z\u00a0t\u00e9to bodov\u00e9 vrstvy byla vytvo\u0159ena nepravideln\u00e1 troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 (TIN), kter\u00e1 byla n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159evedena na rastr s\u00a0rozli\u0161en\u00edm 0,5\u2008m. Uveden\u00fd postup je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn na obr. 7<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 7. Postup p\u0159evodu bodov\u00e9 vrstvy z echoloka\u010dn\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u00faseku vodn\u00edho toku (a) na nepravidelnou troj\u00faheln\u00edkovou s\u00ed\u0165 (b) a rastr s rozli\u0161en\u00edm 0,5 m (c)
\nFig. 7. Transformation of the point layer from the sonar measurements of a channel\u2018s bottom (a) into triangulated irregular network (TIN) (b) and into raster with grid size of 0.5 m (c)<\/h6>\n

Pilotn\u00ed lokality<\/h3>\n

K\u00a0otestov\u00e1n\u00ed postupu digitalizace byl prim\u00e1rn\u011b vybr\u00e1n \u00fasek \u0159eky Moravy ve vzdut\u00ed nad jezem v\u00a0Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei po jez v\u00a0Bezm\u011brov\u011b, resp. \u00fasek mezi \u0159.\u2008km 179,230 a\u00a0182,515 (obr. 8<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 8. Z\u00e1jmov\u00fd \u00fasek \u0159eky Moravy ve vzdut\u00ed jezu mezi Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00ed a Bezm\u011brovem s vyzna\u010den\u00edm polohy jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed situa\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdkresu
\nFig. 8. Study river reach of the Morava River between Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017e and Bezm\u011brov with the indication of individual parts of the situational plan<\/h6>\n

Na vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei Letovice bylo za \u00fa\u010delem verifikace sonarov\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed provedeno geodetick\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti dna. M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed prob\u00edhalo nedaleko obce Vranov\u00e1 p\u0159i prav\u00e9m b\u0159ehu z\u00e1topy v\u00a0p\u00e1su p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 200\u2008m dlouh\u00e9m a\u00a030\u2008m \u0161irok\u00e9m (obr.<\/em>\u00a09<\/em>). M\u011brn\u00e1 la\u0165 byla z\u00a0plavidla spou\u0161t\u011bna na \u00farove\u0148 dna, jeho\u017e nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka byla pot\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159ena. Podobn\u00e9 kontroln\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo provedeno tak\u00e9 v\u00a0prac\u00edch Kubinsk\u00e9ho a\u00a0kol. [7, 8], ov\u0161em s\u00a0t\u00edm rozd\u00edlem, \u017ee m\u011brn\u00e1 ty\u010d byla opat\u0159ena plochou patkou.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n

N\u00e1vrhov\u00fd a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav dna<\/h3>\n

Popis zm\u011bny morfologie dna vodn\u00edch d\u011bl za \u00fa\u010delem n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho vyhodnocen\u00ed dopadu na jejich funkce a\u00a0posouzen\u00ed vhodnosti a\u00a0efektivity potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f vy\u017eaduje znalost n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho stavu, k\u00a0n\u011bmu\u017e je vztahov\u00e1na sou\u010dasn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 dna. Vzhledem ke st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a\u00a0povaze situa\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdkres\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jejich digitalizace a\u00a0spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 lokalizace obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1. Postup, kter\u00fd lze pova\u017eovat za obecn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00fd a\u00a0p\u0159esn\u00fd, je pops\u00e1n v\u00a0metodice. P\u0159i praktick\u00e9m zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch podklad\u016f v\u0161ak m\u00edsty vyvstaly ur\u010dit\u00e9 probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 9. Kontroln\u00ed geodetick\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b dna \u010d\u00e1sti vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Letovice
\nFig. 9. Verifi cation of the sonar measurement of a bottom in a near-shore zone at the Letovice Dam \u2013 geodetic measurement<\/h6>\n

U\u00a0historick\u00fdch situa\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdkres\u016f je \u010dasto obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b zjistiteln\u00e9, v\u00a0jak\u00e9m sou\u0159adn\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu byly vyhotoveny, co\u017e potvrzuj\u00ed i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed auto\u0159i [12, 15]. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u\u00a0del\u0161\u00edch koryt tok\u016f v\u00a0d\u016fsledku toho m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet k\u00a0deformaci georeferencovan\u00e9ho podkladu a\u00a0k\u00a0odchylov\u00e1n\u00ed koryt, by\u0165 m\u00edrn\u00e9mu, od jejich skute\u010dn\u00e9 polohy. Zejm\u00e9na na okraj\u00edch koryta proto mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159i rozd\u00edlov\u00e9 anal\u00fdze zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1ny zd\u00e1nliv\u00e9 prohlubn\u011b \u010di elevace (obr. 10<\/em>). K\u00a0tomuto p\u0159istupuje i\u00a0skute\u010dnost, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u011b projektovan\u00e9 \u00fapravy nemusely b\u00fdt realizov\u00e1ny v\u00a0cel\u00e9m rozsahu (tzn. po cel\u00e9 d\u00e9lce a\u00a0na obou stran\u00e1ch koryta). V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy pr\u016fb\u011bh p\u016fvodn\u00edho koryta byl velmi podobn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bhu koryta navrhovan\u00e9ho av\u0161ak nerealizovan\u00e9ho, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 rozhodnout, kterou z\u00a0variant pova\u017eovat za skute\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1vrhov\u00fd stav.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 10. Zd\u00e1nliv\u00e9 elevace a\u00a0prohlubn\u011b na okraj\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho koryta zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 vych\u00fdlen\u00edm koryta p\u0159i georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed situa\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdkresu
\nFig. 10. Apparent elevations and depressions at the edges of the river channel caused by the channel deviation when georeferencing the situational plan<\/h6>\n

P\u0159esnou lokalizaci historick\u00fdch situa\u010dn\u00edch pl\u00e1n\u016f lze prov\u00e9st s\u00a0pomoc\u00ed d\u016fkladn\u00e9 rekognoskace konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho \u00faseku. To p\u0159edstavuje geodetick\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed b\u0159ehov\u00fdch lini\u00ed, sklon\u016f b\u0159eh\u016f, v\u00a0ide\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b i\u00a0zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed topografie dna. Podle nich je n\u00e1sledn\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9 korektn\u011b um\u00edstit p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fd profil a\u00a0jedin\u011b tak lze ur\u010dit, zda byla \u00faprava koryta podle projektu provedena, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b v\u00a0jak\u00e9m rozsahu. Ani tento postup v\u0161ak nemus\u00ed v\u00e9st k\u00a0jednozna\u010dn\u00e9mu v\u00fdsledku. B\u0159ehy toti\u017e mohu b\u00fdt za dlouh\u00e9 obdob\u00ed siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bny pror\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edmi ko\u0159eny strom\u016f, eroz\u00ed nebo dodate\u010dn\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami v\u00a0opevn\u011bn\u00ed, co\u017e se m\u016f\u017ee projevit ve zm\u011bn\u011b tvaru pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00fdch profil\u016f. P\u0159esto z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 posouzen\u00ed kombinace morfologick\u00fdch charakteristik koryta a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 manu\u00e1ln\u00ed korekce um\u00edstn\u011bn\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho profilu jedin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak prov\u00e9st jeho lokalizaci co nejp\u0159esn\u011bji.<\/p>\n

P\u0159esnost echolok\u00e1toru<\/h3>\n

Vyu\u017eit\u00ed sonaru jako spolehliv\u00e9ho zdroje dat bylo prezentov\u00e1no v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b prac\u00ed v\u011bnuj\u00edc\u00edch se monitoringu dna a\u00a0erozn\u011b-akumula\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch jezerech (nap\u0159. [6, 10, 12]), vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch (nap\u0159. [7, 8]) i\u00a0vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch (nap\u0159. [11, 16]). V\u00a0r\u00e1mci t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce byla p\u0159esnost v\u00fdstup\u016f m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed echolok\u00e1toru testov\u00e1na v\u00a0pilotn\u00ed lokalit\u011b na vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei Letovice. Odchylky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed dna jsou uvedeny na obr. 11<\/em>, z\u00a0n\u011bho\u017e je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee nep\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed kladn\u00e9 ani z\u00e1porn\u00e9 hodnoty, z\u00a0nich\u017e by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 usuzovat na systematick\u00e9 pod- \u010di nadhodnocovan\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b dna echoloka\u010dn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm. Tuto nejednozna\u010dnost je mo\u017en\u00e9 od\u016fvodnit velkou \u010dlenitost\u00ed dna, v\u00a0d\u016fsledku kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee nev\u00fdznamn\u00fd posun m\u011brn\u00e9 lat\u011b z\u00a0d\u016fvodu obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 dlouhodob\u00e9 stabilizace plavidla v\u00e9st k\u00a0nam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed odch\u00fdlen\u00fdch hodnot [8]. Obecn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b dna touto metodou je rovn\u011b\u017e zrnitostn\u00ed struktura zvodn\u011bl\u00fdch sediment\u016f, projevuj\u00edc\u00ed se jejich rozli\u010dnou tuhost\u00ed v\u016f\u010di spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 m\u011brn\u00e9 lati. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u011bkk\u00fdch sediment\u016f m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet k\u00a0jej\u00edmu zabo\u0159en\u00ed do dna a\u00a0zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubky oproti skute\u010dn\u00e9. Tento probl\u00e9m by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 jist\u011b alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u0161it opat\u0159en\u00edm m\u011brn\u00e9 ty\u010de zm\u00edn\u011bnou plochou patkou.<\/p>\n

Obecn\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed morfologick\u00fdch zm\u011bn<\/h3>\n

Porovn\u00e1n\u00edm sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b dna s\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdm stavem umo\u017enilo identifikovat erozn\u011b-akumula\u010dn\u00ed procesy prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed ve vzdut\u00ed jezu v\u00a0Krom\u011b\u0159\u00ed\u017ei na \u0159ece Morav\u011b. Z\u00a0proveden\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jsou patrn\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 zahlouben\u00ed dna pod\u00e9l konk\u00e1vn\u00edch b\u0159eh\u016f, kde maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubky dosahuj\u00ed hodnot p\u0159es 7\u2008m. N\u00e1padn\u00e9 prohlubn\u011b se vyskytuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 p\u0159i vy\u00fast\u011bn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f do hlavn\u00ed trati a\u00a0za mostn\u00edmi pil\u00ed\u0159i. V\u00a0uveden\u00fdch m\u00edstech doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke vzniku turbulentn\u00edho proud\u011bn\u00ed, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e je sedimentace un\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic znemo\u017en\u011bna. Obecn\u011b je v\u0161ak z\u0159eteln\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm jevem je akumulace plavenin, co\u017e je zp\u016fsobeno zpomalen\u00edm proud\u011bn\u00ed, a\u00a0tedy sn\u00ed\u017eenou transportn\u00ed kapacitou toku v\u00a0tomto \u00faseku.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 11. V\u00fdsledek porovn\u00e1n\u00ed nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161ek v\u00a0kontroln\u00edch bodech v\u016f\u010di \u00farovni dna zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho echolok\u00e1torem v\u00a0pilotn\u00ed lokalit\u011b VN Letovice pobl\u00ed\u017e obce Vranov\u00e1
\nFig. 11. Differential comparison of the altitudes from the verification measurement and the altitudes measured using the sonar in the neer-shore zone of the Letovice Dam<\/h6>\n

Uveden\u00fdm postupem je mo\u017en\u00e9 stanovit i\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed kubatury deponovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Vzhledem k\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdm problematick\u00fdm aspekt\u016fm je v\u0161ak nutno nejprve v\u0161echny nejednozna\u010dnosti odstranit. Posouzen\u00ed pot\u0159ebnosti p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f v\u0161ak mus\u00ed vych\u00e1zet z\u00a0podrobn\u00e9ho vyhodnocen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed koryta, v\u00a0nich\u017e mohou prob\u00edhat odli\u0161n\u00e9, specifick\u00e9, erozn\u011b-akumula\u010dn\u00ed procesy. Z\u00a0hlediska logistick\u00e9ho je tak\u00e9 nutno uva\u017eovat, \u017ee skute\u010dn\u00e1 kubatura sediment\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0d\u016fvodu jejich zvodn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek vznikl v\u00a0r\u00e1mci zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed projektu KUS QJ1520267 Syst\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017eby VH infrastruktury financovan\u00e9ho z\u00a0prost\u0159edk\u016f Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed \u010cR.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Monitoring and maintenance of water management infrastructure require knowledge of their reference state characterizing their design parameters. The reference state is derived primarily from the available project documentation, which is appropriately chosen to be converted to a digital model of the bottom terrain. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4246,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[1054,1055,279,1056,392,1038,1057],"coauthors":[181,488],"class_list":["post-4333","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-bottom","tag-georeferencing","tag-gis","tag-morphology","tag-sediments","tag-sonar","tag-water-management-infrastructures"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4333","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4333"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4333\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30433,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4333\/revisions\/30433"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4246"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4333"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4333"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4333"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}