{"id":4326,"date":"2017-12-11T10:45:14","date_gmt":"2017-12-11T09:45:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4326"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:37:03","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:37:03","slug":"microbial-pollution-of-surface-waters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/12\/microbial-pollution-of-surface-waters\/","title":{"rendered":"Microbial pollution of surface waters"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek shrnuje problematiku mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tekouc\u00edch povrchov\u00fdch vod v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Jsou zde uvedeny limity indik\u00e1torov\u00fdch mikroorganism\u016f v\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpisech a\u00a0technick\u00fdch norm\u00e1ch, d\u00e1le jsou uvedeny charakteristiky nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch indik\u00e1tor\u016f fek\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0metody jejich stanoven\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek je ur\u010den p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pracovn\u00edk\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed hodnocen\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f mikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f a\u00a0posuzov\u00e1n\u00edm kvality vody.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Stanoven\u00ed termotolerantn\u00edch (fek\u00e1ln\u00edch) koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed na MFC m\u00e9diu
\nFig. 1. Detection of faecal coliforms on MFC medium<\/h6>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod m\u00e1 v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice dlouholetou tradici, stanoven\u00ed a\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed mikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pravideln\u00e9ho monitoringu kvality vod od 60. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Informace o\u00a0mikrobiologick\u00e9 kvalit\u011b vody jsou v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 nejen z\u00a0hlediska sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, co\u017e zaj\u00edm\u00e1 odbornou ve\u0159ejnost, ale z\u00e1jem o\u00a0tyto informace maj\u00ed i\u00a0ob\u010dan\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdch zdravotn\u00edch rizik. S\u00a0riziky spojen\u00fdmi s\u00a0kontaminovanou vodou je mo\u017en\u00e9 se setkat nejen p\u0159i vlastn\u00edm koup\u00e1n\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0provozov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edch sport\u016f (nap\u0159. vod\u00e1ctv\u00ed), rekreac\u00ed u\u00a0vodn\u00edch tok\u016f (nap\u0159. chatov\u00e9 oblasti, letn\u00ed t\u00e1bory atd.). V\u00a0lo\u0148sk\u00e9m roce prob\u011bhlo v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu TA \u010cR (Kvalita a\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod) dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1jmu obyvatel o\u00a0informace t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se kvality vody. Bylo osloveno 245 vodopr\u00e1vn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, z\u00a0nich\u017e odpov\u011bd\u011blo 66 (27\u00a0%). V\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee dotazy na kvalitu vody od ob\u010dan\u016f obdr\u017eelo 98\u00a0% \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, kter\u00e9 odpov\u011bd\u011bly na dotazn\u00edk; v\u00a011\u00a0% p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f b\u00fdv\u00e1 dotaz\u016f v\u00edce ne\u017e deset ro\u010dn\u011b. V\u00a050\u00a0% p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se ob\u010dan\u00e9 zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed o\u00a0jakoukoli kvalitu vody a\u00a0ve 33\u00a0% jmenovit\u011b (a\u00a0p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm) o\u00a0mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy \u0159e\u0161\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminaci tok\u016f p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm vody ke koup\u00e1n\u00ed na vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch koupac\u00edch profilech [1] a\u00a0k\u00a0odb\u011bru na vodu pitnou [2]. Limity mikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f jsou za\u0159azeny i\u00a0do na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy o\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9m zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tok\u016f [3].<\/p>\n

V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b byla v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu TA \u010cR (Kvalita a\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod) dokon\u010dena revize normy \u010cSN 75 7221 Kvalita vod \u2013 Klasifikace kvality vod, kter\u00e1 bude platn\u00e1 od prosince 2017 [4]. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci t\u00e9to revize byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na i\u00a0ukazatel\u016fm mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e1 pozornost. Pro revizi klasifikace mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci p\u011bti t\u0159\u00edd kvality vody byla pou\u017eita rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 sada re\u00e1ln\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f mikrobiologick\u00fdch stanoven\u00ed v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch v\u00a0\u010cR v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2007\u20132012. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 byly mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality konfrontov\u00e1ny s\u00a0ostatn\u00edmi pr\u00e1vn\u00edmi p\u0159edpisy a\u00a0na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00edskan\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f byla navr\u017eena zm\u011bna mezn\u00edch hodnot t\u0159\u00edd kvality v\u00a0ukazateli termotolerantn\u00ed (fek\u00e1ln\u00ed) koliformn\u00ed bakterie. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci zm\u011bn byly zva\u017eov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 zm\u011bny v\u00a0rozsahu stanovovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f s\u00a0p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm na jejich indika\u010dn\u00ed hodnotu a\u00a0metody stanoven\u00ed. Sou\u010dasn\u011b je dosud v\u00a0platnosti technick\u00e1 norma, ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed jakost vody pro z\u00e1vlahu [5]. P\u0159ehled limit\u016f mikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpisech a\u00a0technick\u00fdch norm\u00e1ch je uveden v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ve\u0161ker\u00e9 tyto normy a\u00a0pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy jsou zalo\u017eeny na stanoven\u00ed indik\u00e1tor\u016f fek\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, co\u017e jsou st\u0159evn\u00ed bakterie, ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod ne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi nebo nedostate\u010dn\u011b \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi odpadn\u00edmi vodami, z\u00a0\u010deho\u017e plyne riziko v\u00fdskytu st\u0159evn\u00edch patogen\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b enterick\u00fdch vir\u016f.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed odborn\u00e1 literatura se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 oblastmi, kter\u00e9 se je\u0161t\u011b zcela neprom\u00edtly do na\u0161\u00ed vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 praxe. Jedn\u00e1 se nap\u0159\u00edklad o\u00a0problematiku v\u00fdskytu patogenn\u00edch mikroorganism\u016f (jako jsou parazit\u00e1rn\u00ed prvoci, nap\u0159. rodu Cryptosporidium<\/em>, termotolerantn\u00ed mikroaerofiln\u00ed bakterie rodu Campylobacter<\/em> nebo r\u016fzn\u00e9 skupiny vir\u016f) v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch typech povrchov\u00fdch vod [6], v\u00fdzkum patogenn\u00edch mikroorganism\u016f v\u00a0sedimentech a\u00a0biofilmech, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt jejich z\u00e1sob\u00e1rnou a\u00a0p\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami se uvol\u0148uj\u00ed do tekouc\u00ed vody [7], nebo v\u00fdzkum \u010di modelov\u00e1n\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod za r\u016fzn\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdmi de\u0161ti [8\u201310]. V\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00fdch vnitrozemsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch koupac\u00edch vod\u00e1ch byla provedena epidemiologick\u00e1 studie [11], kter\u00e1 se pokusila stanovit \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 hodnoty mikrobiologick\u00fdch indik\u00e1tor\u016f\u201c (hodnota nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed d\u00e1vky, kter\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b nezp\u016fsobila v\u00a0organismu odezvu), p\u0159i kter\u00e9 u\u017e nebyl zji\u0161t\u011bn statisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi pokusnou a\u00a0kontroln\u00ed (neexponovanou) skupinou. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a025 enterokok\u016f (KTJ\/100\u2008ml), 100 Escherichia coli<\/em> (KTJ\/100\u2008ml) a\u00a010 Clostridium perfringens<\/em> (KTJ\/100\u2008ml).<\/p>\n

Mikrobiologick\u00e9 ukazatele a\u00a0metody jejich stanoven\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Klasick\u00fdm (a\u00a0v\u00a0minulosti v\u00fdznamn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm) indik\u00e1torem fek\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jsou koliformn\u00ed bakterie (ve\u0161ker\u00e9 koliformn\u00ed bakterie, total coliforms). Pat\u0159\u00ed sem v\u011bt\u0161ina druh\u016f bakteri\u00ed z\u00a0\u010deledi Enterobacteriaceae <\/em>(d\u0159\u00edve podle definice tyto kmeny m\u011bly fermentovat lakt\u00f3zu, dnes posta\u010duje aktivita enzymu \u03b2-D-galaktosid\u00e1zy, tj. enzymu, kter\u00fd \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed disacharid lakt\u00f3zu na gluk\u00f3zu a\u00a0\u03b2-D-galakt\u00f3zu). Tato skupina bakteri\u00ed, jak ji\u017e jejich n\u00e1zev nazna\u010duje (COLI\u00a0=\u00a0COLON\u00a0=\u00a0st\u0159evo), byla s\u00a0fek\u00e1ln\u00edm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm od za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed spojov\u00e1na. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b d\u00edky dal\u0161\u00edmu v\u00fdzkumu a\u00a0tak\u00e9 d\u00edky p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm metod\u00e1m anal\u00fdz se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee koliformn\u00ed bakterie ide\u00e1ln\u00edm indik\u00e1torem fek\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ur\u010dit\u011b nejsou. Jejich zdrojem nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u00fdhradn\u011b st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ra teplokrevn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f (ale tak\u00e9 p\u016fda, zbytky rostlin apod.) a\u00a0ve vod\u011b se n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy mohou pomno\u017eovat. Jedn\u00e1 se nap\u0159\u00edklad o\u00a0druhy rodu Serratia<\/em>, Yersinia<\/em>, n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy rod\u016f Citrobacter<\/em> a\u00a0Enterobacter <\/em>atd.<\/p>\n

Podskupinou koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed jsou termotolerantn\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie (u\u00a0n\u00e1s jsou t\u00e9\u017e zn\u00e1my i\u00a0pod vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1zvem fek\u00e1ln\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie, faecal coliforms). Tato skupina zahrnuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm termotolerantn\u00ed druhy rod\u016f Escherichia, Klebsiella, Citrobacter <\/em>a\u00a0Enterobacter<\/em>. Jsou to ty kmeny koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed, kter\u00e9 si ponechaly svoje r\u016fstov\u00e9 a\u00a0biochemick\u00e9 vlastnosti i\u00a0p\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplot\u011b kultivace (44\u2008\u00b0C) a\u00a0jsou mnohem v\u00edce spjaty s\u00a0fek\u00e1ln\u00edm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm ne\u017e koliformn\u00ed bakterie. Pro stanoven\u00ed fek\u00e1ln\u00edch koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed nen\u00ed v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b k\u00a0dispozici \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 platn\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed norma, lze v\u0161ak pou\u017e\u00edt \u010deskou normu \u010cSN 75\u00a07835 [12], kter\u00e1 byla vytvo\u0159ena podle metodiky uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0Americk\u00fdch standardn\u00edch metod\u00e1ch [13] a\u00a0kter\u00e1 spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0jejich kultivaci na MFC m\u00e9diu (obr. 1<\/em>). Metoda je dostate\u010dn\u011b citliv\u00e1 a\u00a0specifick\u00e1 a\u00a0zcela vyhovuje \u00fa\u010delu stanoven\u00ed fek\u00e1ln\u00edch koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Ide\u00e1ln\u00edm indik\u00e1torem fek\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed druh Escherichia coli<\/em> (d\u00e1le E. coli<\/em>). Tento druh je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ry teplokrevn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f i\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bka, ve vod\u011b se nepomno\u017euje, p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch pouze omezenou dobu a\u00a0lze jej specificky detekovat. Patogenn\u00ed (enteropatogenn\u00ed) E. coli<\/em> jsou jen ur\u010dit\u00e9 s\u00e9rotypy, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u0161ak na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed relativn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00e9. E. coli<\/em> se detekuje na principu aktivity enzymu \u03b2-D-glukuronid\u00e1zy. V\u00a0novele normy \u010cSN 75\u00a07221 bylo zva\u017eov\u00e1no i\u00a0nahrazen\u00ed ukazatele fek\u00e1ln\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie druhem E. coli<\/em>, nakonec se to v\u0161ak nestalo ze dvou d\u016fvod\u016f. Za prv\u00e9 by se p\u0159eru\u0161ily dlouhodob\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ady v\u00fdsledk\u016f sledov\u00e1n\u00ed termotolerantn\u00edch (fek\u00e1ln\u00edch) koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed a\u00a0za druh\u00e9 existuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 metodick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my stanoven\u00ed E. coli<\/em> v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch [14]. Metoda podle \u010cSN\u00a075\u00a07835\u00a0[12] je vysoce selektivn\u00ed, ale m\u00e1lo citliv\u00e1 (podhodnocuje a\u017e o\u00a030\u00a0%), a\u00a0metoda podle \u010cSN EN ISO 9308-1 (stanoven\u00ed E. coli<\/em> mezi koliformn\u00edmi bakteriemi [15]) je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 citliv\u00e1 s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm n\u00e1r\u016fstem doprovodn\u00e9 mikrofl\u00f3ry. Jako nejlep\u0161\u00ed metoda stanoven\u00ed E. coli<\/em> v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch se jev\u00ed metoda Colilert Quantitray od firmy IDEXX, kter\u00e1 je zakotvena i\u00a0v\u00a0\u010cSN EN ISO 9308-2 [16].<\/p>\n

Intestin\u00e1ln\u00ed enterokoky (enterokoky, enterococci) jsou t\u00e9\u017e dobr\u00fdm indik\u00e1torem fek\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0sv\u00fdm charakterem dopl\u0148uj\u00ed stanoven\u00ed termotolerantn\u00edch (fek\u00e1ln\u00edch) koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed, resp. E. coli<\/em>. V\u011bt\u0161ina druh\u016f poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze st\u0159evn\u00edho traktu teplokrevn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f a\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bka (v\u00fdjimku tvo\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad druh Enterococcus casseliflavus, <\/em>kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee poch\u00e1zet z\u00a0tlej\u00edc\u00edch rostlinn\u00fdch zbytk\u016f). Pro stanoven\u00ed intestin\u00e1ln\u00edch enterokok\u016f v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch je metoda podle normy \u010cSN EN ISO 7899-2 [17], kter\u00e1 je dostate\u010dn\u011b citliv\u00e1 a\u00a0specifick\u00e1. Velk\u00fd d\u016fraz v\u0161ak mus\u00ed b\u00fdt kladen na proveden\u00ed p\u0159edepsan\u00fdch konfirma\u010dn\u00edch test\u016f a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdskytu presumptivn\u00edch enterokok\u016f zv\u00e1\u017eit za\u0159azen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho konfirma\u010dn\u00edho testu, kter\u00fdm je stanoven\u00ed katal\u00e1zy [14].<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Limitn\u00ed hodnoty mikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f v\u00a0platn\u00fdch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpisech a\u00a0technick\u00fdch norm\u00e1ch; v\u0161echny hodnoty jsou uvedeny v\u00a0jednotk\u00e1ch KTJ\/100\u2008ml; u\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9ho p\u0159edpisu jsou uvedeny zp\u016fsoby hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f; v\u00fdpo\u010det charakteristick\u00e9 hodnoty C90<\/sub> je podrobn\u011b rozeps\u00e1n v\u00a0norm\u011b \u010cSN 75\u00a07221; jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0oblast nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch hodnot a\u00a0tato hodnota m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za maximum
\nTable 1. Limits of microbiological indicators in current legislation and technical standards; the unit CFU\/100\u2008ml is used in all standards<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9my mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tekouc\u00edch povrchov\u00fdch vod<\/h3>\n

Zdrojem fek\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace povrchov\u00fdch vod jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nedostate\u010dn\u011b \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody \u2013 bodov\u00e9 zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Krom\u011b vlastn\u00edch odtok\u016f \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch \u010di ne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod se na fek\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminaci povrchov\u00fdch vod pod\u00edlej\u00ed prosakuj\u00edc\u00ed septiky, net\u011bsn\u00e9 kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed potrub\u00ed, rozvodn\u011bn\u00e1 kanalizace apod. Dlouhodob\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 kontaminace tok\u016f mikroorganismy byla zji\u0161t\u011bna nap\u0159. po povodn\u00edch v\u00a0srpnu 2002. Je\u0161t\u011b za\u010d\u00e1tkem z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, kdy ji\u017e byly u\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161iny nemikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f zji\u0161t\u011bny b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 hodnoty, byla fek\u00e1ln\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pod v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi m\u011bsty s\u00a0nefunk\u010dn\u00edmi \u010cOV [18].<\/p>\n

Celkov\u011b se kvalita povrchov\u00fdch vod v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice v\u00a0souvislosti se zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod postupn\u011b zlep\u0161uje. Je to patrn\u00e9 i\u00a0z\u00a0tabulky 2<\/em>, kde je uveden po\u010det profil\u016f, spadaj\u00edc\u00edch do t\u0159\u00edd kvality vody podle novely normy \u010cSN 75\u00a07221 podle ukazatele fek\u00e1ln\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie. Do hodnocen\u00ed byly za\u0159azeny pouze profily, u\u00a0kter\u00fdch bylo v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch dvoulet\u00edch k\u00a0dispozici minim\u00e1ln\u011b 24 odb\u011br\u016f, aby byla vhodn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem spo\u010dtena charakteristick\u00e1 hodnota (C90<\/sub>).<\/p>\n

Tabulka 2. Po\u010det profil\u016f odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch hranic\u00edm mezn\u00edch t\u0159\u00edd podle novely normy \u010cSN 75 7221 \u2013 fek\u00e1ln\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie
\nTable 2. The count of profiles meet the requirements of quality classes according to the new version of standard \u010cSN 75 7221 \u2013 faecal coliforms<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Hlavn\u00edmi probl\u00e9my, se kter\u00fdmi je t\u0159eba po\u010d\u00edtat p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f, jsou nejistoty stanoven\u00ed mikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f a\u00a0velk\u00e9 v\u00fdkyvy po\u010dt\u016f sledovan\u00fdch bakteri\u00ed v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 tekouc\u00ed vod\u011b v\u00a0souvislosti se zm\u011bnami pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/p>\n

Nejistoty mikrobiologick\u00fdch stanoven\u00ed<\/h4>\n

Metody stanoven\u00ed mikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f nejsou robustn\u00ed a\u00a0jak\u00e9koliv odchylky od p\u0159edepsan\u00e9 metody (v\u00fdb\u011br vhodn\u00e9\/p\u0159edepsan\u00e9\/doporu\u010den\u00e9 metody, dodr\u017een\u00ed podm\u00ednek transportu (chlazen\u00ed) vzorku a\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed doby do jeho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed (24\u00a0hodin), proveden\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e9ho po\u010dtu \u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed) vedou k\u00a0nep\u0159esn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm. I\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee je v\u0161e v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 dodr\u017eeno, je nutn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtat s\u00a0nejistotou stanoven\u00ed mikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f minim\u00e1ln\u011b 30\u00a0%. To je nutn\u00e9 zohlednit i\u00a0p\u0159i odborn\u00e9m hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010dt\u016f E. coli<\/em> a\u00a0enterokok\u016f b\u011bhem l\u00e9ta 2012 v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm profilu Berounka-\u010cerno\u0161ice
\nFig. 2. Changes of counts of E. coli<\/em> and enterococci during summer season (2012) in the river profile Berounka-\u010cerno\u0161ice<\/h6>\n

Zm\u011bny pr\u016ftok\u016f<\/h4>\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno, v\u00fdsledky stanoven\u00ed mikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f vykazuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 v\u00fdkyvy (\u0159\u00e1dov\u00e9 a\u017e n\u011bkolika \u0159\u00e1dov\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dt\u016f), p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0souvislosti se zm\u011bnami pr\u016ftok\u016f (jarn\u00ed t\u00e1n\u00ed, sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 epizody \u2013 zejm\u00e9na siln\u00e9 de\u0161t\u011b, kter\u00fdm p\u0159edch\u00e1zelo del\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed sucha). Bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no [8], \u017ee letn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 de\u0161t\u011b maj\u00ed na zhor\u0161en\u00ed stavu v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vliv ne\u017e jarn\u00ed t\u00e1n\u00ed. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010dty indik\u00e1torov\u00fdch bakteri\u00ed nebyly zaznamen\u00e1ny v\u00a0dob\u011b maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho pr\u016ftoku, ale v\u00a0dob\u011b jeho zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed (vzestupn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st vlny). Pro orienta\u010dn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace tok\u016f tak nen\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 vzorkovat v\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch (pokud to nen\u00ed vylo\u017een\u011b \u00fa\u010delov\u00e9). Na t\u00e9to situaci se krom\u011b splach\u016f, odleh\u010dovac\u00edch v\u00fdpust\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsunu nedostate\u010dn\u011b \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod v\u00fdznamn\u011b pod\u00edl\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm resuspendace sediment\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch rezervo\u00e1rem hygienicky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch mikroorganism\u016f. P\u0159\u00edklad kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed mikrobiologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f b\u011bhem l\u00e9ta v\u00a0profilu Berounka-\u010cerno\u0161ice v\u00a0souvislosti se sr\u00e1\u017ekami je uveden na obr. 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod je zalo\u017eeno na sledov\u00e1n\u00ed indik\u00e1tor\u016f, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed na m\u00edru fek\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0mo\u017enost v\u00fdskytu st\u0159evn\u00edch patogen\u016f ve vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. P\u0159i t\u00e9to kontrole je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vybrat vhodn\u00e9 indik\u00e1torov\u00e9 mikroorganismy (termotolerantn\u00ed (fek\u00e1ln\u00ed) koliformn\u00ed bakterie, resp. E. coli<\/em>, intestin\u00e1ln\u00ed enterokoky), zajistit stanoven\u00ed vhodn\u00fdmi (p\u0159edepsan\u00fdmi) metodami a\u00a0p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f br\u00e1t v\u00a0\u00favahu specifika mikrobiologick\u00e9ho rozboru vody a\u00a0v\u00fdkyvy po\u010dt\u016f mikroorganism\u016f v\u00a0souvislosti se zm\u011bnami pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl zpracov\u00e1n za podpory projektu Technologick\u00e9 agentury \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky Kvalita a\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod \u2013 TD 03000215.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The aim of this study is a summary of problems dealing with microbial pollution of flowing surface waters in the Czech Republic. Limits of counts of indicator microorganisms in current legislation and technical standards are presented, together with characteristics of the mostly used indicators of faecal pollution and methods of their detection. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4205,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[1052,1050,1051,316],"coauthors":[231,494],"class_list":["post-4326","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","tag-csn-757221","tag-faecal-pollution","tag-microbiological-indicators","tag-surface-water"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4326","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4326"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4326\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30435,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4326\/revisions\/30435"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4326"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4326"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4326"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}