{"id":4323,"date":"2017-12-11T10:45:16","date_gmt":"2017-12-11T09:45:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4323"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:37:40","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:37:40","slug":"classification-of-surface-water-quality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/12\/classification-of-surface-water-quality\/","title":{"rendered":"Classification of surface water quality"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek p\u0159edstavuje novelizovanou normu \u010cSN 75 7221 Kvalita vod \u2013 Klasifikace kvality povrchov\u00fdch vod [1], kter\u00e1 nahrazuje p\u0159edchoz\u00ed 19\u00a0let platnou normu [2]. P\u0159edm\u011btem novely bylo zohlednit po\u017eadavky na sou\u010dasnou \u00farove\u0148 ochrany povrchov\u00fdch vod, a\u00a0to jak z\u00a0hlediska ukazatel\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, tak i\u00a0\u00farovn\u011b p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Reviz\u00ed pro\u0161el jak rozsah ukazatel\u016f, tak mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed doznal i\u00a0text normy, a\u00a0to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edlohov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti: krom\u011b zp\u016fsobu v\u00fdpo\u010dtu charakteristick\u00e9 hodnoty, kter\u00fd z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nezm\u011bn\u011bn, p\u0159ibyly dal\u0161\u00ed nezbytn\u00e9 pomocn\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty. Nov\u011b je za\u0159azena informativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edloha se stru\u010dnou charakterizac\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f kvality vody nebo jejich skupin pro snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed orientaci p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1stupc\u016f samospr\u00e1vn\u00fdch celk\u016f na \u00farovni obc\u00ed i\u00a0\u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti. Norma nov\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uje orienta\u010dn\u00ed ur\u010den\u00ed kvality vody p\u0159i ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch \u010detnostech, ne\u017e je po\u017eadov\u00e1no pro klasifikaci.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Kvalita vody je pravideln\u011b klasifikov\u00e1na a\u00a0vyhodnocov\u00e1na od 60. let 20. stolet\u00ed. Klasifikac\u00ed se p\u0159itom rozum\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010det charakteristick\u00e9 hodnoty (u\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161iny ukazatel\u016f ze souboru 11 a\u017e 24 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed je hodnota nep\u0159esahovan\u00e1 v\u00a090\u00a0%), jej\u00ed porovn\u00e1n\u00ed se soustavou mezn\u00edch hodnot t\u0159\u00edd kvality vody a\u00a0za\u0159azen\u00ed ukazatele do jedn\u00e9 z\u00a0p\u011bti t\u0159\u00edd kvality podle zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody. Prvn\u00ed norma, kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdvala touto problematikou, byla \u010cSN\u00a083\u00a00602 z\u00a023. 6. 1965. Norma obsahovala celkem 25\u00a0ukazatel\u016f (ukazatele kysl\u00edkov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu, ukazatele z\u00e1kladn\u00edho chemick\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed, zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed ukazatele a\u00a0ukazatele mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed). Norma pro klasifikaci kvality povrchov\u00fdch vod byla pravideln\u011b revidov\u00e1na a\u00a0v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0v\u00fdskytem nov\u00fdch zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed byly do normy dopl\u0148ov\u00e1ny dal\u0161\u00ed ukazatele kvality vody. V\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku je p\u0159edstavena revize p\u0159edchoz\u00ed normy \u010cSN\u00a075\u00a07221 z\u00a0\u0159\u00edjna 1998. Obsahuje celkem 65 ukazatel\u016f sdru\u017een\u00fdch v\u00a0p\u011bti skupin\u00e1ch (obecn\u00e9, fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0chemick\u00e9 ukazatele, organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, kovy a\u00a0metaloidy, mikrobiologick\u00e9 a\u00a0biologick\u00e9 ukazatele, radiologick\u00e9 ukazatele).<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Za dobu platnosti normy od roku 1998 do sou\u010dasnosti do\u0161lo celkem p\u011btkr\u00e1t ke zm\u011bn\u011b na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy, upravuj\u00edc\u00ed hodnoty p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod.1<\/sup> B\u011bhem t\u00e9 doby byly limitn\u00ed hodnoty zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0souladu se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se \u00farovn\u00ed pozn\u00e1n\u00ed negativn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f na vodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0t\u011bchto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t zm\u011bn\u011bny. V\u00a0prvn\u00edm kroku prac\u00ed na novele \u010cSN bylo t\u0159eba ov\u011b\u0159it, zda mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality v\u00a0norm\u011b odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdm po\u017eadavk\u016fm ochrany vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, \u010di nikoli. Vych\u00e1zelo se p\u0159itom z\u00a0p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee III.\u00a0t\u0159\u00edda kvality normy \u010cSN 75 7221, charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bnou vodu, by m\u011bla b\u00fdt srovnateln\u00e1 s\u00a0hodnotou p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod, resp. s\u00a0normou environment\u00e1ln\u00ed kvality na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 401\/2015 Sb. [3]. Tento p\u0159edpoklad byl patrn\u011b uplatn\u011bn i\u00a0v\u00a0dob\u011b p\u0159\u00edpravy normy z\u00a0roku 1998. Pokud se provede porovn\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod ur\u010den\u00fdch na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 171\/1992\u00a0Sb. [4] s\u00a0III. t\u0159\u00eddou kvality p\u016fvodn\u00ed normy, tak u\u00a0\u0159ady ukazatel\u016f jsou patrn\u00e9 shodn\u00e9 limitn\u00ed hodnoty (u\u017eit\u00edm shodn\u00e9 charakteristick\u00e9 hodnoty koncentrace C90<\/sub> v\u00a0obou p\u0159edpisech bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e9st p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed).<\/p>\n

Hodnoty p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0norem environment\u00e1ln\u00ed kvality (NEK) uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edloze \u010d. 3 k\u00a0na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 401\/2015 Sb. byly p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny z\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru, pop\u0159. z\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 koncentrace, na charakteristickou hodnotu C90<\/sub> (koncentrace nep\u0159esahovan\u00e1 v\u00a090\u00a0%). Z\u00e1kladem pro p\u0159epo\u010det se staly v\u00fdsledky monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00a0na \u00fazem\u00ed cel\u00e9 \u010cR za obdob\u00ed 2006 a\u017e 2012. Data byla pro pot\u0159eby v\u00fdpo\u010dtu C90<\/sub> agregov\u00e1na do dvoulet\u00ed 2006\u20132007, 2007\u20132008 a\u00a02011\u20132012. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byly vypo\u010dteny koncentra\u010dn\u00ed charakteristiky: pr\u016fm\u011br, minimum, maximum, medi\u00e1n a\u00a0C90 <\/sub>pro ka\u017ed\u00fd ukazatel zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. V\u00fdpo\u010det C90<\/sub> byl proveden shodn\u011b podle odst. 4.6 a\u00a0normativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edlohy A\u00a0\u010cSN\u00a075\u00a07221. Hodnoty pod mez\u00ed stanovitelnosti (< MS) byly v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi metodick\u00fdmi postupy upraveny na \u00bd MS nebo na 0 u\u00a0sdru\u017een\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f. Z\u00a0vynesen\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace v\u00a0profilech sledov\u00e1n\u00ed Cpr\u016fm.<\/sub> na C90<\/sub> byla dosazen\u00edm NEK do z\u00edskan\u00e9 rovnice vypo\u010dtena hodnota C90<\/sub>, kter\u00e1 se\u00a0stala z\u00e1kladem pro ur\u010den\u00ed III. t\u0159\u00eddy kvality (obr. 1<\/em>). Porovn\u00e1n\u00edm z\u00e1vislost\u00ed za testovan\u00e1 dvoulet\u00ed bylo tak\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159eno, \u017ee se konverzn\u00ed faktor Cpr\u016fm. <\/sub>\/C90<\/sub> mezi testovan\u00fdmi dvoulet\u00edmi u\u00a0naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny ukazatel\u016f p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nem\u011bn\u00ed (tabulka 1<\/em>). V\u00fdjimkou jsou ukazatele, kter\u00e9 vykazuj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozptyl koncentrac\u00ed nebo p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky pod mez\u00ed stanovitelnosti s\u00a0ob\u010dasn\u00fdmi pozitivn\u00edmi n\u00e1lezy (nap\u0159. u\u00a0pesticid\u016f).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Z\u00e1vislost pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace TOC na vypo\u010dten\u00e9 hodnot\u011b C90<\/sub> v\u00a0profilech sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch vod ve dvoulet\u00ed 2011\u20132012; \u010derven\u00e1 p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra nazna\u010duje zp\u016fsob odvozen\u00ed III. t\u0159\u00eddy kvality z\u00a0NEK-RP
\nFig. 1. Concentration dependence of Cavg.<\/sub> to concentration C90<\/sub> of TOC in the surface water monitoring sites in two-year period 2011\u20132012; the red dash line shows method to derive III. class of the water quality from AA-EQS<\/h6>\n

Pokud bylo pot\u0159eba III. t\u0159\u00eddu kvality revidovat, co\u017e bylo u\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161iny ukazatel\u016f, byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b upraveny i\u00a0ostatn\u00ed mezn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy tak, aby co nejl\u00e9pe vystihovaly jednotliv\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy kvality I. a\u017e V. Bylo db\u00e1no na to, aby navr\u017een\u00e1 V. t\u0159\u00edda kvality \u2013 velmi siln\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 voda \u2013 nebyla vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1 koncentrace (NPK) dan\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edlohou \u010d. 3 k\u00a0na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 401\/2015 Sb. (v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ukazatel\u016f, pro kter\u00e9 je NEK-NPK ur\u010dena).<\/p>\n

Revizi byly podrobeny i\u00a0jednotliv\u00e9 ukazatele. Ty z\u00a0nich, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdsledk\u016f dlouhodob\u00e9ho pravideln\u00e9ho monitoringu prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9ho v\u00a0\u010cR nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed riziko pro vodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed nebo pro dal\u0161\u00ed u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vod, byly z\u00a0tabulky\u00a01 normy \u010cSN 75 7221 vyjmuty: v\u00e1pn\u00edk, ho\u0159\u010d\u00edk, chlorovan\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky 1,2-dichlorethan, trichlormethan, tetrachlormethan, chlorbenzen, lindan a\u00a0PCB. Naopak vlivem postupn\u011b se roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho rozsahu monitorovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny ukazatele, jejich\u017e m\u00edra v\u00fdskytu ve vod\u00e1ch je v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 (koncentrace C90<\/sub> zasahovala do odvozen\u00e9 III. a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy kvality). K\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed do\u0161lo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve skupin\u00e1ch \u201eOrganick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky\u201c a\u00a0\u201eKovy a\u00a0metaloidy\u201c. Mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality jsou tak ur\u010deny pro celkem 65 ukazatel\u016f (v\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed norm\u011b pro 46 ukazatel\u016f).<\/p>\n

Klasifikace<\/h2>\n

Princip klasifikace z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 shodn\u00fd s\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00ed verz\u00ed normy. Tekouc\u00ed povrchov\u00e9 vody se podle kvality vody za\u0159azuj\u00ed do p\u011bti t\u0159\u00edd kvality:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. nezne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 voda,<\/li>\n
  2. m\u00edrn\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 voda,<\/li>\n
  3. zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 voda,<\/li>\n
  4. siln\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 voda,<\/li>\n
  5. velmi siln\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 voda.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Rovn\u011b\u017e princip v\u00fdpo\u010dtu charakteristick\u00e9 hodnoty C90<\/sub> z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nezm\u011bn\u011bn. Charakteristick\u00e1 hodnota ukazatele kvality vody (odstavec 4.4) je hodnota s\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed nep\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed 90\u00a0%, u\u00a0rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku s\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed 90\u00a0%. U\u00a0ukazatele saprobn\u00ed index makrozoobentosu se jako charakteristick\u00e1 hodnota pou\u017eije aritmetick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br\u00a0v\u00a0hodnocen\u00e9m obdob\u00ed. Jako charakteristick\u00e1 hodnota ukazatele chlorofyl-a\u00a0se pou\u017eije maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnota z\u00a0dan\u00e9ho po\u010dtu nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch hodnot za vegeta\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed (b\u0159ezen a\u017e \u0159\u00edjen). Kvalita vody se klasifikuje na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdsledk\u016f monitoringu z\u00a0del\u0161\u00edho hodnocen\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed, doporu\u010duje se dvoulet\u00ed, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b v\u0161ak p\u011btilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Rozsah ukazatel\u016f spadaj\u00edc\u00edch do tzv. z\u00e1kladn\u00ed klasifikace z\u016fstal zachov\u00e1n: BSK5<\/sub>, CHSKCr<\/sub>, N-NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>, N-NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup>, Pcelk. <\/sub>a\u00a0saprobn\u00ed index makrozoobentosu. Krom\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed klasifikace je mo\u017en\u00e9 pro dopl\u0148kovou (\u00fa\u010delovou) klasifikaci libovoln\u011b (na z\u00e1klad\u011b dan\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010delu hodnocen\u00ed) zvolit vlastn\u00ed rozsah ukazatel\u016f. Je ale nutn\u00e9 dodr\u017eet podm\u00ednku, aby v\u00fdsledky stanoven\u00ed v\u0161ech ukazatel\u016f obsa\u017een\u00fdch ve skupin\u00e1ch byly klasifikov\u00e1ny na v\u0161ech spole\u010dn\u011b hodnocen\u00fdch profilech. V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda se ur\u010d\u00ed podle nejnep\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00edho zat\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho u\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch vybran\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f. Norma je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena o\u00a0novou informativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edlohu\u00a0B, kter\u00e1 stru\u010dn\u011b charakterizuje jednotliv\u00e9 ukazatele kvality vody nebo jejich skupin.<\/p>\n

    Nov\u011b je umo\u017en\u011bno tzv. orienta\u010dn\u00ed ur\u010den\u00ed kvality vody ze souboru m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 11 nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch hodnot (m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 6 hodnot v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b koncentrace chlorofylu-a, pop\u0159. jedn\u00e9 hodnoty saprobn\u00edho indexu podle makrozoobentosu). V\u00a0tom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se pou\u017eije maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 hodnota, kter\u00e1 se porovn\u00e1 s\u00a0mezn\u00ed hodnotou p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy kvality.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 1. Pom\u011br koncentra\u010dn\u00edch charakteristik C90<\/sub>\/Cpr\u016fm.<\/sub> v\u00a0testovan\u00fdch dvoulet\u00edch pro vybran\u00e9 ukazatele
    \nTable 1. Relationship between C90<\/sub>\/Cavg.<\/sub> concentration in two-year periods for selected parameters<\/h5>\n    \"\"<\/a>\n

    Obecn\u00e9, fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed a chemick\u00e9 ukazatele<\/h2>\n

    Ukazatele uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0tabulce 1 normy Mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality jsou rozd\u011bleny do n\u011bkolika skupin. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci skupiny \u201eObecn\u00e9, fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0chemick\u00e9 ukazatele\u201c do\u0161lo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ke zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed mezn\u00edch hodnot charakterizuj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fa\u017eivnost vod, a\u00a0to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku. Nov\u011b byly za\u0159azeny ukazatele dusitanov\u00fd dus\u00edk a\u00a0celkov\u00fd dus\u00edk. St\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u00a0nov\u011b navr\u017een\u00e9 mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality pro vybran\u00e9 ukazatele jsou uvedeny v\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em>. Jak se zm\u011bn\u00ed rozsah klasifikovan\u00fdch profil\u016f v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch podle st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u00a0nov\u00e9 normy, zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje obr. 2<\/em>. Amoniak\u00e1ln\u00ed dus\u00edk ve vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed vlivem biochemick\u00fdch p\u0159em\u011bn za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti kysl\u00edku oxiduje na dusitany a\u00a0d\u00e1le na dusi\u010dnany. Dusitany jsou ve zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e obsa\u017eeny i\u00a0v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch z\u00a0vybran\u00fdch stroj\u00edrensk\u00fdch proces\u016f (obr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00ed kov\u016f) nebo se mohou vyskytovat ve vod\u00e1ch s\u00a0intenzivn\u00edm chovem ryb [5]. V\u00a0celkov\u00e9m dus\u00edku je zahrnuta i\u00a0slo\u017eka organick\u00e9ho dus\u00edku, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed zanedbateln\u00e1 [6]. Celkov\u00fd dus\u00edk byl do normy za\u0159azen tak\u00e9 z\u00a0toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee je povinn\u00fdm ukazatelem kontroly jakosti odpadn\u00edch vod podle na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 401\/2015 Sb. pro kategorie \u010cOV nad 10\u2008tis. ekvivalentn\u00edch obyvatel. Nov\u011b byly odvozeny mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd tak\u00e9 pro fluoridy a\u00a0kyanidy. Je pot\u011b\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee u\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161iny z\u00e1kladn\u00edch ukazatel\u016f (elektrolytick\u00e1 konduktivita, rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, biochemick\u00e9 i\u00a0chemick\u00e9 spot\u0159eby kysl\u00edku, celkov\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku, chlorid\u016f a\u00a0s\u00edran\u016f) nedo\u0161lo ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m mezn\u00edch hodnot. T\u00edm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 zachov\u00e1na kontinuita hodnocen\u00ed kvality povrchov\u00fdch vod tekouc\u00edch z\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edch let.<\/p>\n

    Organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky<\/h2>\n

    Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zm\u011bn v\u00a0nov\u00e9 norm\u011b doznala skupina ukazatel\u016f \u201eOrganick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky\u201c. Z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edho v\u00fd\u010dtu z\u016fstaly 1,1,2-trichlorethen, 1,1,2,2-tetrachlorethen, dichlorbenzeny, adsorbovateln\u00e9 organick\u00e9 halogeny (AOX) a\u00a0polyaromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (PAU). Mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality pro dichlorbenzeny a\u00a0PAU byly v\u00fdrazn\u011b zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bny, naopak u\u00a0AOX zm\u011bk\u010deny. D\u016fvodem tohoto zm\u011bk\u010den\u00ed je potvrzen\u00fd v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl AOX p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho p\u016fvodu v\u00a0lesn\u00edch p\u016fd\u00e1ch a\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vod\u011b vlivem p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed chlorace organick\u00e9 hmoty [7]. Nov\u011b bylo v\u00a0r\u00e1mci t\u00e9to skupiny do normy za\u0159azeno 16 ukazatel\u016f, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b pesticid\u016f, jejich\u017e zastoupen\u00ed v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch je v\u00a0takov\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e, \u017ee byly, i\u00a0kdy\u017e ojedin\u011ble, klasifikov\u00e1ny III. nebo i\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddou kvality. Proto\u017ee mnoh\u00e9 pesticidy v\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed metabolizuj\u00ed v\u00a0takov\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e, \u017ee jejich metabolity ve vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00ed, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy je to stanoveno, se k\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tce zahrnuj\u00ed. Zp\u016fsob p\u0159epo\u010dtu metabolit\u016f na \u00fa\u010dinnou slo\u017eku je uveden v\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti A4 normativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edlohy A.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 2. Mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality \u2013 \u017eiviny (p\u016fvodn\u00ed hodnoty \u010dern\u011b, nov\u00e9 hodnoty \u010derven\u011b)
    \nTable 2. Threshold limit values of the water quality classes \u2013 trophic parameters (original values \u2013 black, new values \u2013 red)<\/h5>\n    \"\"<\/a>\n

    K\u00a0nov\u011b za\u0159azen\u00fdm ukazatel\u016fm n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed d\u00e1le bisfenol A, kter\u00fd je \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n a\u00a0je potvrzen jako endokrinn\u00ed disruptor [8]. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jedna t\u0159etina z\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu monitorovan\u00fdch profil\u016f (n = 94) spad\u00e1 do III. t\u0159\u00eddy kvality. Skupinu \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch zm\u011bk\u010dovadel plastick\u00fdch hmot v\u00a0nov\u00e9 norm\u011b \u010cSN 75 7221 reprezentuje bis(2-ethylhexyl)ftal\u00e1t, zn\u00e1m\u00fd t\u00e9\u017e pod zkratkou DEHP. Tato l\u00e1tka n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0prioritn\u00edm rizikov\u00fdm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m pro vodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0je tak\u00e9 na seznamu l\u00e1tek vzbuzuj\u00edc\u00edch mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 obavy podle legislativy REACH (toxick\u00e1 pro reprodukci)\u00a0[9]. V\u00edce ne\u017e \u2153 z\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu profil\u016f, ve kter\u00fdch je monitorov\u00e1n (n\u00a0=\u00a067), spad\u00e1 do III. t\u0159\u00eddy kvality a\u00a0ojedin\u011ble i\u00a0do IV. t\u0159\u00eddy kvality. Posledn\u00ed l\u00e1tku, kterou je pot\u0159eba v\u00a0t\u00e9to skupin\u011b zm\u00ednit, je kyselina ethylendiamintetraoctov\u00e1 (EDTA). Pro sv\u00e9 komplexotvorn\u00e9 vlastnosti se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro zm\u011bk\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed vody, je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prac\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslu i\u00a0v\u00a0dom\u00e1cnostech. Ve vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed je limitov\u00e1na kv\u016fli \u0161patn\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 odbouratelnosti. V\u00a0hodnocen\u00e9m obdob\u00ed 2011\u20132012 se 90\u00a0% profil\u016f z\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu monitorovan\u00fdch s\u00a0dostate\u010dnou \u010detnost\u00ed vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed (n = 91) nach\u00e1zelo ve II. t\u0159\u00edd\u011b kvality, jen ojedin\u011ble ve III. t\u0159\u00edd\u011b kvality. Vybran\u00e9 \u00fadaje jsou uvedeny v\u00a0tabulce 3<\/em> a\u00a0na obr. 3<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Obr. 2. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed zat\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed profil\u016f sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch vod podle p\u016fvodn\u00ed a\u00a0nov\u00e9 normy \u010cSN 75 7221, n = 932 profil\u016f (N-NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup>), n = 913 profil\u016f (N-NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>) a\u00a0n = 919 profil\u016f (Pcelk.<\/sub>) z\u00a0dat monitoringu za obdob\u00ed 2011\u20132012
    \nFig. 2. A\u00a0comparison of the surface water monitoring site classification according to the original and new \u010cSN 75 7221, n = 932 sites (N-NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup>), n = 913 sites (N-NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>) and n = 919 sites (Ptotal<\/sub>) from monitoring period 2011\u20132012<\/h6>\n

    Kovy a metaloidy<\/h2>\n

    Posledn\u00ed velkou skupinou chemick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f jsou \u201eKovy a\u00a0metaloidy\u201c. V\u00a0t\u00e9to skupin\u011b byly p\u016fvodn\u011b mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality specifikov\u00e1ny pro 10 kov\u016f, pro sedm z\u00a0nich z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00a0nov\u00e9 norm\u011b mezn\u00ed hodnoty nezm\u011bn\u011bny. Ke zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd kvality do\u0161lo v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b chromu, m\u011bdi a\u00a0niklu (tabulka 4<\/em>). Nov\u011b jsou v\u00a0norm\u011b stanoveny t\u0159\u00eddy kvality pro osm dal\u0161\u00edch kov\u016f (Ba, Be, B, Al, Co, Se, U, V). Z\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f monitoringu jakosti povrchov\u00fdch vod za obdob\u00ed 2001\u20132012 vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kov\u016f (celkov\u00fd, tj. nefiltrovan\u00fd vzorek) doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0dosahov\u00e1n\u00ed III. a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy kvality jen sporadicky s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou niklu, \u017eeleza a\u00a0manganu, u\u00a0kter\u00fdch 30\u00a0%, 23\u00a0% a\u00a012\u00a0% profil\u016f bylo klasifikov\u00e1no III. t\u0159\u00eddou.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 3. Mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality \u2013 vybran\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (p\u016fvodn\u00ed hodnoty \u010dern\u011b a\u00a0nov\u00e9 hodnoty \u010derven\u011b)
    \nTable 3. Threshold limit values of the water quality classes \u2013 selected organic compouds (original values \u2013 black, new values \u2013 red)<\/h5>\n    \"\"<\/a>\n

    Pro vodn\u00ed organismy je sn\u00e1ze dostupn\u00e1 a\u00a0tedy i\u00a0v\u00edce rizikov\u00e1 rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 forma slou\u010denin kov\u016f oproti celkov\u00e9 form\u011b [10]. Proto jsou v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech normy environment\u00e1ln\u00ed kvality ur\u010deny pro rozpu\u0161t\u011bnou f\u00e1zi (filtrovan\u00fd vzorek filtrem o\u00a0velikosti p\u00f3r\u016f 0,45\u2008mm); na \u00farovni \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f EU v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kadmia, niklu, olova a\u00a0rtuti. T\u0159\u00eddy kvality byly tedy pro tyto kovy a\u00a0m\u011b\u010f odvozeny i\u00a0pro rozpu\u0161t\u011bnou formu. Mezn\u00ed hodnoty v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru zohled\u0148uj\u00ed pom\u011br mezi celkov\u00fdm a\u00a0rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm obsahem kovu v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch \u010cR. V\u00a0tabulce 4<\/em> jsou mezn\u00ed hodnoty pro rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 kadmium uvedeny pouze pro nej\u010dast\u011bji se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed 5. t\u0159\u00eddu tvrdosti vody, nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0norm\u011b jsou odvozeny pro v\u0161echny t\u0159\u00eddy tvrdosti vody. Zp\u016fsob v\u00fdpo\u010dtu tvrdosti vody vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9 jako CaCO3<\/sub> je uveden v\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti A.2 normativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edlohy A. Na obr. 4<\/em> m\u016f\u017eete vid\u011bt v\u00fdsledky klasifikace rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kadmia v\u00a0profilech sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch vod za obdob\u00ed 2011\u20132012 (\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd profil nespadal do 2. t\u0159\u00eddy tvrdosti vody, do 1. t\u0159\u00eddy pak pouze 9 profil\u016f ze 189).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a>\n

    Obr. 3. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed zat\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed profil\u016f sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch vod podle p\u016fvodn\u00ed a\u00a0nov\u00e9 normy \u010cSN 75 7221, n = 325 profil\u016f (AOX) a\u00a0n = 344 profil\u016f (\u22116PAU) z\u00a0dat monitoringu za obdob\u00ed 2011\u20132012
    \nFig. 3. A\u00a0comparison of the surface water monitoring site classification according to original and new \u010cSN 75 7221, n = 325 sites (AOX) and n = 344 sites (\u22116PAU) from monitoring period 2011\u20132012<\/h6>\n

    Biologick\u00e9 a mikrobiologick\u00e9 ukazatele<\/h2>\n

    V\u00a0norm\u011b \u010cSN 75 7221 jsou uvedeny dva mikrobiologick\u00e9 ukazatele (indik\u00e1tory fek\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed), a\u00a0to termotolerantn\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie a\u00a0enterokoky (intestin\u00e1ln\u00ed enterokoky) a\u00a0dva biologick\u00e9 ukazatele \u2013 saprobn\u00ed index makrozoobentosu a\u00a0chlorofyl-a. Mikrobiologick\u00fdm ukazatel\u016fm je v\u00a0tomto vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasopisu VTEI v\u011bnov\u00e1n samostatn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n

    Biologick\u00e9 ukazatele saprobn\u00ed index makrozoobentosu a\u00a0chlorofyl-a\u00a0byly uvedeny ji\u017e v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00ed verzi normy, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci aktualizace normy bylo odsouhlaseno jejich zachov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0seznamu ukazatel\u016f s\u00a0ohledem na jejich v\u00fdhody a\u00a0byla provedena revize mezn\u00edch hodnot hranic t\u0159\u00edd klasifika\u010dn\u00edch stupnic. V\u00fdhody hodnocen\u00ed kvality tekouc\u00edch povrchov\u00fdch vod pomoc\u00ed biologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0tom, \u017ee ukazatele umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed detekovat p\u016fsoben\u00ed vliv\u016f komplexn\u011b a\u00a0po ur\u010ditou, del\u0161\u00ed dobu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed kvalitu vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed ze st\u0159edn\u011bdob\u00e9ho hlediska. D\u00e9lka t\u00e9to doby je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na pou\u017eit\u00e9m indik\u00e1torov\u00e9m organismu \u2013 \u0159asy poskytnou informaci kr\u00e1tkodob\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nap\u0159. makrozoobentos.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 4. Mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality \u2013 vybran\u00e9 kovy (p\u016fvodn\u00ed hodnoty \u010dern\u011b a\u00a0nov\u00e9 hodnoty \u010derven\u011b)
    \nTable 4. Threshold limit values of the water quality classes \u2013 selected metals (original values \u2013 black, new values \u2013 red)<\/h5>\n    \"\"<\/a>\n

    Saprobn\u00ed index makrozoobentosu vyjad\u0159uje vztah vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch dnov\u00e9 sedimenty k\u00a0ukazatel\u016fm organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu rozkladn\u00fdch proces\u016f. Hodnocen\u00ed kvality vody podle saprobn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee v\u00a0rozd\u00edln\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch \u017eij\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 organismy, kter\u00e9 se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch rozkladn\u00fdch procesech. Syst\u00e9m hodnocen\u00ed je zalo\u017een na toleranci jednotliv\u00fdch indika\u010dn\u00edch druh\u016f (saprobiont\u016f) ke stupni zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody. Vlastn\u00edm v\u00fdsledkem je tzv. saprobn\u00ed index (SI), \u010d\u00edslo, vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed na stupnici saprobity (0,5\u20138,5) stupe\u0148 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed biochemicky odbourateln\u00fdmi organick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami. Saprobn\u00ed index prim\u00e1rn\u011b indikuje organick\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, ale pozitivn\u011b koreluje tak\u00e9 s\u00a0intenzitou eutrofizace, zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm vyu\u017eit\u00edm \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed nivy i\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdmi prvky hydromorfologick\u00e9 degradace. Nev\u00fdhodou tohoto syst\u00e9mu je, \u017ee nerozli\u0161uje mezi p\u0159irozen\u00fdm a\u00a0\u010dlov\u011bkem zp\u016fsoben\u00fdm organick\u00fdm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm. Hodnota saprobn\u00edho indexu tak p\u0159irozen\u011b nar\u016fst\u00e1 s\u00a0\u0159\u00e1dem toku\/velikost\u00ed povod\u00ed, proto je p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnotit v\u00fdslednou hodnotu SI s\u00a0ohledem na typ toku.<\/p>\n

    V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je saprobn\u00ed index makrozoobentosu sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed multimetrick\u00fdch index\u016f, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro typov\u011b specifick\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed ekologick\u00e9ho stavu\/potenci\u00e1lu vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f pro pot\u0159eby pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vod. P\u0159i v\u00fdvoji multimetrick\u00fdch index\u016f pro hodnocen\u00ed ekologick\u00e9ho stavu podle makrozoobentosu byly provedeny u\u00a0vybran\u00fdch taxon\u016f \u00fapravy \u010di dopln\u011bn\u00ed hodnot individu\u00e1ln\u00edch saprobn\u00edch valenc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro v\u00fdpo\u010det saprobn\u00edho indexu. Byly tak\u00e9 aktualizov\u00e1ny podklady pro v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed programy, kter\u00e9 jsou na odborn\u00fdch pracovi\u0161t\u00edch (nap\u0159. st\u00e1tn\u00edch podnic\u00edch Povod\u00ed) pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny, posledn\u00ed aktualizace byla provedena v\u00a0roce 2016.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

    Obr. 4. Vyhodnocen\u00ed klasifikace profil\u016f sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch vod pro rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 kadmium podle nov\u00e9 normy \u010cSN 75 7221 z\u00a0dat monitoringu za obdob\u00ed 2011\u20132012
    \nFig. 4. Evaluation of the surface water monitoring site classification according to new \u010cSN 75 7221 from monitoring period 2011\u20132012<\/h6>\n

    Pro \u00fa\u010dely normy se saprobn\u00ed index po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 jako v\u00e1\u017een\u00fd aritmetick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br individu\u00e1ln\u00edch saprobn\u00edch index\u016f v\u0161ech \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch rozborem vzorku, kter\u00fd byl odebr\u00e1n a\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n podle \u010cSN\u00a075\u00a07701 nebo \u010cSN\u00a075\u00a07714 a\u00a0pro kter\u00fd jsou hodnoty tohoto individu\u00e1ln\u00edho indexu uvedeny v\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu ARROW [11]. V\u00fdpo\u010det se prov\u00e1d\u00ed z\u00a0prim\u00e1rn\u00edch dat, tj. data se taxonomicky neupravuj\u00ed (neadjustuj\u00ed). P\u0159i revizi do\u0161lo ke zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed mezn\u00edch hranic II. a\u00a0III. t\u0159\u00eddy klasifika\u010dn\u00ed stupnice kvality (tabulka 5<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    Parametr koncentrace chlorofylu-a\u00a0je snadno dostupn\u00fd biologick\u00fd ukazatel odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed \u0159as (fytoplanktonu) ve vod\u011b a\u00a0je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm ukazatelem biomasy \u0159asov\u00e9 slo\u017eky. Vysok\u00e1 biomasa fytoplanktonu ovliv\u0148uje svou fotosyntetickou \u010dinnost\u00ed koncentraci a\u00a0diurn\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny kysl\u00edku ve vod\u011b a\u00a0zvy\u0161uje obsah organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (BSK5<\/sub>, CHSKCr<\/sub>). K\u00a0rozvoji fytoplanktonu doch\u00e1z\u00ed zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0pomalu tekouc\u00edch \u0159ek\u00e1ch a\u00a0stojat\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch. V\u00a0tekouc\u00edch vod\u00e1ch je biomasa fytoplanktonu, resp. koncentrace chlorofylu-a,\u00a0z\u00e1visl\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch pom\u011brech (inverzn\u00ed vztah) a\u00a0teplot\u011b vody (pozitivn\u00ed vztah) a\u00a0tak\u00e9 na mno\u017estv\u00ed dostupn\u00fdch \u017eivin. V\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch tekouc\u00edch vod\u00e1ch je parametr koncentrace chlorofylu-a\u00a0standardn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pro hodnocen\u00ed ekologick\u00e9ho stavu\/potenci\u00e1lu v\u00a0toc\u00edch vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch \u0159\u00e1d\u016f, tj. v\u00a0\u0159ek\u00e1ch 7.\u20139. \u0159\u00e1du podle Strahlera. Parametr je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed multimetrick\u00e9ho indexu pro hodnocen\u00ed fytoplanktonu. V\u00a0\u00fasec\u00edch tok\u016f ni\u017e\u0161\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00e9 charakterizuje rychlej\u0161\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed vody, je mno\u017estv\u00ed fytoplanktonu vesm\u011bs velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9, a\u00a0pokud se tam vyskytuje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed fytoplanktonu, je to obvykle zp\u016fsobeno existenc\u00ed eutrofn\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee v\u00fd\u0161e po toku.<\/p>\n

    Klasifika\u010dn\u00ed stupnice byla v\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu podrobena revizi s\u00a0ohledem na akceptovanou metodu hodnocen\u00ed ekologick\u00e9ho stavu\/potenci\u00e1lu, ale ke zm\u011bn\u011b mezn\u00edch hranic t\u0159\u00edd nedo\u0161lo. Upraven byl v\u0161ak po\u017eadavek minim\u00e1ln\u00edho po\u010dtu vzork\u016f (6) a\u00a0obdob\u00ed odb\u011bru vzork\u016f (ve vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezon\u011b).<\/p>\n

    Radioaktivita<\/h2>\n

    Radioaktivn\u00ed l\u00e1tky jsou v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch jak p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho p\u016fvodu, tak i\u00a0jako d\u016fsledek lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti dan\u00fd zejm\u00e9na t\u011b\u017ebou a\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm uranov\u00fdch rud nebo vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm um\u011bl\u00fdch radionuklid\u016f odpadn\u00edmi vodami z\u00a0jadern\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 5. Mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality \u2013 saprobn\u00ed index (p\u016fvodn\u00ed hodnoty \u010dern\u011b, nov\u00e9 hodnoty \u010derven\u011b)
    \nTable 5. Threshold limit values of the water quality classes \u2013 saprobic index (original values \u2013 black, new values \u2013 red)<\/h5>\n    \"\"<\/a>\n

    Pro klasifikaci kvality vod byly pro radioaktivn\u00ed l\u00e1tky vybr\u00e1ny ukazatele celkov\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita alfa, celkov\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita beta, celkov\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita beta po korekci na 40\u2008K, radium 226 a\u00a0tritium. Radioaktivn\u00ed l\u00e1tkou je i\u00a0uran, kter\u00fd je ale za\u0159azen mezi kovy.<\/p>\n

    Celkov\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita alfa na nezat\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch profilech je v\u00a0I. t\u0159\u00edd\u011b kvality men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 100 mBq\/l. Celkov\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita alfa v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 100 mBq\/l ji\u017e indikuje jistou m\u00edru ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed antropogenn\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed. \u00darovn\u011b nad 500 mBq\/l jsou nal\u00e9z\u00e1ny pouze v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed d\u016fln\u00edch vod nebo pr\u016fsak\u016f z\u00a0odval\u016f z\u00a0t\u011b\u017eby uranov\u00fdch rud a\u00a0pr\u016fsak\u016f z\u00a0odkali\u0161\u0165. Vliv vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0jadern\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nezvy\u0161uje \u00farove\u0148 celkov\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity alfa.<\/p>\n

    V\u00a0ukazateli celkov\u00e1 objemov\u00e1 aktivita beta jsou hodnoty neovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 antropogenn\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed pod 300 mBq\/l a\u00a0pat\u0159\u00ed do I. t\u0159\u00eddy kvality. Podobn\u011b jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b celkov\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity alfa hodnoty vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 100 mBq\/l indikuj\u00ed antropogenn\u00ed ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm d\u016fln\u00edch vod a\u00a0pr\u016fsak\u016f z\u00a0odkali\u0161\u0165, jak bylo uvedeno v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b celkov\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity alfa. V\u00fdznamnou slo\u017ekou celkov\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity beta je beta aktivita p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho drasl\u00edku. Koncentrace drasl\u00edku 1\u2008mg\/l odpov\u00edd\u00e1 celkov\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivit\u011b beta 0,027 Bq\/l.<\/p>\n

    Na z\u00e1klad\u011b hodnocen\u00ed vlivu vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0jadern\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1no, \u017ee objemov\u00e1 aktivita beta um\u011bl\u00fdch radionuklid\u016f, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b cesia 137 a\u00a0stroncia 90, je zcela p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1na \u00farovn\u00ed tohoto ukazatele na neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch profilech. Vlivy jadern\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00a0zakoncentrov\u00e1n\u00ed odeb\u00edran\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch vod na chladic\u00edch v\u011b\u017e\u00edch. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm beta z\u00e1\u0159i\u010dem je tritium, emituje v\u0161ak velmi m\u011bkk\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed beta a\u00a0jeho p\u0159\u00edtomnost nen\u00ed detekov\u00e1na p\u0159i stanoven\u00ed beta aktivity.<\/p>\n

    Vedle celkov\u00fdch objemov\u00fdch aktivit je limitov\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00fd obsah radia 226, jeho\u017e koncentrace na nezat\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch profilech je men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 10 mBq\/l. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b nejsou b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 a\u00a0znamenaj\u00ed vliv d\u016fln\u00edch vod z\u00a0t\u011b\u017eby uranov\u00fdch rud. V\u00a0t\u00e9to souvislosti je t\u0159eba je\u0161t\u011b zm\u00ednit koncentraci uranu, kter\u00e1 je v\u00a0nezat\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch toc\u00edch ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 5 \u00b5g\/l a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty pak odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed vlivu vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed d\u016fln\u00edch vod, pop\u0159. pr\u016fsak\u016f z\u00a0odval\u016f a\u00a0odkali\u0161\u0165. Koncentrace 1 \u00b5g\/l odpov\u00edd\u00e1 objemov\u00e9 aktivit\u011b alfa 0,025 Bq\/l v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zastoupen\u00ed radioizotop\u016f uranu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm pom\u011bru.<\/p>\n

    Tritium, nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed izotop vod\u00edku, je vypou\u0161t\u011bno b\u011b\u017en\u011b s\u00a0odpadn\u00edmi vodami z\u00a0jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren. P\u0159irozen\u00e9 pozad\u00ed tritia, resp. jeho rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 po testech jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed a\u00a0\u010d\u00e1st p\u0159irozen\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi procesy, interakc\u00ed kosmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0atmosf\u00e9rou, je men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 10 Bq\/l. Za jednozna\u010dn\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 profily lze pokl\u00e1dat objemov\u00e9 aktivity vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 100 Bq\/l. Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdrojem tritia v\u00a0hydrosf\u00e9\u0159e byly atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 testy jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed, kdy v\u00a060. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed byla \u00farove\u0148 objemov\u00e9 aktivity tritia v\u00a0hydrosf\u00e9\u0159e 100\u2013200 Bq\/l. Po ukon\u010den\u00ed test\u016f jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0postupn\u00e9mu sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed koncentrace tritia, a\u00a0to jednak radioaktivn\u00edm rozpadem s\u00a0polo\u010dasem rozpadu T1\/2<\/sub> = 12,32 r a\u00a0postupn\u00fdm \u0159ed\u011bn\u00edm p\u0159i kolob\u011bhu vody v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. Je tak pozorov\u00e1n st\u00e1l\u00fd pokles koncentrace tritia a\u00a0jeho v\u00fdskyt v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch je kolem 1 Bq\/l (pozad\u00ed). Hav\u00e1rie jadern\u00e9ho reaktoru v\u00a0\u010cernobylu a\u00a0ve Fuku\u0161im\u011b nevedla ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed koncentrace tritia v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice.<\/p>\n

    Stanoven\u00ed koncentrace radioaktivn\u00edch l\u00e1tek ve vod\u011b se b\u011b\u017en\u011b prov\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00a0rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch a\u00a0nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch celkem. Celkov\u00e9 objemov\u00e9 aktivity alfa a\u00a0beta lze stanovit samostatn\u011b v\u00a0rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch a\u00a0nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch. Sou\u010det t\u011bchto celkov\u00fdch objemov\u00fdch aktivit znamen\u00e1 hodnotu celkov\u00fdch objemov\u00fdch aktivit alfa a\u00a0beta ve ve\u0161ker\u00fdch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch. To plat\u00ed i\u00a0o\u00a0sou\u010dtu koncentrac\u00ed radia 226 nebo uranu.<\/p>\n

    Souhrnn\u011b lze konstatovat, \u017ee doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0poklesu koncentrac\u00ed radioaktivn\u00edch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch, tedy ke zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality vod v\u00a0t\u011bchto ukazatel\u00edch, s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou koncentrace tritia, kter\u00e9 je v\u0161ak na velice n\u00edzk\u00fdch poza\u010fov\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

    Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

    Novelizovan\u00e1 norma \u010cSN 75 7221 l\u00e9pe koreluje se sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi po\u017eadavky ochrany povrchov\u00fdch vod p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed shodn\u00e9ho principu klasifikace. Pro v\u00edce ukazatel\u016f, ne\u017e se p\u016fvodn\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, jsou zachov\u00e1ny mezn\u00ed hodnoty t\u0159\u00edd kvality, \u010d\u00edm\u017e je zachov\u00e1na alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e1 kontinuita vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality z\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edch let. Do\u0161lo k\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed spektra ukazatel\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ze 46 na 65, resp. 70, pokud zahrneme i\u00a0rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 formy vybran\u00fdch kov\u016f. Norma p\u0159edstavuje n\u00e1stroj mo\u017en\u00e9ho ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edho hodnocen\u00ed kvality vody a\u00a0srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje kvality v\u00a0del\u0161\u00edm \u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu v\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00fdch profilech pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch vod. T\u00edm, \u017ee vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 charakteristickou hodnotu C90<\/sub>, pop\u0159. maximum, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm n\u00e1strojem k\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed stavu vod podle R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice pro vodn\u00ed politiku Spole\u010denstv\u00ed 2000\/60\/ES, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci nebo medi\u00e1n. Nov\u011b je umo\u017en\u011bno orienta\u010dn\u00ed posouzen\u00ed kvality vody p\u0159i \u010detnosti nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch hodnot men\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je stanoveno v\u00a0odstavc\u00edch 4.5 a\u00a04.6 normy. To umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017eit\u00ed normy \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed skupinou u\u017eivatel\u016f z\u00a0\u0159ad fyzick\u00fdch i\u00a0pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob a\u00a0samospr\u00e1vy v\u00a0proveden\u00ed rychl\u00e9ho orienta\u010dn\u00edho zhodnocen\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00e9 vody v\u00a0libovoln\u00e9m zvolen\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n

    Pozn\u00e1mky<\/h4>\n
      \n
    1. Na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 171\/1992 Sb., na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 82\/1999 Sb., na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d.\u00a061\/2003 Sb., ve zn\u011bn\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 229\/2007 Sb. a\u00a0\u010d. 23\/2011 Sb., a\u00a0na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 401\/2015 Sb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

      \u010cl\u00e1nek vznikl za podpory projektu Kvalita a\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod \u2013 TD 03000215 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci Programu na podporu aplikovan\u00e9ho spole\u010denskov\u011bdn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu a\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdvoje OMEGA.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      This article deals with new Czech Standard 75 7221 Water quality \u2013 Classification of surface water quality [1] and replaces the previous 19 years old standard [2]. It was necessary to take into account actual demands of the surface water protection from two points of view: pollution indicator selection and current environmental quality standards. The range of pollution indicators and limit values of water classification were revised. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4247,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[316,1049,301],"coauthors":[493,238,173,231],"class_list":["post-4323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","tag-surface-water","tag-water-classification","tag-water-quality"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4323"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4323\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30436,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4323\/revisions\/30436"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4323"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4323"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}