{"id":4143,"date":"2017-11-10T09:52:55","date_gmt":"2017-11-10T08:52:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4143"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:32:48","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:32:48","slug":"dams-and-aquatic-invertebrates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/11\/dams-and-aquatic-invertebrates\/","title":{"rendered":"Dams and aquatic invertebrates"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Budov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (p\u0159ehrad) z\u00e1sadn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodu a\u00a0krajinu nejen na zaplaven\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, ale i\u00a0mimo n\u011bj, v\u010detn\u011b v\u0161ech struktur a\u00a0vazeb. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu Ministerstva kultury \u010cR Zatopen\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy (DF13P01OVV012) byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost t\u0159em jihomoravsk\u00fdm lokalit\u00e1m \u2013 Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrad\u011b, Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrad\u011b a\u00a0vodn\u00edmu d\u00edlu Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny. Na \u00fazem\u00edch ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdstavbou p\u0159ehrad se vyskytovaly specifick\u00e9 akvatick\u00e9 biotopy, v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na vodn\u00ed re\u017eim krajiny. Ty na zaplaven\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed zanikly, nicm\u00e9n\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e9 typy existuj\u00ed i\u00a0v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m \u010di \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm okol\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Se zm\u011bnami v\u00a0biotopech logicky doch\u00e1zelo ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m ve struktu\u0159e akvatick\u00fdch biocen\u00f3z.<\/p>\n

C\u00edlem studie bylo dokumentovat dopad vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed na r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f a\u00a0na bezobratl\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010dichy. V\u00fdsledkem je p\u0159ehled strategi\u00ed a\u00a0modelov\u00fdch reakc\u00ed vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch na takto vyvolanou zm\u011bnu jejich \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0anal\u00fdz vyplynulo, \u017ee nejv\u00edce posti\u017een\u00fdm typem vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f jsou n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed biotopy a\u00a0na n\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00e1 fauna. Druhy jepic\u00a0Ephemerella mesoleuca<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0Isonychia ignota<\/em>, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho VD Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny tvo\u0159ily jednu z\u00a0posledn\u00edch populac\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cR, se z\u00e1nikem vhodn\u00fdch biotop\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR vyhynuly \u00fapln\u011b. Jepice pode\u0148ka (Ephoron virgo<\/em>), \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed druh, podle \u010derven\u00e9ho seznamu kriticky ohro\u017een\u00fd, m\u00e1 ve sledovan\u00fdch oblastech jednu z\u00a0posledn\u00edch lokalit v\u00a0\u010cR. Mezi velmi posti\u017een\u00e9 biotopy pat\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 vysychaj\u00edc\u00ed (periodick\u00e9) t\u016fn\u011b a\u00a0jejich obyvatel\u00e9, v\u011bt\u0161inou kor\u00fd\u0161i.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Trval\u00fdm zaplaven\u00edm ur\u010dit\u00e9ho v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed se zcela nevratn\u011b zm\u011bn\u00ed nejen \u0159eka a\u00a0vodn\u00ed biotopy v\u00a0p\u0159ilehl\u00e9m inunda\u010dn\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed, ale i\u00a0krajina, v\u010detn\u011b v\u0161ech struktur a\u00a0vazeb. Zm\u011bn\u00ed se typy biotop\u016f a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u011b s\u00a0t\u00edm tak\u00e9 jejich obyvatel\u00e9. Stavba \u00fadoln\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b zcela nov\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je d\u00edlem \u010dlov\u011bka a\u00a0je j\u00edm i\u00a0nad\u00e1le ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1no [1].<\/p>\n

Vodn\u00ed druhy rostlin i\u00a0\u017eivo\u010dich\u016f si dlouhodob\u011b vyv\u00edjely \u017eivotn\u00ed strategie v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 vazb\u011b na p\u0159irozen\u00e9 re\u017eimy tok\u016f. Jak\u00e1koliv \u00faprava \u010di zm\u011bna t\u011bchto re\u017eim\u016f nutn\u011b vede k\u00a0cel\u00e9 kask\u00e1d\u011b zm\u011bn v\u00a0druhov\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed rostlin a\u00a0\u017eivo\u010dich\u016f v\u00a0dan\u00e9 oblasti. Jednou z\u00a0nejz\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zm\u011bn projde \u0159eka tehdy, vytvo\u0159\u00ed-li \u010dlov\u011bk na jej\u00edm toku vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e. Vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou zm\u011bnu \u0159ady fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch, chemick\u00fdch i\u00a0biologick\u00fdch faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 zap\u0159\u00ed\u010di\u0148uj\u00ed zm\u011bny v\u00a0o\u017eiven\u00ed toku [2]. Po v\u00fdstavb\u011b vodn\u00edho d\u00edla je ovlivn\u011bn nejen samotn\u00fd zaplaven\u00fd \u00fasek toku nad hr\u00e1z\u00ed, ale i\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b dlouh\u00fd \u00fasek toku pod hr\u00e1z\u00ed. M\u011bn\u00ed se i\u00a0pr\u016ftokov\u00fd re\u017eim v\u00a0\u0159ece pod p\u0159ehradou, nejznateln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou zm\u011bny pr\u016ftoku zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 tzv. \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edch elektr\u00e1ren, tedy st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00edm vysok\u00fdch a\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na provozu turb\u00edn, a\u00a0to i\u00a0n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t denn\u011b. D\u00e1le zde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0teplotn\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m a\u00a0ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m v\u00a0plaveninov\u00e9m re\u017eimu, proto\u017ee p\u0159ehrady funguj\u00ed jako lapa\u010de sedimentovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic organick\u00e9ho i\u00a0anorganick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. V\u00fdstavba hr\u00e1ze tak\u00e9 p\u0159eru\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed kontinuum, a\u00a0coby migra\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eka zp\u016fsob\u00ed izolaci jednotliv\u00fdch populac\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch druh\u016f \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f i\u00a0p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed vazeb a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b zap\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00ed zm\u011bny v\u00a0druhov\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed vodn\u00edch spole\u010denstev.<\/p>\n

Vazby vodn\u00edch organism\u016f k\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1m prost\u0159ed\u00ed jsou pom\u011brn\u011b dob\u0159e vymezen\u00e9 a\u00a0zn\u00e1m\u00e9. Ka\u017ed\u00fd druh m\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00fd soubor vlastnost\u00ed a\u00a0tak\u00e9 n\u00e1rok\u016f na prost\u0159ed\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0vlastnost\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed i\u00a0ve zd\u00e1nliv\u011b nep\u0159ijateln\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0n\u00e1rok\u016f naopak neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt i\u00a0v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch jen o\u00a0trochu jin\u00fdch, ne\u017e jsou ty specifick\u00e9. Toho se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro biologickou indikaci, kdy vlastn\u011b zp\u011btn\u011b z\u00a0v\u00fdskytu ur\u010dit\u00fdch druh\u016f usuzujeme na stav prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a\u00a0to zejm\u00e9na tehdy, kdy\u017e p\u016fsob\u00ed cel\u00fd komplex vliv\u016f, kter\u00e9 se navz\u00e1jem r\u016fzn\u011b posiluj\u00ed anebo oslabuj\u00ed. Podle toho, zda se ur\u010dit\u00e9 citliv\u00e9 nebo specifick\u00e9 druhy (tzv. specialist\u00e9) n\u011bkde vyskytuj\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eeme poznat, zda je prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u2013 biotop \u2013 ve vyhovuj\u00edc\u00edm stavu. A\u00a0tak\u00e9 naopak, pokud jsou takov\u00e9 druhy nahrazeny druhy odoln\u00fdmi \u2013 nespecializovan\u00fdmi (tzv. generalist\u00e9), je to zn\u00e1mka degradace. Hodnocen\u00ed podle v\u00fdskytu organism\u016f je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, proto\u017ee ukazuje skute\u010dnou funkci p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch proces\u016f v\u00a0dan\u00e9m biotopu. Z\u00e1nik ur\u010dit\u00fdch typ\u016f biotop\u016f nebo podstatn\u00e9 p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fdch vazeb mezi nimi vede k\u00a0naru\u0161en\u00ed spole\u010denstev a\u00a0funkc\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Navenek se tyto poruchy projevuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou zhor\u0161en\u00edm kvality vody i\u00a0v\u00fdskytem nep\u016fvodn\u00edch a\u00a0tak\u00e9 invazn\u00edch druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 stabilitu prost\u0159ed\u00ed d\u00e1le naru\u0161uj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-1\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Ka\u0148onovit\u00e9 koryto \u0159eky Dyje ve star\u00e9m B\u00edtov\u011b
\nFig. 1. The\u00a0Dyje River\u00a0and its deep-cut meandering\u00a0canyon\u00a0in former B\u00edtov village<\/h6>\n

Naru\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho toku se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 nejen v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b vodn\u00edch organism\u016f, ale i\u00a0t\u011bch rostlin a\u00a0\u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed pouze n\u011bkterou svou \u017eivotn\u00ed etapu spjatou s\u00a0vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm, a\u010dkoliv nejsou jeho st\u00e1l\u00fdmi obyvateli. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 m\u00edra zasa\u017een\u00ed okol\u00ed dan\u00e9 \u0159eky, nap\u0159\u00edklad zmen\u0161en\u00edm pravideln\u011b zaplavovan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. Pravideln\u00e9 rozlivy jsou pro mnoho druh\u016f rostlin a\u00a0\u017eivo\u010dich\u016f pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro jejich \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pokud k\u00a0n\u011bmu nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed, jedinci nemaj\u00ed dostatek p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed k\u00a0hled\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch vhodn\u00fdch biotop\u016f pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed i\u00a0rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e vede k\u00a0izolaci genofondu populac\u00ed a\u00a0ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m druhov\u00e9 skladby rostlin a\u00a0\u017eivo\u010dich\u016f ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed nivu i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edb\u0159e\u017en\u00ed p\u00e1sy \u0159ek.<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Metodick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edval v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a\u00a0z\u00e1znam\u016f z\u00a0obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed v\u00fdstavbou vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed se sou\u010dasn\u00fdm stavem. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu byla zpracov\u00e1na re\u0161er\u0161e z\u00a0publikovan\u00fdch prac\u00ed, nepublikovan\u00fdch pramen\u016f a\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch studi\u00ed sahaj\u00edc\u00edch a\u017e do za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b re\u0161er\u0161e vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm a\u00a0tak\u00e9 s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm historick\u00fdch mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f (pokud byly k\u00a0dispozici v\u00a0po\u017eadovan\u00e9 podrobnosti) byla ve vymezen\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo stanoveno jako oblast z\u00e1topy a\u00a0z\u00f3na cca 1\u2008km od b\u0159ehov\u00e9 linie, provedena rekonstrukce v\u00fdskytu r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f a\u00a0s\u00a0nimi spjat\u00fdch vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f.<\/p>\n

Ze v\u0161ech zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch taxon\u016f bylo vybr\u00e1no n\u011bkolik typick\u00fdch modelov\u00fdch z\u00e1stupc\u016f, na kter\u00fdch lze dolo\u017eit r\u016fzn\u00e9 strategie a\u00a0modelov\u00e9 reakce vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch na d\u016fsledky v\u00fdstavby n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. V\u00a0z\u00e1sad\u011b bylo mo\u017eno rozli\u0161it \u010dty\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed skupiny vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch podle jejich reakce:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily, ale s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed vymizely i\u00a0z\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edho okol\u00ed;<\/li>\n
  2. druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily a\u00a0s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byly vytla\u010deny do zbytk\u016f p\u0159irozen\u00fdch habitat\u016f v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed;<\/li>\n
  3. druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily a\u00a0\u017eij\u00ed tam i\u00a0dnes;<\/li>\n
  4. druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed ne\u017eily a\u00a0vyskytly se tam a\u017e po v\u00fdstavb\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n

    Vranovsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada<\/h3>\n

    Vranovsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada je nejstar\u0161\u00ed ze t\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0projektu zkouman\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. V\u00fdstavba d\u00edla byla provedena v\u00a0letech 1930 a\u017e 1934. Rozhodnut\u00edm o\u00a0p\u0159ehrad\u011b nad Vranovem byla umo\u017en\u011bna v\u00fdstavba Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady a\u00a0rozhodnut\u00ed zahrnovalo vodopr\u00e1vn\u00ed povolen\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b povolen\u00ed provozu vodn\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny (VE\u00a0Vranov). VE Vranov byla uvedena do provozu v\u00a0roce 1937 a\u00a0pat\u0159\u00ed mezi elektr\u00e1rny, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed dopl\u0148ovat rozd\u00edlnou pot\u0159ebu energie v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu dne v\u00fdrobou v\u00a0dob\u011b tzv. energetick\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010dky. Zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vody a\u00a0jej\u00ed n\u00e1razov\u00e9 vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1 v\u0161ak v\u00fdznamn\u00fd negativn\u00ed vliv z\u00a0pohledu \u017eivota v\u00a0\u0159ece pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, znamen\u00e1 nekon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00fdch hladin s\u00a0pr\u016ftoky bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edmi se povod\u0148ov\u00e9 \u00farovni [3, 4].<\/p>\n

    Vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e Vranov byla postavena v\u00a0hlubok\u00e9m, meandrovit\u011b zak\u0159iven\u00e9m ka\u0148onu \u0159eky Dyje (obr. 1<\/em>). N\u00e1dr\u017e m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b korytovit\u00fd charakter, je zna\u010dn\u011b \u010dlenit\u00e1, dlouh\u00e1 a\u00a0hlubok\u00e1. Z\u00a0hlediska \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed zonace je Dyje v\u00a0oblasti Vranovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0159azena k\u00a0epipotam\u00e1lu, tomu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 ryb\u00ed p\u00e1smo parmov\u00e9 s\u00a0v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem druh\u016f ryb ostroretka st\u011bhovav\u00e1 (Chondrostoma nasus<\/em>) nebo parma obecn\u00e1 (Barbus barbus<\/em>). \u0158eka Dyje pod Vranovskou p\u0159ehradou m\u00e1 zcela specifick\u00fd teplotn\u00ed a\u00a0pr\u016ftokov\u00fd re\u017eim \u2013 vykazuje charakter podhorsk\u00e9ho toku\u00a0[3], kter\u00fd je p\u016fvodn\u00edmu stavu dlouhodob\u011b velmi vzd\u00e1len. Zelinka a\u00a0kol. [5] uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed letn\u00ed teplotu vody na lokalit\u011b Podhrad\u00ed 20,5\u2008\u00b0C (srpen 1953), pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u0161ak ji\u017e jen 15\u2008\u00b0C. Z\u00a0hlediska ryb\u00edch p\u00e1sem bylo p\u016fvodn\u00ed p\u00e1smo parmov\u00e9 nahrazeno sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm pstruhov\u00fdm p\u00e1smem.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-2\"<\/a>\n

    Obr. 2. Nep\u016fvodn\u00ed druh plo\u0161t\u011bnka americk\u00e1 (Dugesia tigrina)
    \n<\/em>Fig. 2. Immigrant, the North American\u00a0planarian\u00a0Dugesia tigrina<\/em><\/h6>\n

    A\u010dkoliv p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce na podkladov\u00e9 dokumentaci k\u00a0proveden\u00ed tohoto vodn\u00edho d\u00edla trvaly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvacet rok\u016f, botanick\u00e9 a\u00a0zoologick\u00e9 pr\u016fzkumy se tehdy jako sou\u010d\u00e1st p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00fdch prac\u00ed neprov\u00e1d\u011bly. Z\u00a0meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed existuje jen omezen\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed o\u00a0existenci vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti. Vzhledem ke st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee lze br\u00e1t jako referen\u010dn\u00ed stav krajiny p\u0159ed v\u00fdstavbou mapov\u00fd podklad z\u00a0roku 1876, kter\u00fd v\u0161ak nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 podrobn\u00fd a\u00a0neumo\u017e\u0148uje vyhodnocen\u00ed pod\u00edlu akvatick\u00fdch nebo semiakvatick\u00fdch biotop\u016f v\u00a0\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo pro tento \u00fa\u010del pou\u017eito pro nejmlad\u0161\u00ed zde uveden\u00e9 vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny. Z\u0159ejm\u00fd je pouze pod\u00edl vodn\u00edch ploch (d\u0159\u00edve 2,8\u00a0%, nyn\u00ed 11,5\u00a0%) a\u00a0existence epipotam\u00e1ln\u00edho toku \u0159eky Dyje a\u00a0jej\u00edch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f charakteru ritr\u00e1lu (\u0159eka \u017deletavka a\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed potoky).<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-3\"<\/a>\n

    Obr. 3. Velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00fd druh jepice podivn\u00e9 (Arthroplea congener),\u00a0<\/em>larva
    \nFig. 3. Very rare species of mayfly\u00a0Arthroplea congener,\u00a0<\/em>larva<\/h6>\n

    V\u00fdzkumy vodn\u00edch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, zooplanktonu (\u017eivo\u010dich\u016f vzn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00edch se ve voln\u00e9 vod\u011b) a\u00a0bentosu (organism\u016f ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch dnov\u00e9 sedimenty) byly v\u00a0oblasti zah\u00e1jeny a\u017e po napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Odlehlost n\u00e1dr\u017ee od v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch center,\u00a0komplikovanost dopravy a\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e1 i\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 l\u00e9ta zp\u016fsobila, \u017ee v\u00a0prvn\u00edm desetilet\u00ed po napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee bylo publikov\u00e1no jen m\u00e1lo hydrobiologick\u00fdch prac\u00ed. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed \u00fadaje poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze studie autor\u016f Haempel a\u00a0Stundl [6], kte\u0159\u00ed studovali n\u00e1dr\u017e z\u00a0hlediska ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho 6\u00a0let po jej\u00edm napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u0161estn\u00e1ct druh\u016f zooplanktonu, pro makrozoobentos zjistili jen velmi omezen\u00e9 druhov\u00e9 spektrum.<\/p>\n

    Po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce (od r. 1948) byla sledov\u00e1na zejm\u00e9na samotn\u00e1 n\u00e1dr\u017e, jednalo se o\u00a0aktivity souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0\u010dinnost\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00edho hydrobiologick\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu Zoologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Masarykovy univerzity v\u00a0Brn\u011b pod veden\u00edm profesora Serg\u011bje Hrab\u011bte (1899\u20131984). V\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei samotn\u00e9 byl hodnocen plankton, bentos z\u00a0hlub\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee i\u00a0ryby. Sb\u011bry zooplanktonu a\u00a0bentosu v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei prov\u00e1d\u011bli pracovn\u00edci a\u00a0studenti univerzity. V\u00a0tomto obdob\u00ed vznikly dv\u011b diplomov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdzkumem zooplanktonu n\u00e1dr\u017ee [7, 8], anal\u00fdzy vzork\u016f zooplanktonu i\u00a0zoobentosu z\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1950\u20131951 hodnotila Vl\u010dkov\u00e1 [9]. Z\u00e1sluhou pr\u00e1v\u011b profesora Hrab\u011bte byla v\u00a0roce 1952 na zest\u00e1tn\u011bn\u00e9m z\u00e1mku B\u00edtov zbudov\u00e1na v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 biologick\u00e1 stanice, kter\u00e1 po ur\u010ditou dobu slou\u017eila jako z\u00e1kladna pro v\u00fdzkumy vodn\u00edch organism\u016f. V\u00a0obdob\u00ed \u010dinnosti stanice vzniklo n\u011bkolik v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch prac\u00ed. Zooplanktonem n\u00e1dr\u017ee se zab\u00fdval Kub\u00ed\u010dek [10]. Materi\u00e1l zoobentosu ze sb\u011br\u016f profesora Hrab\u011bte z\u00a0let 1952\u20131957 a\u00a0tak\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed sb\u011bry z\u00a0roku 1970 zpracovala Bart\u00e1kov\u00e1 [11]. Makrozoobentos n\u00e1dr\u017ee byl vyhodnocen jako pom\u011brn\u011b druhov\u011b chud\u00fd, zahrnoval p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z\u00e1stupce skupin m\u00e1lo\u0161t\u011btinatc\u016f (Oligochaeta) a\u00a0larvy dvou \u010deled\u00ed dvouk\u0159\u00eddl\u00e9ho hmyzu: pakom\u00e1r\u016f (Chironomidae) a\u00a0pakom\u00e1rc\u016f (Ceratopogonidae).<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-4\"<\/a>\n

    Obr. 4. Larva vz\u00e1cn\u00e9ho, kriticky ohro\u017een\u00e9ho \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho druhu jepice pode\u0148ka (Ephoron virgo)
    \n<\/em>Fig. 4. The rare, critically endangered large potamal mayfly\u00a0Ephoron virgo,\u00a0<\/em>larva<\/h6>\n

    Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho makrozoobentosu v\u00a0Dyji nad vzdut\u00edm Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady i\u00a0pod n\u00ed zapo\u010dalo a\u017e v\u00a050. letech 20. stolet\u00ed a\u00a0trv\u00e1 dodnes. \u00dadaje z\u00a0lokalit nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (Dyje od st\u00e1tn\u00ed hranice po vzdut\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee) byly z\u00a0d\u016fvodu absence historick\u00fdch dat vyu\u017eity pro p\u0159edstavu o\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edm o\u017eiven\u00ed \u0159eky v\u00a0oblasti z\u00e1topy, a\u010dkoliv se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0otev\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fadol\u00ed. Geomorfologicky bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed zaplaven\u00e9mu \u00fazem\u00ed by byl \u00fasek Dyje pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed Vranov v\u00a0NP Podyj\u00ed, ten je v\u0161ak samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ovlivn\u011bn n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0provozem vodn\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny [12] a\u00a0pro porovn\u00e1n\u00ed je nepou\u017eiteln\u00fd.<\/p>\n

    V\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u00fdzkumu jakosti vody p\u0159ehrad v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u0159eky Moravy v\u00a0polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed byl sledov\u00e1n makrozoobentos na lokalit\u00e1ch na Dyji, na lokalit\u011b nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0Podhrad\u00ed a\u00a0tak\u00e9 pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed i\u00a0na \u00fast\u00ed \u017deletavky jako\u017eto v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku [5]. V\u00a0roce 1959 byly studov\u00e1ny v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 skupiny vodn\u00edho hmyzu (jepice, po\u0161vatky a\u00a0chrost\u00edci) v\u00a0r\u00e1mci tajn\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fakolu s\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00edm \u201e210\u201c, v\u00fdsledky viz [13, 14], z\u010d\u00e1sti nepublikov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n

    Lokality nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed i\u00a0pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byly od 70. let 20. stolet\u00ed sledov\u00e1ny v\u00a0r\u00e1mci saprobiologick\u00e9ho monitoringu [15], d\u00e1le v\u00a0r\u00e1mci monitoringu hrani\u010dn\u00edch vod pro pot\u0159eby v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f V\u00daV TGM a\u00a0ZVHS (nap\u0159. [16]) i\u00a0R\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho programu monitoringu v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0\u00a7 13 vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 98\/2011 Sb. (v\u00fdsledky viz http:\/\/hydro.chmi.cz\/isarrow\/).<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-5\"<\/a>\n

    Obr. 5. Larva \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho druhu jepice\u00a0Ecdyonurus insignis
    \n<\/em>Fig. 5. The riverine mayfly\u00a0Ecdyonurus insignis,\u00a0<\/em>larva<\/h6>\n

    V\u00a090. letech 20. stolet\u00ed prob\u00edhal na lokalit\u011b v\u00a0Podhrad\u00ed nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0na t\u0159ech lokalit\u00e1ch pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0NP Podyj\u00ed podrobn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum vlivu n\u00e1dr\u017ee, zejm\u00e9na vlivu energetick\u00e9ho \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed [17]. Tento v\u00fdzkum byl zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na makrozoobentos i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed slo\u017eky bioty, v\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed etap\u011b dopln\u011bn\u00fd i\u00a0anal\u00fdzami vzork\u016f z\u00a0hlub\u0161\u00edch vrstev dna \u2013 hypore\u00e1lu [3]. Studie prok\u00e1zala, \u017ee n\u00e1dr\u017e zp\u016fsobuje sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed druhov\u00e9 bohatosti v\u00a0oblasti pod p\u0159ehradou, v\u00a0pod\u00e9ln\u00e9m profilu Dyje jsou epipotam\u00e1ln\u00ed prvky nahrazeny ritr\u00e1ln\u00edmi druhy. Ble\u0161ivec poto\u010dn\u00ed (Gammarus fossarum)\u00a0<\/em>vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed velmi prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed populace adaptovan\u00e9 na extr\u00e9mn\u00ed kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftoku, na druhou stranu beru\u0161ka vodn\u00ed (Asellus aquaticus)<\/em>, typick\u00fd druh epipotam\u00e1lu, m\u00e1 m\u00e1lo po\u010detn\u00e9 populace. Tak\u00e9 populace men\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f ml\u017e\u016f jsou v\u00a0\u00faseku pod p\u0159ehradou zna\u010dn\u011b po\u010detn\u011b redukov\u00e1ny (Pisidium<\/em>\u00a0sp. a\u00a0Sphaerium<\/em>\u00a0sp.), n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy velk\u00fdch ml\u017e\u016f, \u010detn\u00fdch nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, zde chyb\u00ed (rody\u00a0Anodonta<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0Unio<\/em>). Pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed je hl\u00e1\u0161en nep\u016fvodn\u00ed druh plo\u0161t\u011bnky americk\u00e9 (Dugesia tigrina<\/em>)\u00a0\u2013 obr. 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u00fastily do \u0159eky Dyje p\u0159\u00edtoky \u2013 jednak \u0161lo o\u00a0\u0159eku \u017deletavku, jednak o\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed potoky: B\u00edtovsk\u00fd p., De\u0161ovsk\u00fd p. a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed, tekouc\u00ed s\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fdm sp\u00e1dem do ka\u0148onu Dyje. Faunu t\u011bchto potok\u016f v\u0161ak nem\u00e1me z\u00a0minulosti a\u00a0ani sou\u010dasnosti dolo\u017eenou. Na o\u017eiven\u00ed potok\u016f usuzujeme podle stavu v\u00a0NP Podyj\u00ed. Potoky na \u00fazem\u00ed NP Podyj\u00ed, pop\u0159. na jeho hranic\u00edch, byly sledov\u00e1ny nap\u0159. v\u00a0roce 1993 pro tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u010cesk\u00fd \u00fastav ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody, ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 90. let v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu PERLA [16] nebo pozd\u011bji v\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u00fdzkum\u016f \u00dastavu botaniky a\u00a0zoologie Masarykovy univerzity [18\u201320]. Ty byly orientov\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na na Gr\u00e1nick\u00fd potok, jeho\u017e charakter v\u00a0doln\u00edm \u00faseku je z\u0159ejm\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fd potok\u016fm na zkouman\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-6\"<\/a>\n

    Obr. 6. Larva \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho druhu chrost\u00edk\u00a0Cheumatopsyche lepida
    \n<\/em>Fig. 6. The\u00a0riverine caddisfly\u00a0Cheumatopsyche lepida,<\/em>\u00a0larva<\/h6>\n

    V\u00fdskyt st\u00e1l\u00fdch a\u00a0do\u010dasn\u00fdch stojat\u00fdch vod v\u00a0niv\u011b \u00fazk\u00e9ho ka\u0148onu \u0159eky je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fd, i\u00a0kdy\u017e nebyly nikdy tak po\u010detn\u00e9 jako na n\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017een\u00e9m \u00faseku \u0159eky Dyje v\u00a0oblasti Novoml\u00fdnsk\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 zde lze hledat analogie podle situace v\u00a0NP Podyj\u00ed. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b se jednalo o\u00a0lesn\u00ed nebo lu\u010dn\u00ed t\u016fn\u011b, rybn\u00edky a\u00a0podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 louky. Brabec [21] uv\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00fdskyt vz\u00e1cn\u00e9ho druhu jepice (Arthroplea congener<\/em>), viz\u00a0obr. 3<\/em>, z\u00a0rybn\u00edka mezi Chvalaticemi a\u00a0B\u00edtovem. T\u016fn\u011bmi v\u00a0oblasti NP Podyj\u00ed se ve sv\u00e9 diplomov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci zab\u00fdvala Kvardov\u00e1 [22], kter\u00e1 se v\u011bnovala makrozooplanktonu. Z\u00a0m\u00edst, kter\u00e1 sledovala, byly zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 t\u016fn\u011b pod Ledov\u00fdmi slujemi, ty jsou v\u0161ak zjevn\u011b antropogenn\u00edho p\u016fvodu. Uv\u00e1d\u00ed nicm\u00e9n\u011b, \u017ee se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00a0od\u0159\u00edznut\u00e9m meandru Dyje, tak\u017ee i\u00a0tyto biotopy se v\u00a0\u00fazk\u00e9m ka\u0148onu mohly nach\u00e1zet. Pokud tedy lze usuzovat z\u00a0analogie s\u00a0\u00fazem\u00edm NP\u00a0Podyj\u00ed a\u00a0oblast\u00ed<\/p>\n

    Znojemska, lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat v\u00fdskyt periodick\u00fdch t\u016fn\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0nich n\u011bkolik druh\u016f kor\u00fd\u0161\u016f: \u017e\u00e1brono\u017eky sn\u011b\u017en\u00ed (Eubranchipus grubii<\/em>), listonoha letn\u00edho (Triops cancriformis)<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e1 i\u00a0\u017e\u00e1brono\u017eky divoroh\u00e9 (Streptocephalus torvicornis<\/em>); recentn\u00ed n\u00e1lezy [23] v\u0161ak nepoch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00a0ka\u0148onu \u0159eky Dyje v\u00a0okol\u00ed Vranovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Bl\u00ed\u017ee k\u00a0n\u00e1lez\u016fm velk\u00fdch lupenonoh\u00fdch kor\u00fd\u0161\u016f v\u00a0\u010cR, mezi n\u011b\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 druhy pat\u0159\u00ed, je uvedeno v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci Merta a\u00a0kol. [24].<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-7\"<\/a>\n

    Obr. 7. Pl\u017e kamomil \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed (Ancylus fluviatilis)
    \n<\/em>Fig. 7.\u00a0Ancylus fluviatilis<\/em>\u00a0is a\u00a0species of very small, freshwater, air-breathing\u00a0limpet<\/h6>\n

    Spole\u010denstva vodn\u00edch organism\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei a\u00a0pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed Vranov se od sebe zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed. Teplomiln\u00e9 a\u00a0citliv\u00e9 druhy \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve v\u00a0\u0159ece \u017eily, miz\u00ed z\u00a0velk\u00fdch \u0159ek v\u0161eobecn\u011b a\u00a0zni\u010den\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti biotop\u016f s\u00a0jejich v\u00fdskytem zaplaven\u00edm tento proces je\u0161t\u011b posiluje. Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed posouzen\u00ed zm\u011bn ve v\u00fdskytu druh\u016f je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vzhledem k\u00a0nedostatku historick\u00fdch dat, zejm\u00e9na o\u00a0makrozoobentosu i\u00a0faun\u011b t\u016fn\u00ed (nejl\u00e9pe podchycenou skupinou jsou\u00a0Ephemeroptera<\/em>). V\u00a0z\u00e1sad\u011b jsou mo\u017en\u00e9 tyto n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed zm\u011bny ve v\u00fdskytu druh\u016f:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily, ale s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed vymizely i\u00a0z\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho okol\u00ed: Potam\u00e1ln\u00ed, kriticky ohro\u017een\u00fd [25] druh jepice\u00a0Ephoron virgo<\/em>\u00a0(obr. 4<\/em>) se na lokalit\u011b Podhrad\u00ed vyskytoval je\u0161t\u011b na konci 90. let. Jeho vymizen\u00ed ve studovan\u00e9 oblasti koresponduje se stavem v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch velk\u00fdch \u0159ek\u00e1ch v\u00a0\u010cR. Druh se p\u0159ed v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017ee jist\u011b vyskytoval i\u00a0v\u00a0oblasti z\u00e1topy, jeho vymizen\u00ed i\u00a0v\u00a0\u00faseku nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u0161ak nelze vztahovat v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b k\u00a0existenci n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Ta v\u0161ak zp\u016fsobila z\u00e1nik funk\u010dn\u00edch vazeb a\u00a0biotop\u016f, ve kter\u00e9m se populace citliv\u00e9ho druhu mohla udr\u017eet.<\/li>\n
    2. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily a\u00a0s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byly vytla\u010deny do zbytk\u016f p\u0159irozen\u00fdch habitat\u016f v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed: Dva druhy jepic,\u00a0Ecdyonurus insignis<\/em>\u00a0(obr. 5<\/em>) a\u00a0Heptagenia flava<\/em>, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti na lokalit\u011b Podhrad\u00ed vyskytuj\u00ed, ale\u00a0E. insignis<\/em>\u00a0nebyl ji\u017e n\u00ed\u017ee v\u00a0\u0159ece Dyji zji\u0161t\u011bn;\u00a0H. flava<\/em>\u00a0byla recentn\u011b zji\u0161t\u011bna a\u017e na lokalit\u011b cca 20\u2008km pod hr\u00e1z\u00ed n\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017een\u00e9 Znojemsk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Podobn\u011b je na tom chrost\u00edk (Cheumatopsyche lepida<\/em>),\u00a0<\/em>viz\u00a0obr. 6<\/em>, kter\u00fd dodnes \u017eije nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, ale p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei a\u00a0v\u00a0chladn\u00e9 \u0159ece pod hr\u00e1z\u00ed se nevyskytuje. Odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druhy se mohou nahodile vyskytovat pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, ani\u017e by ov\u0161em dokon\u010dovaly \u017eivotn\u00ed cyklus (jepice\u00a0Potamanthus luteus<\/em>). Druhy eurytermn\u00ed, jako nap\u0159. pl\u017e (Ancylus fluviatilis<\/em>),\u00a0<\/em>viz\u00a0obr. 7<\/em>, kter\u00fd sice tak\u00e9 nep\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei, ale vyskytuje se v\u00a0\u00faseku pod hr\u00e1z\u00ed nebo v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoku \u2013 \u017deletavce. Druhy ml\u017e\u016f maj\u00ed pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 po\u010detnosti jedinc\u016f, rody\u00a0Anodonta<\/em>\u00a0(obr. 8<\/em>) a\u00a0Unio<\/em>\u00a0(obr. 9)<\/em>\u00a0se nevyskytuj\u00ed [3].<\/li>\n
    3. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily a\u00a0\u017eij\u00ed tam i\u00a0dnes: Mimo plankton je tato skupina zastoupena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm n\u011bkter\u00fdmi druhy pakom\u00e1r\u016f (Chironomidae) a\u00a0m\u00e1lo\u0161t\u011btinatc\u016f (Oligochaeta), tedy organismy ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edmi dno tekouc\u00edch vod i\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (Limnodrilus\u00a0<\/em>sp.,\u00a0Tubifex<\/em>\u00a0sp. aj.).<\/li>\n
    4. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed ne\u017eily a\u00a0vyskytly se tam a\u017e po v\u00fdstavb\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed: Siln\u011b zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 pom\u011bry v\u00a0\u0159ece pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed znemo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed \u017eivot n\u011bkter\u00fdm organism\u016fm. Toho vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ty odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V\u00a0oblasti se objevily nep\u016fvodn\u00ed druhy, to v\u0161ak z\u0159ejm\u011b nelze pova\u017eovat za p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv n\u00e1dr\u017ee, nap\u0159. plo\u0161t\u011bnka (Dugesia tigrina<\/em>)\u00a0\u2013 obr. 2<\/em>, nebo pl\u017e levatka (Physella acuta<\/em>)\u00a0\u2013 obr. 10<\/em>. Kor\u00fd\u0161\u00a0Gammarus fossarum<\/em>\u00a0byl zajist\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomen v\u00a0\u0159ece i\u00a0p\u0159ed v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017ee, jeho po\u010detnost se v\u0161ak v\u00a0\u00faseku ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m energetick\u00fdm \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00edm mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ila.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Za nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vliv n\u00e1dr\u017ee na dot\u010den\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed lze ozna\u010dit z\u00e1nik mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho typu toku \u2013 potam\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00faseku \u0159eky tekouc\u00ed v\u00a0ka\u0148onu, a\u00a0to nejen na zaplaven\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, ale i\u00a0v\u00a0cenn\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku, kde se \u0159eka zcela li\u0161\u00ed od p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho stavu v\u00a0d\u016fsledku zejm\u00e9na siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9ho pr\u016ftokov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu a\u00a0teplotn\u00edho re\u017eimu. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017ee Vranov, \u0159eky Dyje v\u00a0NP Podyj\u00ed\u00a0a\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Znojmo to p\u0159edstavuje minim\u00e1ln\u011b 70 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch kilometr\u016f se zcela zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdm charakterem toku, kter\u00fd pat\u0159il v\u00a0evropsk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch k\u00a0obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b hodnotn\u00fdm. Paradoxn\u011b tedy m\u00e1me v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm statutem ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody \u0159eku, kter\u00e1 je sv\u00fdm o\u017eiven\u00edm velmi vzd\u00e1len\u00e1 p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu stavu.<\/p>\n

      Brn\u011bnsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada<\/h3>\n

      Vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Brn\u011bnsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada bylo postaveno v\u00a0letech 1936\u20131940. \u0158eka Svratka m\u011bla tehdy v\u00a0oblasti dne\u0161n\u00ed z\u00e1topy z\u00a0hlediska geomorfologie a\u00a0teplotn\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f charakter odli\u0161n\u00fd od vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch, ale i\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch \u00fasek\u016f toku. Tekla zde p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00a0\u00fazk\u00e9 \u00fadoln\u00ed niv\u011b a\u00a0pouze v\u00a0oblasti horn\u00edho konce vzdut\u00ed meandrovala (obr. 11<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a012<\/em>). \u0158eka ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm stavu nejsp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159edstavovala p\u0159echod mezi chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed z\u00f3nou (ritr\u00e1l) a\u00a0z\u00f3nou teplej\u0161\u00ed (potam\u00e1l). V\u00a0Zelinkov\u011b studii [5] je jako maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed teplota vody nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed uvedena hodnota 20,5\u2008\u00b0C, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 doln\u00ed hranici pro nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st potam\u00e1lu (epipotam\u00e1l), tedy parmov\u00e9mu p\u00e1smu. Od 50. let 20. stolet\u00ed je pak \u0159eka Svratka v\u00a0\u00faseku nad Brn\u011bnskou p\u0159ehradou ovlivn\u011bna z\u00a0hlediska pr\u016ftokov\u00e9ho i\u00a0teplotn\u00edho re\u017eimu v\u00fd\u0161e polo\u017een\u00fdmi n\u00e1dr\u017eemi V\u00edr I\u00a0a\u00a0V\u00edr II, uveden\u00fdmi do provozu v\u00a0letech 1954 a\u00a01957. Brabec [26] uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed letn\u00ed teploty nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byly ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 18\u2008\u00b0C a\u00a0odpov\u00eddaly (v\u00a0letech sledov\u00e1n\u00ed 1992\u20131993) z\u00f3n\u011b metaritr\u00e1lu, tedy st\u0159edn\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b ritr\u00e1lu, teploty pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed se pohybovaly kolem 19\u2008\u00b0C. Z\u00a0rozd\u00edl\u016f lze usuzovat na teplotn\u00ed ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed \u0159eky vlivem n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed V\u00edr a\u00a0na ur\u010dit\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed letn\u00edch maxim i\u00a0v\u00a0toku pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed Brno.<\/p>\n

      Podobn\u011b jako u\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee Vranov je anal\u00fdza p\u016fvodn\u00edho zastoupen\u00ed akvatick\u00fdch a\u00a0semiakvatick\u00fdch biotop\u016f v\u00a0oblasti dne\u0161n\u00ed Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0jej\u00edho bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho okol\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1. Z\u00a0existuj\u00edc\u00edch map lze usuzovat jen na n\u00e1r\u016fst pod\u00edlu vodn\u00edch ploch p\u0159ed a\u00a0po v\u00fdstavb\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u2013 z\u00a02\u00a0% v\u00a0roce 1876 na cca 10\u00a0% v\u00a0roce 1953 a\u00a0tento pod\u00edl v\u00a0podstat\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 zachov\u00e1n do sou\u010dasnosti. Podrobn\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 podklady pro zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdskytu r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f chyb\u00ed. Z\u00a0historick\u00fdch liter\u00e1rn\u00edch pramen\u016f lze soudit na existenci mrtv\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch ramen, periodick\u00fdch t\u016fn\u00ed a\u00a0rybn\u00edka v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti hradu Veve\u0159\u00ed kolem roku 1920 [27, 28].<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-8\"<\/a>\n

      Obr. 8. Ml\u017e \u0161keble rybni\u010dn\u00e1 (Anodonta cygnea)
      \n<\/em>Fig. 8. The\u00a0swan mussel,\u00a0Anodonta cygnea,\u00a0<\/em>is a\u00a0large\u00a0species\u00a0of\u00a0freshwater mussel<\/h6>\n

      Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 30. let hodnotil \u0159eku Svratku z\u00a0hlediska hygienick\u00e9ho Ro\u010dek [29]. \u0158eku rozd\u011blil na \u00faseky. V\u00a0\u00faseku, kter\u00fd za\u010d\u00ednal nad Veverskou B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161kou a\u00a0kon\u010dil b\u00fdvalou obc\u00ed Kn\u00edni\u010dky, popisuje Svratku jako \u0159eku prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed kr\u00e1sn\u00fdm, bohat\u011b zalesn\u011bn\u00fdm horsk\u00fdm \u00fadol\u00edm, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak m\u011bla hygienickou jakost vody ovlivn\u011bnu odpadn\u00edmi vodami m\u011bsta Ti\u0161nova, obc\u00ed Veverskou B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161kou a\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm z\u00a0ko\u017eelu\u017eny a\u00a0pap\u00edrny. V\u00a0\u0159ece prob\u00edhaly intenzivn\u00ed samo\u010distic\u00ed procesy a\u00a0v\u00fdsledky hydrochemick\u00fdch a\u00a0mikrobiologick\u00fdch anal\u00fdz se m\u011bnily zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na pr\u016fto\u010dn\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed vody v\u00a0\u0159ece. Kvalita vody u\u017e tenkr\u00e1t nebyla p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dobr\u00e1, Ro\u010dek ji charakterizuje jako pr\u016fm\u011brnou, mesosaprobn\u00ed. Biologick\u00e9 rozbory byly omezeny na plankton (organismy vzn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed se ve voln\u00e9 vod\u011b), uv\u00e1d\u00ed nap\u0159. v\u00fdskyt plo\u0161t\u011bnky\u00a0Stenostomum leucops<\/em>, perloo\u010dky\u00a0Bosmina longirostris<\/em>, m\u00e1lo\u0161t\u011btinatce rod\u016f\u00a0Chaetogaster\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0Nais<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0drobn\u00fdch larev hmyzu bez bli\u017e\u0161\u00edho ur\u010den\u00ed. O\u017eiven\u00ed \u0159eky bentick\u00fdmi bezobratl\u00fdmi z\u0159ejm\u011b nebylo p\u0159ed v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed sledov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-9\"<\/a>\n

      Obr. 9. Ml\u017e velevrub mal\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fd (Unio pictorum)
      \n<\/em>Fig. 9. The\u00a0painter\u2019s\u00a0mussel,\u00a0Unio pictorum<\/em>, is a\u00a0species\u00a0of medium-sized freshwater\u00a0mussel<\/h6>\n

      Studiem o\u017eiven\u00ed v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei se v\u00a0pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed jako prvn\u00ed zab\u00fdvali studenti Musil a\u00a0Proch\u00e1zka v\u00a0diplomov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci, v\u011bnovan\u00e9 zooplanktonu [30]. Losos [31] studoval planktonn\u00ed spole\u010denstva (mimo v\u00ed\u0159n\u00edky) a\u00a0bentos (organismy \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed u\u00a0dna) n\u00e1dr\u017ee, okrajov\u011b se v\u011bnoval i\u00a0faun\u011b ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u0159e\u017en\u00ed vegetaci (litor\u00e1l) n\u00e1dr\u017ee, kter\u00e1 by teoreticky mohla b\u00fdt nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edm \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm spole\u010denstv\u016fm. Podle jeho n\u00e1lez\u016f byla spole\u010denstva bentick\u00fdch bezobratl\u00fdch velmi chud\u00e1, tvo\u0159en\u00e1 z\u00a098\u00a0% m\u00e1lo\u0161t\u011btinat\u00fdmi \u010dervy (Oligochaeta<\/em>) a\u00a0larvami pakom\u00e1rovit\u00fdch (Chironomidae<\/em>), z\u00e1stupci ostatn\u00edch \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch skupin tvo\u0159ily men\u0161inu. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed druhy hmyzu se nevyskytovaly. Poukazuje na jednotv\u00e1rn\u00fd obraz sediment\u016f u\u00a0dna n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0neklidn\u00e9 stanovi\u0161tn\u00ed podm\u00ednky u\u00a0b\u0159eh\u016f (siln\u011b kol\u00edsaj\u00edc\u00ed hladina), kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed slab\u00e9 rozvinut\u00ed litor\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00f3ny a\u00a0druhovou chudost vegetace i\u00a0bentick\u00e9 fauny. N\u00e1dr\u017e celkov\u011b charakterizuje jako eutrofn\u00ed. Informativn\u00ed a\u00a0pak i\u00a0podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum n\u00e1dr\u017ee v\u010detn\u011b p\u0159\u00edtoku a\u00a0odtoku provedl Zelinka a\u00a0kol. [5, 32]. Ve vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei zjistil b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 druhy planktonu, z\u00a0makroskopick\u00fdch bezobratl\u00fdch ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch dno nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed taxony: pl\u017ee kamomila \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho (Ancylus fluviatilis),<\/em>\u00a0viz\u00a0obr. 7<\/em>, pijavku hltanovku bahenn\u00ed (Erpobdella octoculata)<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0chobotnatku plochou (Glossiphonia complanata)<\/em>, kor\u00fd\u0161e ble\u0161ivce h\u0159ebenat\u00e9ho (Gammarus roeselii)<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0beru\u0161ku vodn\u00ed (Asellus aquaticus)<\/em>, jepice\u00a0Potamanthus luteus<\/em>,\u00a0Ecdyonurus<\/em>\u00a0sk.\u00a0venosus<\/em>,\u00a0Baetis<\/em>\u00a0sp.,\u00a0Ephemerella ignita<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0Caenis<\/em>\u00a0sp., po\u0161vatku\u00a0Perla abdominalis<\/em>, chrost\u00edky\u00a0Rhyacophila nubila<\/em>,\u00a0Hydropsyche<\/em>\u00a0sp., a\u00a0z\u00e1stupce \u010deledi pakom\u00e1rovit\u00ed (Chironomidae).<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-10\"<\/a>\n

      Obr. 10. Nep\u016fvodn\u00ed pl\u017e levatka (Physella acuta)
      \n<\/em>Fig. 10.\u00a0Physella acuta<\/em>\u00a0is a\u00a0small, left-handed or\u00a0sinistral, air-breathing\u00a0freshwater snail<\/h6>\n

      Z\u00a0\u00faseku Svratky v\u00a0Ti\u0161nov\u011b, tedy nad ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed Brn\u011bnskou, ale pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ze sb\u011br\u016f je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed uveden\u00edm do provozu n\u00e1dr\u017ee V\u00edr I, uv\u00e1d\u00ed Zelinka a\u00a0Skaln\u00edkov\u00e1 [33] druh jepice\u00a0Ephemerella notata\u00a0<\/em>(obr. 13<\/em>), kter\u00fd byl ji\u017e tehdy ozna\u010den v\u00a0povod\u00ed Moravy jako vz\u00e1cn\u00fd. D\u00e1le uv\u00e1d\u00ed zm\u00ednku o\u00a0v\u00fdskytu jepice druhu\u00a0Potamanthus luteus<\/em>. Tento \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed druh se do n\u00e1dr\u017ee dostal z\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e polo\u017een\u00e9ho \u00faseku \u0159eky Svratky, proto\u017ee jeho v\u00fdskyt v\u00a0men\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch v\u00a0okol\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee je nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00fd a\u00a0migra\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti t\u00e9to skupiny jsou omezen\u00e9. Svratku v\u00a0\u00faseku nad i\u00a0pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed sledoval v\u00a0letech 1992\u20131993 Brabec [26]. Z\u00a0lokality Veversk\u00e1 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ka neuv\u00e1d\u00ed ani jeden z\u00a0dvou v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch druh\u016f jepic, zato nalezl d\u0159\u00edve na lokalit\u011b nezji\u0161\u0165ovan\u00fd druh jepice\u00a0Oligoneuriella rhenana\u00a0<\/em>(obr. 14<\/em>). Tento druh nebyl v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech zji\u0161t\u011bn, m\u00e1 v\u0161ak kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed v\u00fdskytu ve vod\u011b, nav\u00edc mimo obvykl\u00e9 term\u00edny odb\u011br\u016f vzork\u016f a\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee tedy unikat pozornosti. Autor d\u00e1le zjistil n\u011bkolik druh\u016f po\u0161vatek rodu\u00a0Leuctra<\/em>, d\u00e1le\u00a0Perla burmeisteriana<\/em>,\u00a0Perlodes microcephalus<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0Isoperla rivulorum<\/em>, kter\u00e9 jsou nal\u00e9z\u00e1ny i\u00a0v\u00a0posledn\u00edm obdob\u00ed, tj. po roce 2000 (http:\/\/hydro.chmi.cz\/isarrow\/), stejn\u011b jako op\u011bt se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed jepice\u00a0Potamanthus luteus<\/em>. Makrozoobentos lokality celkov\u011b vykazuje sm\u011bs druh\u016f ritr\u00e1lu a\u00a0potam\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-11\"<\/a>\n

      Obr. 11. Most p\u0159es \u0159eku Svratku v\u00a0horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti dne\u0161n\u00ed z\u00e1topy \u2013 nad Rokl\u00ed
      \nFig. 11. The bridge over the Svratka River \u2013 the upper part of a\u00a0flooded area<\/h6>\n

      Hrab\u011b [34] popsal z\u00a0t\u00e9to n\u00e1dr\u017ee n\u00e1lez nep\u016fvodn\u00ed mechovky\u00a0Pectinatella magnifica<\/em>, v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00ed podrobn\u011b studoval faunu litor\u00e1lu n\u00e1dr\u017ee [35]. Sledoval osm lokalit v\u00a0doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti n\u00e1dr\u017ee, u\u00a0p\u0159ehradn\u00ed hr\u00e1ze, v\u00a0\u00farovni Sokolsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu na lev\u00e9m b\u0159ehu a\u00a0Koz\u00ed horky na prav\u00e9m b\u0159ehu. B\u011bhem ro\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu zjistil celkem 102 taxon\u016f, z\u00a0toho 35 z\u00a0\u010deledi pakom\u00e1rovit\u00fdch. Druhov\u011b nejbohat\u0161\u00ed byla lokalita p\u0159i \u00fast\u00ed pot\u016f\u010dku na konci Sokolsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu, kter\u00e1 se od ostatn\u00edch sledovan\u00fdch m\u00edst zna\u010dn\u011b odli\u0161ovala, a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtomnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f, nap\u0159. chrost\u00edka druhu\u00a0Potamophylax nigricornis<\/em>\u00a0nebo ble\u0161ivce poto\u010dn\u00edho (Gammarus fossarum),<\/em>\u00a0ukazuje na ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtokem. Zooplanktonem se zab\u00fdval \u0160r\u00e1mek-Hu\u0161ek [36, 37] a\u00a0Kub\u00ed\u010dek [38].<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-12\"<\/a>\n

      Obr. 12. \u0158eka Svratka ve star\u00fdch Kn\u00edni\u010dk\u00e1ch v\u00a0oblasti doln\u00ed z\u00e1topy Brn\u011bnskou p\u0159ehradou
      \nFig. 12. The Svratka River in former Kn\u00edni\u010dky village \u2013 the lower part of a\u00a0flooded area<\/h6>\n

      Vodami n\u00e1dr\u017ee byly zaplaveny v\u011bt\u0161inou kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 \u00faseky p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f \u2013 potok\u016f, pouze v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b potoka Rakovec byl zaplaven del\u0161\u00ed \u00fasek (potok \u00fastil do Svratky v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti dne\u0161n\u00ed hr\u00e1ze). O\u00a0poto\u010dn\u00ed faun\u011b v\u0161ak nebyly nalezeny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 \u00fadaje. Studiu potok\u016f v\u00a0brn\u011bnsk\u00e9m okol\u00ed bylo pozd\u011bji v\u011bnov\u00e1no n\u011bkolik diplomov\u00fdch prac\u00ed \u00dastavu botaniky a\u00a0zoologie MU v\u00a0Brn\u011b, ale a\u017e od\u00a060. let 20. stolet\u00ed. Jedna z\u00a0nich byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na potoku Veverka, \u00fast\u00edc\u00edmu do n\u00e1dr\u017ee [39].<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-13\"<\/a>\n

      Obr. 13. Larva vz\u00e1cn\u00e9ho druhu jepice\u00a0Ephemerella notata<\/em>\u00a0(fotografie: J. Halouzka)
      \nFig. 13. Very rare riverine mayfly\u00a0Ephemerella notata,\u00a0<\/em>larva (photo J. Halouzka)<\/h6>\n

      Materi\u00e1l z\u00a0t\u016fn\u00ed, lou\u017e\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edkop\u016f sb\u00edral patrn\u011b v\u00a0inunda\u010dn\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed Svratky v\u00a0okol\u00ed Veve\u0159\u00ed Spandl. Zcela ur\u010dit\u011b sb\u00edral tak\u00e9 v\u00a0rybn\u00edc\u00edch u\u00a0Veve\u0159\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0lou\u017ei u\u00a0pramene p\u0159i \u00fast\u00ed Veverky. V\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti \u0159eky Svratky na \u00fazem\u00ed Brna sledoval tak\u00e9 t\u016fn\u011b mezi Bystrc\u00ed a\u00a0Kom\u00ednem a\u00a0na \u017dlut\u00e9m kopci [27, 28, 40, 41]. Autor uv\u00e1d\u00ed n\u00e1lezy listonoh\u016f\u00a0Branchipus schaefferi<\/em>\u00a0(obr. 15<\/em>) ve velk\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00edch, d\u00e1le \u017e\u00e1brono\u017eek\u00a0Eubranchipus grubii<\/em>, lasturnatek\u00a0Herpetocypris reptans<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0Cyclocypris laevis,<\/em>\u00a0u\u00a0kriticky ohro\u017een\u00e9ho druhu\u00a0Cyzicus tetracerus<\/em>\u00a0(obr. 16<\/em>) v\u0161ak uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee nebyl zji\u0161t\u011bn od roku 1915. P\u0159\u00edmo z\u00a0okol\u00ed hradu Veve\u0159\u00ed ud\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdskyt lasturnatky\u00a0Notodromas monacha<\/em>. V\u00a0t\u016f\u0148k\u00e1ch v\u00a0oblasti z\u00e1plavy je tak\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt jepice\u00a0Siphlonurus armatus<\/em>, kter\u00fd je ud\u00e1v\u00e1n jako v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b obecn\u011b hojn\u00fd v\u00a0rybn\u00edc\u00edch i\u00a0periodick\u00fdch t\u016f\u0148k\u00e1ch, imaga byla chycena na bl\u00ed\u017ee neur\u010den\u00e9 lokalit\u011b v\u00a0roce 1949 a\u00a0za Kom\u00e1rovem (\u010d\u00e1st Brna) v\u00a0roce 1952 [33].<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-14\"<\/a>\n

      Obr. 14. Larva proudobytn\u00e9 jepice sporo\u017eiln\u00e9 (Oligoneuriella rhenana)
      \n<\/em>Fig. 14. Larva of\u00a0Oligoneuriella rhenana<\/em>\u00a0is rheobiont<\/h6>\n

      Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed posouzen\u00ed zm\u011bn ve v\u00fdskytu druh\u016f je pom\u011brn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vzhledem k\u00a0nedostatku dat. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak \u00fadaje z\u00a050. let 20. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zachycuj\u00ed stav v\u00a0\u00faseku nad Brn\u011bnskou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0to je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed ovlivn\u011bn\u00edm n\u00e1dr\u017eemi V\u00edr I. a\u00a0II. Tento stav lze pova\u017eovat za bl\u00edzk\u00fd stavu \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho makrozoobentosu v\u00a0zaplaven\u00e9m \u00faseku, a\u00a0proto byl pro posouzen\u00ed zm\u011bn vyu\u017eit. Druhy vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f byly s\u00a0ohledem na jejich ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed vybudov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0jejich schopnost p\u0159izp\u016fsobit se nov\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m rozd\u011bleny do \u010dty\u0159 skupin:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily, ale s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed vymizely i\u00a0z\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho okol\u00ed: Do t\u00e9to skupiny pat\u0159\u00ed druh jepice\u00a0Ephemerella notata\u00a0<\/em>(obr. 13<\/em>), kter\u00fd byl nal\u00e9z\u00e1n sporadicky na jin\u00fdch toc\u00edch je\u0161t\u011b v\u00a080. letech, a\u00a0v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti je jeho v\u00fdskyt zn\u00e1m z\u00a0n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo m\u00edst. Tak\u00e9 jepice\u00a0Ecdyonurus insignis\u00a0<\/em>(obr. 5<\/em>) v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti ve sledovan\u00e9 oblasti ji\u017e nen\u00ed nal\u00e9z\u00e1na. Nen\u00ed tak\u00e9 hl\u00e1\u0161en v\u00fdskyt \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch periodick\u00e9 t\u016fn\u011b, jako jsou nap\u0159. \u017e\u00e1brono\u017eka sn\u011b\u017en\u00ed (Eubranchipus grubbii)<\/em>, \u017e\u00e1brono\u017eka letn\u00ed (Branchipus schaefferi)<\/em>, viz\u00a0obr. 15<\/em>, nebo listonoh jarn\u00ed (Lepidurus apus),\u00a0<\/em>viz\u00a0obr. 17<\/em>, tedy druhy, kter\u00e9 jsou recentn\u011b zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1ny i\u00a0v\u00a0oblastech nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch, nap\u0159. na B\u0159eclavsku \u010di Znojemsku [22]. Do t\u00e9to skupiny pat\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 kriticky ohro\u017een\u00fd kor\u00fd\u0161 \u0161keblovka ov\u00e1ln\u00e1 (Cyzicus tetracerus),\u00a0<\/em>viz\u00a0obr. 16<\/em>, kter\u00e1 d\u0159\u00edve \u017eila v\u00a0t\u016fn\u00edch v\u00a0\u00fadol\u00ed Svratky, vymizen\u00ed tohoto druhu v\u0161ak nelze d\u00e1vat do p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 souvislosti s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed.<\/li>\n
      2. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily a\u00a0s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byly vytla\u010deny do zbytk\u016f p\u0159irozen\u00fdch habitat\u016f v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed: Pat\u0159\u00ed sem v\u011bt\u0161ina \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou nal\u00e9z\u00e1ny v\u00a0\u00faseku nad vzdut\u00edm n\u00e1dr\u017ee i\u00a0n\u00ed\u017ee pod hr\u00e1z\u00ed. Druhy poto\u010dn\u00ed maj\u00ed mo\u017enost p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch \u00fasec\u00edch tok\u016f. Oblast je sice intenzivn\u011b rekrea\u010dn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1, ale stav potok\u016f nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 ovlivn\u011bn\u00fd (pl\u017e kamomil \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0Ancylus fluviatilis\u00a0<\/em>(obr. 7<\/em>),\u00a0<\/em>pijavky\u00a0Erpobdella octoculata\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0Glossiphonia complanata\u00a0<\/em>(obr. 18<\/em>),\u00a0<\/em>kor\u00fd\u0161i ble\u0161ivci\u00a0Gammarus fossarum\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0Gammarus roeselii,\u00a0<\/em>jepice\u00a0Potamanthus luteus a\u00a0Ephemerella ignita,\u00a0<\/em>chrost\u00edk\u00a0Rhyacophila nubila\u00a0<\/em>aj.).<\/li>\n
      3. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily a\u00a0\u017eij\u00ed tam i\u00a0dnes: Mimo zooplankton, vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se d\u0159\u00edve v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00fdch rybn\u00edc\u00edch, mohou v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat limnofiln\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0poto\u010dn\u00ed druhy, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0litor\u00e1lu a\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad druhy jepice rodu\u00a0Caenis<\/em>, beru\u0161ka vodn\u00ed (Asellus aquaticus)\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0pijavky [35].<\/li>\n
      4. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed ne\u017eily a\u00a0vyskytly se tam a\u017e po v\u00fdstavb\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed: Takov\u00fdm druhem je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b teplomiln\u00fd druh zooplanktonu, perloo\u010dka ramenatka velk\u00e1 (Leptodora kindtii),\u00a0<\/em>viz\u00a0obr. 19<\/em>, kterou Spandl [40] nalezl v\u00a0um\u011bl\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ei u\u00a0Kamenn\u00e9ho ml\u00fdna, v\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00fdch biotopech v\u0161ak nikoliv, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jej\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00ed nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyt uv\u00e1d\u00ed 35\u201340\u2008km severn\u011b a\u00a0severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Brna. Druh makrozoobentosu p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd do t\u00e9to skupiny se nepoda\u0159ilo spolehliv\u011b zjistit.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\"Nemejcova-15\"<\/a>\n
        Obr. 15. Kriticky ohro\u017een\u00fd kor\u00fd\u0161 periodick\u00fdch vod \u017e\u00e1brono\u017eka letn\u00ed (Branchipus schaefferi)\u00a0<\/em>(fotografie: L. Merta)
        \nFig. 15. The critically endangered crustacean of periodic pools \u2013 fairy shrimp (Branchipus schaefferi<\/em>\u00a0) (photo: L. Merta)<\/h6>\n

        \u0158eka Svratka m\u011bla v\u00a0oblasti z\u00e1topy z\u00a0hlediska geomorfologick\u00e9ho typu a\u00a0teplotn\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f charakter odli\u0161n\u00fd od vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch i\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch \u00fasek\u016f toku, p\u0159echodn\u00e9 biotopy zde existuj\u00edc\u00ed byly v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017ee zni\u010deny. Pr\u016ftokov\u00fd re\u017eim n\u00e1dr\u017ee nen\u00ed natolik devastuj\u00edc\u00ed, jako je tomu u\u00a0Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady, nicm\u00e9n\u011b i\u00a0zde je v\u00a0provozu elektr\u00e1rna a\u00a0pr\u016ftokov\u00fd re\u017eim toku pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed je zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fd. Nav\u00edc \u0159eka pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed prot\u00e9k\u00e1 m\u011bstskou aglomerac\u00ed, je zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na a\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 po cel\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed trase regulov\u00e1na. N\u00e1vrat k\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00e9 diverzit\u011b biotop\u016f v\u00a0\u0159ece i\u00a0niv\u011b stejn\u011b jako diverzit\u011b jejich o\u017eiven\u00ed je prakticky znemo\u017en\u011bn a\u017e k\u00a0oblasti dal\u0161\u00edho hodnocen\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, do jeho\u017e st\u0159edn\u00ed zdr\u017ee \u0159eka Svratka \u00fast\u00ed.<\/p>\n

        Vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny<\/h3>\n

        Oblast soutoku t\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch, p\u016fvodn\u011b meandruj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch \u0159ek \u2013 Dyje, Jihlavy a\u00a0Svratky \u2013 byla p\u0159ed v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed z\u00a0velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti tvo\u0159ena lu\u017en\u00edm lesem, po\u010detn\u00fdmi mok\u0159ady, st\u00e1l\u00fdmi i\u00a0periodick\u00fdch t\u016fn\u011bmi a\u00a0podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fdmi loukami. V\u00fdvoj meandruj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159eky d\u00e1v\u00e1 vzniknout ramen\u016fm, kter\u00e1 se postupn\u011b odd\u011bluj\u00ed od hlavn\u00edho toku a\u00a0zazem\u0148uj\u00ed se. P\u0159irozen\u00fdmi procesy tak v\u00a0niv\u011b vznik\u00e1 nerovn\u00fd povrch a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 m\u00edsta jsou zaplavov\u00e1na vodou z\u00a0pr\u016fsak\u016f, rozlivy p\u0159i z\u00e1plav\u00e1ch i\u00a0ze sr\u00e1\u017eek, a\u00a0to jak v\u00a0jarn\u00edm obdob\u00ed, tak i\u00a0v\u00a0letn\u00edm a\u017e podzimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstech voda z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 celoro\u010dn\u011b, v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch jen do\u010dasn\u011b. Stojat\u00e9 vody v\u00a0niv\u011b tak maj\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1sad\u011b charakter periodick\u00fdch nebo permanentn\u00edch t\u016fn\u00ed (obr. 20<\/em>). Typick\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm jsou zde tak\u00e9 podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 louky, kter\u00e9 b\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159i povodni a\u00a0ur\u010ditou dobu po n\u00ed i\u00a0zaplaveny. P\u0159i intenzivn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch vznikaj\u00ed rozlivy i\u00a0na pol\u00edch. Vznik\u00e1 tak pestr\u00e1 a\u00a0dynamick\u00e1 mozaika vnikaj\u00edc\u00edch a\u00a0zanikaj\u00edc\u00edch biotop\u016f pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy organism\u016f. V\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00e9m stavu z\u00e1nik ur\u010dit\u00e9ho biotopu nic z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9ho neznamen\u00e1, proto\u017ee v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti ji\u017e existuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsta s\u00a0obdobn\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-16\"<\/a>\n

        Obr. 16. Kriticky ohro\u017een\u00fd kor\u00fd\u0161 periodick\u00fdch vod \u0161keblovka ov\u00e1ln\u00e1 (Cyzicus tetracerus)\u00a0<\/em>(fotografie: L. Merta)
        \nFig. 16. The critically endangered crustacean of periodic pools, large branchiopods\u00a0Cyzicus tetracerus\u00a0<\/em>(photo: L. Merta)<\/h6>\n

        Na \u0159ek\u00e1ch v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti nebyly v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9m stavu \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky, kter\u00e9 by omezovaly nebo znemo\u017e\u0148ovaly pohyb vodn\u00edch organism\u016f. \u0158eky a\u00a0tak\u00e9 jejich nivy byly tedy velmi propojen\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148ovaly snadn\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed organism\u016f. To se b\u011b\u017en\u011b d\u011bje po proudu, ale do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry i\u00a0proti proudu \u0159ek, a\u00a0to bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo ve vod\u011b, nebo i\u00a0vzdu\u0161nou cestou (dosp\u011blci vodn\u00edho hmyzu nebo pasivn\u00edm p\u0159enosem, nap\u0159. prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pt\u00e1k\u016f nebo v\u011btru). Z\u00e1plava p\u0159i povodni propojuje cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m i\u00a0do \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky \u2013 later\u00e1ln\u011b. Organismy putuj\u00ed i\u00a0na v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti, voda p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed i\u00a0vaj\u00ed\u010dka \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f a\u00a0semena rostlin a\u00a0ty tak maj\u00ed \u0161anci se v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro n\u011b vhodn\u00e9m udr\u017eet.<\/p>\n

        V\u00a0unik\u00e1tn\u00ed krajin\u011b meandruj\u00edc\u00edch \u0159ek a\u00a0lu\u017en\u00edch les\u016f v\u00a0jejich niv\u00e1ch v\u0161ak do\u0161lo ji\u017e v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed k\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m struktury biotop\u016f. V\u00a0oblasti u\u017e tehdy prob\u00edhaly v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u00fapravy v\u010detn\u011b regulac\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159ekl\u00e1dek \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch tok\u016f, budov\u00e1n\u00ed odvod\u0148ovac\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f a\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch hr\u00e1z\u00ed. Technick\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy vyvrcholily v\u00fdstavbou vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny (VD NM) v\u00a0letech 1975 a\u017e 1989, kter\u00e9 prakticky zlikvidovalo \u00fazem\u00ed lu\u017en\u00edch les\u016f, velmi v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnilo krajinn\u00fd r\u00e1z a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky z\u00e1topy i\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho okol\u00ed. V\u00fdznamn\u011b se tak zm\u011bnila struktura vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f v\u00a0cel\u00e9 oblasti.<\/p>\n

        D\u00edky relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 historii v\u00fdstavby a\u00a0zna\u010dn\u00e9 pozornosti v\u011bnovan\u00e9 tomuto od po\u010d\u00e1tku kontroverzn\u00edmu vodn\u00edmu d\u00edlu m\u00e1me pom\u011brn\u011b dobrou p\u0159edstavu o\u00a0v\u00fdskytu rozli\u010dn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f a\u00a0s\u00a0nimi spjat\u00fdch vodn\u00edch organism\u016f. Pro posouzen\u00ed rozsahu zm\u011bny vlivem VD NM byla provedena rekonstrukce v\u00fdskytu vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f za pou\u017eit\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 mapy z\u00a0let 1952\u20131957, na kter\u00e9 byly vyzna\u010deny periodick\u00e9 t\u016fn\u011b, mok\u0159ady, podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 louky, slep\u00e1 a\u00a0mrtv\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed ramena, rybn\u00edky a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed stanovi\u0161t\u011b, kter\u00e1 s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou vodn\u00edho d\u00edla nen\u00e1vratn\u011b zanikla. Proto\u017ee v\u00fdstavba n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed m\u011bla a\u00a0m\u00e1 vliv nejen na \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti zatopen\u00e9 vodou, ale i\u00a0na jeho okol\u00ed, hodnotili jsme nejen oblast z\u00e1topy, ale i\u00a0z\u00f3nu cca 1\u2008km od b\u0159ehov\u00e9 linie s\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm v\u00a0oblasti soutoku Svratky a\u00a0Jihlavy, kde le\u017e\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 lokalita na \u0159ece Jihlav\u011b u\u00a0obce Iva\u0148 [42].<\/p>\n

        Pro hodnocen\u00ed zm\u011bny byli sledov\u00e1ni vodn\u00ed bezobratl\u00ed a\u00a0za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem byla zpracov\u00e1na re\u0161er\u0161e z\u00a0publikovan\u00fdch prac\u00ed, nepublikovan\u00fdch pramen\u016f (p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b diplomov\u00fdch prac\u00ed student\u016f P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakulty Masarykovy univerzity) a\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch studi\u00ed sahaj\u00edc\u00edch a\u017e do poloviny 20. stolet\u00ed. V\u00fdzkum v\u00a0dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159ed po\u010d\u00e1tkem stavby byl v\u00fdznamn\u011b podpo\u0159en existenc\u00ed ter\u00e9nn\u00ed biologick\u00e9 stanice v\u00a0Mu\u0161ov\u011b. Studie stavu po v\u00fdstavb\u011b se v\u011bnuj\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b situaci p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch, pop\u0159. toku Dyje pod VD NM, a\u00a0tedy sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu okol\u00ed mimo zde definovanou oblast bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho okol\u00ed. Na t\u011bchto v\u00fdzkumech maj\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 z\u00e1sluhy pracovn\u00edci dne\u0161n\u00ed Mendelovy univerzity v\u00a0Brn\u011b, kte\u0159\u00ed dlouhodob\u011b p\u016fsobili v\u00a0hydrobiologick\u00e9 laborato\u0159i v\u00a0Lednici (Ivo Sukop \u2013 fauna a\u00a0Ji\u0159\u00ed Hete\u0161a \u2013 fl\u00f3ra). Jejich studie z\u00a0oblasti Lednicko-valtick\u00e9ho are\u00e1lu anebo oblasti soutoku Moravy a\u00a0Dyje pod B\u0159eclav\u00ed mohou tak\u00e9 poskytnout p\u0159edstavu o\u00a0analogick\u00fdch biotopech, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zely v\u00a0oblasti dne\u0161n\u00edho VD NM, nap\u0159. [43].<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-17\"<\/a>\n

        Obr. 17. Kor\u00fd\u0161 periodick\u00fdch vod listonoh jarn\u00ed\u00a0Lepidurus apus<\/em>\u00a0(fotografie: L. Merta)
        \nFig. 17. Tadpole shrimp,\u00a0Lepidurus apus,\u00a0<\/em>inhabits periodic pools (photo: L. Merta)<\/h6>\n

        Prac\u00ed ze soused\u00edc\u00edch oblast\u00ed, tedy \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho okol\u00ed VD NM, kter\u00e9 by byly vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 t\u00edmto srovn\u00e1vac\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada, a\u0165 u\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0\u00fadaje o\u00a0makroskopicky rozli\u0161iteln\u00fdch bezobratl\u00fdch ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch dno (makrozoobentos), nebo o\u00a0kor\u00fd\u0161\u00edch voln\u011b se vzn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00edch ve vodn\u00edm sloupci stojat\u00fdch vod (zooplankton) \u010di specifick\u00e9 skupin\u011b obyvatel vysychaj\u00edc\u00edch (periodick\u00fdch) vod, kter\u00e1 je tvo\u0159ena op\u011bt p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kor\u00fd\u0161i (zejm\u00e9na \u017e\u00e1brono\u017eky a\u00a0listonozi). Dob\u0159e je zpracov\u00e1na nap\u0159. skupina m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f, pro kter\u00e9 existuj\u00ed informace dokonce i\u00a0z\u00a019. stolet\u00ed. Beran a\u00a0Hors\u00e1k [44] publikovali \u010dl\u00e1nek o\u00a0vodn\u00edch m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u00edch Dolnomoravsk\u00e9ho \u00favalu, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e jsou shrnuty i\u00a0star\u0161\u00ed informace, bohu\u017eel v\u0161ak jde o\u00a0lokality vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 od \u00fazem\u00ed VD NM a\u00a0jen z\u010d\u00e1sti zasahuj\u00edc\u00ed do jeho \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho okol\u00ed. Informa\u010dn\u00edm zdrojem tohoto typu je tak\u00e9 monografie o\u00a0vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch Biosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 rezervace P\u00e1lava [45].<\/p>\n

        Pokud jde o\u00a0samotn\u00e9 sledovan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed, tedy plochu VD NM a\u00a0jeho bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho okol\u00ed, tak z\u00a0obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed po\u010d\u00e1tkem budov\u00e1n\u00ed VD NM poch\u00e1z\u00ed pr\u00e1ce Kub\u00ed\u010dka [46], kter\u00fd zpracoval vlastn\u00ed, ale i\u00a0Hrab\u011btovy a\u00a0Valou\u0161kovy sb\u011bry ze 12 lokalit periodick\u00fdch vod v\u00a0inunda\u010dn\u00ed oblasti \u0159ek Jihlavy, Svratky a\u00a0Dyje v\u00a0oblasti Vranovic, Pouzd\u0159an, Ivan\u011b a\u00a0Mu\u0161ova. Vzorky byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny z\u00a0lu\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkopu, m\u011blk\u00fdch t\u016fn\u00ed, v\u00a0louce rozlit\u00e9ho slep\u00e9ho ramene. Autor sledoval zejm\u00e9na zooplankton a\u00a0v\u00a0oblasti Mu\u0161ova zjistil v\u00fdskyt vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 perloo\u010dky\u00a0Daphnia atkinsoni<\/em>, uv\u00e1d\u00ed v\u0161ak i\u00a0v\u00fdskyt \u017e\u00e1brono\u017eky sn\u011b\u017en\u00ed (Eubranchipus grubii)\u00a0<\/em>a\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy makrozoobentosu. Valou\u0161ek [47] v\u00a0samostatn\u00e9 publikaci pak popisoval periodickou sn\u011b\u017en\u00ed t\u016f\u0148 jako biotop a\u00a0uv\u00e1d\u011bl i\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed lokality a\u00a0jejich o\u017eiven\u00ed ze z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti.<\/p>\n

        Informace o\u00a0o\u017eiven\u00ed \u0159eky Dyje jsou k\u00a0nalezen\u00ed v\u00a0komplexn\u00ed studii, kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdvala jakost\u00ed vod v\u00a0\u0159ece Dyji v\u010detn\u011b hodnocen\u00ed biologick\u00e9ho. Pozornost byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na biosestonu a\u00a0makrozoobentosu, ze kter\u00fdch byla stanovov\u00e1na saprobita, tedy hodnocena m\u00edra zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed rozlo\u017eiteln\u00fdmi organick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami [48]. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0zpr\u00e1vu V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho, zachycuj\u00edc\u00ed stav v\u00a0letech 1951\u20131952 a\u00a0u\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti anal\u00fdz t\u00e9\u017e v\u00a0roce 1954. Z\u00a0deseti kontroln\u00edch profil\u016f se oblasti VD NM t\u00fdkaj\u00ed Drnholce a\u00a0Doln\u00edch V\u011bstonic.<\/p>\n

        Pom\u011brn\u011b podrobn\u011b sledovanou skupinou byly jepice (Ephemeroptera). Skaln\u00edkov\u00e1 [49] zpracov\u00e1vala materi\u00e1l ze sb\u00edrek tehdej\u0161\u00edho Zoologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Masarykovy univerzity, dopln\u011bn\u00e9 o\u00a0\u00fadaje ze sb\u00edrky dr. Zelinky. K\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9mu \u00fazem\u00ed VD NM pat\u0159ila lokalita Dyje u\u00a0Doln\u00edch V\u011bstonic, lu\u010dn\u00ed t\u016f\u0148 u\u00a0soutoku Dyje a\u00a0Svratky, \u0159eka Jihlava u\u00a0mostu Iva\u0148\u2013Mu\u0161ov, u\u00a0Mu\u0161ova a\u00a0tak\u00e9 Dyje v\u00a0Drnholci. Zelinka [50] se podrobn\u011bji zab\u00fdval jepicemi doln\u00edho toku \u0159eky Jihlavy. Sledoval \u00fasek \u0159eky od tehdej\u0161\u00edho soutoku se Svratkou cca do 5\u2008km proti proudu, tedy v\u00a0oblasti sou\u010dasn\u00e9 st\u0159edn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0\u00faseku v\u00a0okol\u00ed obce Iva\u0148. Koryto \u0159eky bylo ji\u017e v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b z\u010d\u00e1sti upraven\u00e9 (um\u011ble vyrovnan\u00e9 a\u00a0hluboce za\u0159\u00edznut\u00e9, jak ud\u00e1v\u00e1 autor), habitatov\u00e1 diverzita v\u0161ak byla z\u0159ejm\u011b do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry zachov\u00e1na, nebo\u0165 se st\u0159\u00eddaly \u00faseky pe\u0159ejnat\u00e9 s\u00a0vysokou rychlost\u00ed proudu a\u00a0kamenit\u00fdm dnem a\u00a0\u00faseky \u0161t\u011brkovit\u00e9 s\u00a0vodou pomalu tekouc\u00ed. Zaznamen\u00e1no bylo 26 druh\u016f, poprv\u00e9 byl zji\u0161t\u011bn vz\u00e1cn\u00fd druh jepice\u00a0Brachycercus harrisellus.\u00a0<\/em>Stejnou skupinu na\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch biotopech v\u00a0oblasti dne\u0161n\u00edho VD NM a\u00a0v\u00a0okol\u00ed obce Iva\u0148 studoval\u00a0v\u00a0letech 1963 a\u00a01964 Brabec [51]. Autor zjistil celkem 32 druh\u016f jepic (7 druh\u016f v\u00a0trval\u00fdch t\u016fn\u00edch, 2 druhy v\u00a0periodick\u00fdch t\u016f\u0148k\u00e1ch a\u00a027 druh\u016f v\u00a0\u0159ek\u00e1ch), co\u017e je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159etina druh\u016f uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti z\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Z\u00a0lokality na \u0159ece Jihlav\u011b uv\u00e1d\u011bl vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy v\u010detn\u011b dnes ji\u017e v\u00a0\u010cR vyhynul\u00e9ho druhu\u00a0Isonychia ignota\u00a0<\/em>(obr. 21<\/em>) a\u00a0dolo\u017eil tak mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou hodnotu tohoto \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho \u00faseku, kter\u00fd v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed do evropsky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 lokality Mu\u0161ovsk\u00fd luh. Na taxonomick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed t\u00e9to skupiny v\u00a0\u0159ece Jihlav\u011b v\u00a0uveden\u00e9m \u00faseku lze usuzovat tak\u00e9 z\u00a0pom\u011br\u016f na lokalit\u011b pon\u011bkud vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale s\u00a0obdobn\u00fdm charakterem u\u00a0obce Cvr\u010dovice, kde Zahr\u00e1dka [52] uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u0159adu druh\u016f jepic v\u010detn\u011b druh\u016f vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch i\u00a0takov\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 nejsou v\u00a0\u010cR od 70. let 20. stolet\u00ed nal\u00e9z\u00e1ny (Ephemerella mesoleuca<\/em>) \u2013 viz\u00a0obr. 22<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-18\"<\/a>\n

        Obr. 18. Pijavka chobotnatka ploch\u00e1\u00a0Glossiphonia complanata
        \n<\/em>Fig. 18. Leech\u00a0Glossiphonia complanata<\/em><\/h6>\n

        Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou skupinou hmyzu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 larvy \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch biotopech a\u00a0dosp\u011bl\u00e1 st\u00e1dia jsou terestrick\u00e1, ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e1, podobn\u00e1 nen\u00e1padn\u00fdm drobn\u00fdm mot\u00fdl\u016fm, jsou chrost\u00edci (Trichoptera). Simanov [53] sledoval v\u00a0letech 1962\u20131964 faunu chrost\u00edk\u016f na \u0159ad\u011b lokalit na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed VD NM a\u00a0jeho okol\u00ed. Pobl\u00ed\u017e Mu\u0161ova sledoval pravideln\u011b st\u00e1l\u00e9 i\u00a0periodick\u00e9 t\u016fn\u011b a\u00a0tak\u00e9 \u0159eku Jihlavu. Zpracoval i\u00a0materi\u00e1l dal\u0161\u00edch sb\u011bratel\u016f, celkem determinoval 45\u00a0druh\u016f chrost\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0n\u00e1mi sledovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Pr\u00e1ce je provedena d\u016fkladn\u011b, je doprov\u00e1zena mapkami, fotografiemi a\u00a0n\u00e1kresy; je cenn\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed pro hodnocen\u00ed stavu taxocen\u00f3z chrost\u00edk\u016f p\u0159ed v\u00fdstavbou VD NM. Dal\u0161\u00ed informace o\u00a0v\u00fdskytech z\u00e1stupc\u016f t\u00e9to skupiny ze sledovan\u00e9\u00a0oblasti lze naj\u00edt v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci profesora Obra, shrnuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdsledky odlov\u016f chrost\u00edk\u016f na sv\u011btlo v\u00a0tehdej\u0161\u00edm \u010ceskoslovensku [54]. \u00dadaje poch\u00e1zej\u00ed nap\u0159. ze Strachot\u00edna (1976\u20131979) a\u00a0tak\u00e9 z\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch lokalit v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm okol\u00ed VD NM.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-19\"<\/a>\n

        Obr. 19. Drav\u00e1 perloo\u010dka ramenatka velk\u00e1\u00a0Leptodora kindtii\u00a0<\/em>m\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 pr\u016fsvitn\u00e9 t\u011blo
        \nFig. 19.\u00a0Leptodora<\/em>\u00a0kindtii<\/em>\u00a0is a\u00a0quite large, nearly\u00a0transparent\u00a0predatory\u00a0water fleas<\/h6>\n

        Souhrnnou prac\u00ed o\u00a0faun\u011b bezobratl\u00fdch z\u00e1plavov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b je studie Ad\u00e1mka a\u00a0Sukopa, kte\u0159\u00ed shrnuli v\u00fdsledky jak sv\u00fdch d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f, tak nepublikovan\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f z\u00a0diplomov\u00fdch prac\u00ed jin\u00fdch autor\u016f [55]. V\u00fdsledky \u010dlen\u00ed podle biotop\u016f na \u0159eku, od\u0159\u00edznut\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed ramena, n\u00e1dr\u017ee, t\u016fn\u011b a\u00a0zaplavovan\u00e9 louky. Pr\u00e1ce zahrnuje i\u00a0informace ze studie Ad\u00e1mkovy, proveden\u00e9 v\u00a0jarn\u00edm obdob\u00ed v\u00a0roce 1969 na \u00fazem\u00ed budouc\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, a\u00a0to na trase Brod nad Dyj\u00ed\u2013Pasohl\u00e1vky a\u00a0Strachot\u00edn\u2013Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice. Pozornost v\u011bnoval makrozoobentosu zaplaven\u00fdch luk [56]. Mimo b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 druhy zaznamenal druh periodick\u00fdch t\u016fn\u00ed, listonoha jarn\u00edho (Lepidurus apus),\u00a0<\/em>viz\u00a0obr. 17<\/em>, kter\u00fd uv\u00e1d\u00ed jako hojn\u00fd v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti obce Brod nad Dyj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

        Makrozoobentosu t\u016fn\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti budouc\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee byly v\u011bnov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce diplomov\u00e9, pop\u0159. rigor\u00f3zn\u00ed, v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na stanici v\u00a0Mu\u0161ov\u011b. K\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pat\u0159\u00ed studie Halouzkovy a\u00a0Gajd\u016f\u0161kovy [57\u201359].<\/p>\n

        V\u00fdzkumy ov\u0161em pokra\u010dovaly i\u00a0b\u011bhem v\u00fdstavby n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Halouzka [60] sledoval makrozoobentos horn\u00ed zdr\u017ee ve druh\u00e9m roce po jej\u00edm napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0tak\u00e9 t\u016fn\u011b v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed zdr\u017ee. V\u00fdsledky [61] jsou pak v\u010dlen\u011bny do\u00a0monografie nazvan\u00e9 Biologie nov\u011b napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee.<\/p>\n

        Specifick\u00e9mu prost\u0159ed\u00ed periodick\u00fdch t\u016fn\u00ed byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch prac\u00ed. P\u0159ehled historick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b osobn\u00edch sd\u011blen\u00ed jin\u00fdch badatel\u016f a\u00a0v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e tak\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky vlastn\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f v\u00a080. letech 20. stolet\u00ed, shrnul v\u00a0diplomov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci Kuczman [62]. J\u00edm hodnocen\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed Vranovice\u2013Pouzd\u0159any, Podiv\u00edn\u2013Lednice, Pouzd\u0159any\u2013Uher\u010dice, Strachot\u00edn\u2013Pavlov zcela nebo z\u010d\u00e1sti n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed sledovan\u00e9mu pro hodnocen\u00ed VD NM.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-20\"<\/a>\n

        Obr. 20. Periodick\u00e1 t\u016f\u0148 v\u00a0Pla\u010dkov\u011b lese
        \nFig. 20. A\u00a0periodic pool in the floodplain forest Pla\u010dk\u016fv les<\/h6>\n

        V\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00ed, tedy po napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, byly ji\u017e sledov\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm samotn\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee, pop\u0159. biotopy \u0159eky Dyje a\u00a0t\u016fn\u011b n\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017een\u00e9, mimo bl\u00edzk\u00e9 okol\u00ed VD NM. Jednou z\u00a0prac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 studovala \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed biotopy pod hr\u00e1z\u00ed doln\u00ed zdr\u017ee, byla Hors\u00e1kova studie [61]. Tento autor publikoval seznam 261 taxon\u016f akvatick\u00fdch bezobratl\u00fdch zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch b\u011bhem pom\u011brn\u011b podrobn\u00e9ho a\u00a0taxonomicky velmi kvalitn\u011b zpracovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, kter\u00fd prob\u00edhal na \u0159ece Dyji v\u00a0letech 1998 a\u00a01999. Sledoval p\u011bt lokalit pod VD NM, prvn\u00ed pod doln\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, posledn\u00ed se nach\u00e1zely pod B\u0159eclav\u00ed. Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem studie bylo vyhodnotit vliv VD NM na \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed biotu, tato anal\u00fdza pak byla provedena v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci Hors\u00e1k a\u00a0kol. [64] se z\u00e1v\u011brem, \u017ee vliv n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byl p\u0159ekryt d\u016fsledky zm\u011bn morfologie koryta \u0159eky.<\/p>\n

        Z\u00a0recentn\u00edch prac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed sledovanou oblast\u00ed, je t\u0159eba zm\u00ednit studii zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se akvatick\u00fdmi m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161i \u0159eky Dyje a\u00a0jej\u00edch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f, zejm\u00e9na se z\u0159etelem na v\u00fdznam t\u011bchto tok\u016f pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nep\u016fvodn\u00edch druh\u016f na stran\u011b jedn\u00e9 a\u00a0jejich rol\u00ed coby refugi\u00ed pro druhy ohro\u017een\u00e9 na stran\u011b druh\u00e9 [65]. Autor sledoval celkem 75 lokalit, z\u00a0toho zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed sledovan\u00e9mu p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed\u00a0VD NM. D\u00edl\u010d\u00ed informace o\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm makrozoobentosu jsou ulo\u017eeny tak\u00e9 v\u00a0datov\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch tzv. saprobiologick\u00e9ho monitoringu [66]. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti jsou samotn\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u00faseky sledov\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0R\u00e1mcov\u00e9m programu monitoringu v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0\u00a7 13 vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d. 98\/2011 Sb.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-21\"<\/a>\n

        Obr. 21. Jepice\u00a0Isonychia ignota\u00a0<\/em>\u2013 druh v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice vyhynul\u00fd
        \nFig. 21. Mayfly\u00a0Isonychia ignota\u00a0<\/em>became extinct in the Czech Republic<\/h6>\n

        Z\u00a0obs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho souboru dat o\u00a0nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch skupin\u00e1ch bezobratl\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f jsme pro dokumentaci zm\u011bn struktury biotop\u016f v\u00a0hodnocen\u00e9 oblasti vybrali jako st\u011b\u017eejn\u00ed makrozoobentos, v\u00fdznamn\u00fd zejm\u00e9na pro \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed biotopy, a\u00a0velk\u00e9 lupenonoh\u00e9 kor\u00fd\u0161e \u2013 obyvatele periodick\u00fdch t\u016fn\u00ed. Planktonn\u00ed kor\u00fd\u0161e jsme hodnotili dopl\u0148kov\u011b, zejm\u00e9na pro charakterizaci voln\u00e9 vody n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed VD NM.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-22\"<\/a>\n

        Obr. 22. Larva vymizel\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed jepice\u00a0Ephemerella mesoleuca\u00a0<\/em>(fotografie: J. Halouzka)
        \nFig. 22. Riverine mayfly\u00a0Ephemerella mesoleuca<\/em>\u00a0disappeared from the South Moravia (photo: J. Halouzka)<\/h6>\n

        Z\u00a0re\u0161er\u0161e pom\u011brn\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu bylo dosud zji\u0161t\u011bno v\u00edce ne\u017e 3\u00a0000\u00a0z\u00e1znam\u016f o\u00a0v\u00fdskytu jednotliv\u00fdch taxon\u016f vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch. Na nich lze dolo\u017eit modelov\u00e9 reakce na d\u016fsledky v\u00fdstavby vodn\u00edho d\u00edla:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch Novoml\u00fdnsk\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily, ale s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed vymizely i\u00a0z\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho okol\u00ed: Do t\u00e9to skupiny vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch pat\u0159\u00ed zejm\u00e9na druhy v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch \u0159ek, tedy biotop\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly v\u00fdstavbou Novoml\u00fdnsk\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed dot\u010deny nejv\u00edce. Druhy jepic\u00a0Isonychia ignota\u00a0<\/em>(obr. 21<\/em>) a\u00a0Ephemerella mesoleuca\u00a0<\/em>(obr. 22<\/em>), kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho VD NM tvo\u0159ily posledn\u00ed \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed populace v\u00a0\u010cR [51], se z\u00e1nikem vhodn\u00fdch biotop\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR vyhynuly \u00fapln\u011b [67]. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0citliv\u00e9 a\u00a0teplomiln\u00e9 druhy velk\u00fdch \u0159ek, jejich\u017e lokalit ub\u00fdv\u00e1 vzhledem k\u00a0rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 degradaci tohoto typu biotopu [68]. Ve sledovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b do\u0161lo ke kombinaci v\u00edce vliv\u016f: morfologick\u00e9 degradace a\u00a0fragmentace \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou VD NM i\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi z\u00e1sahy, zhor\u0161en\u00ed jakosti vody v\u00a070.\u00a0a\u00a080.\u00a0letech 20.stolet\u00ed a\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i\u00a0v\u00a0d\u016fsledku zm\u011bn teplotn\u00edho re\u017eimu v\u00a0\u0159ece Jihlav\u011b ve stejn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed (synergie jev\u016f, kter\u00e9 nastaly v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou a\u00a0provozem soustavy n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed Dale\u0161ice-Mohelno a\u00a0v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch let).<\/li>\n
        2. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch Novoml\u00fdnsk\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily a\u00a0s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byly vytla\u010deny do zbytk\u016f p\u0159irozen\u00fdch biotop\u016f v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed: Druhou skupinu organism\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed zejm\u00e9na kor\u00fd\u0161i periodick\u00fdch t\u016fn\u00ed, tedy biotopu, kter\u00fd byl pro sledovan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed typick\u00fd \u2013 nap\u0159. \u017e\u00e1brono\u017eka sn\u011b\u017en\u00ed (Eubranchipus grubii)<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0listonoh jarn\u00ed (Lepidurus apus)<\/em>, viz\u00a0obr. 17<\/em>. Tyto druhy jsou uv\u00e1d\u011bny nap\u0159. v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci Valou\u0161ka [47] a\u00a0Kuczmana [62]. Tak\u00e9 kor\u00fd\u0161 srostlorep kr\u00e1\u010div\u00fd (Stygobromus ambulans)<\/em>\u00a0se st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b vyskytuje nap\u0159. v\u00a0periodick\u00fdch lesn\u00edch t\u016fn\u00edch Pla\u010dkova lesa. Dal\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1stupcem t\u00e9to skupiny je jepice n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch tok\u016f\u00a0Ephoron virgo, viz<\/em>obr. 4<\/em>\u00a0(historick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy [51]), kter\u00e1 je na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR kriticky ohro\u017een\u00e1, a\u00a0jedna z\u00a0posledn\u00edch lokalit v\u00a0\u010cR, kde se tento druh recentn\u011b vyskytuje, je Jihlava u\u00a0Ivan\u011b. Ve sledovan\u00e9 oblasti se jev\u00ed jako nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed riziko p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 ohro\u017een\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho biotopu, kter\u00fd je ojedin\u011bl\u00fd a\u00a0p\u0159itom zraniteln\u00fd vazbou na pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 a\u00a0intenzivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 povod\u00ed.<\/li>\n
        3. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch Novoml\u00fdnsk\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017eily a\u00a0\u017eij\u00ed tam i\u00a0dnes: Dal\u0161\u00ed skupinou organism\u016f jsou ty druhy, kter\u00e9 nebyly v\u00fdstavbou VD NM dot\u010deny. Jedn\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na o\u00a0tzv. ubikvistn\u00ed druhy (generalist\u00e9), tedy druhy s\u00a0\u0161irokou ekologickou valenc\u00ed schopn\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat v\u00a0\u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f, nap\u0159. o\u00a0hojn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou jepici dvouk\u0159\u00eddlou (Cloeon dipterum)\u00a0<\/em>nebo o\u00a0mot\u00fdlici lesklou (Calopteryx splendens)<\/em>. V\u00fdskyt t\u011bchto druh\u016f, zejm\u00e9na pokud by se po\u010det lokalit zvy\u0161oval, v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee indikovat sp\u00ed\u0161e hor\u0161\u00ed stav v\u00a0krajin\u011b, kdy jsou citliv\u00e9 druhy nahrazov\u00e1ny druhy odoln\u00fdmi. Do t\u00e9to kategorie pat\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 ml\u017e velevrub mal\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fd (Unio pictorum),\u00a0<\/em>viz\u00a0obr. 9<\/em>, a\u00a0\u0161keble rybni\u010dn\u00e1 (Anodonta cygnea)<\/em>, viz\u00a0obr. 8<\/em>.<\/li>\n
        4. Druhy, kter\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch Novoml\u00fdnsk\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed ne\u017eily a\u00a0vyskytly se tam a\u017e po v\u00fdstavb\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed: Posledn\u00ed skupinou organism\u016f jsou ty organismy, pro kter\u00e9 v\u00fdstavbou velk\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee vznikl nov\u00fd biotop, kter\u00fd n\u00e1sledn\u011b os\u00eddlily. Modelov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt perloo\u010dka ramenatka velk\u00e1 (Leptodora kindtii) \u2013\u00a0<\/em>viz\u00a0obr. 19,<\/em>\u00a0kter\u00e1 je v\u00e1z\u00e1na pr\u00e1v\u011b na velk\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0jezera, a\u00a0drobn\u00fd pl\u017e p\u00edse\u010dn\u00edk novoz\u00e9landsk\u00fd (Potamopyrgus antipodarum)\u00a0<\/em>\u2013 viz\u00a0obr. 23<\/em>. V\u00fdskyt takov\u00fdch druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0dan\u00e9 krajin\u011b d\u0159\u00edve vyskytovaly v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e nebo v\u016fbec ne, pop\u0159. velk\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed jejich po\u010detnosti v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti, indikuje z\u00e1va\u017enou zm\u011bnu v\u00a0krajin\u011b, v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zm\u011bnu ve struktu\u0159e biotop\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy a\u00a0anal\u00fdzy potvrzuj\u00ed fakt, \u017ee v\u00fdstavbou vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny do\u0161lo v\u00a0hodnocen\u00e9 oblasti ke zna\u010dn\u00e9 redukci po\u010dtu anebo rozlohy p\u016fvodn\u00edch biotop\u016f \u2013 lu\u017en\u00edho lesa, po\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0periodick\u00fdch t\u016fn\u00ed, mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fdch luk a\u00a0akcentuj\u00ed to, \u017ee nejv\u00edce zasa\u017een\u00fdm akvatick\u00fdm biotopem ve sledovan\u00e9 oblasti (oblast z\u00e1topy a\u00a0jej\u00ed bl\u00edzk\u00e9 okol\u00ed) jsou n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9 \u0159eky, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdstavbou ztratily t\u0159i \u010dtvrtiny sv\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed rozlohy. Rozsah tohoto jevu nen\u00ed p\u0159i zb\u011b\u017en\u00e9m posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 patrn\u00fd. Podobn\u011b m\u00e1lo n\u00e1padn\u00e9 jsou zm\u011bny v\u00a0biocen\u00f3z\u00e1ch vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch, mnohem n\u00e1padn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad zm\u011bny ve v\u00fdskytu pt\u00e1k\u016f. Bezobratl\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed skryt\u011b pod vodn\u00ed hladinou v\u0161ak p\u0159i anal\u00fdz\u00e1ch ukazuj\u00ed na rozsah zm\u011bn v\u00a0krajin\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b zm\u011bn, kter\u00e9 jsou velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ji\u017e nevratn\u00e9. V\u00a0krajn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech byly zni\u010deny posledn\u00ed populace vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch druh\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR a\u00a0do\u0161lo tak k jejich region\u00e1ln\u00edmu vyhuben\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed kriticky ohro\u017een\u00e9 druhy je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ve zbyl\u00fdch biotopech v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m \u010di \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm okol\u00ed. Cesta k\u00a0jejich z\u00e1chran\u011b vede v\u00a0dot\u010den\u00e9 oblasti p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm citliv\u00fdmi vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm postupy, v\u010detn\u011b budov\u00e1n\u00ed zelen\u00e9 infrastruktury v\u00a0krajin\u011b \u2013 jej\u00ed terestrick\u00e9 i\u00a0akvatick\u00e9 slo\u017eky. Vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny je tak odstra\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho technokratick\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed d\u016fsledk\u016f probl\u00e9m\u016f ve vodn\u00edm re\u017eimu krajiny nam\u00edsto koncep\u010dn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010din probl\u00e9mu v\u00a0cel\u00e9m povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n

          Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

          \u0158eky tekouc\u00ed v\u00a0ka\u0148onech pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u00edst\u016fm pro v\u00fdstavbu p\u0159ehrad a\u00a0tak\u00e9 na \u0159ad\u011b m\u00edst jsou ji\u017e n\u00e1dr\u017ee vybudov\u00e1ny. V\u00fdstavbou vodn\u00edch d\u011bl tak zanikla cel\u00e1 \u0159ada unik\u00e1tn\u00edch oblast\u00ed se specifick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami, kter\u00e9 byly z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00e9ho hlediska nesm\u00edrn\u011b cenn\u00e9, jak z\u00a0hlediska terestrick\u00fdch, tak akvatick\u00fdch biotop\u016f. Ve sledovan\u00fdch oblastech do\u0161lo ke zna\u010dn\u00e9 redukci rozlohy p\u016fvodn\u00edch biotop\u016f a\u00a0na n\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00e9 fauny a\u00a0fl\u00f3ry. Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f anal\u00fdz vyplynulo, \u017ee nejv\u00edce zasa\u017een\u00fdm akvatick\u00fdm biotopem ve sledovan\u00e9 oblasti (oblast z\u00e1topy a\u00a0jej\u00ed bl\u00edzk\u00e9 okol\u00ed) jsou n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9 \u0159eky, zna\u010dn\u011b redukov\u00e1ny byly po\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0periodick\u00e9 t\u016fn\u011b, mok\u0159ady a\u00a0podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 louky i\u00a0lu\u017en\u00ed les.<\/p>\n\"Nemejcova-23\"<\/a>\n

          Obr. 23. Invazn\u00ed pl\u017e p\u00edse\u010dn\u00edk novoz\u00e9landsk\u00fd\u00a0(Potamopyrgus antipodarum)<\/em>\u00a0(fotografie: M. Hors\u00e1k)
          \nFig. 23. The invasive New Zealand mud snail\u00a0(Potamopyrgus antipodarum<\/em>) (photo: M. Hors\u00e1k)<\/h6>\n

          V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017ee Vranov do\u0161lo k\u00a0z\u00e1niku mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho typu toku \u2013 potam\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00faseku \u0159eky tekouc\u00ed v\u00a0ka\u0148onu, a\u00a0to jak na zaplaven\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, tak i\u00a0v\u00a0cenn\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed NP Podyj\u00ed. \u0158eka Svratka je v\u00a0\u00faseku vzdut\u00ed Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady morfologicky degradov\u00e1na, pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed prot\u00e9k\u00e1 brn\u011bnskou aglomerac\u00ed a\u00a0jej\u00ed n\u00e1vrat k\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00e9 diverzit\u011b biotop\u016f v\u00a0\u0159ece i\u00a0niv\u011b stejn\u011b jako diverzit\u011b jejich o\u017eiven\u00ed je velmi zt\u00ed\u017een. V\u00fdstavba vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, kter\u00e1 prakticky zlikvidovala cenn\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed lu\u017en\u00edch les\u016f, velmi v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnila cel\u00fd krajinn\u00fd r\u00e1z a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky. V\u00fdznamn\u011b se zm\u011bnila struktura vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f a\u00a0do\u0161lo ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu krajiny. Anal\u00fdzy vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f ukazuj\u00ed na velk\u00fd rozsah velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nevratn\u00fdch zm\u011bn.<\/p>\n

          V\u00a0obecn\u00e9 rovin\u011b je t\u0159eba velmi pe\u010dliv\u011b zva\u017eovat v\u0161echny z\u00e1sahy do krajiny a\u00a0je t\u0159eba vyh\u00fdbat se dal\u0161\u00edm tvrd\u00fdm technick\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm, jako je v\u00fdstavba n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159ehr\u00e1\u017eek na toc\u00edch v\u016fbec, budov\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159evod\u016fm vody z\u00a0povod\u00ed do povod\u00ed. To v\u0161e jen zhor\u0161uje ekologick\u00fd stav tok\u016f a\u00a0jejich niv, otev\u00edr\u00e1 cestu pro nep\u016fvodn\u00ed druhy a\u00a0vede k\u00a0naru\u0161en\u00ed funkc\u00ed \u2013 ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my maj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

          Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

          \u010cl\u00e1nek vznikl za podpory projektu Programu aplikovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu a v\u00fdvoje n\u00e1rodn\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed identity (NAKI) Ministerstva kultury \u010cR (DF13P01OVV012).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          The construction of water dams fundamentally changes nature and landscape not only in the flooded areas but also out of them, including all structures and links and leading to habitat loss. Three characteristically different South Moravian water reservoirs \u2013 the Vranov Dam, the Brno Dam and system of water reservoirs of Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny have been studied in the project \u201cSubmerged cultural and natural heritage of South Moravia\u201d (DF13P01OVV012) supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4076,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[1014,1017,1016,1015,481,384],"coauthors":[173,169,174],"class_list":["post-4143","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-benthic-macroinvertebrates","tag-natural-heritage","tag-river-channelization","tag-south-moravia","tag-water-management","tag-water-reservoirs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4143","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4143"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4143\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30427,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4143\/revisions\/30427"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4076"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4143"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4143"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4143"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}