{"id":4131,"date":"2017-11-10T09:52:50","date_gmt":"2017-11-10T08:52:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4131"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:31:34","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:31:34","slug":"changes-in-land-use-due-to-the-construction-of-water-reservoirs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/11\/changes-in-land-use-due-to-the-construction-of-water-reservoirs\/","title":{"rendered":"Changes in land use due to the construction of water reservoirs"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle fa-3x pull-left\"><\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Souhrn<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 dopady budov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed na zm\u011bny vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0z\u00e1topov\u00fdch oblastech a\u00a0v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed jihomoravsk\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u2013 Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, Vranov a\u00a0Brno. Pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny byly pou\u017eity dostupn\u00e9 star\u00e9 topografick\u00e9 mapy: druh\u00e9 rakousk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed 1 : 28 800 (1836\u20131841), t\u0159et\u00ed rakousk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed 1 : 25 000 (1876), \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 reambulovan\u00e9 mapy 1 : 25 000 (1933\u20131945), mapy z\u00a0mapov\u00e1n\u00ed Protektor\u00e1tu \u010cechy a\u00a0Morava (Messtischbl\u00e4tter) 1 : 25 000 (1943), vojensk\u00e9 topografick\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska 1 : 25 000 (1953\u20131955), vojensk\u00e9 topografick\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska 1 : 25 000 (1990\u20131991) z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapy \u010cR 1 : 10 000 (2014). Sledov\u00e1no bylo dev\u011bt z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kategori\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny: orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, trval\u00fd travn\u00ed porost, zahrada a\u00a0sad, vinice a\u00a0chmelnice, les, vodn\u00ed plocha, zastav\u011bn\u00e1 plocha, rekrea\u010dn\u00ed plocha, ostatn\u00ed plocha. Zm\u011bny vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny se odehr\u00e1valy nejen ve vlastn\u00edch z\u00e1topov\u00fdch oblastech, ale i\u00a0v\u00a0jejich \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1zem\u00ed (do 1\u2008km). U\u00a0v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0jejich z\u00e1zem\u00ed byl ve zkouman\u00e9m obdob\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pokles pod\u00edlu ploch trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f, byly zaznamen\u00e1ny i\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 \u00fabytky orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Nov\u00fdch Ml\u00fdn\u016f takt\u00e9\u017e lesn\u00edch ploch. V\u00a0t\u011bsn\u00e9m z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed Vranov a\u00a0Brno se po zprovozn\u011bn\u00edch vodn\u00edch d\u011bl rozv\u00edjely v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm rekrea\u010dn\u00ed plochy. Dlouhodob\u00fd v\u00fdvoj vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny a\u00a0jejich zm\u011bn v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla a\u00a0v\u00a0samotn\u00e9m z\u00e1topov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed byl d\u00e1le hodnocen i\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na m\u00edru ohro\u017eenosti pozemk\u016f vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, a\u00a0to p\u0159ed a\u00a0po vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p>Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam pro pochopen\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch i\u00a0historick\u00fdch vazeb a\u00a0vztah\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b. P\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 sledovat dva z\u00e1kladn\u00ed fenom\u00e9ny v\u00a0krajin\u011b, z\u00e1nik krajinn\u00e9 struktury v\u00a0zatopen\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edch d\u011bl po jejich vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f pro hodnocen\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny a\u00a0v\u00fdvoje vodn\u00edch ploch je studium star\u00fdch topografick\u00fdch map [1]. Mapy st\u0159edn\u00edho m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00edskat z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159ehled o\u00a0zp\u016fsobu vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch \u00fazemn\u00edch celk\u016f [1\u20134], administrativn\u011b nebo i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u011b vymezen\u00fdch [5\u20136]. Zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje vodn\u00edch ploch, zejm\u00e9na rybni\u010dn\u00edch soustav s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm star\u00fdch map, m\u00e1 v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice dlouhodobou tradici. Prvn\u00ed studie o\u00a0v\u00fdvoji vodn\u00edch ploch na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaly M\u00fcllerovy mapy Moravy z\u00a0r. 1716 [7]. D\u011bjiny v\u00fdstavby rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0vodn\u00edch ploch na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed byly postupn\u011b zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na historiky \u2013 nap\u0159. Tepl\u00fd [8], Hurt [9]. S\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm modern\u00edch geoinforma\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed se stalo hodnocen\u00ed historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje vodn\u00edch ploch takt\u00e9\u017e p\u0159edm\u011btem z\u00e1jmu geograf\u016f \u010di geoinformatik\u016f [10\u201313]. Krom\u011b atraktivn\u00edho t\u00e9matu v\u00fdvoje rybni\u010dn\u00edch soustav se za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed postupn\u011b objevovat pr\u00e1ce zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na studium v\u00fdvoje vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed [1, 14]. V\u00fdvoj vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0z\u00e1topov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed vodn\u00edch p\u0159ehrad Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny a\u00a0Brno byl zkoum\u00e1n v\u00a0n\u011bkolika studi\u00edch a\u00a0prac\u00edch [1, 15\u201318]. C\u00edlem p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je vyhodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f budov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed na vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0t\u011bsn\u00e9m z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0zhodnocen\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty krajinn\u00e9 struktury zatopen\u00e9 vodn\u00edm d\u00edlem. Detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed struktura krajiny pou\u017eit\u00e1 pro m\u00edru ohro\u017eenosti pozemk\u016f vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed byla zkoum\u00e1na ze t\u0159\u00ed modelov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed jen v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, proto\u017ee pouze zde dlouhodob\u011b p\u0159eva\u017eovala zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 p\u016fda, a\u00a0lze tak odvodit dopady socialistick\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed na krajinnou strukturu. Mezi z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 v\u00a0tomto v\u00fdzkumu pat\u0159ila ot\u00e1zka spole\u010dn\u00fdch trend\u016f ve v\u00fdvoji vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed po jejich zatopen\u00ed, pop\u0159. vliv ostatn\u00edch faktor\u016f na trendy ve v\u00fdvoji vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny a\u00a0hled\u00e1n\u00ed odli\u0161nost\u00ed v\u00a0modelov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch.<\/p>\n<h2>Materi\u00e1l a\u00a0metody<\/h2>\n<p>Dlouhodob\u00e9 zm\u011bny vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny byly analyzov\u00e1ny za pou\u017eit\u00ed mapov\u00fdch vrstev vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch vektorizac\u00ed nad mapov\u00fdmi sadami star\u00fdch map v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed ArcGIS. Pro systematick\u00e9 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny ve t\u0159ech modelov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed Brno, Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny a\u00a0Vranov bylo vyu\u017eito celkem \u0161est mapov\u00fdch sad vojensk\u00fdch topografick\u00fdch map a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapy. Pou\u017eity byly n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed mapov\u00e9 podklady:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Druh\u00e9 rakousk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed 1 : 28 800 (1836\u20131841),<\/li>\n<li>T\u0159et\u00ed rakousk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed 1 : 25 000 (1876),<\/li>\n<li>\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 reambulovan\u00e9 mapy 1 : 25 000 (1933\u20131945),<\/li>\n<li>Vojensk\u00e9 topografick\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska 1 : 25 000 (1953\u20131955),<\/li>\n<li>Vojensk\u00e9 topografick\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska 1 : 25 000 (1990\u20131991),<\/li>\n<li>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapa \u010cR 1 : 10 000 (2014).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>P\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b map vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny byla pou\u017eita metodika V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a\u00a0okrasn\u00e9 zahradnictv\u00ed, v. v. i. [1]. Tato metodika rozli\u0161uje dev\u011bt z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kategori\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny: orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, trval\u00fd travn\u00ed porost, zahrada a\u00a0sad, vinice a\u00a0chmelnice, les, vodn\u00ed plocha, zastav\u011bn\u00e1 plocha, rekrea\u010dn\u00ed plocha, ostatn\u00ed plocha. Minim\u00e1ln\u00ed mapovac\u00ed plocha m\u00e1 velikost 0,8\u2008ha. Krom\u011b map vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny byly vytvo\u0159eny v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS (software ArcGIS) mapy po\u010dtu zm\u011bn vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny a\u00a0mapy stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch ploch (nezm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdch ploch).<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdvoj vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla a\u00a0v\u00a0samotn\u00e9m z\u00e1topov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed byl d\u00e1le hodnocen i\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na m\u00edru ohro\u017eenosti pozemk\u016f vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, a\u00a0to p\u0159ed a\u00a0po vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny. Vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny bylo pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely vybr\u00e1no proto, \u017ee v\u00a0jeho z\u00e1zem\u00ed dlouhodob\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed zachov\u00e1ny zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 plochy, jejich\u017e krajinn\u00e1 struktura m\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vliv na ohro\u017eenost pozemk\u016f vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 zde byla dostupn\u00e1 podrobn\u00e1 mapa s\u00a0detailn\u00edm z\u00e1kresem vrstevnic v\u00a0ploch\u00e9m reli\u00e9fu p\u0159ed zatopen\u00edm vodn\u00edho d\u00edla. Pou\u017eita byla mapa 1 : 10 000 z\u00a050. let 20. stolet\u00ed a\u00a0leteck\u00e9 sn\u00edmky z\u00a0roku 1940 zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed detailn\u00ed strukturu krajiny p\u0159ed kolektivizac\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Pro tento \u00fa\u010del do\u0161lo k\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla. Hranice z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0morfologie ter\u00e9nu a\u00a0ohrani\u010duj\u00ed hydrologicky uzav\u0159en\u00e9 celky. Podobn\u011b jako v\u00a0jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch, tak i\u00a0v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice se dnes ke stanoven\u00ed ohro\u017eenosti vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tzv. univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnice pro v\u00fdpo\u010det dlouhodob\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed USLE [19]. Rovnice stanovuje pr\u016fm\u011brnou ro\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1tu p\u016fdy na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u0161esti faktor\u016f zohled\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch vliv morfologie ter\u00e9nu (sklon a\u00a0d\u00e9lku svahu), vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, klimatick\u00e9 pom\u011bry, p\u016fdn\u00ed pom\u011bry a\u00a0i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 vlivy ji\u017e realizovan\u00fdch protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. V\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky je doporu\u010deno pou\u017e\u00edt pro v\u011bt\u0161inu p\u016fd jednotnou hodnotu p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy, tedy maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed velikosti eroze p\u016fdy, ve v\u00fd\u0161i 4\u2008t.ha<sup>-1<\/sup>.rok<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00a0[20]. Tato hodnota plat\u00ed d\u00edky slo\u017een\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu pr\u00e1v\u011b i\u00a0pro oblast vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny. P\u0159i detailn\u00ed struktu\u0159e krajiny byly sledov\u00e1ny n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kategorie vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny: ba\u017eina, cesta, hr\u00e1z, h\u0159i\u0161t\u011b, lada, les, lom, louka, pole, rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e1 zele\u0148, s\u00eddlo, sad, vinice, voda, zahrada, \u017eeleznice, nejmen\u0161\u00ed mapovac\u00ed jednotka byla stanovena na 0,05\u2008ha.<\/p>\n<h2>Vymezen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Zm\u011bny vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 vybudov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byly hodnoceny v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm kontextu, proto byla modelov\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed okol\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed ve vzd\u00e1lenosti 1\u2008km od aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed vodn\u00ed hladiny. Tato vzd\u00e1lenost byla zvolena s\u00a0ohledem na vliv vodn\u00edho d\u00edla na rozvoj nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho okol\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na mo\u017enosti budov\u00e1n\u00ed rekrea\u010dn\u00edch ploch, z\u00e1nik zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch are\u00e1l\u016f, pop\u0159. zastav\u011bn\u00fdch ploch a\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00ed infrastruktury. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed vodn\u00ed hladina vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byla p\u0159evzata z\u00a0prostorov\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze ZABAGED z\u00a0\u010c\u00daZK ze sou\u010dasnosti (rok 2014).<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku byly hodnoceny zm\u011bny vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny ve t\u0159ech\u00a0modelov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch: vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e Brno, vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e Vranov. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed z\u00a0t\u011bchto t\u0159\u00ed modelov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed je Vranov, tato p\u0159ehrada byla budov\u00e1na v\u00a0letech 1930\u20131933. Voda zaplavila \u00fadol\u00ed \u0159eky Dyje pobl\u00ed\u017e hranic s\u00a0Rakouskem. Vznikl\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada je dlouh\u00e1 cca 30\u2008km a\u00a0zasahuje a\u017e pod hrad B\u00edtov do \u00fadol\u00ed \u0159eky \u017deletavky. Podle rozlohy (aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed vrstva ZABAGED 643\u2008ha) je to des\u00e1t\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ehrada v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Rozloha studovan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e Vranov a\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla ve vzd\u00e1lenosti do 1\u2008km od aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed vodn\u00ed hladiny ze ZABAGED \u010din\u00ed 5\u00a0638\u2008ha. P\u0159ehrada v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0energetick\u00fdm a vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm a\u00a0k\u00a0rekreaci [1].<\/p>\n<p>Brn\u011bnsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada (vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e Brno, d\u0159\u00edve Kn\u00edni\u010dsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada) je vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e vystav\u011bn\u00e1 v\u00a0letech 1936\u20131940 na \u0159ece Svratce. P\u0159ehrada vznikla zatopen\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed mezi Brnem a\u00a0Veverskou B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161kou a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00ed necel\u00fdch 10\u2008km. Jej\u00ed \u00fa\u010del byl dlouhou dobu zejm\u00e9na vod\u00e1rensk\u00fd a\u00a0byla z\u00e1sob\u00e1rnou pitn\u00e9 vody pro Brno, v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b u\u017e je \u00fa\u010del pouze energetick\u00fd a\u00a0rekrea\u010dn\u00ed [1]. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bra vodn\u00ed plochy v\u00a0datab\u00e1zi ZABAGED je 207\u2008ha. Sledovan\u00e9 z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Brno do 1\u2008km od aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed vodn\u00ed hladiny d\u00edla v\u010detn\u011b samotn\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy m\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bru 2\u00a0298\u2008ha.<\/p>\n<p>Vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny (Novoml\u00fdnsk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee) je soustava t\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ehradn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, le\u017e\u00edc\u00edch na jihu Moravy na \u0159ece Dyji pod Pavlovsk\u00fdmi vrchy. Horn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e je naz\u00fdv\u00e1na Mu\u0161ovsk\u00e1, m\u00e1 rozlohu 528\u2008ha a\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubku 4\u2008m, st\u0159edn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e se jmenuje V\u011bstonick\u00e1, jej\u00ed rozloha je 1\u00a0031\u2008ha a\u00a0je tak\u00e9 pom\u011brn\u011b m\u011blk\u00e1, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubka je kolem 5\u2008m, t\u0159et\u00ed z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 doln\u00ed nebo Novoml\u00fdnsk\u00e1 je ze v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0nejhlub\u0161\u00ed. Rozloha je 1\u00a0668\u2008ha a\u00a0hloubka cca 8\u2008m. Do st\u0159edn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u00fast\u00ed \u0159eky Jihlava a\u00a0Svratka. N\u00e1dr\u017ee byly postaveny v\u00a070. a\u017e 80.\u00a0letech 20. stolet\u00ed. Hlavn\u00edm ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem stavby bylo zamezen\u00ed ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edm z\u00e1plav\u00e1m a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed intenzity zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby vybudov\u00e1n\u00edm syst\u00e9mu zavla\u017eovac\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f [1]. V\u00fd\u0161ka hladiny vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny byla v\u00a0minulosti n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t upravov\u00e1na, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0d\u016fvodu ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody a\u00a0krajiny (veden\u00ed nadregion\u00e1ln\u00edho biokoridoru \u00daSES). Rozsah z\u00e1topov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed se tedy pom\u011brn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od obdob\u00ed vzniku vodn\u00edho d\u00edla \u2013 v\u00fdm\u011bry ze ZABAGED (horn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e: 654\u2008ha, st\u0159edn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e: 915\u2008ha, doln\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e: 1\u00a0468\u2008ha). Krom\u011b vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny byly sledov\u00e1ny i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ilehl\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy \u2013 Strachot\u00ednsk\u00fd rybn\u00edk (41\u2008ha), velk\u00e1 laguna (20\u2008ha) a\u00a0mal\u00e1 laguna (3\u2008ha) v\u00a0rekrea\u010dn\u00ed oblasti v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla. Celkov\u00e1 plocha modelov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed vodn\u00edch ploch a\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny \u010din\u00ed 8\u00a0538\u2008ha.<\/p>\n<h2>V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n<p>V\u00a0prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f byly pro v\u0161echna t\u0159i modelov\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed vytvo\u0159eny p\u0159ehledn\u00e9 tabulky s\u00a0procentu\u00e1ln\u00edm pod\u00edlem z\u00e1kladn\u00edch dev\u00edti kategori\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny pro \u0161est \u010dasov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdstupy jsou uk\u00e1zky map vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny pro prvn\u00ed (kolem roku 1840) a\u00a0posledn\u00ed sledovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed (2014), kter\u00e9 ilustruj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edly v\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny. Anal\u00fdzami v\u00a0GIS prost\u0159ed\u00ed vznikly dal\u0161\u00ed mapov\u00e9 podklady charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed zm\u011bny vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny \u2013 po\u010det zm\u011bn vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny s\u00a0hodnotami od 0 (nezm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed) a\u017e po 5 (p\u011btkr\u00e1t zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed) a\u00a0stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 plochy.<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 1. V\u00fdvoj vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0okol\u00ed Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady (pod\u00edl v\u00a0%)<br \/>\nTable 1. Development of land use in vicinity of Brno Dam (share %)<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"265\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4016 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-1.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-tabulka-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-1-300x99.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-1-768x254.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/265;\" \/><\/a>\n<h3>Brn\u011bnsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada<\/h3>\n<p>St\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st okol\u00ed Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady s\u00a0vrchovinn\u00fdm reli\u00e9fem byla v\u017edy zalesn\u011bn\u00e1, pod\u00edl les\u016f byl ve v\u0161ech \u0161esti sledovan\u00fdch obdob\u00edch oproti dal\u0161\u00edm kategori\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0m\u00edrn\u011b klesal a\u017e v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky budov\u00e1n\u00ed rekrea\u010dn\u00edch are\u00e1l\u016f (<em>tabulka 1<\/em>). Nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny ve v\u00fdvoji vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny byly evidov\u00e1ny u\u00a0orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f (<em>tabulka 1, obr. 1<\/em>), v\u00a0obecn\u00e9 shod\u011b s\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdm\u00a0v\u00fdvojem vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch \u00fazem\u00edch ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy a\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed m\u011bst [5, 6]. Jejich klesaj\u00edc\u00ed pod\u00edl byl zp\u016fsoben budov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edho d\u00edla (zaplaven\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed), ale i\u00a0budov\u00e1n\u00edm rekrea\u010dn\u00edch ploch a\u00a0roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm zastav\u011bn\u00fdch ploch (<em>tabulka 1<\/em>). N\u00e1r\u016fst pod\u00edlu vodn\u00edch ploch byl zaznamen\u00e1n v\u00a0letech 1933 a\u00a01945, jedna \u010d\u00e1st \u00fazem\u00ed ji\u017e na mapov\u00e9m listu z\u00a0roku 1945 m\u00e1 zaznamen\u00e1nu hladinu vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, zat\u00edmco na map\u011b z\u00a0roku 1933 je je\u0161t\u011b zakreslena p\u016fvodn\u00ed obec Kn\u00edni\u010dky t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed jej\u00edm zatopen\u00edm. Pokles v\u00fdznamu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 funkce n\u00e1dr\u017ee (nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jako zdroje pitn\u00e9 vody), vedl k\u00a0pos\u00edlen\u00ed rekrea\u010dn\u00ed funkce vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0jej\u00edho z\u00e1zem\u00ed. To se projevilo i\u00a0v\u00a0postupn\u00e9m r\u016fstu pod\u00edlu rekrea\u010dn\u00edch ploch (a\u017e na 14,7\u00a0%). P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed po\u010dtu zm\u011bn byl sledov\u00e1n samostatn\u011b v\u00fdvoj v\u00a0zaplaven\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0jeho z\u00e1zem\u00ed. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed budov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1dr\u017ee (zachycen\u00e9m v\u00a0cel\u00e9m rozsahu na map\u00e1ch z\u00a0roku 1954\u20131955) bylo v\u00a0z\u00e1topov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011bno t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 50\u00a0% \u00fazem\u00ed (<em>obr. 2<\/em>). Jednalo se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0\u00fabytek trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f a\u00a0jejich p\u0159evod na ornou p\u016fdu, pop\u0159. st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 zm\u011bny mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi typy vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny. Tyto trendy ve v\u00fdvoji vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0obdob\u00ed od roku 1836 do roku 1955 byly pops\u00e1ny i\u00a0z\u00a0jin\u00fdch z\u00e1jmov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy, nap\u0159. z\u00a0povod\u00ed Kyjovky [5, 6], Trkmanky [12], Svitavy [17]. Obdobn\u00e9 trendy ve v\u00fdvoji vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny byly v\u0161ak zaznamen\u00e1ny i\u00a0v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky [4], pop\u0159. v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed [2,\u00a03]. V\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Brno byl n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pod\u00edl kategori\u00ed zm\u011bn: 0\u201356,7\u00a0%, 1\u201321,5\u00a0%, 2\u201313,7\u00a0%, 3\u20136,0\u00a0%, 4\u20131,9\u00a0%, 5\u20130,3\u00a0%. Dynamika zm\u011bn vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny zde byla ze v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed modelov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, byla koncentrov\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm do ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00a0t\u011bsn\u00e9m z\u00e1zem\u00ed m\u011bsta Brna\u00a0a\u00a0severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00a0okol\u00ed Veversk\u00e9 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ky (<em>obr. 2<\/em>). Stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny byly b\u011bhem \u0161esti sledovan\u00fdch obdob\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kategorie vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny: les (837\u2008ha), orn\u00e1 p\u016fda (329\u2008ha), zastav\u011bn\u00e1 plocha (19\u2008ha) a\u00a0vodn\u00ed plocha (7\u2008ha). Stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny nebyly v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Brno \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 trval\u00e9 travn\u00ed porosty (<em>obr. 2<\/em>). To bylo zp\u016fsobeno jejich trval\u00fdm z\u00e1nikem (zatopen\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed, p\u0159evodem na ornou p\u016fdu, les, rekrea\u010dn\u00ed plochu), nebo do\u010dasnou zm\u011bnou vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny (rozor\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0op\u011btovn\u00fdm p\u0159evodem do trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f). Tlak na z\u00e1nik trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f ke konci 19.\u00a0stolet\u00ed je spojov\u00e1n s\u00a0pot\u0159ebami z\u00e1boru nov\u00fdch ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0rozvojem p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed technick\u00fdch plodin [12] a\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed spot\u0159ebou potravin v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch center [16].<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-1-A.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"622\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4003 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-1-A.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-1-A\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-1-A.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-1-A-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-1-A-768x597.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/622;\" \/><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-1-B.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"622\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4004 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-1-B.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-1-B\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-1-B.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-1-B-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-1-B-768x597.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/622;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 1. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny u\u00a0Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady a jej\u00edho z\u00e1zem\u00ed v\u00a0roce 1836\u20131838 (naho\u0159e) a\u00a02014 (dole)<br \/>\nFig. 1. Land use in vicinity Brno Dam in 1836\u20131838 (above) and 2014 (down)<\/h6>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-2-A.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"622\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4005 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-2-A.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-2-A\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-2-A.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-2-A-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-2-A-768x597.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/622;\" \/><\/a>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-2-B.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"622\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4006 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-2-B.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-2-B\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-2-B.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-2-B-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-2-B-768x597.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/622;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 2. Po\u010det zm\u011bn vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny (naho\u0159e) a\u00a0stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 plochy u\u00a0Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady (dole) a jej\u00edho z\u00e1zem\u00ed<br \/>\nFig. 2. Number of land use changes (above) a\u00a0stable used areas (down) in vicinity of Brno Dam<\/h6>\n<h3>Vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny byl v\u017edy vysok\u00fd pod\u00edl ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy (<em>tabulka 2<\/em>,\u00a0<em>obr. 3<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0<em>4<\/em>). Budov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edho d\u00edla tento pod\u00edl poklesl, proto\u017ee do\u0161lo k\u00a0zaplaven\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy (<em>obr. 4<\/em>). Nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny byly evidov\u00e1ny u\u00a0kategorie trval\u00fd travn\u00ed porost (<em>tabulka 2<\/em>). Zat\u00edmco v\u00a0roce 1841 tvo\u0159ily trval\u00e9 travn\u00ed porosty 33,9\u00a0% \u00fazem\u00ed, v\u00a0letech 1954\u20131955 u\u017e jen 24,6\u00a0%. Tento pokles souvisel s\u00a0intenzifikac\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a\u00a0obecn\u011b s\u00a0n\u00e1stupem agr\u00e1rn\u00ed revoluce [1]. Budov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny zaniklo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1\u00a0800\u2008ha trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f. Obdobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky byly zaznamen\u00e1ny i\u00a0v\u00a0jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy, nap\u0159. v\u00a0povod\u00ed Kyjovky a\u00a0Trkmanky [12], kde byl velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm fenom\u00e9nem rozvoj cukrovarnictv\u00ed s\u00a0dopadem na roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy. Dynamick\u00fd pokles pod\u00edlu byl zaznamen\u00e1n i\u00a0u\u00a0lesn\u00edch ploch (<em>tabulka 2<\/em>). Do\u0161lo zde k\u00a0zatopen\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch ploch cenn\u00fdch lu\u017en\u00edch les\u016f (asi 1\u00a0000\u2008ha). Pod\u00edl vodn\u00edch ploch se zv\u00fd\u0161il skokov\u011b vybudov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, kter\u00e9 bylo dokon\u010deno na konci 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed. Budov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla vedlo k\u00a0z\u00e1niku obce Mu\u0161ov. Postupn\u00fd r\u016fst ostatn\u00edch zastav\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed odpov\u00eddal hodnot\u00e1m z\u00a0okoln\u00edch studovan\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed [5, 6, 12, 16]. Rekrea\u010dn\u00ed plochy na rozd\u00edl od vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Brno nemaj\u00ed v\u00a0tomto \u00fazem\u00ed tak vysok\u00fd pod\u00edl a\u00a0v\u00fdznam, p\u0159esto v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed r\u016fst. Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rekrea\u010dn\u00ed plochy jsou soust\u0159ed\u011bny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm do oblasti Pasohl\u00e1vek, kde ji\u017e p\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla vznikl kemp, v\u010detn\u011b samostatn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch lagun po t\u011b\u017eb\u011b p\u00edsku a\u00a0\u0161t\u011brku. V\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech se i\u00a0d\u00edky vyu\u017eit\u00ed term\u00e1ln\u00edch pramen\u016f v\u00a0okol\u00ed kempu vybudovala wellness za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, obytn\u00e9 objekty a\u00a0rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd are\u00e1l akvaparku. Z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny m\u00e1 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd charakter, o\u00a0\u010dem\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl ploch vinic a\u00a0sad\u016f.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"462\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4007 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-3.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-3-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-3-768x444.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/462;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 3. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny u\u00a0vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny a\u00a0jeho z\u00e1zem\u00ed v\u00a0roce 1841<br \/>\nFig. 3. Land use in vicinity of system of water reservoirs of Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny in 1841<\/h6>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-4.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"462\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4008 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-4.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-4\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-4-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-4-768x444.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/462;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 4. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny u\u00a0vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny a\u00a0jeho z\u00e1zem\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2014<br \/>\nFig. 4. Land use in vicinity of system of water reservoirs of Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny in 2014<\/h6>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-5.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"462\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4009 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-5.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-5\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-5.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-5-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-5-768x444.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/462;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 5. Po\u010det zm\u011bn vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny u\u00a0vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny a\u00a0jeho z\u00e1zem\u00ed<br \/>\nFig. 5. Number of land use changes in vicinity of system of water reservoirs of Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny<\/h6>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-6.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"462\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4010 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-6.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-6\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-6.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-6-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-6-768x444.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/462;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 6. Stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 plochy u\u00a0vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny a\u00a0jeho z\u00e1zem\u00ed<br \/>\nFig. 6. Stable used areas in vicinity of system of water reservoirs of Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny<\/h6>\n<p>Anal\u00fdza po\u010dtu zm\u011bn v\u00a0zaplaven\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee p\u0159ed vznikem vodn\u00edho d\u00edla bylo zm\u011bn\u011bno p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 40\u00a0% tohoto \u00fazem\u00ed. Zm\u011bny zde prob\u00edhaly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0souvislosti se z\u00e1nikem trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f a\u00a0st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi kategoriemi vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny. Jde o\u00a0obdobn\u00e9 procesy jako v\u00a0okoln\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy [5, 6, 12]. Po vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 ml\u00fdny se na zm\u011bn\u00e1ch krajiny nejv\u00edce pod\u00edlel vznik nov\u00fdch vodn\u00edch ploch spojen\u00fd se z\u00e1nikem lu\u017en\u00edch les\u016f a\u00a0nivn\u00edch luk. Pod\u00edl kategori\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu zm\u011bn vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny byl n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: 0\u201343,9\u00a0%, 1\u201324,3\u00a0%, 2\u201320,6\u00a0%, 3\u20137,7\u00a0%, 4\u20133,1\u00a0%, 5\u20130,4\u00a0% (<em>obr.\u00a05<\/em>). Dynamika zm\u011bn vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny souvis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s\u00a0celkov\u00fdm \u00fabytkem ploch trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f, st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch kultur (orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, vinice, zahrada a\u00a0sad) a\u00a0r\u016fstem pod\u00edlu zastav\u011bn\u00fdch ploch.<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 2. V\u00fdvoj vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny (pod\u00edl v\u00a0%)<br \/>\nTable 2. Development of land use in vicinity of system of water reservoirs of Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny (share %)<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"297\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4017 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-2.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-tabulka-2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-2-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-2-768x285.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/297;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>V\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny mezi stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi plochami jednozna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159evl\u00e1dala orn\u00e1 p\u016fda (1 953\u2008ha). Lesy byly na v\u0161ech \u0161esti mapovan\u00fdch obdob\u00edch evidov\u00e1ny na 186\u2008ha, jednalo se o\u00a0fragmenty lu\u017en\u00edch les\u016f v\u00a0okol\u00ed K\u0159iv\u00e9ho jezera u\u00a0obce Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, v\u00a0okol\u00ed soutoku Svratky a\u00a0Jihlavy\u00a0nedaleko Pasohl\u00e1vek a\u00a0lesy na svahu Pavlovsk\u00fdch vrch\u016f mezi Pavlovem a\u00a0Doln\u00edmi V\u011bstonicemi (<em>obr.\u00a06<\/em>). Stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 zastav\u011bn\u00e9 plochy jsou reprezentov\u00e1ny star\u00fdmi j\u00e1dry obc\u00ed a\u00a0jejich v\u00fdm\u011bra \u010dinila 151\u2008ha. Stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 trval\u00e9 travn\u00ed porosty zab\u00edraly pouze 63\u2008ha, byly zachov\u00e1ny jen jejich ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 fragmenty v\u00a0niv\u011b a\u00a0na teras\u00e1ch \u0159eky Dyje v\u00a0okol\u00ed Brodu nad Dyj\u00ed a\u00a0Drnholce, pop\u0159. v\u00a0okol\u00ed zbytk\u016f lu\u017en\u00edch les\u016f u\u00a0K\u0159iv\u00e9ho jezera a\u00a0u\u00a0soutoku Svratky a\u00a0Jihlavy (<em>obr.\u00a06<\/em>). Mezi stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 plochy v\u00a0tomto regionu pat\u0159ily i\u00a0vinice (29\u2008ha) s\u00a0v\u00fdskytem v\u00a0t\u011bsn\u00e9m z\u00e1zem\u00ed obc\u00ed Pavlov, Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice a\u00a0Rakvice v\u00a0oblasti tradi\u010dn\u00edch vina\u0159sk\u00fdch trat\u00ed [1]. Stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy (12\u2008ha) odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edmu korytu Dyje, kter\u00e9 bylo identick\u00e9 v\u00a0mapov\u00e1n\u00edch p\u0159ed zatopen\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 3. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy v\u00a0t.ha-1.rok-1 v okol\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny<br \/>\nTable 3. Average values of soil loss t.ha-1.year-1 in vicinity of system of water reservoirs of Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"119\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4018 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-3.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-tabulka-3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-3-300x45.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-3-768x114.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/119;\" \/><\/a>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #00ccff;\">Tabulka uv\u00e1d\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch obdob\u00edch (p\u0159ed a\u00a0po vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee) pro celou \u0159e\u0161enou oblast. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla v\u00a0obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed vybudov\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0v\u00a0obdob\u00ed po vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed potvrdilo p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee stav krajiny v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 40. let 20. stolet\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bji chr\u00e1nil p\u016fdu p\u0159ed vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed. V\u00a0prostoru sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho d\u00edla pak pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota erozn\u00edho smyvu dosahovala pouze 0,14\u2008t.ha<sup>-1<\/sup>.rok<sup>-1<\/sup>. Jednalo se o\u00a0velmi ploch\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm \u2013 hloubka vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny se pohybuje od 4\u2008m do 8\u2008m.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Na rozd\u00edl od \u00fadoln\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byly vybudov\u00e1n\u00edm Novoml\u00fdnsk\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed zni\u010deny prakticky v\u0161echny cenn\u00e9 biotopy z\u00e1jmov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. K\u00a0plo\u0161n\u011b nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm biotop\u016fm (<em>obr.\u00a03<\/em>) pat\u0159ily p\u0159ed zatopen\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed trval\u00e9 travn\u00ed porosty reprezentovan\u00e9 druhov\u011b bohat\u00fdmi aluvi\u00e1ln\u00edmi loukami [1]. Lesy p\u0159edstavovaly jeden z\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch komplex\u016f lu\u017en\u00edho lesa ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, byly zastoupeny tvrd\u00fdmi luhy n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch \u0159ek ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech nivy a\u00a0m\u011bkk\u00fdmi luhy n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch \u0159ek doprov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed b\u0159ehy a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017eeniny. \u010cetn\u00e1 mrtv\u00e1 ramena hostila mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetaci, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm makrofytn\u00ed vegetaci p\u0159irozen\u011b eutrofn\u00edch stojat\u00fdch a\u00a0tekouc\u00edch vod [1].<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-7.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"838\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4011 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-7.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-7\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-7.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-7-286x300.jpg 286w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-7-768x804.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/838;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 7. Ohro\u017eenost vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny v\u00a0roce 1940 (naho\u0159e) a\u00a02014 (dole)<br \/>\nFig. 7. Vulnerability of water erosion in vicinity of system of water reservoirs of Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny in 1940 (above) and 2014 (down)<\/h6>\n<p>P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy erozn\u00edm smyvem se vych\u00e1zelo ze z\u00e1kladn\u00ed metody pro hodnocen\u00ed intenzity vodn\u00ed eroze na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR, tzv. univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnice ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy USLE:<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-vzorec-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"137\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4020 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-vzorec-1.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-vzorec-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-vzorec-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-vzorec-1-300x51.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-vzorec-1-768x132.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/137;\" \/><\/a>\n<table class=\"no-border\" style=\"width: 640px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34px;\">kde<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53px;\">G<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36px;\">je<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 495px;\">pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ta p\u016fdy [t. ha<sup>-1<\/sup>.rok<sup>-1<\/sup>],<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53px;\">R<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 495px;\">faktor erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti de\u0161t\u011b,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53px;\">K<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 495px;\">faktor n\u00e1chylnosti p\u016fdy k\u00a0erozi,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53px;\">L<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 495px;\">faktor d\u00e9lky svahu,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53px;\">S<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 495px;\">faktor sklonu svahu,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53px;\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 495px;\">faktor ochrann\u00e9ho vlivu vegetace,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 34px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53px;\">P<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 495px;\">faktor vlivu protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Stanoven\u00ed R faktoru<\/h3>\n<p>Pro ob\u011b posuzovan\u00e1 \u010dasov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed (p\u0159ed a\u00a0po vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee) byla vyu\u017eita pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed hodnota faktoru erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti de\u0161t\u011b R = 40\u2008MJ.ha<sup>-1<\/sup>.cm.h<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00a0platn\u00e1 pro \u010ceskou republiku na z\u00e1klad\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9 \u0159ady pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed [20]. Tato hodnota vstupovala do v\u00fdpo\u010dtu jako konstanta [21].<\/p>\n<h3>Stanoven\u00ed faktor\u016f K, C a\u00a0P<\/h3>\n<p>Pro stanoven\u00ed K\u00a0faktoru bylo pro ob\u011b posuzovan\u00e1 \u010dasov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed vyu\u017eito \u00fadaj\u016f z\u00a0celost\u00e1tn\u00ed datab\u00e1ze BPEJ. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b hlavn\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed jednotky byla p\u0159i\u0159azena ka\u017ed\u00e9mu elementu vektorov\u00e9 vrstvy BPEJ hodnota K\u00a0faktoru [20].<\/p>\n<p>Stanoven\u00ed hodnot C faktoru pro jednotliv\u00e1 \u010dasov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed vych\u00e1zelo ze zku\u0161enost\u00ed hospoda\u0159\u00edc\u00edch subjekt\u016f v\u00a0jihomoravsk\u00e9m regionu. Pro obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed vybudov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1dr\u017ee, tj. obdob\u00ed 40. let 20. stolet\u00ed, pro kter\u00e9 byla sestavena mapa detailn\u00ed struktury krajiny, se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dala n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed struktura p\u011bstovan\u00fdch plodin s\u00a0uveden\u00fdm pod\u00edlem ploch a\u00a0C faktorem: obiloviny (50\u00a0%, C faktor 0,132), v\u00edcelet\u00e9 p\u00edcniny (20\u00a0%, C faktor 0,01), brambory (10\u00a0%, C faktor 0,6), krmn\u00e1 \u0159epa (10\u00a0%, C faktor 0,44). Takt\u00e9\u017e pro aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed obdob\u00ed byla hodnota C faktoru stanovena podle pod\u00edlu p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00edch plodin, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b obilovin, kuku\u0159ice a\u00a0\u0159epky olejn\u00e9, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota C faktoru \u010dinila 0,325 [21].<\/p>\n<p>Hodnoty K\u00a0a\u00a0C faktoru byly p\u0159evedeny do rastrov\u00e9 podoby. P faktor vstupoval do v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f p\u0159ed n\u00e1vrhem opat\u0159en\u00ed jako konstanta P = 1 [21].<\/p>\n<h3>Stanoven\u00ed faktoru LS<\/h3>\n<p>Topografick\u00e9 faktory se po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed dohromady jako LS faktor. Pro plo\u0161n\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed je metodicky doporu\u010deno pro stanoven\u00ed LS faktoru pou\u017eit program USLE2D vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed data ve form\u00e1tu Idrisi. Pro stanoven\u00ed LS faktoru byl tedy pou\u017eit program USLE2D, kde byl zvolen algoritmus, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 metodu v\u00fdpo\u010dtu LS faktoru uvedenou v\u00a0RUSLE (Revided Universal Soil Loss Equation). V\u00fdhodou t\u00e9to metody je plo\u0161n\u00e9 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed LS faktoru. Pro stanoven\u00ed faktoru LS je nutno zajistit \u010di vygenerovat digit\u00e1ln\u00ed model ter\u00e9nu (DMT). Pro obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017ee Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny byl DMT s\u00a0prostorov\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm 10\u2008m vytvo\u0159en jako kombinace v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f z\u00a0dvou obdob\u00ed. Jako prvn\u00ed byly vektorizov\u00e1ny vrstevnice z\u00a0vojensk\u00e9 mapy v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1 : 10 000 z\u00a050. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed ter\u00e9n byl vytvo\u0159en na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9ho modelu z\u00a0datab\u00e1ze ZABAGED. D\u00e1le je pro stanoven\u00ed LS faktoru nutn\u00e1 vrstva \u201epozemk\u016f\u201c roz\u010dle\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed na d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed odtokov\u00e9 plochy. V\u00fdpo\u010det vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee hranice mezi d\u00edl\u010d\u00edmi plochami p\u016fsob\u00ed jako p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky pro plo\u0161n\u00fd povrchov\u00fd odtok, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed odtoku. T\u00edm se sni\u017euje d\u00e9lka odtokov\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy a\u00a0faktor L d\u00e9lky svahu. Pro obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017ee byla vyu\u017eita vrstva historick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny (viz postup v\u00fd\u0161e). Pro obdob\u00ed po v\u00fdstavb\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017ee byla vyu\u017eita vrstva LPIS. Po proveden\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f byla konverz\u00ed dat vytvo\u0159ena rastrov\u00e1 mapa LS faktoru vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed do fin\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdpo\u010dtu ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy [21].<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 mapa erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed je tedy sou\u010dinem jednotliv\u00fdch faktor\u016f v\u00a0podob\u011b rastru \u010di konstanty. V\u00fdpo\u010dty pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed prob\u00edhaly v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed geografick\u00fdch informa\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f (GIS). V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 erozn\u00ed ohro\u017een\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch obdob\u00edch zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje\u00a0<em>obr. 7<\/em>. Toto zobrazen\u00ed m\u00e1 vypov\u00eddac\u00ed hodnotu p\u0159i ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed nejv\u00edce problematick\u00fdch m\u00edst v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny z\u00a0hlediska v\u00fd\u0161e ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy ze zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch ploch v\u00a0krajin\u011b. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obou \u010dasov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed jsou nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy (v\u00edce ne\u017e 30\u2008t.ha<sup>-1<\/sup>.rok<sup>-1<\/sup>) zaznamen\u00e1ny v\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u00fazem\u00ed na svaz\u00edch v\u00a0okol\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed k\u00f3ty Pavlovsk\u00fdch vrch\u016f D\u011bv\u00edn (554\u2008m n. m.) a\u00a0v\u00a0oblasti Dunajovick\u00fdch kopc\u016f. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hodnoty ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy jsou v\u0161ak evidov\u00e1ny v\u00a0t\u011bchto \u010d\u00e1stech \u00fazem\u00ed zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti, proto\u017ee d\u00edky kolektivizaci zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed do\u0161lo ke scelov\u00e1n\u00ed pozemk\u016f s\u00a0negativn\u00edmi dopady na erozn\u00ed pom\u011bry v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed \u2013 viz\u00a0<em>obr. 7<\/em>. Drobn\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 dr\u017eba se st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edmi plochami vinic, sad\u016f, men\u0161\u00edch pol\u00ed byla na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed zru\u0161ena, za velmi negativn\u00ed a\u00a0neciteln\u00fd z\u00e1sah do struktury zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajiny lze pova\u017eovat i\u00a0terasov\u00e1n\u00ed svah\u016f Dunajovick\u00fdch kopc\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Vranovsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed\u00a0vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Vranov p\u0159evl\u00e1daly ve v\u0161ech sledovan\u00fdch obdob\u00edch lesy, jejich pod\u00edl dosahoval p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 60\u00a0% (<em>tabulka 4<\/em>). Vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed Vranov bylo zatopeno pouze mal\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed lesn\u00edch ploch (<em>obr.\u00a08<\/em>). Druh\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl m\u011bla v\u00a0tomto \u00fazem\u00ed orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, jej\u00ed plochy se v\u0161ak postupn\u011b sni\u017eovaly na \u00fakor vodn\u00edho d\u00edla, les\u016f, zastav\u011bn\u00fdch ploch a\u00a0rekrea\u010dn\u00edch ploch. Shodn\u011b jako u\u00a0p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdch dvou vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byl i\u00a0u\u00a0Vranova zaznamen\u00e1n dlouhodob\u00fd pokles pod\u00edlu trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f. Skokov\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst pod\u00edlu v\u00fdm\u011bry vodn\u00edch ploch spojen\u00fd s\u00a0budov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee byl zaznamen\u00e1n u\u017e na map\u011b z\u00a0roku 1933 (<em>tabulka\u00a04<\/em>). P\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee byla zatopena obec B\u00edtov, jej\u00edm obyvatel\u016fm bylo umo\u017en\u011bno se p\u0159est\u011bhovat do nov\u00e9 vesnice B\u00edtov v\u00a0t\u011bsn\u00e9m z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-8-A.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"622\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4012 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-8-A.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-8-A\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-8-A.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-8-A-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-8-A-768x597.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/622;\" \/><\/a>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-8-B.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"622\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4013 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-8-B.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-8-B\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-8-B.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-8-B-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-8-B-768x597.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/622;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 8. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny u\u00a0Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady a\u00a0jej\u00edho z\u00e1zem\u00ed v\u00a0roce 1838 (naho\u0159e) a\u00a02014 (dole)<br \/>\nFig. 8. Land use in vicinity of Vranov Dam in 1838 (above) and 2014 (down)<\/h6>\n<p>P\u0159ed zatopen\u00edm vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Vranov bylo zm\u011bn\u011bno p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 41\u00a0% \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1topov\u00e9 oblasti. Zm\u011bny souvisely zejm\u00e9na se z\u00e1nikem trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f a\u00a0jejich p\u0159evodem do orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b se zm\u011bnami lesn\u00edch ploch. Z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Vranov je nejv\u00edce stabiln\u00edm ze v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed studovan\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed, zde je uveden pod\u00edl kategori\u00ed zm\u011bn: 0\u201367,9\u00a0%, 1\u201312,9\u00a0%, 2\u201313,7\u00a0%, 3\u20134,0\u00a0%, 4\u20131,3\u00a0%, 5\u20130,2\u00a0% (<em>obr.\u00a09<\/em>). Stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 plochy v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Vranov byly tvo\u0159eny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm lesn\u00edmi plochami na svaz\u00edch p\u0159ilehl\u00fdch k\u00a0vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei (2 526\u2008ha) a\u00a0ornou p\u016fdou v\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edkr\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch d\u00e1le od p\u0159ehrady (812\u2008ha) \u2013 viz\u00a0<em>obr. 9<\/em>.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-9-A.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"622\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4014 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-9-A.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-9-A\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-9-A.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-9-A-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-9-A-768x597.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/622;\" \/><\/a>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-9-B.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"622\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4015 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-9-B.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-9-B\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-9-B.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-9-B-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-9-B-768x597.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/622;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 9. Po\u010det zm\u011bn vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny (naho\u0159e) a\u00a0stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 plochy u\u00a0Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady (dole) a\u00a0jej\u00edho z\u00e1zem\u00ed<br \/>\nFig. 9. Number of land use changes (above) a\u00a0stable used areas (down) in vicinity of Vranov Dam<\/h6>\n<p>Ostatn\u00ed stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 plochy se vyskytovaly na v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch \u2013 vodn\u00ed plochy p\u016fvodn\u00edho toku Dyje na 78\u2008ha, zastav\u011bn\u00e9 plochy na 39\u2008ha a\u00a0trval\u00e9 travn\u00ed porosty pouze na 11\u2008ha (<em>obr. 9<\/em>). Stabiln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 trval\u00e9 travn\u00ed porosty se nach\u00e1zely v\u00a0lokalit\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e1 louka, u\u00a0obce Vyso\u010dany, u\u00a0soutoku Dyje a\u00a0\u017deletavky, Velk\u00e1 louka u\u00a0Lan\u010dovsk\u00e9ho dvora a U\u00a0rybn\u00ed\u010dku v\u00a0okol\u00ed Helenina Dvoru.<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 4. V\u00fdvoj vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0okol\u00ed Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady (pod\u00edl v\u00a0%)<br \/>\nTable 4. Development of land use changes in vicinity of Vranov Dam (share %)<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-4.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-4131];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"250\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4019 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-4.jpg\" alt=\"Havlicek-tabulka-4\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-4-300x94.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Havlicek-tabulka-4-768x240.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/250;\" \/><\/a>\n<h2>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n<p>Dopady budov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed na vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny ve t\u0159ech modelov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch ukazuj\u00ed jak na obecn\u00e9 trendy, tak i\u00a0na specifick\u00e9 zm\u011bny dan\u00e9 lokalizac\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, vlivy bezprost\u0159edn\u00edho okol\u00ed \u010di p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed funkc\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Dlouhodob\u00fd v\u00fdvoj vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny na \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0okol\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed vykazuje shodn\u00e9 rysy ve v\u00fdrazn\u00e9m \u00fabytku pod\u00edlu trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fabytek byl evidov\u00e1n u\u00a0vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny a\u00a0souvisel p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm se vznikem tohoto vodn\u00edho d\u00edla. P\u0159esto i\u00a0p\u0159ed budov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed pod\u00edl trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b klesal. Jde o\u00a0obecn\u00fd trend v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajin\u011b ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy, na kter\u00e9m se pod\u00edlel tlak na z\u00e1bor nov\u00e9 orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy pro p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed technick\u00fdch plodin a\u00a0potravin, v\u010detn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 popt\u00e1vky po cukrov\u00e9 \u0159ep\u011b z\u00a0konce 19. stolet\u00ed. U\u00a0vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny byly nen\u00e1vratn\u011b zatopeny lu\u017en\u00ed lesy a\u00a0pod\u00edl les\u016f je zde ze v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Naopak v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Vranov se pod\u00edl les\u016f po budov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla sn\u00ed\u017eil pouze nepatrn\u011b. Pod\u00edl les\u016f u\u00a0vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Brno se sni\u017eoval i\u00a0v\u00a0obdob\u00ed po vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, zejm\u00e9na na \u00fakor nov\u011b vznikl\u00fdch rekrea\u010dn\u00edch are\u00e1l\u016f. Plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy se v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou zmen\u0161ily, nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny byly zaznamen\u00e1ny ve zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, spojen\u00e9 se z\u00e1nikem drobn\u00e9 dr\u017eby a\u00a0negativn\u00edmi dopady na erozi p\u016fdy. Specifick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed jsou rekrea\u010dn\u00ed plochy, kter\u00e9 postupn\u011b vznikly v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed vodn\u00edch d\u011bl. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl rekrea\u010dn\u00edch ploch je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Brno, kter\u00e1 le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1zem\u00ed velk\u00e9ho s\u00eddla. Tak\u00e9 v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Vranov je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl rekrea\u010dn\u00edch ploch, p\u0159esto dopad na krajinu nen\u00ed tak markantn\u00ed jako v\u00a0okol\u00ed Brna s\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm rekrea\u010dn\u00edm potenci\u00e1lem. V\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny byly p\u016fvodn\u011b vybudov\u00e1ny pouze kempy a\u00a0jachta\u0159sk\u00fd klub, v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech ale v\u00a0okol\u00ed obce Pasohl\u00e1vky vyrostl v\u00fdznamn\u00fd akvapark, ubytovac\u00ed kapacity a\u00a0wellness za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na vyu\u017eit\u00ed zdej\u0161\u00edch term\u00e1ln\u00edch pramen\u016f. V\u00a0oblasti vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, vznikl\u00e9ho v\u00a0\u0161irok\u00e9 Dyjsko-svrateck\u00e9 niv\u011b, do\u0161lo po zatopen\u00ed oblasti k\u00a0likvidaci p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u011b cenn\u00fdch biotop\u016f a\u00a0v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti tak ve vymezen\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed nelze hledat vazby vegetace a\u00a0fl\u00f3ry s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0okol\u00ed. Naopak vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Brno a\u00a0Vranov, v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na hlubok\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u00fadol\u00ed, p\u0159i jejich\u017e zatopen\u00ed z\u016fstaly zachov\u00e1ny rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 plochy p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch biotop\u016f v\u00a0nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edm okol\u00ed, lze sledovat zm\u011bny vegetace tak, jako v\u00a0jak\u00e9mkoliv segmentu krajiny, kde nedo\u0161lo k\u00a0tak z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny. Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se zde i\u00a0n\u011bkolik maloplo\u0161n\u00fdch zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed. Problematick\u00fd je z\u00a0hlediska ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody a\u00a0krajiny antropogenn\u00ed tlak na t\u011bchto ploch\u00e1ch spojen\u00fd s\u00a0vysokou intenzitou p\u011b\u0161\u00ed turistiky a\u00a0cykloturistiky, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Brno.<\/p>\n<h3>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><em>P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl za podpory projektu NAKI DF13P01OVV012 \u2013 Zatopen\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy a\u00a0v\u00a0r\u00e1mci institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed podpory V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a\u00a0okrasn\u00e9 zahradnictv\u00ed, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i. (VUKOZ-IP-00027073).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This paper deals impacts of building of water reservoirs on land use changes in floodplains and adjacent areas of three reservoirs in southern Moravia \u2013 Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, Vranov, Brno. To monitor the development of land use the old topographic maps were used.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4008,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[305,1009,1011,1010,95],"coauthors":[947,179],"class_list":["post-4131","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-land-use","tag-landscape-structure","tag-old-topographic-maps","tag-south-moravia-region","tag-water-reservoir"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4131"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4131\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30425,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4131\/revisions\/30425"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4008"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4131"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4131"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4131"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}