{"id":4119,"date":"2017-11-10T09:52:38","date_gmt":"2017-11-10T08:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=4119"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:29:51","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:29:51","slug":"prehistoric-and-medieval-settlements-in-the-area-of-three-contemporary-south-moravian-dams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/11\/prehistoric-and-medieval-settlements-in-the-area-of-three-contemporary-south-moravian-dams\/","title":{"rendered":"Prehistoric and medieval settlements in the area of three contemporary South Moravian Dams"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

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Souhrn<\/h2>\n

V\u0161echna t\u0159i zatopen\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed le\u017eela v\u00a0odli\u0161n\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u011b formovalo jejich osudy. Pro pozn\u00e1n\u00ed prom\u011bn os\u00eddlen\u00ed maj\u00ed nezastupiteln\u00fd v\u00fdznam archeologick\u00e9 prameny. Jestli\u017ee p\u0159ed budov\u00e1n\u00edm Vranovsk\u00e9 a\u00a0Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady nebyl v\u00a0p\u0159edstihu proveden \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd archeologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum, tak\u017ee jsme odk\u00e1z\u00e1ni jen na poznatky z\u00a0okol\u00ed, pak p\u0159ed budov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edho d\u00edla na \u0159ece Dyji byl zatopen\u00fd are\u00e1l soustavn\u011b archeologicky zkoum\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Rozd\u00edly v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu os\u00eddlen\u00ed se projevily p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mezi \u00fazem\u00edm v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, le\u017e\u00edc\u00edho v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed na doln\u00edm toku \u0159eky Svratky a\u00a0Jihlavy, kter\u00e9 se zde vl\u00e9vaj\u00ed do Dyje, a\u00a0Vranovsk\u00e9 a\u00a0Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady, kter\u00e9 le\u017e\u00ed na okraji \u00fazem\u00ed os\u00eddlen\u00e9ho, z\u0159ejm\u011b s\u00a0p\u0159est\u00e1vkami, po cel\u00fd prav\u011bk. Do okol\u00ed Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady pronikli lid\u00e9 z\u00a0Dyjsko-svrateck\u00e9ho \u00favalu v\u00a0obdob\u00ed neolitu a\u00a0potom ji\u017e z\u016fstalo toto \u00fazem\u00ed a\u017e do 11. stol. neos\u00eddlen\u00e9. Okol\u00ed Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0B\u00edtovsk\u00e9 pahorkatin\u011b, bylo rovn\u011b\u017e na okraji \u00fazem\u00ed vhodn\u00e9ho pro os\u00eddlen\u00ed v\u00a0prav\u011bku a\u00a0\u010dasn\u00e9m st\u0159edov\u011bku, ale p\u0159esto sem lid\u00e9 pronikali s\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed intenzitou v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch obdob\u00edch, ale teprve kolonizace, jej\u00ed\u017e po\u010d\u00e1tky m\u016f\u017eeme sledovat ji\u017e od 9. stol. a\u00a0s\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed intenzitou od 13. stol., zalo\u017eila os\u00eddlen\u00ed tohoto \u00fazem\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00ed dodnes.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Podstatn\u00fdm prvkem formov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny v odli\u0161n\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch prost\u0159ed\u00edch byl jej\u00ed reli\u00e9f, nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka a\u00a0s\u00ed\u0165 vodote\u010d\u00ed. Os\u00eddlen\u00ed bylo d\u00e1le limitov\u00e1no zp\u016fsobem ob\u017eivy, hustotou obyvatelstva a\u00a0d\u00e1lkov\u00fdmi komunikacemi. Prom\u011bny os\u00eddlen\u00ed lze studovat na z\u00e1klad\u011b archeologick\u00fdch pramen\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly v z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti studovan\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed k dispozici jen v nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z nich, kterou je vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny.<\/p>\n

Vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny<\/h2>\n

Oblast Pavlovsk\u00fdch vrch\u016f byla velmi v\u00fdhodnou pro lovce v\u00a0mlad\u0161\u00edm paleolitu, kter\u00fdm vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 poloha, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na severn\u00edch svaz\u00edch, poskytovala dobr\u00fd p\u0159ehled o\u00a0zv\u011b\u0159i pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00a0koridoru mezi \u0159ekou Dyj\u00ed a\u00a0zvedaj\u00edc\u00edmi se svahy (obr. 1<\/em>). Od dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed zde archeologov\u00e9 odkryli celou \u0159adu s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165 i\u00a0vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch hrob\u016f takzvan\u00fdch lovc\u016f mamut\u016f, jejich\u017e vysp\u011bl\u00e1 kultura s\u00a0\u0159adou doklad\u016f um\u011bleck\u00fdch d\u011bl vydobyla tomuto m\u00edstu sv\u011btovou proslulost, tak\u017ee f\u00e1ze mladopaleolitick\u00e9ho gravettienu se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 podle Pavlovsk\u00fdch vrch\u016f \u010di p\u0159\u00edmo Pavlova \u2013 pavlovien (jde o\u00a0obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed 29000 a\u017e 24000 lety) [1]. Je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee lovci se z\u0159ejm\u011b dost\u00e1vali i\u00a0do dnes zatopen\u00e9ho prostoru, ale z\u0159ejm\u011b zde nes\u00eddlili. Zato z\u00a0obdob\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed doby kamenn\u00e9 \u2013 mezolitu, kdy se zm\u011bnil zp\u016fsob lovu, kter\u00fd se zam\u011b\u0159il na men\u0161\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata a\u00a0rybolov, jsou zn\u00e1ma s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b t\u011bchto lovc\u016f z\u00a0n\u011bkolika m\u00edst na p\u016fvodn\u00edm b\u0159ehu Dyje.<\/p>\n

Podstatn\u00e1 zm\u011bna v\u00a0obrazu os\u00eddlen\u00ed nastala d\u00edky p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm klimatick\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m v\u00a0polovin\u011b 6. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l., kdy \u00farodn\u00e9 b\u0159ehy \u0159eky Dyje a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f os\u00eddlili prvn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blci. Ke sv\u00e9mu zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho na p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed kulturn\u00edch rostlin a\u00a0chovu dobytka, pot\u0159ebovali ji\u017e jin\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje ne\u017e lovci, a\u00a0tak z\u00a0vhodn\u00fdch hornin brousili sekerky a\u00a0kopytovit\u00e9 kl\u00edny a\u00a0provrt\u00e1vali sekeromlaty. Pro uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed potravin a\u00a0va\u0159en\u00ed ji\u017e pot\u0159ebovali n\u00e1doby zhotovovan\u00e9 z\u00a0vhodn\u00fdch hl\u00edn a\u00a0vl\u00e1kna sp\u0159\u00e1dali do textiln\u00edch l\u00e1tek. K\u00a0trvalej\u0161\u00edmu pobytu se ji\u017e hodily stabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u0159evohlinit\u00e9 domy sdru\u017een\u00e9 do s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165. Archeologov\u00e9 vypracovali t\u0159i neolitick\u00e9 kultury (kultura s\u00a0line\u00e1rn\u00ed keramikou, kultura s\u00a0vyp\u00edchanou keramikou a\u00a0kultura s\u00a0moravskou malovanou keramikou), jejich\u017e stopy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed ve\u00a0sledovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed [2].<\/p>\n

V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm archeology definovan\u00e9m obdob\u00ed \u2013 eneolitu, \u010dili pozdn\u00ed dob\u011b kamenn\u00e9 (3500\u20132000 p\u0159. n. l.), pokra\u010dovalo os\u00eddlen\u00ed dnes zatopen\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0nezten\u010den\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e, ale a\u017e koncem tohoto obdob\u00ed, charakterizovan\u00e9m nositeli kultury se \u0161\u0148\u016frovou keramikou a\u00a0kultury zvoncovit\u00fdch poh\u00e1r\u016f, je zn\u00e1mo v\u00edce nalezi\u0161\u0165, kter\u00e9 patrn\u011b sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed intenzit\u011b os\u00eddlen\u00ed [3]. Lid\u00e9 se i\u00a0nad\u00e1le \u017eivili zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00edm a\u00a0chovem dobytka, ale vedle kamenn\u00e9 industrie za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edvat n\u00e1stroje a\u00a0ozdoby zhotoven\u00e9 z\u00a0kovu, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm m\u011bdi a\u00a0do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry i\u00a0zlata. P\u0159esto\u017ee lid\u00e9 v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b poh\u0159b\u00edvali zem\u0159el\u00e9, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ulo\u017een\u00e9 ve skr\u010den\u00e9 poloze na boku, objevily se i\u00a0\u017e\u00e1rov\u00e9 hroby. Vedle toho jsou zn\u00e1my i\u00a0situace dokl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed existenci s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165.<\/p>\n

Doba bronzov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed trvala p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od roku 2000 p\u0159. n. l. do 750 p\u0159. n. l., se vyzna\u010duje t\u00edm, \u017ee do \u017eivota lid\u00ed zas\u00e1hla slitina m\u011bdi a\u00a0c\u00ednu \u2013 bronz, z\u00a0n\u011bho\u017e se zhotovovaly jak n\u00e1stroje a\u00a0zbran\u011b (sekery, no\u017ee, \u0161\u00eddla, me\u010de), tak i\u00a0ozdoby (jehlice, n\u00e1ramky). Jinak se zp\u016fsob \u017eivota zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezm\u011bnil. Jen jeho men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st se zab\u00fdvala kovolitectv\u00edm, hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159stv\u00edm, tkalcovstv\u00edm a\u00a0obchodem. V\u00a0dob\u00e1ch spole\u010densk\u00e9ho pnut\u00ed se projevila pot\u0159eba chr\u00e1nit se p\u0159ed nep\u0159\u00edtelem a\u00a0to vedlo v\u00a0mlad\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9 k\u00a0budov\u00e1n\u00ed opevn\u011bn\u00fdch s\u00eddel \u2013 hradisek na temeni Pavlovsk\u00fdch vrch\u016f, kam se lid\u00e9 z\u00a0okol\u00ed mohli p\u0159i nebezpe\u010d\u00ed uch\u00fdlit. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b b\u00fdvala um\u00edst\u011bna ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch ne\u017e s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b, v\u00a0zatopen\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed se nenach\u00e1zej\u00ed [4].<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 archeology star\u0161\u00ed dobou \u017eeleznou neboli hal\u0161tatem (750 a\u017e 400 p\u0159. n. l.), znamenalo pro \u00fazem\u00ed pod Pavlovsk\u00fdmi vrchy pom\u011brn\u011b hust\u00e9 os\u00eddlen\u00ed soust\u0159e\u010fuj\u00edc\u00ed se pod\u00e9l \u0159ek. P\u0159esto\u017ee tato kultura pat\u0159\u00ed ji\u017e do doby \u017eelezn\u00e9, tak \u017eelezn\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f se na\u0161lo jen velmi m\u00e1lo [5].<\/p>\n

Posledn\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i stalet\u00ed p\u0159ed zm\u011bnou letopo\u010dtu os\u00eddlilo \u00fazem\u00ed pod Pavlovsk\u00fdmi vrchy lidstvo, kter\u00e9 bylo nositelem lat\u00e9nsk\u00e9 kultury a\u00a0kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme ozna\u010dit za Kelty. Pro svoje s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b si vyb\u00edrali m\u00edrn\u011b vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 polohy nad tokem \u0159ek, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Dyje. D\u00edky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed archeologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu se v\u00ed, \u017ee s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b tvo\u0159ilo jen\u00a0mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed budov postaven\u00fdch ze d\u0159eva a\u00a0hl\u00edny. Chaty na obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9m p\u016fdorysu m\u011bly zpravidla zahloubenou podlahu a\u00a0k\u016flovou konstrukci pro sedlovou st\u0159echu a\u00a0s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b bylo dopln\u011bno z\u00e1sobnicov\u00fdmi jamami a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi stavbami, po nich\u017e z\u016fstaly jen stopy po k\u016flech. Kolem poloviny prvn\u00edho stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00a0n.\u00a0l. Keltov\u00e9 pod tlakem zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch podm\u00ednek ode\u0161li [6].<\/p>\n\"Unger-1\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Archeologick\u00e9 lokality pod hladinou vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny
\nPodrobn\u00fd koment\u00e1\u0159 je uveden v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci UNGER, J.:\u00a0Zatopen\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy<\/em>. Brno, 2016, s. 12\u201315, 43\u201344, 101, 149\u2013158. Zde jen doklady os\u00eddlen\u00ed a\u00a0pobytu \u010dlov\u011bka v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch archeologicky definovan\u00fdch obdob\u00edch:
\nP \u2013 mlad\u0161\u00ed paleolit (40000\u201311500 p\u0159. n. l.) a\u00a0mezolit (8000\u20136000 p\u0159. n. l.), N \u2013 neolit (5700\u20133500 p\u0159. n. l.), E \u2013 eneolit (3500\u20132000 p\u0159. n. l.), B \u2013 doba bronzov\u00e1 (2000\u2013750 p\u0159. n. l.), H \u2013 doba hal\u0161tatsk\u00e1 (750\u2013400 p\u0159. n. l.), L \u2013 doba lat\u00e9nsk\u00e1 (400\u201350 p\u0159. n. l.), R \u2013 doba \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 (1.\u20134. stol.), S\u00a0\u2013 doba st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1rod\u016f (5. a\u00a06. stol.), D \u2013 doba hradi\u0161tn\u00ed (6.\u201312. stol.), T \u2013 st\u0159edov\u011bk (13. \u201315. stol.) a\u00a0novov\u011bk
\nFig. 1. Archaeological sites under the system of water reservoirs of Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny
\nP \u2013 the younger Paleolithic (40000\u201311500 BC) and the Mesolithic (8000\u20136000 BC), N \u2013 Neolith (5700\u20133500 BC), E \u2013 Eneolite (3500\u20132000 BC), B \u2013 Bronze Age (2000\u2013750 BC), H \u2013 Halstatic (750\u2013400 BC), L \u2013 Lathean period (400\u201350 BC), R \u2013 Roman period (1st<\/sup>\u20134th\u00a0<\/sup>centuries), S\u00a0\u2013 the period of the migration of the peoples (5th<\/sup>\u00a0and 6th<\/sup>\u00a0centuries), D \u2013 the period of the fortification (6th<\/sup>\u201312th<\/sup>\u00a0centuries), T \u2013 the Middle Ages (13th<\/sup>\u201315th<\/sup>\u00a0centuries) and the Modern Age<\/h6>\n
1. Brod nad Dyj\u00ed \u2013 Kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 lou\u010dky (N, L, D), 2. Brod nad Dyj\u00ed \u2013 Frei\u00e4cker (E, L, R, D), 3. Brod nad Dyj\u00ed \u2013 Na dolin\u011b (B, R, D, T), 4. Mu\u0161ov, Doln\u00ed Dunajovice \u2013 Laguny (P, E, B, L, R, D), 5. Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice \u2013 Na p\u00edsk\u00e1ch (P, N, B, H, L, D), 6. Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice \u2013 Zadn\u00ed p\u00edsky (P, E, H), 7. Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice \u2013 Louky (D), 8. Drnholec \u2013 Holenick\u00e1 pole (N, E, B, H, L, R, S, D, T), 9. Milovice \u2013 U\u00a0hr\u00e1ze (B, L, R, D), 10. Milovice \u2013 Na p\u00edsk\u00e1ch (N, E, B, L), 11. Mu\u0161ov \u2013 U\u00a0propust\u011b, U\u00a0dunajovick\u00fdch luk (N, E, B, H, L, R, S, D, T), 12. Mu\u0161ov \u2013 U\u00a0ml\u00fdna (B, L, R, S), 13. Mu\u0161ov \u2013 U\u00a0svat\u00e9ho Jana (N, E, B, H, L, R, S, D), 14. Mu\u0161ov \u2013 \u0160t\u011brkovna, Na p\u00edsk\u00e1ch (N, E, B, L, R, S, D), 15. Mu\u0161ov \u2013 Duchna (E, B, L, T), 17. Mu\u0161ov \u2013 Soutok (L), 18. Mu\u0161ov \u2013 Kostel (D, T), 19. Mu\u0161ov \u2013 Anger (T), 20. Pasohl\u00e1vky \u2013 Louky u\u00a0Dyje (N, B, H, L, R, S, D, T), 21. Pasohl\u00e1vky \u2013 U\u00a0vod\u00e1rny (D), 22. Pavlov \u2013 Horn\u00ed pole (N, E, B, H, L, R, S, D), 23. Pavlov \u2013 Doln\u00ed pole (N, E, B, H, L, R, S, D), 24. Strachot\u00edn \u2013 Petrova louka (E, D, T), 25. Strachot\u00edn \u2013 \u0160t\u011brkovna (N, E, B, H, L, S, D), 26. Strachot\u00edn \u2013 U\u00a0vazu, Sturnice (N, L, D, T), 27. Strachot\u00edn \u2013 U\u00a0dvora (T), 28. Strachot\u00edn \u2013 Hr\u016fdky (T), 29. \u0160akvice \u2013 \u0160t\u011bpni\u010dky (N, E, B, H, L, R, D, T), 30. \u0160akvice \u2013 Rybn\u00edk (N, B, H, R, D)<\/h6>\n

Okolo p\u0159elomu letopo\u010dtu os\u00eddlili sledovan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed Germ\u00e1ni pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do svazku Sv\u00e9b\u016f, a\u00a0proto\u017ee se jednalo o\u00a0d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00edsto kontroluj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159echod p\u0159es Dyji, jsou zde ji\u017e v\u00a01. stol. patrny s\u00eddeln\u00ed aktivity nejen Germ\u00e1n\u016f, ale i\u00a0\u0158\u00edman\u016f. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0dob\u011b markomansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek v\u00a0druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 2. stol. se aktivita \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho vojska projevuje jednak kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdmi vojensk\u00fdmi t\u00e1bory a\u00a0pevnost\u00ed v\u00a0trati \u201eHradisko\u201c nad b\u00fdval\u00fdm Mu\u0161ovem [7]. Na zatopen\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed se poda\u0159ilo objevit celou \u0159adu s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165 germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva \u017eij\u00edc\u00edho v\u00a0m\u00edrn\u011b zahlouben\u00fdch chat\u00e1ch v\u00a0podstat\u011b \u010dtvercov\u00e9ho p\u016fdorysu s\u00a0k\u016flovou konstrukc\u00ed. Germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo b\u011b\u017en\u011b poh\u0159b\u00edvalo \u017eehem, ale \u017e\u00e1rov\u00e9 poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0zatopen\u00e9 oblasti nebylo nalezeno. Hrobka germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch vl\u00e1dc\u016f, poh\u0159ben\u00fdch v\u00a0nesp\u00e1len\u00e9 podob\u011b, byla vybavena invent\u00e1\u0159em sv\u011bd\u010d\u00edc\u00edm o\u00a0p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu \u0158\u00edman\u016f m\u00edstn\u00ed elitou.<\/p>\n

Podstatn\u00e1 zm\u011bna v\u00a0os\u00eddlen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed pod Pavlovsk\u00fdmi vrchy nastala na p\u0159elomu 4. a\u00a05. stol., kdy asi v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho sv\u00e9bsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva ode\u0161la a\u00a0nov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 men\u0161\u00edch s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165 se zde utvo\u0159ila a\u017e kolem poloviny 5.\u00a0stol. [8]. Po etnick\u00e9 str\u00e1nce se jednalo o\u00a0Germ\u00e1ny, kte\u0159\u00ed ji\u017e poh\u0159b\u00edvali nesp\u00e1len\u00e1 t\u011bla. Koncem 5.\u00a0stol. os\u00eddlili ji\u017en\u00ed Moravu Langobardi, jejich\u017e sv\u00e9r\u00e1znou kulturu zn\u00e1me p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0poh\u0159ebi\u0161\u0165. Kolem poloviny 6.\u00a0stol. Langobardi ode\u0161li, a\u00a0tak byl vytvo\u0159en prostor pro os\u00eddlen\u00ed Slovany.<\/p>\n

Slovan\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161li do na\u0161ich zem\u00ed v\u00a06. stol. a\u00a0p\u0159edstavili se pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduchou kulturou pra\u017esk\u00e9ho typu, jej\u00edmi\u017e nositeli bylo zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo. Z\u00a0obou b\u0159eh\u016f doln\u00edho toku Dyje je zn\u00e1ma velk\u00e1 koncentrace poz\u016fstatk\u016f jejich s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165 sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00a0chat se zahlouben\u00fdm dnem, takzvan\u00fdch zemnic [9]. Tito Slovan\u00e9 poh\u0159b\u00edvali zem\u0159el\u00e9 \u017eehem, ale tato poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b nebyla na sledovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed objevena. Tak\u00e9 z\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed doby od 9. do 12. stol. je zn\u00e1ma cel\u00e1 \u0159ada s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165 venkovsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. Krom\u011b toho zde le\u017eelo i\u00a0hradisko Petrova louka u\u00a0Strachot\u00edna, opevn\u011bn\u00e9 d\u0159evohlinitou hradbou s\u00a0\u010deln\u00ed kamennou zd\u00ed, slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0dob\u00e1ch nebezpe\u010d\u00ed jako mo\u017en\u00fd \u00fakryt obyvatelstva. V\u00a0are\u00e1lu hradiska b\u00fdval i\u00a0velmo\u017esk\u00fd dvorec. Souvislost s\u00a0p\u0159echodem p\u0159es Dyji v\u00a0t\u011bchto m\u00edstech je nab\u00edledni. Od p\u0159elomu 8. a\u00a09. stol. Slovan\u00e9 ji\u017e poh\u0159b\u00edvali nesp\u00e1len\u00e1 t\u011bla a\u00a0jejich hroby b\u00fdvaly vybaveny keramikou, \u0161perky i\u00a0zbran\u011bmi, jak o\u00a0tom sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b u\u00a0Doln\u00edch V\u011bstonic. Po z\u00e1niku Velkomoravsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e zde \u017eivot neustal a\u00a0p\u0159echod p\u0159es Dyji kontrolovalo hradisko Vysok\u00e1 zahrada u\u00a0Strachot\u00edna, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 z\u00a0p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramen\u016f jako Strachot\u00edngrad, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed v\u0161ak ji\u017e mimo zaplaven\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 z\u00e1zem\u00ed tohoto hradiska tvo\u0159ila \u010detn\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0okol\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podstatn\u00e1 prom\u011bna \u00fazem\u00ed pod Pavlovsk\u00fdmi vrchy se stala ve 13. stol. za kolonizace, na n\u00ed\u017e se v\u00fdrazn\u011b pod\u00edlelo n\u011bmeck\u00e9 obyvatelstvo [10]. V\u00a0tomto obdob\u00ed obraz krajiny pod Pavlovsk\u00fdmi vrchy dopl\u0148ovaly lesy, \u0159eky s\u00a0ml\u00fdny a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed vesnice, kter\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b ve st\u0159edov\u011bku zanikly. \u0158eka Dyje mezi Doln\u00edmi V\u011bstonicemi a\u00a0Strachot\u00ednem byla p\u0159emost\u011bna n\u011bkolika mosty a\u00a0v\u00a0Doln\u00edch V\u011bstonic\u00edch se vyb\u00edralo m\u00fdto zemsk\u00e9, soln\u00e9 a\u00a0ko\u0148sk\u00e9. Tak\u00e9 u\u00a0Mu\u0161ova byl p\u0159echod p\u0159es Dyji a\u00a0vyb\u00edralo se tam m\u00fdto.<\/p>\n

Obr. 2. Archeologick\u00e9 lokality v\u00a0okol\u00ed Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady
\nLegenda jako u\u00a0obr. 1.
\nFig. 2. Archaeological sites around the Vranov Dam
\nLegend is same as in Fig. 1.<\/h6>\n
1. B\u00edtov \u2013 Soutok \u017deletavky a\u00a0Dyje (N), 2. B\u00edtov \u2013 Naproti Corn\u0161tejnu (E), 3. B\u00edtov \u2013 Hrad (D, T), 4. Vyso\u010dany \u2013 Palliardiho hradisko (E, B, D), 5. Vyso\u010dany \u2013 Na drah\u00e1ch (D)<\/h6>\n

Brn\u011bnsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada<\/h2>\n

P\u0159edstavu, jak bylo v\u00a0minulosti os\u00eddleno \u00fazem\u00ed zaplaven\u00e9 vodami Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady, m\u00e1me jen z\u00a0n\u00e1lez\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch z\u00a0b\u0159eh\u016f a\u00a0ojedin\u011ble i\u00a0ze dna p\u0159i sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vodn\u00ed hladiny (obr. 3<\/em>). Poprv\u00e9 a\u00a0na dlouh\u00e1 tis\u00edcilet\u00ed i\u00a0naposledy bylo toto \u00fazem\u00ed os\u00eddleno v\u00a0neolitu. Na tato m\u00edsta se lid\u00e9 vr\u00e1tili a\u017e v\u00a011. \u010di 12. stol. Je to doklad pom\u011brn\u011b ran\u00e9 kolonizace, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e lid\u00e9 pronikali do v\u00fd\u0161e polo\u017een\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed. Nen\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u00e9, zda to plat\u00ed i\u00a0o\u00a0Kn\u00edni\u010dk\u00e1ch, dolo\u017een\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdmi zpr\u00e1vami a\u017e od 15. stol. Ji\u017e od p\u0159elomu 12. a\u00a013. stol. st\u00e1val v\u00a0p\u0159edpol\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho hradu Veve\u0159\u00ed kn\u00ed\u017eec\u00ed dvorec s\u00a0kostelem, kter\u00fd v\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 13. stol. byl nahrazen zem\u011bpansk\u00fdm hradem [13].<\/p>\n\"Unger-3\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. Archeologick\u00e9 lokality v\u00a0okol\u00ed Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady
\nLegenda jako u\u00a0obr. 1.
\nFig. 3. Archaeological sites around the Brno Dam
\nLegend is same as in Fig. 1.<\/h6>\n
1. Bystrc \u2013 Kotoulky (N), 2. Kn\u00edni\u010dky \u2013 Hr\u00e1zn\u00ed (N, D), 3. Bystrc \u2013 Na pile (N, E), 4. Kn\u00edni\u010dky \u2013 U\u00a0luhu (N), 5. Kn\u00edni\u010dky \u2013 Obora (N), 6. Bystrc \u2013 Zadn\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 (N)<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Rozd\u00edly v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu os\u00eddlen\u00ed se projevily p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mezi \u00fazem\u00edm v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny, le\u017e\u00edc\u00edho v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed na doln\u00edm toku \u0159eky Svratky a\u00a0Jihlavy, kter\u00e9 se zde vl\u00e9vaj\u00ed do Dyje a\u00a0Vranovsk\u00e9 a\u00a0Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady, kter\u00e9 le\u017e\u00ed na okraji \u00fazem\u00ed os\u00eddlen\u00e9ho, z\u0159ejm\u011b s\u00a0p\u0159est\u00e1vkami, po cel\u00fd prav\u011bk. Do okol\u00ed Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady pronikli lid\u00e9 z\u00a0Dyjsko-svrateck\u00e9ho \u00favalu v\u00a0obdob\u00ed neolitu a\u00a0potom ji\u017e z\u016fstalo toto \u00fazem\u00ed a\u017e do 11. stol. neos\u00eddlen\u00e9. Okol\u00ed Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0B\u00edtovsk\u00e9 pahorkatin\u011b, bylo rovn\u011b\u017e na okraji \u00fazem\u00ed vhodn\u00e9ho pro os\u00eddlen\u00ed v\u00a0prav\u011bku a\u00a0\u010dasn\u00e9m st\u0159edov\u011bku, ale p\u0159esto sem lid\u00e9 pronikali s\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed intenzitou v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch obdob\u00edch, ale teprve kolonizace, jej\u00ed\u017e po\u010d\u00e1tky m\u016f\u017eeme sledovat ji\u017e od 9. stol. a\u00a0s\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed intenzitou od 13. stol., zalo\u017eila os\u00eddlen\u00ed tohoto \u00fazem\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00ed dodnes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

All three flooded areas lied in a different natural environment that shaped their fates. Archaeological sources have irreplaceable significance for understanding the changes in settlements. If no archaeological research was carried out before the construction of the Vranov Dam and the Brno Dam and we only depend on the findings from the surroundings, so before the construction of the dam on Dyje, the flooded area was systematically and archeologically investigated.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3983,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[1001,1002],"coauthors":[944],"class_list":["post-4119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-archaeology","tag-history-of-settlements"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4119"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4119\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30422,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4119\/revisions\/30422"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3983"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4119"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=4119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

Vranovsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada<\/h2>\n

Jin\u00e1 situace byla v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na okraji star\u00e9ho s\u00eddeln\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed (obr. 2<\/em>). \u017divot zde byl mnohem obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pod Pavlovsk\u00fdmi vrchy. Z\u00a0okol\u00ed Vyso\u010dan jsou zn\u00e1my nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pr\u016fkazn\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z\u00a0paleolitu. Od neolitu p\u0159ed sedmi tis\u00edcilet\u00edmi zde \u017eili lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed obd\u011bl\u00e1vali svoje pole, p\u00e1sli dobytek a\u00a0pochov\u00e1vali zem\u0159el\u00e9. Dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1lezy poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0eneolitu, doby bronzov\u00e9 i\u00a0star\u0161\u00ed doby \u017eelezn\u00e9 (hor\u00e1kovsk\u00e1 kultura). Os\u00eddlen\u00ed\u00a0Palliardiho hradiska je dolo\u017eeno jak v\u00a0eneolitu, tak i\u00a0dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9 i\u00a0hradi\u0161tn\u00ed. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm, obrann\u00fdm i\u00a0duchovn\u00edm centrem byl od 11. stol. hrad B\u00edtov, kter\u00fd prod\u011blal prom\u011bnu od hradiska k\u00a0st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9mu hradu [11]. M\u011bste\u010dko B\u00edtov, jeho\u017e zbytky le\u017e\u00ed pod hladinou vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, m\u011blo rovn\u011b\u017e st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd p\u016fvod, ale v\u00a0p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramenech se p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 a\u017e roku 1498. Od 14. stol. st\u0159e\u017eil okol\u00ed \u0161lechtick\u00fd hrad Corn\u0161tejn, kter\u00fd v\u00a0letech 1464 a\u017e 1465 byl po deset m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f obl\u00e9h\u00e1n vojsky kr\u00e1le Ji\u0159\u00edho z\u00a0Pod\u011bbrad [12].<\/p>\n\"Unger-2\"<\/a>\n