![\"Mlejnska-ilustracni\"](\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Mlejnska-ilustracni.jpg\")
<\/a>\nP\u0159\u00edtokov\u00e1 z\u00f3na kolmatovan\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole v Bezd\u011bkov\u011b pod T\u0159em\u0161\u00ednem<\/h6>\n\u00davod<\/h2>\n
V\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edrn\u00e1ch (horizont\u00e1ln\u011b nebo vertik\u00e1ln\u011b podpovrchov\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdch um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159adech), kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00edch pom\u011brn\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvanou technologi\u00ed\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod, prob\u00edh\u00e1 cel\u00e1 \u0159ada proces\u016f spojen\u00fdch nejen s\u00a0vlastn\u00edm \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm, ale tak\u00e9 s\u00a0kolmatac\u00ed. Kolmatace je na rozd\u00edl od \u010distic\u00edch proces\u016f jevem ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm. Jde o\u00a0souhrn fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch, chemick\u00fdch a\u00a0biologick\u00fdch proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 vedou ke sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed porozity a\u00a0propustnosti (hydraulick\u00e9 vodivosti) n\u00e1pln\u011b um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu [1\u20136], d\u00e1le v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159enos kysl\u00edku ze\u00a0vzduchu do vody [7\u20139]. Tyto skute\u010dnosti maj\u00ed za\u00a0n\u00e1sledek sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, tedy v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pokles schopnosti syst\u00e9mu \u010distit odpadn\u00ed vodu.<\/p>\n
Doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed rychlosti proud\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed doby zdr\u017een\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody v\u00a0syst\u00e9mu a\u00a0velice \u010dasto tak\u00e9 k\u00a0povrchov\u00e9mu a\u00a0zkratov\u00e9mu proud\u011bn\u00ed [10].<\/p>\n
U\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f mluv\u00edme zejm\u00e9na o\u00a0kolmataci n\u00e1pln\u011b nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jemn\u00fdmi miner\u00e1ln\u00edmi a\u00a0organick\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi z\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch smyv\u016f, kalem vyplavovan\u00fdm ze stokov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b a\u00a0mechanick\u00e9ho stupn\u011b \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami mohou b\u00fdt nevhodn\u011b \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 odd\u011blova\u010de, nevhodn\u011b zvolen\u00fd (v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 jemn\u00fd) materi\u00e1l filtra\u010dn\u00ed vrstvy nebo pronik\u00e1n\u00ed sekund\u00e1rn\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159ed\u0159azen\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed [11]. Rozsah kolmatace z\u00e1vis\u00ed na\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed l\u00e1tek (vyj\u00e1d\u0159eno ukazateli\u00a0CHSKCr<\/sub>, nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky) v\u00a0p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b [2], hydraulick\u00e9m zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu [3], zrnitostn\u00edm slo\u017een\u00edm n\u00e1pln\u011b, jeho struktu\u0159e a\u00a0textu\u0159e, dob\u011b provozu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed atd.<\/p>\n Ke kolmataci filtra\u010dn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt bu\u010f n\u00e1razov\u00fdm uvoln\u011bn\u00edm t\u011bchto \u010d\u00e1stic, nap\u0159. p\u0159i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch de\u0161t\u00edch nebo v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lostech, d\u00e1le potom hydraulick\u00fdm p\u0159et\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f\u00a0[12] nebo pozvoln\u00fdm zakolmatov\u00e1n\u00edm, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nevhodn\u00e1 konstrukce usazovac\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed nebo jejich nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 provozov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017eba, nap\u0159. nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed usazen\u00e9ho kalu [13]. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i\u00a0nevhodn\u011b zvolen\u00fd materi\u00e1l filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu nebo jeho nevhodn\u00e1 zrnitost.<\/p>\n Kolmatace m\u016f\u017ee vznikat i\u00a0tzv. intern\u00edmi zdroji, kter\u00fdmi jsou odpad z\u00a0r\u016fstu biomasy, ko\u0159en\u016f rostlin, d\u00e1le potom detrit z\u00a0biofilmu a\u00a0rostlin, pevn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky zane\u0161en\u00e9 b\u011bhem v\u00fdstavby um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu nebo pevn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky z\u00a0chemick\u00e9 eroze \u0161t\u011brku [14].<\/p>\n Kolmataci je mo\u017en\u00e9 omezit p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm volbou vhodn\u00e9ho a\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u011b dimenzovan\u00e9ho mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na pak usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Kalov\u00fd prostor usazovac\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0lap\u00e1k\u016f p\u00edsku je nezbytn\u011b nutn\u00e9 dostate\u010dn\u011b \u010dasto vyv\u00e1\u017eet. Zhor\u0161en\u00ed usazovac\u00ed schopnosti je mo\u017en\u00e9 monitorovat zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edmi se koncentracemi nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek na odtoku ze stupn\u011b mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed data t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se l\u00e1tkov\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jsou vz\u00e1cn\u011b ve shod\u011b. Auto\u0159i Platzer a\u00a0Mauch [15] uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed jako prevenci vzniku kolmatace v\u00a0klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (vyj\u00e1d\u0159eno ukazatelem CHSKCr<\/sub>) 25\u2008g\/(m2<\/sup>.den).\u00a0 Syst\u00e9my mohou b\u00fdt zat\u011b\u017eov\u00e1ny i\u00a0v\u00edce, pokud jsou provozov\u00e1ny s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm cykl\u016f (p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd provoz). Auto\u0159i Winter a\u00a0Goetz [2] uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed\u00a0CHSKCr<\/sub> a\u00a0nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami by v\u00a0klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy nem\u011blo p\u0159ekro\u010dit 20\u2008g\/(m2<\/sup>.den), resp. 5\u2008g\/(m2<\/sup>.den). Auto\u0159i Hua a\u00a0kol. [16] uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee pro vertik\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady by koncentrace nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek nem\u011bla p\u0159ekro\u010dit hodnotu 100\u2008mg\/l a\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hodnotu 5\u2008g\/(m2<\/sup>.den), resp. 20\u2008g\/(m2<\/sup>.den), vyj\u00e1d\u0159eno ukazatelem CHSKCr<\/sub>. Autorky Tuszy\u0144ska a\u00a0Obarska-Pempkowiak [17] uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e1tkov\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (vyj\u00e1d\u0159eno ukazatelem CHSKCr<\/sub>\u2009<\/sub>), kter\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b nezp\u016fsob\u00ed kolmataci v\u00a0klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy, je 25\u2008g\/(m2<\/sup>.den).<\/p>\n Tendence ke kolmataci koreluje s\u00a0celkovou koncentrac\u00ed nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b. Nezakolmatovan\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady jsou charakterizov\u00e1ny n\u00edzk\u00fdm l\u00e1tkov\u00fdm zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm a\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdmi vstupn\u00edmi koncentracemi nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b kolmatovan\u00e9 n\u00edzk\u00fdm l\u00e1tkov\u00fdm zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi vstupn\u00edmi koncentracemi nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, kolmatovan\u00e9 potom vysok\u00fdm l\u00e1tkov\u00fdm zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm a\u00a0vysok\u00fdmi vstupn\u00edmi koncentracemi nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Z\u00a0toho plyne, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady co nejl\u00e9pe chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami.<\/p>\n Podle na\u0161ich zku\u0161enost\u00ed je ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sta\u0159iny mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetace z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. Po n\u011bkolika letech provozu m\u016f\u017ee mocnost takto vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 vrstvy dos\u00e1hnout a\u017e 20\u2008cm. Ulo\u017een\u00fd materi\u00e1l se postupn\u011b rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 a\u00a0p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke kolmataci filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b. Proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 d\u016fkladn\u011b z\u00a0povrchu os\u00e1zen\u00e9ho um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu odstra\u0148ovat sta\u0159inu mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetace [18]. \u017d\u00e1douc\u00ed je pravideln\u00e9 \u010dasn\u011b jarn\u00ed odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zbytk\u016f vegeta\u010dn\u00edho pokryvu [19].<\/p>\n Filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pl\u0148 je jednou ze t\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu a\u00a0jej\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br je pro jeho spr\u00e1vnou funkci z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Vlastnosti filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f, zejm\u00e9na hydraulick\u00e1 vodivost, se b\u011bhem provozu m\u011bn\u00ed. Propustnost filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b je ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1na zhutn\u011bn\u00edm (\u00fadr\u017eba, p\u0159irozen\u00e9 sesed\u00e1n\u00ed), pror\u016fst\u00e1n\u00edm ko\u0159eny a\u00a0ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm sta\u0159iny mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetace, kolmatac\u00ed voln\u00fdch p\u00f3r\u016f nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami apod. [20]. Nevhodn\u011b zvolen\u00e1 frakce kameniva v\u00a0n\u00e1tokov\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt spolu s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi faktory za n\u00e1sledek vznik a\u00a0rozvoj kolmatace. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee i\u00a0vlastn\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pl\u0148 m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u00edvat k\u00a0rozvoji kolmatace, doporu\u010duje se pou\u017e\u00edvat zrnit\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dist\u00e9, s\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem v\u00e1pence nebo rozlo\u017eiteln\u00fdch miner\u00e1ln\u00edch l\u00e1tek. K\u00a0hlavn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm, kter\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u011b omezuj\u00ed rozsah a\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bh kolmatace, pat\u0159\u00ed navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed postupn\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu zrnitostn\u00edho slo\u017een\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b [19].<\/p>\n Vedle volby vhodn\u00e9 filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b a\u00a0hydraulick\u00e9ho a\u00a0l\u00e1tkov\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee pr\u016fb\u011bh kolmatace v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnit i\u00a0d\u00e1vkovac\u00ed strategie a\u00a0tak\u00e9 rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed mechanicky p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody po cel\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159i filtra\u010dn\u00edho pole\u00a0[19]. Auto\u0159i Zhao a\u00a0kol. [21] zjistili sledov\u00e1n\u00edm sta um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, \u017ee rychlost infiltrace lze vr\u00e1tit na\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148, pokud jsou p\u0159ijata vhodn\u00e1 provozn\u00ed nastaven\u00ed, tzn. pln\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0klidov\u00e9 periody ko\u0159enov\u00fdch pol\u00ed. Akumulovan\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky jsou pak efektivn\u011bji rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1ny mikroorganismy.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0parametr\u016f ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch kolmataci je teplota. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty souvis\u00ed s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed biologickou aktivitou a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi r\u016fstov\u00fdmi rychlostmi, to vede k\u00a0rychlej\u0161\u00edmu odbour\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek akumulovan\u00fdch v\u00a0p\u00f3rech, ale na druhou stranu jsou p\u00f3ry zapl\u0148ov\u00e1ny vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstkem biomasy.<\/p>\n Kolmatace je doprov\u00e1zena nejen zhor\u0161en\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 hydraulick\u00fdmi poruchami, jako je zaplavov\u00e1n\u00ed povrchu filtra\u010dn\u00edch pol\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vodou, tzn. preferen\u010dn\u00edm tokem odpadn\u00ed vody po povrchu um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu, nebo vznikem zkratov\u00e9ho proud\u011bn\u00ed nevy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u00ed [5, 14]. Zaplavov\u00e1n\u00ed povrchu m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1pachu v\u00a0okol\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu, d\u00e1le mo\u017enost kontaktu osob s\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vodou a\u00a0v\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b tak\u00e9 mo\u017enost zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu kom\u00e1r\u016f [13]. Zkratov\u00e9 proud\u011bn\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b ovliv\u0148uje \u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, proto\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b sni\u017euje dobu zdr\u017een\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody v\u00a0syst\u00e9mu. Pokud je kolmatace filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1, ovliv\u0148uje \u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b mno\u017estv\u00ed vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody, je t\u0159eba hledat metody, jak kolmataci odstranit nebo alespo\u0148 omezit.<\/p>\n Pokud dostate\u010dn\u011b nefunguj\u00ed p\u0159ijat\u00e1 preventivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zahrnuj\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b dimenzovan\u00e9 usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 provozov\u00e1n\u00ed mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, nastaven\u00ed co\u00a0nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch\u00a0zat\u011b\u017eovac\u00edch parametr\u016f a\u00a0vhodn\u00fdch zm\u011bn v\u00a0hydraulick\u00e9m zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd provoz, prom\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed, obr\u00e1cen\u00fd sm\u011br toku odpadn\u00ed vody apod.), a\u00a0dojde k\u00a0\u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 nebo \u00fapln\u00e9 kolmataci filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu, je t\u0159eba p\u0159ikro\u010dit k\u00a0n\u00e1pravn\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm\u00a0[16,\u00a022]. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je zn\u00e1mo n\u011bkolik metod revitalizace ucpan\u00fdch filtra\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1pln\u00ed, n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich ale prozat\u00edm nebyly testov\u00e1ny v\u00a0re\u00e1ln\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku a\u00a0jsou sp\u00ed\u0161e teoretick\u00fdmi mo\u017enostmi.<\/p>\n V\u00a0minulosti se nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvala v\u00fdm\u011bna \u010d\u00e1sti nebo cel\u00e9 filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b. V\u00fdm\u011bna filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0odstran\u011bn\u00ed kolmatovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti nebo cel\u00e9 filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b a\u00a0jej\u00ed nahrazen\u00ed nov\u00fdm pran\u00fdm kamenivem nebo jinou vhodnou n\u00e1pln\u00ed stejn\u00fdch nebo upraven\u00fdch frakc\u00ed. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdm\u011bny \u010d\u00e1sti filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b je t\u0159eba p\u0159ed realizac\u00ed vyhodnotit rozsah kolmatace a\u00a0ur\u010dit \u010d\u00e1st filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b nutn\u00e9 k\u00a0v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je regenerace st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b. V\u00a0podstat\u011b existuj\u00ed t\u0159i mo\u017en\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby regenerace filtra\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1pln\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f:<\/p>\n V\u0161echny tyto mo\u017enosti regenerace filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b vy\u017eaduj\u00ed uzp\u016fsoben\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed \u010distit v\u00a0obdob\u00ed regenerace odpadn\u00ed vodu v\u00a0jin\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu, tedy nap\u0159. paraleln\u00ed zapojen\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00fdch pol\u00ed nebo bypass v\u00a0s\u00e9riov\u00e9m zapojen\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00fdch pol\u00ed.<\/p>\n V\u0161echny tyto metody jsou vysoce \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9, ale zejm\u00e9na varianty (2) a\u00a0(3) jsou spojeny se zna\u010dn\u00fdmi finan\u010dn\u00edmi n\u00e1klady. Autor Kr\u0161\u0148\u00e1k [23] uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee varianta vypr\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161t\u011brkov\u00e9 n\u00e1pln\u011b je oproti \u00fapln\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b nebo metod\u011b vymrznut\u00ed finan\u010dn\u011b nejdostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Ale je t\u0159eba br\u00e1t v\u00a0\u00favahu fakt, \u017ee doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0vy\u0159azen\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu z\u00a0provozu mnohdy i\u00a0na n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f.<\/p>\n Vzhledem ke skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee je v\u00fdm\u011bna nebo regenerace filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b zna\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e1, je nutn\u00e9 hledat jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metody odstran\u011bn\u00ed kolmatace. Auto\u0159i Li a\u00a0kol. [9] poukazuj\u00ed na mo\u017enost vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u017e\u00ed\u017eal (Eisenia foetida, Pheretima guillelmi<\/em>). Ty mohou pomoci nejen uvolnit substr\u00e1t, ale tak\u00e9 odstranit nahromad\u011bn\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. V\u00fdzkum uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee pou\u017eit\u00ed druhu Eisenia foetida<\/em> je vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee mno\u017estv\u00ed nahromad\u011bn\u00fdch nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek kleslo o\u00a090\u00a0%, z\u00a0toho bylo 40\u00a0% p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bno na rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky a\u00a050\u00a0% na rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 anorganick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Tato metoda je v\u0161ak sp\u00ed\u0161e alternativn\u00ed ne\u017e prakticky vyu\u017eiteln\u00e1 v\u00a0masov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku.<\/p>\n Jako dal\u0161\u00ed alternativn\u00ed metoda regenerace filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee se v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b zkou\u0161\u00ed in-situ aplikace r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f, kter\u00e9 by \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b odstranily nakumulovan\u00e9 nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky a\u00a0uvolnily filtra\u010dn\u00ed lo\u017ee bez nutnosti jeho mechanick\u00e9ho \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Auto\u0159i Nivala a\u00a0Rousseau [24] popisuj\u00ed dv\u011b p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e9 studie regenerace filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren za pou\u017eit\u00ed 35% roztoku peroxidu vod\u00edku, kter\u00fd je schopen oxidovat jinak biologicky neodbourateln\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti biofilmu, kter\u00e9 mohou tvo\u0159it v\u00edce ne\u017e 60 a\u017e 75\u00a0% v\u00e1hy biomasy ve\u00a0filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1plni. V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee se regenerace filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b peroxidem vod\u00edku zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt nad\u011bjnou cestou k\u00a0odstran\u011bn\u00ed kolmatace v\u00a0podpovrchov\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdch um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159adech.<\/p>\n Auto\u0159i Hua a\u00a0kol. [16] se experiment\u00e1ln\u011b zab\u00fdvali mo\u017enostmi odstran\u011bn\u00ed usazen\u00fdch nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek z\u00a0filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny za pomoci d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dty\u0159 r\u016fzn\u00fdch roztok\u016f, a\u00a0to konkr\u00e9tn\u011b roztoku hydroxidu sodn\u00e9ho\u00a0(NaOH), chlornanu sodn\u00e9ho (NaClO), kyseliny chlorovod\u00edkov\u00e9 (HCl) a\u00a0speci\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159ipraven\u00e9ho detergentu. Efektivn\u00ed porozita i\u00a0infiltra\u010dn\u00ed rychlost se nejrychleji a\u00a0nejv\u00edce zlep\u0161ovala p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed roztoku chlornanu sodn\u00e9ho. P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed vodovodn\u00ed vody (srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed roztok) se efektivn\u00ed porozita t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nem\u011bnila a\u00a0rychlost infiltrace jen velmi nepatrn\u011b stoupala. Proteiny a\u00a0polysacharidy byly rozpu\u0161t\u011bny hlavn\u011b roztokem hydroxidu a\u00a0chlornanu sodn\u00e9ho a\u00a0anaerobn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00fd plyn ulo\u017een\u00fd v\u00a0p\u00f3rech byl uvoln\u011bn roztokem kyseliny chlorovod\u00edkov\u00e9.<\/p>\n Ob\u011b tyto studie sice prok\u00e1zaly dobrou \u00fa\u010dinnost in-situ regenerace zakolmatovan\u00e9ho filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee aplikac\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b do\u0161lo jejich vlivem k\u00a0do\u010dasn\u00e9mu po\u0161kozen\u00ed biofilmu a\u00a0tak\u00e9 ko\u0159en\u016f mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetace. Auto\u0159i uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee po\u00a0aplikaci t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f n\u00e1sledovalo obdob\u00ed cca 1\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edce regenerace biofilmu filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee.<\/p>\n V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd T. G. Masaryka, ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 instituce, v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech testuje mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed in-situ aplikace sm\u011bs\u00ed bakteri\u00e1ln\u011b enzymatick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f do kolmatovan\u00fdch zemn\u00edch filtr\u016f [25] a\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren.<\/p>\n K\u00a0testov\u00e1n\u00ed in-situ aplikace bakteri\u00e1ln\u011b enzymatick\u00e9ho prepar\u00e1tu byla vybr\u00e1na ko\u0159enov\u00e1 \u010dist\u00edrna Bezd\u011bkov pod T\u0159em\u0161\u00ednem (obr. 1<\/em>). Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0obecn\u00ed ko\u0159enovou \u010dist\u00edrnu odpadn\u00edch vod s\u00a0kapacitou 150 EO, kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00a0\u010desl\u00ed, lap\u00e1ku p\u00edsku, \u0161t\u011brbinov\u00e9 usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee objemu 39\u2008m3<\/sup> a\u00a0dvou paraleln\u011b zapojen\u00fdch, horizont\u00e1ln\u011b podpovrchov\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdch ko\u0159enov\u00fdch pol\u00ed s\u00a0celkovou plochou cca 790\u2008m2<\/sup>. Porost ko\u0159enov\u00fdch pol\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed r\u00e1kos obecn\u00fd, kter\u00fd je se\u010den jednou ro\u010dn\u011b. Kanalizace p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vodu je odd\u00edln\u00e1. Do trval\u00e9ho provozu byla tato ko\u0159enov\u00e1 \u010dist\u00edrna uvedena v\u00a0listopadu roku 2004. Jako n\u00e1pl\u0148 je pou\u017eito jemn\u00e9 drcen\u00e9 kamenivo.<\/p>\n Vlastn\u00ed aplikace prepar\u00e1tu prob\u00edhala ve dvou f\u00e1z\u00edch, a\u00a0to od 22. 5. 2013 do 10. 7. 2013 (8\u00a0t\u00fddn\u016f) a\u00a0od 3. 6. 2014 do 22. 7. 2014 (8\u00a0t\u00fddn\u016f). Po dobu odst\u00e1vky prav\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole byla ve\u0161ker\u00e1 odpadn\u00ed voda \u010di\u0161t\u011bna na paraleln\u00edm (lev\u00e9m) ko\u0159enov\u00e9m poli, kvalita odt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody byla pravideln\u011b kontrolov\u00e1na. Stejn\u011b tak p\u0159ed zapo\u010det\u00edm vlastn\u00edho experimentu a\u00a0po jeho ukon\u010den\u00ed prob\u00edhalo pravideln\u00e9 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed vybran\u00fdch parametr\u016f na p\u0159\u00edtoku, za mechanick\u00fdm p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0na odtoku z\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch ko\u0159enov\u00fdch pol\u00ed. Ko\u0159enov\u00e9 pole, do kter\u00e9ho prob\u00edhalo d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed prepar\u00e1tu, z\u016fstalo po dobu experimentu zatopeno, pouze byl zastaven pr\u016ftok odpadn\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 2013 prob\u00edhal experiment n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: v\u00a0den zah\u00e1jen\u00ed experimentu bylo vybran\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 pole odstaveno z\u00a0provozu, prepar\u00e1t byl d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n v\u00a0p\u0159edem ur\u010den\u00fdch term\u00ednech do n\u011bkolika m\u00edst p\u0159\u00edtokov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny (ve vzd\u00e1lenosti cca\u00a01,5 metru od za\u010d\u00e1tku ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole). Prepar\u00e1t byl p\u0159ed vlastn\u00ed aplikac\u00ed aktivov\u00e1n rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm v\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b odebran\u00e9 za mechanick\u00fdm p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm. Aplikov\u00e1n byl na povrch ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole. Celkem prob\u011bhlo 6 aplikac\u00ed prepar\u00e1tu (2\u2008kg 22. 5. 2013, 1\u2008kg 29. 5. 2013, nic 5. 6. 2013, 1\u2008kg 12. 6. 2013, nic 19. 6. 2013, 1\u2008kg 26. 6. 2013, 1\u2008kg 3. 7. 2013, 1\u2008kg 10. 7. 2013). Dev\u00e1t\u00fd t\u00fdden experimentu bylo odstaven\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 pole uvedeno do provozu.<\/p>\n V\u00a0roce 2014 prob\u00edhal experiment n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: p\u0159ed vlastn\u00edm odstaven\u00edm prav\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole z\u00a0provozu a\u00a0aplikac\u00ed prepar\u00e1tu prob\u011bhlo o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povrchu p\u0159\u00edtokov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny od sta\u0159iny (obr. 2<\/em>) a\u00a0nashrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, aby mohlo doj\u00edt k\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole bez sta\u0159iny a\u00a0se sta\u0159inou. \u010ci\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed prob\u00edhalo, s\u00a0ohledem na mno\u017estv\u00ed sta\u0159iny a\u00a0n\u00e1ro\u010dnost jej\u00edho odstran\u011bn\u00ed, ve dvou f\u00e1z\u00edch a s\u00a0t\u00fddenn\u00edm krokem, po dal\u0161\u00edch 14 dnech byla odklizen\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st nalezena zatopen\u00e1 \u010di\u0161t\u011bnou odpadn\u00ed vodou (obr. 3<\/em>). Zatopen\u00ed odklizen\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti bylo zp\u016fsobeno nevhodn\u00fdm nastaven\u00edm v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny v\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00e9m poli, kter\u00e1 je regulov\u00e1na prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm odtokov\u00e9 roury. V\u00a0den zah\u00e1jen\u00ed experimentu (3. 6. 2014) bylo vybran\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 pole odstaveno z\u00a0provozu, prepar\u00e1t byl d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n v\u00a0p\u0159edem ur\u010den\u00fdch term\u00ednech do n\u011bkolika m\u00edst p\u0159\u00edtokov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny (ve vzd\u00e1lenosti cca 1,5 m od za\u010d\u00e1tku ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole). Prepar\u00e1t byl p\u0159ed vlastn\u00ed aplikac\u00ed aktivov\u00e1n rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm v\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b odebran\u00e9 za mechanick\u00fdm p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm. Aplikov\u00e1n byl na povrch ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole. Celkem prob\u011bhlo 8 aplikac\u00ed prepar\u00e1tu (2\u2008kg 3. 6. 2014, 1\u2008kg 10. 6. 2014, 1\u2008kg 17. 6. 2014, 1\u2008kg 24.\u00a06. 2014, 0,5\u2008kg 1. 7. 2014, 0,5\u2008kg 8. 7. 2014, 0,5\u2008kg 15. 7. 2014, 5\u2008kg 22. 7. 2014), po znovuuveden\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole do provozu byl prepar\u00e1t d\u00e1le d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n do rozd\u011blovac\u00ed \u0161achtice za mechanick\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (0,5\u2008kg 29. 7. 2014 a\u00a00,5\u2008kg 5. 8. 2014).<\/p>\n V\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku nen\u00ed podrobn\u011bji diskutov\u00e1no slo\u017een\u00ed prepar\u00e1tu, kter\u00e9 je obchodn\u00edm tajemstv\u00edm v\u00fdrobce. Lze pouze konstatovat, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0speci\u00e1ln\u011b komer\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipravenou sm\u011bs bakteri\u00ed a\u00a0enzym\u016f.<\/p>\n S\u00a0ohledem na nemo\u017enost p\u0159esn\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016ftoku na odtoku z\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch ko\u0159enov\u00fdch pol\u00ed bylo m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bno pouze orienta\u010dn\u011b. Pr\u016ftok prav\u00fdm a\u00a0lev\u00fdm ko\u0159enov\u00fdm polem byl zpravidla velice podobn\u00fd a\u00a0pohyboval se v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od 0,5 do 1\u2008l\/s.<\/p>\n C\u00edlem experimentu bylo ov\u011b\u0159it, jestli m\u016f\u017ee d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed prepar\u00e1tu \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit m\u00edru kolmatace um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu, a\u00a0t\u00edm zv\u00fd\u0161it jeho pr\u016fchodnost a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, a\u00a0d\u00e1le ov\u011b\u0159it, jestli nedojde ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole, p\u0159es kter\u00e9 je b\u011bhem experimentu p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bna ve\u0161ker\u00e1 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 odpadn\u00ed voda.<\/p>\n Prav\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 pole bylo k\u00a0testov\u00e1n\u00ed vybr\u00e1no na z\u00e1klad\u011b vlastn\u00edho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0doporu\u010den\u00ed provozovatele. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtokov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole a\u00a0pak d\u00e1le a\u017e do cca poloviny ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole byla na povrchu velk\u00e1 vrstva usazen\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (a\u017e\u00a020\u2008cm sta\u0159iny mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetace, usazen\u00e9ho kalu), doch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0zaplavov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole a\u00a0rovn\u011b\u017e \u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed byla ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e jak\u00e9 dosahovalo lev\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 pole, a\u00a0to i\u00a0p\u0159es to, \u017ee byl pr\u016ftok ob\u011bma poli velice podobn\u00fd. P\u0159es lev\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 pole prot\u00e9kala v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu vlastn\u00edho experimentu ve\u0161ker\u00e1 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 odpadn\u00ed voda, ale i\u00a0p\u0159es tuto skute\u010dnost nedo\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu poklesu \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, resp. k\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed sledovan\u00fdch l\u00e1tek na odtoku z\u00a0n\u011bj (tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n Je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady jsou prim\u00e1rn\u011b ur\u010deny k\u00a0odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, nejsou ur\u010deny k\u00a0odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed dus\u00edku a\u00a0fosforu. \u00da\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed lev\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole byla ve v\u0161ech f\u00e1z\u00edch experimentu zejm\u00e9na pro parametr nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky velmi vysok\u00e1, odtokov\u00e9 koncentrace nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek byly v\u011bt\u0161inou velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9, a\u00a0to i\u00a0v\u00a0obdob\u00ed, kdy lev\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 pole \u010distilo ve\u0161kerou p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vodu. Pouze v\u00a0jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byla u\u00a0lev\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole zji\u0161t\u011bna odtokov\u00e1 koncentrace nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek 43\u2008mg\/l, naopak v\u00a016 p\u0159\u00edpadech byla nam\u011b\u0159ena koncentrace < 2\u2008mg\/l. Velice zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 jsou i\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho dus\u00edku v\u00a0lev\u00e9m ko\u0159enov\u00e9m poli, kter\u00e9 se pohybovaly od 48,07\u00a0% do 82,74\u00a0%. U\u00a0prav\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole byly pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pro celkov\u00fd dus\u00edk podstatn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, pohybovaly se od 19,71\u00a0% do 46,91\u00a0%, aplikace prepar\u00e1tu nem\u011bla na \u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho dus\u00edku pozitivn\u00ed vliv, stejn\u011b tak tomu bylo u\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho fosforu, kde jsou nav\u00edc \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed velice rozkol\u00edsan\u00e9.<\/p>\n B\u011bhem testov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2013 do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu koncentrac\u00ed sledovan\u00fdch l\u00e1tek na p\u0159\u00edtoku, nejm\u00e9n\u011b u\u00a0CHSKCr<\/sub> \u2013 v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru o\u00a0cca 66\u00a0% a\u00a0nejv\u00edce u\u00a0Pc<\/sub> \u2013 v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru o\u00a0cca 134\u00a0%. Podrobn\u011bji je kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch parametr\u016f v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch experimentu patrn\u00e9 z\u00a0graf\u016f na obr. 4, 5<\/em> a\u00a06<\/em>.<\/p>\n K\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00ed experimentu byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny dvouhodinov\u00e9 sm\u011bsn\u00e9 vzorky, v\u00a0obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed testov\u00e1n\u00edm 2013 bylo odebr\u00e1no 8 vzork\u016f, b\u011bhem testov\u00e1n\u00ed 2013\u00a06\u00a0vzork\u016f, po testov\u00e1n\u00ed 2013 6 vzork\u016f, p\u0159ed testov\u00e1n\u00edm 2014 4 vzorky, b\u011bhem testov\u00e1n\u00ed 2014 9 vzork\u016f a\u00a0po testov\u00e1n\u00ed 2014 7 vzork\u016f. \u010cist\u00edrna byla nav\u0161t\u011bvov\u00e1na v\u00a0dopoledn\u00edch i\u00a0odpoledn\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch, aby bylo alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b podchyceno kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftoku a\u00a0zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed b\u011bhem dne.<\/p>\n Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyhodnotit mno\u017estv\u00ed kolmata\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu, byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny vzorky kameniva. K\u00a0odb\u011bru byl pou\u017eit vrt\u00e1k, kter\u00fd se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k\u00a0odb\u011bru vzork\u016f zemin. Odebran\u00fd vzorek, kter\u00fd obsahoval kamenivo, sta\u0159inu r\u00e1kosu a\u00a0vlastn\u00ed kolmata\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l, byl n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t d\u016fkladn\u011b propl\u00e1chnut destilovanou vodou, aby do\u0161lo k\u00a0odd\u011blen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Ve vzorku kolmata\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu byly stanoveny nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky su\u0161en\u00e9 a\u00a0\u017e\u00edhan\u00e9. D\u00e1le bylo zv\u00e1\u017eeno mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010dist\u00e9ho such\u00e9ho kameniva a\u00a0such\u00e9 sta\u0159iny. V\u00fdsledky stanoven\u00ed nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek su\u0161en\u00fdch a\u00a0\u017e\u00edhan\u00fdch byly p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny na odebran\u00fd\u00a0kg kameniva. V\u00fdsledky shrnuje tabulka 2<\/em>. Je z\u00a0nich velice dob\u0159e patrn\u00e9, \u017ee jsou nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 ve vysok\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e nejen v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtokov\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b, ale i\u00a0ve st\u0159edu ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole, a\u00a0dokonce v\u00a0odtokov\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b, to ukazuje na pokro\u010dil\u00e9 zanesen\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b. D\u00e1le je z\u00a0tabulky 2<\/em> patrn\u00e9, \u017ee jsou zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdsledky nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek su\u0161en\u00fdch zna\u010dn\u011b rozkol\u00edsan\u00e9. Na jejich z\u00e1klad\u011b rozhodn\u011b nelze tvrdit, \u017ee mno\u017estv\u00ed kolmata\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu po aplikaci prepar\u00e1tu kleslo. Patrn\u00fd je pouze rozd\u00edl ve zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed sta\u0159iny na odklizen\u00e9 a\u00a0neodklizen\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou rozkol\u00edsanosti v\u00fdsledk\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nevhodn\u011b zvolen\u00fd zp\u016fsob odb\u011bru vzorku kameniva, proto\u017ee v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed trvale zatopen\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vodou.<\/p>\n Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm krokem je p\u0159edch\u00e1zen\u00ed vzniku a\u00a0rozvoje kolmatace volbou vhodn\u00e9ho a\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u011b dimenzovan\u00e9ho mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, jeho spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm provozov\u00e1n\u00edm spojen\u00fdm s\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u011b \u010dast\u00fdm vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00edm kalov\u00e9ho prostoru usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je i\u00a0vhodn\u00e1 volba filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b. Tyto faktory mohou v\u00fdznamnou m\u011brou zv\u00fd\u0161it dobu \u017eivotnosti um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu.<\/p>\n S\u00a0ohledem na skute\u010dnost, \u017ee je kolmatace zcela obvykl\u00fdm jevem, je v\u011bt\u0161inou t\u0159eba d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji p\u0159istoupit k\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00edm vedouc\u00edm ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed propustnosti a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ucpan\u00e9 filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b.<\/p>\n Proveden\u00fd experiment nepotvrdil, \u017ee aplikace bakteri\u00e1ln\u011b-enzymatick\u00e9ho prepar\u00e1tu do zakolmatovan\u00e9 filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny v\u00a0Bezd\u011bkov\u011b pod T\u0159em\u0161\u00ednem m\u011bla vliv na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch ve filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1plni. V\u00fdsledky experimentu d\u00e1le ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy byla ve\u0161ker\u00e1 odpadn\u00ed voda \u010di\u0161t\u011bna v\u00a0lev\u00e9m ko\u0159enov\u00e9m poli, nedo\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tohoto ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole, resp. nedo\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu koncentrac\u00ed na odtoku z\u00a0n\u011bj. U\u00a0prav\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole do\u0161lo zejm\u00e9na po aplikaci prepar\u00e1tu v\u00a0roce 2014 ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, resp.\u00a0k\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed odtokov\u00e9 koncentrace nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n Proveden\u00fd experiment jednozna\u010dn\u011b nepotvrdil, \u017ee je aplikace biologicko-enzymatick\u00e9ho prepar\u00e1tu vhodnou cestou ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rozsahu kolmatace filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b a\u00a0ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n V\u00edce informac\u00ed nejen o\u00a0kolmataci naleznete v\u00a0publikaci Optimalizace provozu a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed pomoc\u00ed extenzivn\u00edch technologi\u00ed autorsk\u00e9ho kolektivu Mlejnsk\u00e1, Rozko\u0161n\u00fd, Baudi\u0161ov\u00e1, kterou vydal v\u00a0roce 2015 V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd T. G. Masaryka, v. v. i.<\/p>\n Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl v\u00a0r\u00e1mci implementace projektu TA02020128 \u2013 V\u00fdzkum mo\u017enost\u00ed optimalizace provozu a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed pomoc\u00ed extenzivn\u00edch technologi\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl \u0159e\u0161en v\u00a0letech 2012\u20132015<\/em>\u2008s\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00ed podporou TA \u010cR v\u00a0r\u00e1mci programu Alfa.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Kolmatace je zcela p\u0159irozen\u00fdm jevem, ale v um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159adech vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch k \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a do\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod je jevem ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm. Proto je nutn\u00e9 p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu a provozov\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f dodr\u017eovat z\u00e1sady, kter\u00e9 mohou vznik a rozvoj kolmatace v\u00fdznamn\u011b omezit. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":26986,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[341,343,898,899],"coauthors":[222],"class_list":["post-3889","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-kolmatace","tag-ucinnost-cisteni","tag-umele-mokrady","tag-zatizeni"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3889","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3889"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3889\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30410,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3889\/revisions\/30410"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26986"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3889"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3889"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3889"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3889"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a>\nObr. 1. Pohled na lev\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 pole \u010dist\u00edrny Bezd\u011bkov pod T\u0159em\u0161\u00ednem a\u00a0leteck\u00fd pohled na celou ko\u0159enovou \u010dist\u00edrnu
\nFig. 1. View on the left part of the constructed wetland of Bezd\u011bkov pod T\u0159em\u0161\u00ednem wastewater treatment plant and air view on the whole constructed wetland<\/h6>\nVliv mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Vliv zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 2. Pohled na p\u0159\u00edtokovou z\u00f3nu prav\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole o\u010di\u0161t\u011bnou od sta\u0159iny a usazen\u00e9ho kalu
\nFig. 2. View on the inflow zone of the right part of the constructed wetland cleared from the old vegetation and settled sludge<\/h6>\nVliv vegetace<\/h2>\n
Vliv filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b<\/h2>\n
Vliv provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednek<\/h2>\n
Vliv teploty<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 3. Pohled na o\u010di\u0161t\u011bnou \u010d\u00e1st prav\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole po 14 dnech
\nFig. 3. View on the cleared sector of the right part of the constructed wetland<\/h6>\nD\u016fsledky kolmatace<\/h2>\n
Metody odstran\u011bn\u00ed kolmatace<\/h2>\n
\n
<\/a>\nObr. 4. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace CHSKCr<\/sub> na p\u0159\u00edtoku, za mechanick\u00fdm p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0na odtoku z\u00a0lev\u00e9ho a\u00a0prav\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch experimentu
\nFig. 4. Mean COD concentrations on the inflow, after mechanical pretreatment and on the outflow from the left and right parts of the constructed wetland during the different periods of experiment<\/h6>\nTestovac\u00ed lokalita<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 5. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace NL na p\u0159\u00edtoku, za mechanick\u00fdm p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0na odtoku z\u00a0lev\u00e9ho a\u00a0prav\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch experimentu
\nFig. 5. Mean SS (suspended solids) concentrations on the inflow, after mechanical pretreatment and on the outflow from the left and right parts of the constructed wetland during the different periods of experiment<\/h6>\nV\u00fdsledky testov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Tabulka 1. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na odtoku z\u00a0lev\u00e9ho (OL) a\u00a0prav\u00e9ho (OP) ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch experimentu
\nTable 1. Mean treatment efficiency and mean pollution concentrations on the outflow from the left (OL) and right (OP) parts of the constructed wetland<\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a>\nObr. 6. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace celkov\u00e9ho dus\u00edku na p\u0159\u00edtoku, za mechanick\u00fdm p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0na odtoku z\u00a0lev\u00e9ho a\u00a0prav\u00e9ho ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch experimentu
\nFig. 6. Mean total nitrogen concentrations on the inflow, after mechanical pretreatment and on the outflow from the left and right parts of the constructed wetland during the different periods of experiment<\/h6>\nTabulka 2. V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdzy odebran\u00e9ho kameniva \u2013 mno\u017estv\u00ed kameniva, mno\u017estv\u00ed sta\u0159iny, mno\u017estv\u00ed nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek su\u0161en\u00fdch a\u00a0\u017e\u00edhan\u00fdch na kg \u010dist\u00e9ho such\u00e9ho kameniva
\nTable 2. The results of the sampled gravel analysis \u2013 amount of dry pure gravel, amount of old vegetation, amount of dry and ignited suspended solids per kg of dry pure gravel<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n