{"id":3742,"date":"2017-08-10T11:35:31","date_gmt":"2017-08-10T11:35:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=3742"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:11:52","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:11:52","slug":"no-wonder-that-is-drought","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/08\/no-wonder-that-is-drought\/","title":{"rendered":"No wonder that is drought"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Historick\u00e9 civilizace vyschly, archeologov\u00e9 je nach\u00e1z\u00ed pod n\u00e1nosy p\u00edsku. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed velk\u00e1 civilizace byla v\u00a0Mezopot\u00e1mii na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed S\u00fdrie mezi \u0159ekami Eufrat a\u00a0Tygris. Z\u00e1b\u011bry ze S\u00fdrie m\u016f\u017eeme vid\u011bt ka\u017ed\u00fd den \u2013 je to vyschl\u00e1 zem\u011b bez strom\u016f, bez vegetace, bez vody. Jakou chybu ud\u011blaly historick\u00e9 civilizace, \u017ee vyschly, pou\u010dili jsme se?<\/p>\n\"Ilustracni-fotografie-7\"<\/a>\n

Nepou\u010dili jsme se, opakujeme jejich chyby v\u00a0glob\u00e1ln\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku a\u00a0za pomoci stroj\u016f. Lid\u00e9 kolonizuj\u00ed lesnatou krajinu s\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly, vypaluj\u00ed lesy a\u00a0zakl\u00e1daj\u00ed pole a\u00a0pastviny. Les toti\u017e u\u017eiv\u00ed pouze 1\u20132 osoby na km2<\/sup>. Jak populace roste, p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje les na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu. Hlavn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 plodiny jsou obilniny a\u00a0ty vznikly ze stepn\u00edch rostlin, nesnesou zatopen\u00ed vodou. Zem\u011bd\u011blec proto odvod\u0148uje pole, odvod\u0148uje mok\u0159ady, odvod\u0148ujeme i\u00a0m\u011bsta, abychom se zbavili kom\u00e1r\u016f, mal\u00e1rie a\u00a0nenosili na bot\u00e1ch bl\u00e1to dom\u016f. Ide\u00e1lem po\u0159\u00e1dku je vydl\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e1 plocha a\u00a0kr\u00e1tce sekan\u00fd tr\u00e1vn\u00edk. Krajina postupn\u011b vysych\u00e1, p\u0159eh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 se sluncem, p\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed mlhy, netvo\u0159\u00ed se rosa, ub\u00fdv\u00e1 drobn\u00fdch odpoledn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek. Jak v\u00fdpar p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 nad sr\u00e1\u017ekami, \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed vodu z\u00a0kopc\u016f, racion\u00e1ln\u011b zavla\u017euje, tj. d\u00e1v\u00e1 vodu jen plodin\u00e1m, hol\u00e1 p\u016fda se p\u0159eh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1, oh\u0159\u00e1t\u00fd vzduch odn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed vodu z\u00a0krajiny, p\u016fda se postupn\u011b zasoluje. Vody, kter\u00e9 bylo kdysi nadbytek, se nedost\u00e1v\u00e1, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed upad\u00e1, hlas zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f nen\u00ed ve m\u011bst\u011b vysly\u0161en, nast\u00e1v\u00e1 nedostatek a\u00a0rozklad imp\u00e9ria. Tak popisuje rozvoj a\u00a0\u00fapadek civilizac\u00ed archeolog Clive Ponting ve sv\u00e9 knize Green History of the World, The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations.<\/p>\n

Na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky bylo od roku 1948 do konce 80. let rozor\u00e1no na 270\u00a0000\u2008ha luk a\u00a0pastvin, 145\u00a0000\u2008ha mez\u00ed (co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 d\u00e9lce 800\u00a0000\u2008km), 120\u00a0000\u2008km poln\u00edch cest, 35\u00a0000 h\u00e1jk\u016f, les\u00edk\u016f, rem\u00edzk\u016f a\u00a0bylo odstran\u011bno na 30\u00a0000\u2008km liniov\u00e9 zelen\u011b, v\u00edce ne\u017e milion hektar\u016f pol\u00ed je odvodn\u011bno trubkovou dren\u00e1\u017e\u00ed, 14\u00a0000\u2008km mal\u00fdch tok\u016f bylo nap\u0159\u00edmeno, zahloubeno a\u00a0z\u00a0toho 4 500\u2008km tok\u016f bylo zatrubn\u011bno. Z\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed krajiny zcela zmizela s\u00ed\u0165 drobn\u00fdch tok\u016f. Na rozlehl\u00fdch p\u016fdn\u00edch bloc\u00edch jezd\u00ed dnes vysokou rychlost\u00ed velk\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 stroje. P\u016fda postupn\u011b ztr\u00e1c\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, nedr\u017e\u00ed vodu. M\u011bsta se rozrostla a\u00a0voda je svedena do kanalizace.<\/p>\n

Za jasn\u00e9ho dne ve vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezon\u011b od b\u0159ezna do \u0159\u00edjna p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed na metr \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00fd a\u017e 1 000\u2008W slune\u010dn\u00ed energie, na 1\u2008km2<\/sup>\u00a0tedy p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed 1\u2008GW, co\u017e je mno\u017estv\u00ed energie srovnateln\u00e9 s\u00a0produkc\u00ed jednoho bloku Jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny Temel\u00edn. Pokud slunce sv\u00edt\u00ed na odvodn\u011bn\u00e9 plochy bez vody a\u00a0vegetace, tak se tyto plochy oh\u0159\u00edvaj\u00ed na 50\u201360\u00a0o<\/sup>C, od nich se oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 vzduch, kter\u00fd un\u00e1\u0161\u00ed vysoko do atmosf\u00e9ry vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ru a\u00a0vysou\u0161\u00ed okoln\u00ed stromy i\u00a0vodn\u00ed plochy. V\u00a0lese je v\u00a0parn\u00e9m l\u00e9t\u011b chl\u00e1dek, proto\u017ee se stromy ochlazuj\u00ed v\u00fdparem vody, z\u00a0lesa stoup\u00e1 vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra jen pomalu vzh\u016fru a\u00a0voda se m\u016f\u017ee vracet zp\u011bt jako drobn\u00fd d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 pot\u00e9, co vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra kondenzuje odpoledne a\u00a0v\u00a0noci zp\u011bt na vodu kapalnou. Nic takov\u00e9ho se nem\u016f\u017ee d\u00edt nad rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm odvodn\u011bn\u00fdm polem, betonov\u00fdmi povrchy parkovi\u0161\u0165 a\u00a0rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi halami o\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 teplot\u011b 50\u00a0o<\/sup>C. Kdy\u017e v\u00a0\u010dervenci v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice sklid\u00edme \u0159epku a\u00a0obil\u00ed, obna\u017e\u00ed se na 18\u00a0000\u2008km2<\/sup>\u00a0ploch bez vody a\u00a0vegetace, kter\u00e9 se oh\u0159\u00edvaj\u00ed, a\u00a0tepl\u00fd vzduch, kter\u00fd z\u00a0nich stoup\u00e1, p\u0159edstavuje energii 4 000\u20136\u00a0000\u2008GW. Takov\u00fd sloupec hork\u00e9ho vzduchu br\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsunu vlhkosti od Atlantiku a\u00a0rozpou\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadnou obla\u010dnost. Sedl\u00e1ci \u0159\u00edk\u00e1vali \u201ena such\u00e9 pole nepr\u0161\u00ed\u201c, sedl\u00e1ci t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vym\u0159eli a\u00a0o\u00a0klimatu a\u00a0o\u00a0vod\u011b se jedn\u00e1 v\u00a0klimatizovan\u00fdch m\u00edstnostech a\u00a0v\u00edce se d\u00e1 na modely ne\u017e na zku\u0161enost hospod\u00e1\u0159e v\u00a0krajin\u011b.<\/p>\n

Na jedn\u00e1n\u00ed poradn\u00edho sboru Koncepce na ochranu p\u0159ed n\u00e1sledky sucha pro \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky prosazovali p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00ed odborn\u00edci protich\u016fdn\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, nap\u0159\u00edklad: \u201e\u00a0rybn\u00edky nebudeme stav\u011bt, proto\u017ee se z\u00a0nich odpa\u0159uje mnoho vody v\u00a0tepl\u00e9m letn\u00edm po\u010das\u00ed, z\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016f se tak\u00e9 odpa\u0159uje mnoho vody, a\u00a0proto je nebudeme obnovovat. Z\u00a0pol\u00ed bez vegetace se voda nem\u016f\u017ee odpa\u0159ovat, proto\u017ee tam nen\u00ed, tud\u00ed\u017e such\u00e9 plochy \u0161et\u0159\u00ed vodu.\u201c\u00a0<\/em>Jin\u00ed tvrd\u00ed: \u201e \u00fahyn lesa na \u0160umav\u011b nemohl sn\u00ed\u017eit vodnost pramene Vltavy, proto\u017ee je p\u0159eci z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee such\u00fd les odpa\u0159\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b vody ne\u017eli les \u017eiv\u00fd.\u201c\u00a0<\/em>Jin\u00ed v\u011bdci kategoricky tvrd\u00ed: \u201e les je tmav\u00fd a\u00a0otepluje planetu, proto\u017ee absorbuje v\u00edce slune\u010dn\u00ed energie ne\u017e sv\u011btl\u00e9 pole.\u201c\u00a0<\/em>Dal\u0161\u00ed doporu\u010duj\u00ed barvit plochy b\u00edle, aby v\u00edce odr\u00e1\u017eely sv\u011btlo. Na vysv\u011btlenou dod\u00e1v\u00e1m: z\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016f se vypa\u0159uje v\u00edce vody proto, \u017ee ji odeb\u00edr\u00e1 such\u00fd vzduch z\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00fdch ploch. Mok\u0159ady, podobn\u011b jako lesy, si udr\u017euj\u00ed n\u00edzkou teplotu pod 30\u00a0o<\/sup>C, vzduch nasycen\u00fd vodou z\u00a0nich stoup\u00e1 pomalu vzh\u016fru a\u00a0voda se m\u016f\u017ee vracet v\u00a0podob\u011b drobn\u00e9ho de\u0161t\u011b, rosy a\u00a0mlhy. Mlha a\u00a0obla\u010dnost tlum\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkon slune\u010dn\u00ed energie a\u00a0zabra\u0148uje vzniku rann\u00edch mraz\u016f. Je\u0161t\u011b v\u00a070. letech b\u00fdvala brzy r\u00e1no i\u00a0v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b hust\u00e1 mlha od Vesel\u00ed nad Lu\u017enic\u00ed do Sezimova \u00dast\u00ed, sr\u00e1\u017eela se nad blaty, nad mokr\u00fdmi loukami. Vzrostl\u00fd les na \u0160umav\u011b vy\u010des\u00e1val n\u011bkolik set mm horizont\u00e1ln\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek ro\u010dn\u011b, uschl\u00fd les to nedok\u00e1\u017ee, naopak urychluje ztr\u00e1ty vody.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 klimatick\u00e1 v\u011bda se soust\u0159edila na zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed vzr\u016fstu pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed teploty, kter\u00fd je \u00fadajn\u011b zp\u016fsoben zv\u00fd\u0161enou koncentrac\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, jako je oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd, metan a\u00a0oxidy dus\u00edku. Ob\u00e1v\u00e1me se vzr\u016fstu pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 teploty a\u00a0p\u0159itom \u010dast\u011bji zmrznou meru\u0148ky, broskve a\u00a0na jihu \u010cech i\u00a0bor\u016fvky. Probl\u00e9m je v\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0nedostatku vody zp\u016fsoben\u00e9m dlouholet\u00fdm \u0161patn\u00fdm hospoda\u0159en\u00edm v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Africe klesla za posledn\u00edch 50\u00a0let plocha lesa z\u00a060\u00a0% na 2\u00a0%. Z\u00a0les\u016f stoupal vlhk\u00fd vzduch do vysok\u00fdch hor a\u00a0tam p\u0159ir\u016fstal ledovec, dnes ledovec odt\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1sledkem p\u0159\u00edsunu oh\u0159\u00e1t\u00e9ho vzduchu z\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00fdch a\u00a0odlesn\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00ed\u017ein. \u0160pan\u011blsko ztratilo vodu pot\u00e9, co byly vyk\u00e1ceny lesy na stavbu lod\u00ed. Kolumbus, kdy\u017e p\u0159iplul k\u00a0Jamajce, zapsal: \u201eka\u017ed\u00fd den odpoledne zde pr\u0161\u00ed, tak tomu b\u00fdvalo na ostrovech u\u00a0\u0160pan\u011blska, ne\u017e jsme vyk\u00e1celi lesy.<\/em>\u201c Na \u00fazem\u00ed USA bylo od p\u0159\u00edchodu Evropan\u016f odvodn\u011bno na 46 milion\u016f hektar\u016f mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0nahrazeno zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdmi plodinami, vzduch se na takov\u00e9 plo\u0161e oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 energi\u00ed 175\u00a0000\u2008GW, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se tepeln\u00e9 rozd\u00edly, kter\u00fdmi jsou poh\u00e1n\u011bna torn\u00e1da a\u00a0tepl\u00fd vzduch se p\u0159esouv\u00e1 i\u00a0nad oce\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Pod ka\u017ed\u00fdm metrem \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edm p\u016fdy chyb\u00ed u\u00a0n\u00e1s n\u011bkolik set litr\u016f vody, ta je v\u00a0oce\u00e1nu. N\u00e1prava je mo\u017en\u00e1 jedin\u011b soustavn\u00fdm zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b na ploch\u00e1ch, na p\u016fdn\u00edch bloc\u00edch a\u00a0podporou trval\u00e9 vegetace. Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 produkce klesnout nemus\u00ed, zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 produkce kles\u00e1 n\u00e1sledkem sucha. Nejsu\u0161\u0161\u00ed oblasti jsou pr\u00e1v\u011b tam, kde je odvodn\u011bn\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 p\u016fda, to plat\u00ed i\u00a0pro Slovensko a\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00edho N\u011bmecka. Pot\u0159ebujeme zadr\u017eet de\u0161\u0165ovou vodu a\u00a0ochladit \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00fdparem vody p\u0159es vegetaci, potom se bude voda do chladn\u00e9 krajiny vracet. Such\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed d\u00e1le vysychaj\u00ed, naopak krajina ochlazovan\u00e1 vegetac\u00ed p\u0159itahuje de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky. Ve\u0159ejnost mus\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dat od v\u011bdc\u016f jasn\u00e1 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed a\u00a0v\u011bdci by se m\u011bli zodpov\u00eddat z\u00a0toho, co hl\u00e1saj\u00ed. Zat\u00edm vysych\u00e1me a\u00a0opakujeme chyby p\u0159edchoz\u00edch civilizac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Za\u010d\u00e1tkem \u010dervna jsme byli v\u00a0Turkmenist\u00e1nu na konferenci st\u00e1t\u016f St\u0159edn\u00ed Asie o\u00a0vod\u011b a\u00a0klimatu. Aralsk\u00e9 jezero vyschlo a\u00a0prohlubuje se nedostatek vody v\u00a0cel\u00e9 oblasti. Obloha je zde bez mrak\u016f m\u00edrn\u011b zast\u00edn\u011bna v\u0161ude p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm drobn\u00fdm prachem z\u00a0p\u00edsku. Nam\u011b\u0159ili jsme p\u0159\u00edkon slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed do 800\u2008W.m-2<\/sup>, tedy m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e u\u00a0n\u00e1s za jasn\u00e9ho dne. Teplota v\u00a0A\u0161chab\u00e1du a\u00a0okol\u00ed byla ov\u0161em nad 35\u00a0o<\/sup>C, tedy vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u\u00a0n\u00e1s. Teplotu zvedaj\u00ed odlesn\u011bn\u00e9 okoln\u00ed svahy kopc\u016f a\u00a0hor vyh\u0159\u00e1t\u00e9 na 60\u00a00<\/sup>C, z\u00a0t\u011bch p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed hork\u00fd vzduch a\u00a0p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00e9 plochy s\u00e1laj\u00ed do sv\u00e9ho okol\u00ed. V\u00a0okol\u00ed A\u0161chab\u00e1du vysazuj\u00ed stromy na \u00factyhodn\u00e9 plo\u0161e 2 500\u2008km2<\/sup>\u00a0ve snaze vr\u00e1tit vodu a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017eit pra\u0161nost. U\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9ho stromku je hadi\u010dka p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1vlahovou vodu.<\/p>\n

U\u00a0n\u00e1s zat\u00edm nech\u00e1v\u00e1me les schnout s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee to nem\u00e1 vliv na hydrologii \u00fazem\u00ed. Odstra\u0148ujeme stromy a\u00a0travnat\u00e9 plochy ve m\u011bstech, zrychlujeme odtok vody. Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 pole jsou kryta rostouc\u00ed vegetac\u00ed jen n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f v\u00a0roce. Opakujeme chyby star\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed, nedivme se, \u017ee je sucho ob\u010das p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdm de\u0161t\u011bm, v\u017edy\u0165 krajinu i\u00a0m\u011bsta p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ujeme systematicky ve step, m\u00edsty v\u00a0pou\u0161\u0165.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Historic civilizations have dried up, archaeologists find them under sand deposits. The oldest great civilization was in Mesopotamia on the territory of present-day Syria between the Euphrates and Tygris.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3680,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[887,121,888],"coauthors":[850],"class_list":["post-3742","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-agricultural-production","tag-drought","tag-irrigations"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3742","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3742"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3742\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30398,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3742\/revisions\/30398"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3680"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3742"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3742"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3742"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3742"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}