{"id":3716,"date":"2017-08-10T11:36:41","date_gmt":"2017-08-10T11:36:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=3716"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:13:31","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:13:31","slug":"water-transfers-as-a-measure-for-dealing-with-drought-and-water-scarcity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/08\/water-transfers-as-a-measure-for-dealing-with-drought-and-water-scarcity\/","title":{"rendered":"Water transfers as a measure for dealing with drought and water scarcity"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

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Souhrn<\/h2>\n

T\u00e9ma uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159evod\u016f vody ve vodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed se st\u00e1v\u00e1 op\u011bt aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravou opat\u0159en\u00ed na ochranu p\u0159ed n\u00e1sledky sucha a\u00a0nedostatku vody. Vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161ak rovn\u011b\u017e \u0159ada ot\u00e1zek, na kter\u00e9 by bylo dobr\u00e9 zn\u00e1t odpov\u011b\u010f je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e se s\u00a0realizac\u00ed nov\u00fdch p\u0159evod\u016f vody za\u010dne. Na prvn\u00ed z\u00a0ot\u00e1zek odpov\u00eddal prof. Bro\u017ea v\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasopisu VTEI \u2013 Maj\u00ed p\u0159evody vody potenci\u00e1l p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0operativn\u00edmu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sucha a\u00a0nedostatku vody? Jeho odpov\u011b\u010f zn\u00ed: bez akumula\u010dn\u00edho prostoru pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ne, ve spojen\u00ed s\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u0161ak zvy\u0161uj\u00ed \u201ehydrologick\u00fd\u201c potenci\u00e1l povod\u00ed dan\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee [1]. Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek do diskuse se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi ot\u00e1zkami: Jak\u00e1 jsou potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00ed rizika spojen\u00e1 s\u00a0propojen\u00edm dvou povod\u00ed? Jak je to s\u00a0p\u0159evody vody v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0c\u00edli ochrany vod v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0R\u00e1mcovou sm\u011brnic\u00ed o\u00a0vod\u011b?<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm hydrologick\u00fdm suchem v\u00a0roce 2015 a\u00a0rovn\u011b\u017e v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0pln\u011bn\u00edm \u00fakol\u016f vze\u0161l\u00fdch z\u00a0usnesen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d. 620 z\u00a0roku 2015 p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed podniky Povod\u00ed studie proveditelnosti nov\u00fdch p\u0159evod\u016f vody. P\u0159evodem vody rozum\u00edme technickou infrastrukturu, kter\u00e1 zaji\u0161\u0165uje p\u0159iveden\u00ed vody z\u00a0m\u00edsta, kde je j\u00ed dostatek, do m\u00edsta, kde se j\u00ed nedost\u00e1v\u00e1 (a\u0165 u\u017e dlouhodob\u011b, nebo p\u0159i hydrologick\u00e9m suchu), nebo odveden\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho odtoku do toku nebo n\u00e1dr\u017ee, kde ne\u0161kod\u00ed. M\u016f\u017ee se jednat o\u00a0um\u011bl\u00e9 vodn\u00ed toky, kdy se p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed voda v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edti (ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 rovn\u011b\u017e jako kan\u00e1ly, stoky, p\u0159ivad\u011b\u010de aj.), p\u0159evod m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt rovn\u011b\u017e podobu trubn\u00edho propojen\u00ed \u2013 zpravidla v\u00a0r\u00e1mci vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f [2]. P\u0159evod vody m\u016f\u017ee prob\u00edhat nejen z\u00a0toku do toku, ale rovn\u011b\u017e s\u00a0uplatn\u011bn\u00edm n\u00e1dr\u017ee na jedn\u00e9, na druh\u00e9 nebo na obou stran\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Budov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159evod\u016f vody m\u00e1 na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR bohatou historii a\u00a0souviselo s\u00a0rozvojem kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed dan\u00e9 doby. V\u00fdznam p\u0159evod\u016f vody pro operativn\u00ed zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nedostatku vody b\u011bhem m\u00e1lovodn\u00e9 epizody je v\u0161ak diskutabiln\u00ed, nebo\u0165 sucho sv\u00fdm plo\u0161n\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm zpravidla povede k\u00a0poklesu disponibiln\u00edho pr\u016ftoku nejen v\u00a0deficitn\u00ed oblasti, ale rovn\u011b\u017e i\u00a0v\u00a0oblasti zdrojov\u00e9 [1]. S\u00a0realizac\u00ed p\u0159evod\u016f vody je spojena \u0159ada environment\u00e1ln\u00edch rizik (viz\u00a0box 1<\/em>). Voda je zpravidla odeb\u00edr\u00e1na z\u00a0oblast\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159irozen\u011b na vodu bohat\u00e9 a\u00a0ekologicky cenn\u00e9 nebo mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159evodem vody ochuzeny oblasti n\u00ed\u017ee po toku, jejich\u017e spole\u010denstva byla v\u00e1z\u00e1na na p\u016fvodn\u00ed na vodu bohat\u00fd hydrologick\u00fd re\u017eim [3]. Vzhledem k\u00a0prohlubuj\u00edc\u00edm se probl\u00e9m\u016fm s\u00a0nedostatkem vody v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch povod\u00edch v\u0161ak budou m\u00edt opat\u0159en\u00ed tohoto typu sv\u00e1 opodstatn\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f pos\u00edlen\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu povod\u00ed vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee s\u00a0nedostate\u010dnou zabezpe\u010denost\u00ed vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u00fa\u010del\u016f. Nov\u00fd p\u0159evod vody tak m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zranitelnosti \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b vodn\u00edch tok\u016f) v\u016f\u010di dlouhodob\u00e9mu suchu a\u00a0nedostatku vody.<\/p>\n

Potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00ed dopady p\u0159evod\u016f vody<\/h2>\n

Ot\u00e1zkou potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch environment\u00e1ln\u00edch dopad\u016f p\u0159evod\u016f vody se zab\u00fdvala studie realizovan\u00e1 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci podpory v\u00fdkonu st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravou Koncepce na ochranu p\u0159ed n\u00e1sledky sucha na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR. C\u00edlem studie bylo na z\u00e1klad\u011b liter\u00e1rn\u00ed re\u0161er\u0161e popsat potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00ed dopady p\u0159evod\u016f vody a\u00a0navrhnout metodiku posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011bru nov\u00e9ho p\u0159evodu vody na ekologick\u00fd stav (potenci\u00e1l) dot\u010den\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b re\u0161er\u0161e literatury, kter\u00e1 by odpov\u00eddala podm\u00ednk\u00e1m a\u00a0rozm\u011br\u016fm p\u0159evod\u016f vody v\u00a0\u010cR, a\u00a0na z\u00e1klad\u011b konzultace nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdmi odbory V\u00daV TGM, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., byla identifikov\u00e1na rizika uveden\u00e1 v\u00a0boxu 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00e9 p\u0159evody vody ve vztahu k\u00a0dosahov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f ochrany vod<\/h2>\n

Nov\u00e9 p\u0159evody vody p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd antropogenn\u00ed vliv spojen\u00fd s\u00a0novou trvalou zm\u011bnou fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f v\u00a0obou dot\u010den\u00fdch vodn\u00edch \u00fatvarech. Z\u00a0hlediska dosahov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f ochrany vod v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0R\u00e1mcovou sm\u011brnic\u00ed o\u00a0vodn\u00ed politice 2000\/60\/EK bude pro realizaci nov\u00fdch p\u0159evod\u016f vody nutn\u00e9 posoudit jejich potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed vliv na stav dot\u010den\u00fdch vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee hroz\u00ed zhor\u0161en\u00ed jejich ekologick\u00e9ho stavu (u\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f hovo\u0159\u00edme o\u00a0potenci\u00e1lu), je t\u0159eba posoudit, zda bude mo\u017en\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdjimky z\u00a0t\u011bchto c\u00edl\u016f podle \u00a7\u00a023a\u00a0odstavce 7 z\u00e1kona \u010d. 254\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch (d\u00e1le jen vodn\u00ed z\u00e1kon). V\u00fdjimku je mo\u017eno ud\u011blit v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee jsou spln\u011bny podm\u00ednky stanoven\u00e9 v\u00a0\u00a7\u00a023a odstavci 8 vodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona. Prvn\u00ed podm\u00ednkou je od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed projektu \u2013 mus\u00ed se jednat o\u00a0nad\u0159azen\u00fd ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem, nebo mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00ednosy pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0spole\u010dnost p\u0159i dosahov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f ochrany vod p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eeny p\u0159\u00ednosy nov\u00fdch zm\u011bn pro lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed, udr\u017een\u00ed ochrany obyvatel nebo udr\u017eiteln\u00fd rozvoj. Druhou podm\u00ednkou je, \u017ee prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 c\u00edle, kter\u00e9 z\u00a0t\u011bchto zm\u011bn nebo \u00faprav vodn\u00edho \u00fatvaru vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed, nelze dos\u00e1hnout jin\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky (nebo jinde), je\u017e by byly z\u00a0hlediska \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed. T\u0159et\u00ed podm\u00ednkou je, \u017ee mus\u00ed b\u00fdt navr\u017eena zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 eliminuj\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 dopady projektu na ekologick\u00fd stav (potenci\u00e1l) dot\u010den\u00fdch vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f. Z\u00e1m\u011bry, na kter\u00e9 se vztahuje v\u00fdjimka z\u00a0dosahov\u00e1n\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt uvedeny a\u00a0zd\u016fvodn\u011bny v\u00a0pl\u00e1nu povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159evody vody p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011bry, na kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na parametrech stavby mohou vztahovat po\u017eadavky z\u00e1kona \u010d. 100\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed vliv\u016f na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed (d\u00e1le EIA). Zat\u00edm nebylo dosa\u017eeno jednozna\u010dn\u00e9ho konsenzu, zda po\u017eadavky na parametry pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 stavby vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0vodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona popsan\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e budou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed procesu EIA nebo zda posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed dopad\u016f z\u00e1m\u011bru na stav vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f bude \u0159e\u0161eno samostatn\u011b a\u00a0proces EIA a\u017e n\u00e1sledn\u011b u\u00a0z\u00e1m\u011br\u016f, kter\u00e9 pod p\u016fsobnost z\u00e1kona \u010d. 100\/2001 Sb. spadaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla sn\u00ed\u017eit dopad p\u0159evodu vody na stav dot\u010den\u00fdch vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f, zahrnuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pr\u016fb\u011b\u017enou kontrolu zachov\u00e1n\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku ve zdrojov\u00e9m vodn\u00edm toku, revitalizaci nebo renaturaci zdrojov\u00e9ho toku v\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m \u00faseku, aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna dostate\u010dn\u00e1 morfologick\u00e1 \u010dlenitost s\u00a0\u00fakryty pro organismy, pokud mo\u017eno pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00fd provoz\u00a0p\u0159evodu vody, aby bylo eliminov\u00e1no v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 nep\u0159irozen\u00e9 kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed hladin v\u00a0dot\u010den\u00fdch \u00fatvarech, navr\u017een\u00ed odb\u011brn\u00e9ho objektu s\u00a0ohledem na zachov\u00e1n\u00ed pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 prostupnosti koryta aj.<\/p>\n\"Nesladkova-box1\"<\/a>\n

Box 1. Identifikovan\u00e1 potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00ed rizika spojen\u00e1 s\u00a0p\u0159evody vody<\/h6>\n

Jakost p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 vody by nem\u011bla p\u0159edstavovat riziko pro organismy \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0dotovan\u00e9m vodn\u00edm \u00fatvaru. Je vhodn\u00e9 zajistit odstran\u011bn\u00ed hrub\u00fdch ne\u010distot, vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed teploty p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 vody a\u00a0okysli\u010den\u00ed (viz\u00a0box 2<\/em>) a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed. Vhodn\u011b navr\u017een\u00e1 zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed mohou eliminovat nutnost uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdjimky z\u00a0c\u00edl\u016f ochrany vod pro dan\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br. Pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed datov\u00fdch podklad\u016f pro studie dopad\u016f z\u00e1m\u011bru na stav dot\u010den\u00fdch vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f a\u00a0na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed obecn\u011b doporu\u010dujeme zaveden\u00ed \u00fa\u010delov\u00e9ho monitoringu ukazatel\u016f chemick\u00fdch a\u00a0biologick\u00fdch slo\u017eek stavu dot\u010den\u00fdch vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f a\u00a0monitoring pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0propojovan\u00fdch profilech ji\u017e ve f\u00e1zi p\u0159edprojektov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravy.<\/p>\n

Po\u017eadavek na uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdjimky pro dan\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br uv\u00e1d\u00ed spr\u00e1vce povod\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m stanovisku spr\u00e1vce povod\u00ed (podle \u00a7 54 odst. 4 vodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona).\u00a0Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed postup pro ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdjimek z\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f ochrany vod je pops\u00e1n v\u00a0metodick\u00e9m pokynu Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed \u010cR \u010d. j.: 20380\/2016-MZE-15120 k\u00a0posouzen\u00ed mo\u017enosti vlivu z\u00e1m\u011bru na stav dot\u010den\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho \u00fatvaru p\u0159i vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed povolen\u00ed, souhlas\u016f a\u00a0z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch stanovisek vodopr\u00e1vn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b ustanoven\u00ed \u00a7\u00a0106 odst. 1 vodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona je k\u00a0\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o\u00a0ud\u011blen\u00ed v\u00fdjimky p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd vodopr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad obecn\u00edho \u00fa\u0159adu obce s\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou p\u016fsobnost\u00ed, vyjma z\u00e1m\u011br\u016f uveden\u00fdch v\u00a0ustanoven\u00ed \u00a7 107 vodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona, pro kter\u00e9 je k\u00a0ud\u011blen\u00ed v\u00fdjimky p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd krajsk\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad. Podrobn\u00e1 metodika pro posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed dopad\u016f pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho opat\u0159en\u00ed na stav vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f a\u00a0pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0ud\u011blen\u00ed v\u00fdjimky podle \u00a7 23a vodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona zat\u00edm nen\u00ed k\u00a0dispozici. V\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti teprve podp\u016frn\u00e9 dokumenty vznikaj\u00ed (a\u00a0to jak na \u00farovni Evropsk\u00e9 komise, tak na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni).<\/p>\n

Zde je vhodn\u00e9 podotknout, \u017ee systematick\u00e9 nadlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed hydrologick\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f p\u016fvodn\u011b neovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f nen\u00ed vhodn\u00fdm argumentem pro zd\u016fvod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn na \u00fatvarech povrchov\u00fdch vod. V\u00a0kontextu p\u0159\u00edpravy opat\u0159en\u00ed pro zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sucha a\u00a0nedostatku vody je dobr\u00e9 vz\u00edt v\u00a0\u00favahu, \u017ee R\u00e1mcov\u00e1 sm\u011brnice pro vodn\u00ed politiku umo\u017e\u0148uje uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdjimky z\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadech, kter\u00e9 byly zap\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011bny okolnostmi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed povahy nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 a\u00a0kter\u00e9 nemohly b\u00fdt rozumn\u011b p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1ny, jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b extr\u00e9mn\u00edch povodn\u00ed, d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00edho sucha nebo v\u00a0d\u016fsledku hav\u00e1ri\u00ed (\u010dl\u00e1nek 4.6 R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice o\u00a0vodn\u00ed politice). Na druhou stranu by v\u0161ak institut v\u00fdjimky nem\u011bl slou\u017eit jako v\u0161eobecn\u00fd argument pro nepln\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f ochrany vod.<\/p>\n

Potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed dopady nov\u00fdch p\u0159evod\u016f vody na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed infrastrukturu<\/h2>\n

P\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b z\u00e1m\u011bru na nov\u00fd p\u0159evod vody je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v\u00a0\u00favahu potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed dopady zm\u011bny hydrologick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed infrastrukturu a\u00a0povolen\u00e1 nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodami. P\u0159evod vody m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat pro zdrojov\u00fd vodn\u00ed tok v\u00fdznamn\u00fd odb\u011br, kter\u00fd m\u011bn\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v\u00a0\u00faseku pod odb\u011brn\u00fdm objektem pro p\u0159evod.<\/p>\n\"Nesladkova-box2\"<\/a>\n

Box 2. Zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch dopad\u016f p\u0159evod\u016f vody<\/h6>\n

Minim\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u016fstatkov\u00fd pr\u016ftok pod m\u00edstem p\u0159evodu mus\u00ed b\u00fdt stanoven tak, aby byly zohledn\u011bny povolen\u00e9 odb\u011bry v\u00a0dot\u010den\u00e9m \u00faseku a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 aby byly zaji\u0161t\u011bny po\u017eadavky na obecn\u00e9 nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0povrchov\u00fdmi vodami a\u00a0ekologick\u00e9 funkce vodn\u00edho toku. Zm\u011bna vodnosti tok\u016f nebo zm\u011bna \u00farovn\u011b hladiny vody v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch dot\u010den\u00fdch p\u0159evodem m\u016f\u017ee zm\u011bnit podm\u00ednky pro provoz instalovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch elektr\u00e1ren.<\/p>\n

U\u00a0povolen\u00fdch vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod je nutno posoudit potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed dopad na pln\u011bn\u00ed povolen\u00fdch emisn\u00edch limit\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou na z\u00e1klad\u011b tzv. kombinovan\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu odvisl\u00e9 od ukazatel\u016f jakosti vody v\u00a0recipientu. Tyto hodnoty se v\u0161ak mohou v\u00a0souvislosti se zm\u011bnou hydrologick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu zm\u011bnit.<\/p>\n\"Nesladkova-1\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 1. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku v jednotliv\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch za obdob\u00ed 2010\u20132015 (v profilu na Oh\u0159i pod Nechranicemi v\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed bylo k\u00a0dispozici pouze jedno pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed) (zdroj: \u010cHM\u00da, IS ARROW)<\/h6>\n

P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho z\u00e1m\u011bru je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v\u00a0\u00favahu, zda jsou v\u00a0dot\u010den\u00fdch \u00fasec\u00edch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f vymezeny oblasti se specifick\u00fdmi po\u017eadavky na jakost vody z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f ochrany vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0ochrann\u00e1 p\u00e1sma vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti, povrchov\u00e9 vody vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 ke koup\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 tzv. koupac\u00ed vody \u2013 a\u00a0oblasti\u00a0zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed podporu \u017eivota ryb \u2013 tzv. rybn\u00e9 vody.<\/p>\n

Uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v, povinnost\u00ed a\u00a0poplatk\u016f p\u0159i p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed vody<\/h2>\n

P\u0159ipravovan\u00e9 projekty p\u0159evod\u016f vody zpravidla vedou jednak k\u00a0zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed obecn\u00e9ho nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodami a\u00a0d\u00e1le zabezpe\u010duj\u00ed vodu pro dal\u0161\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Pom\u011brn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fdm aspektem budov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159evod\u016f vody je budouc\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v a\u00a0povinnost\u00ed provozovatele nov\u011b vybudovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu v\u016f\u010di budouc\u00edm odb\u011bratel\u016fm a\u00a0v\u016f\u010di \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0nastaven\u00ed struktury a\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e plateb za odebran\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 vody v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jej\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Parametry smluvn\u00edch uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed mezi provozovatelem a\u00a0odb\u011brateli \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fdsledn\u00fdm technick\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm p\u0159ipravovan\u00e9 infrastruktury. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed, velikost a\u00a0spolehlivost dod\u00e1vky vody. P\u0159i\u00a0rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0nastaven\u00ed t\u011bchto parametr\u016f hraje kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli m\u00edra rizika, kterou je budouc\u00ed odb\u011bratel ochoten akceptovat a\u00a0jak\u00fd charakter bude jeho odb\u011br m\u00edt, zda bude odeb\u00edrat a\u017e v\u00a0okam\u017eiku, kdy jeho vlastn\u00ed zdroje jsou ji\u017e vy\u010derp\u00e1ny a\u00a0bude tedy po\u017eadovat n\u00e1razov\u00e9 pokryt\u00ed cel\u00e9 sv\u00e9 pot\u0159eby, nebo zda bude odeb\u00edrat pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b men\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed vody i\u00a0za cenu v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho celkov\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159eveden\u00e9 vody. A\u017e na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto informac\u00ed je mo\u017eno p\u0159istoupit k\u00a0dimenzov\u00e1n\u00ed stavby a\u00a0k\u00a0odhadov\u00e1n\u00ed investi\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0provozn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b k\u00a0cen\u011b p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 vody. Ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0iterativn\u00ed proces, kdy je hled\u00e1no \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny smluvn\u00ed strany. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je ochota odb\u011bratele n\u00e9st riziko, t\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed jsou n\u00e1klady na stavbu a\u00a0provoz infrastruktury a\u00a0naopak [4]. Nastaven\u00ed smluvn\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f a\u00a0parametr\u016f infrastruktury je mo\u017eno optimalizovat s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm modelu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 soustavy pro\u00a0prom\u011bnn\u00e9 hydrologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky.<\/p>\n

P\u0159evod vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee Nechranice do povod\u00ed Rakovnick\u00e9ho potoka<\/h2>\n

Z\u00a0p\u0159ipravovan\u00fdch z\u00e1m\u011br\u016f na v\u00fdstavbu p\u0159evod\u016f vody je d\u00e1le diskutov\u00e1n z\u00e1m\u011br na v\u00fdstavbu p\u0159evodu vody z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee Nechranice do povod\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f Bl\u0161anka, Liboc, Rakovnick\u00fd potok, Hasina a\u00a0Smolensk\u00fd potok. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0region, kter\u00fd je dlouhodob\u011b zraniteln\u00fd v\u016f\u010di suchu a\u00a0nedostatku vody zejm\u00e9na pro zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Pro dan\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br byla v\u00a0roce 2016 vypracov\u00e1na studie proveditelnosti [5].<\/p>\n\"Nesladkova-2\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 2. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed teplotn\u00edho re\u017eimu ve zdrojov\u00e9m a v dotovan\u00fdch \u00fatvarech povrchov\u00fdch vod za obdob\u00ed 2010\u20132015 (zdroj: \u010cHM\u00da, IS ARROW)<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1m\u011brem p\u0159evodu vody je zajistit dostate\u010dn\u00fd pr\u016ftok v\u00a0dotovan\u00fdch\u00a0toc\u00edch pro obecn\u00e9 nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodami a\u00a0pro zem\u011bd\u011blskou z\u00e1vlahu. Vzhledem k\u00a0rozd\u00edln\u00e9mu kysl\u00edkov\u00e9mu a\u00a0teplotn\u00edmu re\u017eimu v\u00a0pl\u00e1novan\u00e9m odb\u011brn\u00e9m profilu pod n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed Nechranice a\u00a0v\u00a0dotovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch (viz\u00a0obr. 1<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a02<\/em>) v\u0161ak bude nutn\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bnou vodu vypou\u0161t\u011bt do st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch nebo za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem nov\u011b zrealizovan\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Studie proveditelnosti navrhuje za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ivad\u011b\u010de do n\u00e1dr\u017ee Vidhostice na Ml\u00fdneck\u00e9m potoce (z\u00e1sobn\u00ed prostor 861\u2008tis. m3<\/sup>), kter\u00fd je levostrann\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtokem Bl\u0161anky, a\u00a0v\u00a0povod\u00ed Rakovnick\u00e9ho potoka je uva\u017eov\u00e1no variantn\u011b bu\u010f se za\u00fast\u011bn\u00edm p\u0159evodu do Velk\u00e9ho Jesenick\u00e9ho rybn\u00edka (z\u00e1sobn\u00ed prostor 606\u2008tis. m3<\/sup>), nebo do nov\u011b p\u0159ipravovan\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee Senomaty (z\u00e1sobn\u00ed prostor n\u00e1dr\u017ee 539\u2008tis. m3<\/sup>). St\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1vrh parametr\u016f potrub\u00ed byl dimenzov\u00e1n na pokryt\u00ed nedostatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku s\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed 95\u00a0% stanoven\u00e9ho z\u00a0rozd\u00edlu pr\u016ftok\u016f modelovan\u00fdch pro v\u00fdhledov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed 2071\u20132100 a\u00a0sou\u010dtu minim\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku stanoven\u00e9ho k\u00a0uz\u00e1v\u011brov\u00e9mu profilu dotovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0po\u017eadavk\u016f na odb\u011bry vody pro z\u00e1vlahy chmelnic. P\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtech nebylo uva\u017eov\u00e1no s\u00a0akumulac\u00ed vody v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch. Takov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u0161ak vede k\u00a0ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 dimenzi potrub\u00ed, technologi\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b investi\u010dn\u00edm a\u00a0provozn\u00edm n\u00e1klad\u016fm. Potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9m by mohla p\u0159edstavovat jakost p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 vody. Jakost vody odebran\u00e9 z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee Nechranice by se n\u00e1sledkem stagnace v\u00a0tlakov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu mohla v\u00fdrazn\u011b zhor\u0161it, minim\u00e1ln\u011b hroz\u00ed kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed ukazatel\u016f jakosti v\u00a0souvislosti se zm\u011bnami pr\u016ftoku.<\/p>\n

Pro dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1zi p\u0159\u00edpravy projektu doporu\u010dujeme p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u016fstatkov\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f uva\u017eovan\u00fdch p\u0159i dimenzov\u00e1n\u00ed stavby. Tyto hodnoty by m\u011bly odpov\u00eddat po\u017eadavk\u016fm a\u00a0limit\u016fm ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f v\u00a0\u00fasec\u00edch ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch\u00a0nadlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm z\u00a0p\u0159ivad\u011b\u010de. N\u00e1vrh by m\u011bl po\u010d\u00edtat s\u00a0efektivn\u00edm zapojen\u00edm akumulace v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch v\u00a0r\u00e1mci budovan\u00e9 vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 soustavy, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zajistit pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00fd provoz syst\u00e9mu a\u00a0operativn\u011b \u0159\u00eddit jeho provoz. Pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed vyu\u017eitelnosti p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 vody pro z\u00e1vlahu by bylo vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed s\u00a0uplatn\u011bn\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu men\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1vlahov\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (viz\u00a0obr. 3<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"Nesladkova-3\"<\/a>\n

Obr. 3. Mal\u00e1 montovan\u00e1 z\u00e1vlahov\u00e1 n\u00e1dr\u017e realizovan\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b odb\u011bru vody pro z\u00e1vlahu (fotografie: Josef Je\u017eek, Chmela\u0159sk\u00fd institut, s. r. o.)<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

P\u0159evody vody p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed strategick\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l v\u00fdznamn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit zranitelnost dotovan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed v\u016f\u010di nedostatku vody. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se v\u0161ak jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vede k\u00a0nov\u00e9 trval\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f dot\u010den\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod, a bude tedy vy\u017eadovat podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed posouzen\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho vlivu na dosahov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f ochrany vod v\u00a0dot\u010den\u00fdch \u00fatvarech, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b spln\u011bn\u00ed podm\u00ednek pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdjimky z\u00a0pln\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto c\u00edl\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1vrh zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. S\u00a0t\u00edmto pov\u011bdom\u00edm je t\u0159eba p\u0159istupovat k\u00a0zad\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed studi\u00ed proveditelnosti a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed projektov\u00e9 dokumentace u\u00a0tohoto typu opat\u0159en\u00ed. Opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt uplat\u0148ov\u00e1no p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tam, kde je t\u0159eba zajistit dostate\u010dn\u011b spolehliv\u00fd vodn\u00ed zdroj pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Opat\u0159en\u00ed na zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed stabiln\u00edho minim\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u016fstatkov\u00e9ho pr\u016ftoku pro obecn\u00e9 nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodami v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha by m\u011bla m\u00edt charakter nikoliv technick\u00fdch infrastrukturn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, ale prim\u00e1rn\u011b by m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na obnoven\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu krajiny.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Currently, new projects of water transfers are discussed as a potential measure for dealing with drought and water scarcity. However, there are some issues related with this measure, which require to be considered. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3674,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,86],"tags":[121,885,837],"coauthors":[551,241],"class_list":["post-3716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-drought","tag-lack-of-water","tag-water-transfers"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3716"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3716\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30401,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3716\/revisions\/30401"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3674"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3716"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3716"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}