Omezen\u00ed d\u00e9lky svahu, zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed dr\u00e1hy odtoku, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika vzniku soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jeho rychlosti i\u00a0objemu spolu \u00fazce souvis\u00ed a\u00a0jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0hlavn\u00ed funkce zejm\u00e9na liniov\u00fdch biotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed vsaku vody do p\u016fdy a\u00a0prodlou\u017een\u00ed doby infiltrace z\u00e1vis\u00ed jak na zpomalen\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku, tak i\u00a0na stavu p\u016fdy (nakyp\u0159en\u00e1 p\u016fda vodu l\u00e9pe vs\u00e1kne) a\u00a0krajinn\u00e9m pokryvu. Naru\u0161en\u00ed a\u00a0degradace p\u016fdy hroz\u00ed zejm\u00e9na u\u00a0p\u016fdy nechr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 krajinn\u00fdm pokryvem. \u0158e\u0161en\u00edm proti tomu jsou opat\u0159en\u00ed, jejich\u017e sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je zatravn\u011bn\u00ed nebo jin\u00e1 ochrana p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu. S\u00a0ohledem na tyto \u00fa\u010dinky a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed, uveden\u00e9 podrobn\u011bji ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b [2], jsou vhodn\u00fdmi krajinn\u00fdmi prvky, podporuj\u00edc\u00edmi udr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b, pr\u00e1v\u011b zasakovac\u00ed prvky. Ty spl\u0148uj\u00ed hlavn\u00ed aspekty pro zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dink\u016f sucha \u2013 podpora infiltrace a\u00a0prodlou\u017een\u00ed doby vsaku i\u00a0zpomalen\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku. Jedn\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na o\u00a0zasakovac\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkopy a\u00a0pr\u016flehy, hr\u00e1zky dopln\u011bn\u00e9 pr\u016flehy, p\u0159ehr\u00e1\u017eky v\u00a0\u00fadolnic\u00edch, zasakovac\u00ed p\u00e1sy apod. Tyto prvky je vhodn\u00e9 doplnit o\u00a0travnat\u00fd p\u00e1s s\u00a0doprovodnou zelen\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed i\u00a0jejich ekologick\u00e1 funkce a\u00a0mohou b\u00fdt za\u010dlen\u011bny do \u00fazemn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu ekologick\u00e9 stability (\u00daSES).<\/p>\n
Plo\u0161n\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b (organiza\u010dn\u00ed, agrotechnick\u00e1 i\u00a0na speci\u00e1ln\u00edch kultur\u00e1ch) jsou \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed ve v\u0161ech ohledech. Z\u00a0hlediska \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd zejm\u00e9na jejich vliv na zpomalen\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed infiltrace. Pro v\u011bt\u0161inu plo\u0161n\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee zlep\u0161uj\u00ed vodn\u00ed re\u017eim v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b a\u00a0omezuj\u00ed d\u016fsledky eroze, co\u017e sni\u017euje ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed vnos erodovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic a\u00a0na n\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00fdch polutant\u016f do vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, co\u017e je v\u00a0d\u016fsledku pozitivn\u00ed pro vodn\u00ed organismy, a\u00a0tedy i\u00a0ekologick\u00fd stav. Zm\u011bnami ve vyu\u017eit\u00ed a\u00a0zp\u016fsobu obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemk\u016f, ide\u00e1ln\u011b dopln\u011bn\u00fdch biotechnick\u00fdmi prvky, lze doc\u00edlit zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed projev\u016f sucha v\u00a0krajin\u011b.<\/p>\n
P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu opat\u0159en\u00ed podporuj\u00edc\u00edch zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b je vhodn\u00e9 vych\u00e1zet z\u00a0historick\u00fdch map zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch m\u00edsta p\u016fvodn\u00edho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed krajinn\u00fdch prvk\u016f p\u0159ed kolektivizac\u00ed, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 do\u0161lo k\u00a0jejich rozor\u00e1n\u00ed (meze, poln\u00ed cesty, mok\u0159ady atd.), a\u00a0obnovovat je.<\/p>\n
Tabulka 1. Vhodnost plo\u0161n\u00fdch, lesn\u00edch, biotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed a mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha
\nTable 1. Suitability of area measures (on agricultural and forest land), biotechnological measures and small water reservoirs to solution of drought issues<\/h5>\n![\"Dzurakova-tabulka1\"](\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\")
<\/a>\nMal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee<\/h2>\n
V\u00a0r\u00e1mci opat\u0159en\u00ed typu mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed je hlavn\u00edm pozitivem z\u00a0pohledu zlep\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed akumulace vody a\u00a0jej\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha. S\u00a0ohledem na funkce MVN, z\u00a0nich\u017e mnoh\u00e9 sice vodu akumuluj\u00ed, ale nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 ji v\u00a0such\u00fdch obdob\u00edch vyu\u017e\u00edvat (nap\u0159. z\u00a0d\u016fvodu v\u00fdskytu ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dky), lze za nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ozna\u010dit reten\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee such\u00e9 a\u00a0s\u00a0mal\u00fdm st\u00e1l\u00fdm nadr\u017een\u00edm, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i\u00a0z\u00e1sobn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee (zejm\u00e9na z\u00e1vlahov\u00e9), kter\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed disponibiln\u00ed z\u00e1soby vody pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha. Such\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee, zejm\u00e9na mimo vodn\u00ed tok, na drah\u00e1ch soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho odtoku (DSO), kde netvo\u0159\u00ed migra\u010dn\u00ed bari\u00e9ru pro \u017eivo\u010dichy, zadr\u017euj\u00ed vodu z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zpomaluj\u00ed povrchov\u00fd odtok. Reten\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee s\u00a0mal\u00fdm st\u00e1l\u00fdm nadr\u017een\u00edm mohou v\u00a0such\u00e9m obdob\u00ed slou\u017eit jako mok\u0159ady, \u010d\u00edm\u017e je podpo\u0159ena retence vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b. V\u00a0obdob\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek se voda v\u00a0reten\u010dn\u00edm prostoru akumuluje a\u00a0obdobn\u011b jako u\u00a0such\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pozd\u011bji upou\u0161t\u011bna. Tyto n\u00e1dr\u017ee by se v\u0161ak nem\u011bly st\u00e1vat \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011bm nep\u016fvodn\u00edch nebo invazivn\u00edch druh\u016f (nap\u0159. ryba st\u0159evli\u010dka v\u00fdchodn\u00ed), pop\u0159. v\u00a0d\u016fsledku eutrofizace i\u00a0zdrojem zhor\u0161en\u00e9 kvality vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fasec\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0zdrojem nadm\u011brn\u00e9 biomasy fytoplanktonu. N\u00e1vrh z\u00e1topy by m\u011bl zohlednit i\u00a0tyto mo\u017en\u00e9 negativn\u00ed dopady. Ide\u00e1ln\u011b by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v\u00fd\u0161ka vodn\u00edho sloupce t\u011bchto n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed do 0,6\u2008m. Z\u00e1vlahov\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee maj\u00ed hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhodu v\u00a0akumulaci vody ur\u010den\u00e9 prim\u00e1rn\u011b pro z\u00e1vlahov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, z\u00a0pohledu retence \u010di zasakov\u00e1n\u00ed vody jsou bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e9, pro vodn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my negativn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/a>\nObr. 1. Uk\u00e1zka zatravn\u011bn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edkopu
\nFig. 1. Example of a\u00a0grassy ditch<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 2. P\u00e1sov\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed plodin v\u00a0k. \u00fa. \u0160ardice
\nFig. 2. Band rotation of crops, \u0160ardice<\/h6>\n
Mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee jsou velmi diskutovan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed. Podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f ze sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdch model\u016f lze konstatovat, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed zadr\u017eet pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 nadlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0such\u00e9m obdob\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt pozitivn\u00ed vliv na vodn\u00ed toky pod nimi a\u017e n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed. V\u0161e v\u0161ak z\u00e1vis\u00ed na typu a\u00a0ovladatelnosti spodn\u00edch v\u00fdpust\u00ed, zvolen\u00e9m zp\u016fsobu manipulace a\u00a0manipula\u010dn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1du. \u010casto b\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00a0projektech n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u011bno, \u017ee n\u00e1dr\u017e bude v\u00a0such\u00fdch obdob\u00edch slou\u017eit k\u00a0nadlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f, po realizaci k\u00a0tomu v\u0161ak nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na u\u00a0rybochovn\u00fdch \u010di rekrea\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, kde naopak v\u00a0such\u00fdch obdob\u00edch t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve\u0161kerou vodu zadr\u017euj\u00ed a\u00a0vypou\u0161t\u00ed se pouze nezbytn\u00e9 stanoven\u00e9 minimum). Tuto problematiku by mohla alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161it nap\u0159\u00edklad vhodn\u00e1 zm\u011bna legislativy a\u00a0zejm\u00e9na jej\u00ed d\u016fsledn\u00e9 dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n
K\u00a0identifikaci ploch zanikl\u00fdch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt certifikovanou mapu Sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav historick\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky\u00a0[3], kter\u00e1 je v\u00a0podob\u011b interaktivn\u00ed aplikace [4] dostupn\u00e1 v\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu HEIS V\u00daV TGM, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i. Pro r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 posouzen\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed ploch zanikl\u00fdch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b pro \u00fa\u010dely vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, realizaci vodn\u00edch a\u00a0mok\u0159adn\u00edch prvk\u016f (protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana, opat\u0159en\u00ed proti suchu apod.) lze vyu\u017e\u00edt certifikovanou metodiku [5] zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se hodnocen\u00edm ploch zanikl\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f z\u00a0hlediska optimalizace jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/a>\nObr. 3. Such\u00e1 n\u00e1dr\u017e v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Nenkovice, z\u00e1topa vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na k\u00a0pastv\u011b kon\u00ed
\nFig. 3. Dry retention basin, a\u00a0floodplain is used to horse pasture, Nenkovice<\/h6>\nOpat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech<\/h2>\n
Co se t\u00fd\u010de opat\u0159en\u00ed na lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b nebo obecn\u011bji v\u00a0lesn\u00edm ekosyst\u00e9mu, les jako v\u00fdznamn\u00fd krajinn\u00fd prvek je zna\u010dn\u011b zraniteln\u00fd ve vztahu ke klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b, kter\u00e1 se projevuje teplotn\u00edmi a\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi v\u00fdkyvy, v\u010detn\u011b period sucha. Jde p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0velkou setrva\u010dnost zd\u00e1nliv\u011b se neprojevuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou nebo m\u00e1lo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divou reakc\u00ed. O\u00a0to razantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u00e1sledn\u00fd kolaps cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, nap\u0159. v\u00a0n\u00e1vaznosti na dlouhodob\u00e1 sucha. Z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho pohledu by opat\u0159en\u00ed m\u011bla sm\u011b\u0159ovat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k\u00a0postupn\u00e9 revizi syst\u00e9m\u016f lesnick\u00e9 typologie, tvorb\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch soubor\u016f a\u00a0s\u00a0nimi souvisej\u00edc\u00edch r\u00e1mcov\u00fdch sm\u011brnic hospoda\u0159en\u00ed alespo\u0148 v\u00a0suchem nejv\u00edce ohro\u017een\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch a\u00a0lokalit\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vysok\u00fd potenci\u00e1l k\u00a0zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vody (lokality s\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011b aktivn\u00edmi vodn\u00edmi bilancemi).<\/p>\n
Prvo\u0159ad\u00fdm \u00fakolem operativn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed je udr\u017eet sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vodu v\u00a0lesn\u00edch porostech. Od p\u0159\u00edstupu sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edmu k\u00a0rychl\u00e9mu odveden\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody, nap\u0159. z\u00a0lesn\u00edch odvozn\u00edch cest, skl\u00e1dek d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed a\u00a0jin\u00fdch manipula\u010dn\u00edch ploch, do recipient\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b mimo lesn\u00ed porosty je t\u0159eba jednozna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ej\u00edt k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupu zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0postupn\u00e9mu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vody p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed do lesn\u00edch povod\u00ed. Opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou p\u0159itom pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e1, od opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0porostech, kdy nap\u0159. po t\u011b\u017eb\u00e1ch je vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed klest vyrovn\u00e1vat do hromad orientovan\u00fdch po vrstevnici, na ploch\u00e1ch je vhodn\u00e9 ponech\u00e1vat v\u00a0rozumn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e p\u0159irozen\u00e9 zm\u011bny mikroreli\u00e9fu (nap\u0159. v\u00fdvratov\u00e9 j\u00e1my), po vlastn\u00ed technick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed nap\u0159. za\u00fas\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed svodn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkop\u016f a\u00a0rigol\u016f do dr\u00e9n\u016f, revitalizace vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, v\u00fdstavba mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed atp. Vliv lesa a\u00a0hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch na vodn\u00ed re\u017eim krajiny je v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cR natolik z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, \u017ee hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0vodou v\u00a0les\u00edch by se do budoucna m\u011blo st\u00e1t plnohodnotnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed lesnick\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Pro efektivn\u00ed zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0les\u00edch je prim\u00e1rn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem udr\u017een\u00ed lesa a\u00a0jeho invent\u00e1\u0159e v\u00a0optim\u00e1ln\u00ed kondici (tzn. v\u00a0odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evinn\u00e9 skladb\u011b v\u00a0odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, se zdravou lesn\u00ed p\u016fdou, zdrav\u00fdm lesn\u00edm porostem a\u00a0optim\u00e1ln\u00edm lesn\u00edm invent\u00e1\u0159em).<\/p>\n
Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou zm\u011bny d\u0159evinn\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b introdukce nov\u00fdch druh\u016f, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed biodiverzity, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed doby obm\u00fdt\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch d\u0159evin a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nepase\u010dn\u00fdch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f. Obecn\u011b nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm je zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu les\u016f druhovou, genovou a\u00a0v\u011bkovou diverzifikac\u00ed porost\u016f.<\/p>\n
Strategickou z\u00e1le\u017eitost p\u0159edstavuje vyhodnocen\u00ed hydrick\u00e9 a\u00a0protierozn\u00ed funkce lesa a\u00a0jeho zakotven\u00ed do r\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed. Vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00a0toho stanovit na \u00farovni p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch lesn\u00edch oblast\u00ed hydrick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l lesn\u00ed p\u016fdy v\u010detn\u011b vlivu lesn\u00edch porost\u016f. Na to navazuj\u00ed t\u011b\u017eebn\u011b-dopravn\u00ed technologie, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed hydrick\u00fd re\u017eim lesa.<\/p>\n
V\u0161echna v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 zpravidla pozitivn\u00ed vliv na ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. Opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou zam\u011b\u0159ena zejm\u00e9na na zadr\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody v\u00a0lesn\u00edch porostech a\u00a0zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed infiltrace sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody do hlub\u0161\u00edch vrstev zvodn\u00ed, pop\u0159. p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed povrchov\u00fd odtok na odtok podpovrchov\u00fd. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hrazen\u00ed str\u017e\u00ed je vhodn\u00e9 p\u0159ednostn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvat polopropustn\u00e9 hr\u00e1ze. P\u0159i pr\u016fchodu vody zvodn\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0proces\u016fm samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0do \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f vt\u00e9k\u00e1 \u201evy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1\u201c podzemn\u00ed voda s\u00a0lep\u0161\u00edmi fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdmi a\u00a0chemick\u00fdmi parametry, kter\u00e1 podporuje rozvoj vodn\u00ed bioty a\u00a0nem\u011bn\u00ed habitatovou strukturu vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f.<\/p>\n
Doporu\u010den\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed (na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 a\u00a0lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b) a\u00a0MVN jsou p\u0159ehledn\u011b zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em>.<\/p>\nOpat\u0159en\u00ed na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0niv\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n
P\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00fapravy vodn\u00edch tok\u016f (revitalizace, renaturace) a\u00a0jejich niv (realizace t\u016fn\u00ed, mok\u0159adn\u00edch ploch apod.) jsou souborem d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0hydrologick\u00fdm suchem slou\u017e\u00ed zejm\u00e9na ke t\u0159em \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. Prvn\u00edm je akumulace vody v\u00a0podzemn\u00ed vod\u011b niv, druh\u00fdm je vytvo\u0159en\u00ed refugi\u00ed pro vodn\u00ed biotu a\u00a0t\u0159et\u00edm je podpora samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Tabulka 2. Vhodnost opat\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch a mok\u0159adn\u00edch biotop\u016f k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha
\nTable 2. Suitability of watercourses measures and wetland habitats to solution of drought issues<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nRevitalizace jsou tak opat\u0159en\u00edmi, kter\u00e1 i\u00a0p\u0159i realizaci v\u00a0omezen\u00e9m prostoru st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch koryt tok\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vodn\u00edm organism\u016fm operativn\u00ed prostor pro \u00fanikovou migraci a\u00a0refugia pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdskytu sucha. P\u0159\u00ednos pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha z\u00a0pohledu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho a\u00a0ekologick\u00e9ho se zvy\u0161uje s\u00a0komplexnost\u00ed proveden\u00ed revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0renatura\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f. V\u00a0projektech \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch V\u00daV TGM bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee vliv revitalizace na zlep\u0161en\u00ed ekologick\u00e9ho stavu z\u00e1vis\u00ed i\u00a0na jakosti vod. Dopad na zlep\u0161en\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdch\u00a0parametr\u016f vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed se zvy\u0161uje s\u00a0d\u00e9lkou revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch \u00faprav. Nap\u0159. p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu ProFor \u2013 V\u00fdzkum proces\u016f samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed drobn\u00fdch, siln\u011b degradovan\u00fdch tok\u016f v\u00a0oblasti Weinviertel a\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy: V\u00fdvoj metodiky pro trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed jakosti vod v\u00a0letech 2009\u20132011 bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee pro odstran\u011bn\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed \u017eivin ve vod\u011b je u\u00a0mal\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho toku v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky intenzivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 krajin\u011b ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy s\u00a0\u00fapravou \u010dlenitosti dna a\u00a0svah\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho regulovan\u00e9ho koryta pot\u0159eba mnohem krat\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9lka toku, ne\u017e v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b regulovan\u00e9ho, nap\u0159\u00edmen\u00e9ho \u00faseku s\u00a0jednotv\u00e1rnou kynetou. Podobn\u00e9 \u00fapravy tok\u016f, kter\u00e9 nezasahuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 do majetkopr\u00e1vn\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f, mohou pomoci zlep\u0161it situaci v\u00a0m\u00ed\u0159e zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed navazuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u00e1te\u0159n\u00edch tok\u016f, pomoci k\u00a0do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod na krat\u0161\u00edm \u00faseku (p\u0159\u00ednos v\u00a0obdob\u00edch s\u00a0n\u00edzkou vodnost\u00ed tok\u016f). Opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0\u00fadoln\u00edch niv\u00e1ch, kter\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed jejich diverzitu a\u00a0rozsah, zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed i\u00a0jejich potenci\u00e1l z\u00e1saku vod p\u0159i rozlivech. Obecn\u011b realizace v\u0161ech typ\u016f mok\u0159adn\u00edch biotop\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b podporuje zadr\u017een\u00ed vody, v\u00fdpar v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b, roz\u0161i\u0159uje plochy ohro\u017een\u00fdch a\u00a0cenn\u00fdch biotop\u016f.<\/p>\n
Mok\u0159ady a\u00a0b\u0159ehov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny pod\u00e9l vodn\u00edch tok\u016f pln\u00ed tyto hydrologick\u00e9 a\u00a0ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby a\u00a0funkce [6]:<\/p>\n
\n- zadr\u017een\u00ed vody b\u011bhem mokr\u00fdch obdob\u00ed a\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana,<\/li>\n
- rezervo\u00e1r vody b\u011bhem such\u00fdch obdob\u00ed,<\/li>\n
- zadr\u017een\u00ed sediment\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159idru\u017een\u00fdch polutant\u016f (jejich ulo\u017een\u00ed),<\/li>\n
- zadr\u017een\u00ed nutrient\u016f (absorpce, denitrifikace) a\u00a0polutant\u016f na jejich cest\u011b do \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu,<\/li>\n
- zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro ryb\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed,<\/li>\n
- zachov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00e9 diverzity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Mok\u0159ady pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prvky pro obnovu kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho cyklu v\u00a0krajin\u011b. \u017diviny a\u00a0l\u00e1tky un\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 vodou se zde vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed a\u00a0usazuj\u00ed, neodch\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0povod\u00ed, recykluj\u00ed se. Maj\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed funkci pro pr\u016ftok vody a\u00a0filtra\u010dn\u00ed funkci pro sedimenty a\u00a0rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 nutrienty a\u00a0polutanty. Pom\u00e1haj\u00ed zm\u00edr\u0148ovat dopady povodn\u00ed, zlep\u0161uj\u00ed kvalitu vody ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch, zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00ed dopady sucha a\u00a0redukuj\u00ed proces eroze. Historick\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed vzniku mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0jejich dynamice je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem pro efektivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed pro jejich management, ochranu a\u00a0obnovu. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti kon\u010d\u00ed \u017eivotnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch dren\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b a\u00a0takov\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed se navrac\u00ed do zamok\u0159en\u00e9ho stavu. Informace o\u00a0lokalizaci t\u011bchto ploch mohou b\u00fdt sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed podklad\u016f pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0zachov\u00e1n\u00ed spont\u00e1nn\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f nebo pro realizaci nov\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<\/a>\nObr. 4. Koryto potoka Borov\u00e1 p\u0159ed revitalizac\u00ed (vlevo), revitalizovan\u00e9 koryto v\u00a0roce 2006 (vpravo)
\nFig. 4. Borov\u00e1 stream before revitalization (on the left), revitalized riverbed in 2006 (on the right)<\/h6>\n
Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi mok\u0159adn\u00edmi prvky v\u00a0krajin\u011b jsou prameni\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0na n\u011b navazuj\u00edc\u00ed plochy a\u00a0\u00fadolnice. Tyto mok\u0159ady by m\u011bly b\u00fdt chr\u00e1n\u011bny, vyjmuty z\u00a0obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed pozemk\u016f a\u00a0zahrnuty do realizac\u00ed komplexn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed (protierozn\u00edch, protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch, revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch atd.). Mok\u0159adn\u00ed biotopy jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed niv vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011bly b\u00fdt jejich sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch mok\u0159adn\u00edch prvk\u016f je t\u0159eba v\u017edy zv\u00e1\u017eit jejich n\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, mo\u017enost zan\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b pl\u00e1novat c\u00edlov\u00fd stav prvk\u016f. Doporu\u010den\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0niv\u00e1ch jsou p\u0159ehledn\u011b zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna v\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em>.<\/p>\nHodnocen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti a\u00a0vhodnosti navrhovan\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n
V\u00a0pilotn\u00edm povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka bylo provedeno zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed komplexn\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu opat\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0c\u00edlem zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed. Z\u00e1kladem byla volba vhodn\u00fdch morfologick\u00fdch profil\u016f pro n\u00e1slednou realizaci reten\u010dn\u00edch mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed dopln\u011bn\u00e1 n\u00e1vrhem ochrann\u00fdch, organiza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0biotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed. N\u00e1vrhy n\u00e1sledn\u011b pro\u0161ly vyhodnocen\u00edm jejich vlivu na odtok z\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u00a0retenci vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b za pomoc\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho modelov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdm modelem v\u00a0programu HEC-HMS [7].<\/p>\n
Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f (tabulka 3<\/em>) vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee i\u00a0aplikac\u00ed organiza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0agrotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, tedy tzv. ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze aplikovat bez povolen\u00ed vodopr\u00e1vn\u00edmi \u00fa\u0159ady \u010di slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dokumentac\u00ed, lze zv\u00fd\u0161it retenci vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b o\u00a0n\u011bkolik procent (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 9\u2009% v\u00a0modelovan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b). S\u00a0tzv. vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi (TTP, biotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee) zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed prudce stoup\u00e1 (a\u017e 42\u2009% v\u00a0modelovan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b).<\/p>\nTabulka 3. Vliv navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed
\nTable 3. Effect of proposed measures on water retention in the catchment area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nDoporu\u010den\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed (na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 i\u00a0lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b), typ\u016f mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed i\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch vedouc\u00edch ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b jsou shrnuta v\u00a0tabulk\u00e1ch 1<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a02<\/em>, v\u010detn\u011b vhodnosti jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed z\u00a0hlediska vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho vlivu na biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f a\u00a0vlivu na fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed, fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 a\u00a0chemick\u00e9 parametry podporuj\u00edc\u00ed biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky ekologick\u00e9ho stavu. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edloh\u00e1ch P1\u2013P7 zpr\u00e1vy [2] jsou podrobn\u011bji uvedeny v\u00fdhody a\u00a0nev\u00fdhody (klady a\u00a0z\u00e1pory) jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\nPro exaktn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed vlivu opat\u0159en\u00ed na ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f je doporu\u010deno zav\u00e9st dlouhodobou \u00fa\u010delovou podporu monitoringu kvality vod a\u00a0bioty p\u0159ed a\u00a0po realizaci p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed\u00a0a\u00a0na toc\u00edch. Pr\u016fzkumy by m\u011bly b\u00fdt komplexn\u00ed a\u00a0opakovan\u00e9 v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m kroku. Za \u00fa\u010delem sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nejistot v\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9m modelov\u00e1n\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na nejistoty vstupn\u00edch dat) je vhodn\u00e9 dopl\u0148ovat m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9my (sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011bry, hladinom\u011bry) i\u00a0do mal\u00fdch povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/a>\nObr. 5. Revitalizovan\u00e9 koryto potoka Borov\u00e1 v\u00a0roce 2016
\nFig. 5. Revitalized riverbed of Borov\u00e1 stream in 2016<\/h6>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
P\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed i\u00a0na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch jsou opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 spolu \u00fazce souvis\u00ed. Je nutn\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee tato opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed nejen ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy smyvem, ale podporuj\u00ed i\u00a0zasakov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0akumulaci vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b a\u00a0zpomaluj\u00ed povrchov\u00fd odtok. To jsou hlavn\u00ed aspekty pro zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed problematiky sucha \u2013 podpora infiltrace a\u00a0prodlou\u017een\u00ed doby vsaku i\u00a0zpomalen\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku.<\/p>\n
Vyu\u017eit\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt hierarchicky uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1no s\u00a0ohledem na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav posuzovan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. P\u0159ednost je nutno d\u00e1vat m\u011bkk\u00fdm typ\u016fm opat\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0reverzibiln\u00edm charakterem (opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 a\u00a0lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b, budov\u00e1n\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f, tj. zelen\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed). Budov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, jejich obnova nebo p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159evody vody mezi povod\u00edmi (technick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed) by m\u011bly b\u00fdt br\u00e1ny v\u00a0potaz jako posledn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek komplexn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. U\u00a0technick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed je pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 up\u0159ednostnit optimalizovan\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch kapacit p\u0159ed budov\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00fdch staveb.<\/p>\n
Optim\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm pro krajinu jako celek je komplexn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha, tzn. navrhovat kombinaci vhodn\u011b se dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch v\u0161ech typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n
P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl v r\u00e1mci \u00fakol\u016f \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch pro Ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"An analysis and assessment of the nature-friendly measures potential for water retention in the landscape were carried out as a part of the work on the concept of protection against drought impacts in the Czech Republic. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3623,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[881,121,879,880,878,302,877],"coauthors":[236,180,179,187,487,173,169,488,847],"class_list":["post-3707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-biological-quality-elements","tag-drought","tag-measures-in-the-catchment-area","tag-measures-on-watercourses","tag-nature-friendly-measures","tag-small-water-reservoirs","tag-water-retention"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3707"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30404,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707\/revisions\/30404"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3623"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3707"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
![\"Dzurakova-1\"](\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Dzurakova-tabulka1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nObr. 1. Uk\u00e1zka zatravn\u011bn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edkopu
\nFig. 1. Example of a\u00a0grassy ditch<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 2. P\u00e1sov\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed plodin v\u00a0k. \u00fa. \u0160ardice
\nFig. 2. Band rotation of crops, \u0160ardice<\/h6>\n
Mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee jsou velmi diskutovan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed. Podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f ze sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdch model\u016f lze konstatovat, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed zadr\u017eet pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 nadlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0such\u00e9m obdob\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt pozitivn\u00ed vliv na vodn\u00ed toky pod nimi a\u017e n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed. V\u0161e v\u0161ak z\u00e1vis\u00ed na typu a\u00a0ovladatelnosti spodn\u00edch v\u00fdpust\u00ed, zvolen\u00e9m zp\u016fsobu manipulace a\u00a0manipula\u010dn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1du. \u010casto b\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00a0projektech n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u011bno, \u017ee n\u00e1dr\u017e bude v\u00a0such\u00fdch obdob\u00edch slou\u017eit k\u00a0nadlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f, po realizaci k\u00a0tomu v\u0161ak nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na u\u00a0rybochovn\u00fdch \u010di rekrea\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, kde naopak v\u00a0such\u00fdch obdob\u00edch t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve\u0161kerou vodu zadr\u017euj\u00ed a\u00a0vypou\u0161t\u00ed se pouze nezbytn\u00e9 stanoven\u00e9 minimum). Tuto problematiku by mohla alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161it nap\u0159\u00edklad vhodn\u00e1 zm\u011bna legislativy a\u00a0zejm\u00e9na jej\u00ed d\u016fsledn\u00e9 dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n
K\u00a0identifikaci ploch zanikl\u00fdch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt certifikovanou mapu Sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav historick\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky\u00a0[3], kter\u00e1 je v\u00a0podob\u011b interaktivn\u00ed aplikace [4] dostupn\u00e1 v\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu HEIS V\u00daV TGM, v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i. Pro r\u00e1mcov\u00e9 posouzen\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed ploch zanikl\u00fdch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b pro \u00fa\u010dely vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, realizaci vodn\u00edch a\u00a0mok\u0159adn\u00edch prvk\u016f (protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana, opat\u0159en\u00ed proti suchu apod.) lze vyu\u017e\u00edt certifikovanou metodiku [5] zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se hodnocen\u00edm ploch zanikl\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f z\u00a0hlediska optimalizace jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/a>\nObr. 3. Such\u00e1 n\u00e1dr\u017e v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Nenkovice, z\u00e1topa vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na k\u00a0pastv\u011b kon\u00ed
\nFig. 3. Dry retention basin, a\u00a0floodplain is used to horse pasture, Nenkovice<\/h6>\nOpat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech<\/h2>\n
Co se t\u00fd\u010de opat\u0159en\u00ed na lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b nebo obecn\u011bji v\u00a0lesn\u00edm ekosyst\u00e9mu, les jako v\u00fdznamn\u00fd krajinn\u00fd prvek je zna\u010dn\u011b zraniteln\u00fd ve vztahu ke klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b, kter\u00e1 se projevuje teplotn\u00edmi a\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi v\u00fdkyvy, v\u010detn\u011b period sucha. Jde p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0velkou setrva\u010dnost zd\u00e1nliv\u011b se neprojevuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou nebo m\u00e1lo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divou reakc\u00ed. O\u00a0to razantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u00e1sledn\u00fd kolaps cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, nap\u0159. v\u00a0n\u00e1vaznosti na dlouhodob\u00e1 sucha. Z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho pohledu by opat\u0159en\u00ed m\u011bla sm\u011b\u0159ovat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k\u00a0postupn\u00e9 revizi syst\u00e9m\u016f lesnick\u00e9 typologie, tvorb\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch soubor\u016f a\u00a0s\u00a0nimi souvisej\u00edc\u00edch r\u00e1mcov\u00fdch sm\u011brnic hospoda\u0159en\u00ed alespo\u0148 v\u00a0suchem nejv\u00edce ohro\u017een\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch a\u00a0lokalit\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vysok\u00fd potenci\u00e1l k\u00a0zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vody (lokality s\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011b aktivn\u00edmi vodn\u00edmi bilancemi).<\/p>\n
Prvo\u0159ad\u00fdm \u00fakolem operativn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed je udr\u017eet sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vodu v\u00a0lesn\u00edch porostech. Od p\u0159\u00edstupu sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edmu k\u00a0rychl\u00e9mu odveden\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody, nap\u0159. z\u00a0lesn\u00edch odvozn\u00edch cest, skl\u00e1dek d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed a\u00a0jin\u00fdch manipula\u010dn\u00edch ploch, do recipient\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b mimo lesn\u00ed porosty je t\u0159eba jednozna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ej\u00edt k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupu zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0postupn\u00e9mu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vody p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed do lesn\u00edch povod\u00ed. Opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou p\u0159itom pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e1, od opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0porostech, kdy nap\u0159. po t\u011b\u017eb\u00e1ch je vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed klest vyrovn\u00e1vat do hromad orientovan\u00fdch po vrstevnici, na ploch\u00e1ch je vhodn\u00e9 ponech\u00e1vat v\u00a0rozumn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e p\u0159irozen\u00e9 zm\u011bny mikroreli\u00e9fu (nap\u0159. v\u00fdvratov\u00e9 j\u00e1my), po vlastn\u00ed technick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed nap\u0159. za\u00fas\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed svodn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkop\u016f a\u00a0rigol\u016f do dr\u00e9n\u016f, revitalizace vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, v\u00fdstavba mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed atp. Vliv lesa a\u00a0hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch na vodn\u00ed re\u017eim krajiny je v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cR natolik z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, \u017ee hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0vodou v\u00a0les\u00edch by se do budoucna m\u011blo st\u00e1t plnohodnotnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed lesnick\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Pro efektivn\u00ed zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0les\u00edch je prim\u00e1rn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem udr\u017een\u00ed lesa a\u00a0jeho invent\u00e1\u0159e v\u00a0optim\u00e1ln\u00ed kondici (tzn. v\u00a0odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evinn\u00e9 skladb\u011b v\u00a0odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, se zdravou lesn\u00ed p\u016fdou, zdrav\u00fdm lesn\u00edm porostem a\u00a0optim\u00e1ln\u00edm lesn\u00edm invent\u00e1\u0159em).<\/p>\n
Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou zm\u011bny d\u0159evinn\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b introdukce nov\u00fdch druh\u016f, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed biodiverzity, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed doby obm\u00fdt\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch d\u0159evin a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nepase\u010dn\u00fdch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f. Obecn\u011b nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm je zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu les\u016f druhovou, genovou a\u00a0v\u011bkovou diverzifikac\u00ed porost\u016f.<\/p>\n
Strategickou z\u00e1le\u017eitost p\u0159edstavuje vyhodnocen\u00ed hydrick\u00e9 a\u00a0protierozn\u00ed funkce lesa a\u00a0jeho zakotven\u00ed do r\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed. Vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00a0toho stanovit na \u00farovni p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch lesn\u00edch oblast\u00ed hydrick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l lesn\u00ed p\u016fdy v\u010detn\u011b vlivu lesn\u00edch porost\u016f. Na to navazuj\u00ed t\u011b\u017eebn\u011b-dopravn\u00ed technologie, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed hydrick\u00fd re\u017eim lesa.<\/p>\n
V\u0161echna v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 zpravidla pozitivn\u00ed vliv na ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. Opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou zam\u011b\u0159ena zejm\u00e9na na zadr\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody v\u00a0lesn\u00edch porostech a\u00a0zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed infiltrace sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody do hlub\u0161\u00edch vrstev zvodn\u00ed, pop\u0159. p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed povrchov\u00fd odtok na odtok podpovrchov\u00fd. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hrazen\u00ed str\u017e\u00ed je vhodn\u00e9 p\u0159ednostn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvat polopropustn\u00e9 hr\u00e1ze. P\u0159i pr\u016fchodu vody zvodn\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0proces\u016fm samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0do \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f vt\u00e9k\u00e1 \u201evy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1\u201c podzemn\u00ed voda s\u00a0lep\u0161\u00edmi fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdmi a\u00a0chemick\u00fdmi parametry, kter\u00e1 podporuje rozvoj vodn\u00ed bioty a\u00a0nem\u011bn\u00ed habitatovou strukturu vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f.<\/p>\n
Doporu\u010den\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed (na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 a\u00a0lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b) a\u00a0MVN jsou p\u0159ehledn\u011b zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em>.<\/p>\nOpat\u0159en\u00ed na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0niv\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n
P\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00fapravy vodn\u00edch tok\u016f (revitalizace, renaturace) a\u00a0jejich niv (realizace t\u016fn\u00ed, mok\u0159adn\u00edch ploch apod.) jsou souborem d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0hydrologick\u00fdm suchem slou\u017e\u00ed zejm\u00e9na ke t\u0159em \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. Prvn\u00edm je akumulace vody v\u00a0podzemn\u00ed vod\u011b niv, druh\u00fdm je vytvo\u0159en\u00ed refugi\u00ed pro vodn\u00ed biotu a\u00a0t\u0159et\u00edm je podpora samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Tabulka 2. Vhodnost opat\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch a mok\u0159adn\u00edch biotop\u016f k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha
\nTable 2. Suitability of watercourses measures and wetland habitats to solution of drought issues<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nRevitalizace jsou tak opat\u0159en\u00edmi, kter\u00e1 i\u00a0p\u0159i realizaci v\u00a0omezen\u00e9m prostoru st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch koryt tok\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vodn\u00edm organism\u016fm operativn\u00ed prostor pro \u00fanikovou migraci a\u00a0refugia pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdskytu sucha. P\u0159\u00ednos pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha z\u00a0pohledu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho a\u00a0ekologick\u00e9ho se zvy\u0161uje s\u00a0komplexnost\u00ed proveden\u00ed revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0renatura\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f. V\u00a0projektech \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch V\u00daV TGM bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee vliv revitalizace na zlep\u0161en\u00ed ekologick\u00e9ho stavu z\u00e1vis\u00ed i\u00a0na jakosti vod. Dopad na zlep\u0161en\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdch\u00a0parametr\u016f vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed se zvy\u0161uje s\u00a0d\u00e9lkou revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch \u00faprav. Nap\u0159. p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu ProFor \u2013 V\u00fdzkum proces\u016f samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed drobn\u00fdch, siln\u011b degradovan\u00fdch tok\u016f v\u00a0oblasti Weinviertel a\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy: V\u00fdvoj metodiky pro trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed jakosti vod v\u00a0letech 2009\u20132011 bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee pro odstran\u011bn\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed \u017eivin ve vod\u011b je u\u00a0mal\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho toku v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky intenzivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 krajin\u011b ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy s\u00a0\u00fapravou \u010dlenitosti dna a\u00a0svah\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho regulovan\u00e9ho koryta pot\u0159eba mnohem krat\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9lka toku, ne\u017e v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b regulovan\u00e9ho, nap\u0159\u00edmen\u00e9ho \u00faseku s\u00a0jednotv\u00e1rnou kynetou. Podobn\u00e9 \u00fapravy tok\u016f, kter\u00e9 nezasahuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 do majetkopr\u00e1vn\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f, mohou pomoci zlep\u0161it situaci v\u00a0m\u00ed\u0159e zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed navazuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u00e1te\u0159n\u00edch tok\u016f, pomoci k\u00a0do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod na krat\u0161\u00edm \u00faseku (p\u0159\u00ednos v\u00a0obdob\u00edch s\u00a0n\u00edzkou vodnost\u00ed tok\u016f). Opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0\u00fadoln\u00edch niv\u00e1ch, kter\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed jejich diverzitu a\u00a0rozsah, zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed i\u00a0jejich potenci\u00e1l z\u00e1saku vod p\u0159i rozlivech. Obecn\u011b realizace v\u0161ech typ\u016f mok\u0159adn\u00edch biotop\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b podporuje zadr\u017een\u00ed vody, v\u00fdpar v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b, roz\u0161i\u0159uje plochy ohro\u017een\u00fdch a\u00a0cenn\u00fdch biotop\u016f.<\/p>\n
Mok\u0159ady a\u00a0b\u0159ehov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny pod\u00e9l vodn\u00edch tok\u016f pln\u00ed tyto hydrologick\u00e9 a\u00a0ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby a\u00a0funkce [6]:<\/p>\n
\n- zadr\u017een\u00ed vody b\u011bhem mokr\u00fdch obdob\u00ed a\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana,<\/li>\n
- rezervo\u00e1r vody b\u011bhem such\u00fdch obdob\u00ed,<\/li>\n
- zadr\u017een\u00ed sediment\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159idru\u017een\u00fdch polutant\u016f (jejich ulo\u017een\u00ed),<\/li>\n
- zadr\u017een\u00ed nutrient\u016f (absorpce, denitrifikace) a\u00a0polutant\u016f na jejich cest\u011b do \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu,<\/li>\n
- zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro ryb\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed,<\/li>\n
- zachov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00e9 diverzity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Mok\u0159ady pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prvky pro obnovu kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho cyklu v\u00a0krajin\u011b. \u017diviny a\u00a0l\u00e1tky un\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 vodou se zde vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed a\u00a0usazuj\u00ed, neodch\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0povod\u00ed, recykluj\u00ed se. Maj\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed funkci pro pr\u016ftok vody a\u00a0filtra\u010dn\u00ed funkci pro sedimenty a\u00a0rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 nutrienty a\u00a0polutanty. Pom\u00e1haj\u00ed zm\u00edr\u0148ovat dopady povodn\u00ed, zlep\u0161uj\u00ed kvalitu vody ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch, zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00ed dopady sucha a\u00a0redukuj\u00ed proces eroze. Historick\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed vzniku mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0jejich dynamice je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem pro efektivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed pro jejich management, ochranu a\u00a0obnovu. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti kon\u010d\u00ed \u017eivotnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch dren\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b a\u00a0takov\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed se navrac\u00ed do zamok\u0159en\u00e9ho stavu. Informace o\u00a0lokalizaci t\u011bchto ploch mohou b\u00fdt sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed podklad\u016f pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0zachov\u00e1n\u00ed spont\u00e1nn\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f nebo pro realizaci nov\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<\/a>\nObr. 4. Koryto potoka Borov\u00e1 p\u0159ed revitalizac\u00ed (vlevo), revitalizovan\u00e9 koryto v\u00a0roce 2006 (vpravo)
\nFig. 4. Borov\u00e1 stream before revitalization (on the left), revitalized riverbed in 2006 (on the right)<\/h6>\n
Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi mok\u0159adn\u00edmi prvky v\u00a0krajin\u011b jsou prameni\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0na n\u011b navazuj\u00edc\u00ed plochy a\u00a0\u00fadolnice. Tyto mok\u0159ady by m\u011bly b\u00fdt chr\u00e1n\u011bny, vyjmuty z\u00a0obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed pozemk\u016f a\u00a0zahrnuty do realizac\u00ed komplexn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed (protierozn\u00edch, protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch, revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch atd.). Mok\u0159adn\u00ed biotopy jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed niv vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011bly b\u00fdt jejich sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch mok\u0159adn\u00edch prvk\u016f je t\u0159eba v\u017edy zv\u00e1\u017eit jejich n\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, mo\u017enost zan\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b pl\u00e1novat c\u00edlov\u00fd stav prvk\u016f. Doporu\u010den\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0niv\u00e1ch jsou p\u0159ehledn\u011b zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna v\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em>.<\/p>\nHodnocen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti a\u00a0vhodnosti navrhovan\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n
V\u00a0pilotn\u00edm povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka bylo provedeno zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed komplexn\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu opat\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0c\u00edlem zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed. Z\u00e1kladem byla volba vhodn\u00fdch morfologick\u00fdch profil\u016f pro n\u00e1slednou realizaci reten\u010dn\u00edch mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed dopln\u011bn\u00e1 n\u00e1vrhem ochrann\u00fdch, organiza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0biotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed. N\u00e1vrhy n\u00e1sledn\u011b pro\u0161ly vyhodnocen\u00edm jejich vlivu na odtok z\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u00a0retenci vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b za pomoc\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho modelov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdm modelem v\u00a0programu HEC-HMS [7].<\/p>\n
Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f (tabulka 3<\/em>) vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee i\u00a0aplikac\u00ed organiza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0agrotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, tedy tzv. ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze aplikovat bez povolen\u00ed vodopr\u00e1vn\u00edmi \u00fa\u0159ady \u010di slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dokumentac\u00ed, lze zv\u00fd\u0161it retenci vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b o\u00a0n\u011bkolik procent (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 9\u2009% v\u00a0modelovan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b). S\u00a0tzv. vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi (TTP, biotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee) zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed prudce stoup\u00e1 (a\u017e 42\u2009% v\u00a0modelovan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b).<\/p>\nTabulka 3. Vliv navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed
\nTable 3. Effect of proposed measures on water retention in the catchment area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nDoporu\u010den\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed (na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 i\u00a0lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b), typ\u016f mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed i\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch vedouc\u00edch ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b jsou shrnuta v\u00a0tabulk\u00e1ch 1<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a02<\/em>, v\u010detn\u011b vhodnosti jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed z\u00a0hlediska vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho vlivu na biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f a\u00a0vlivu na fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed, fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 a\u00a0chemick\u00e9 parametry podporuj\u00edc\u00ed biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky ekologick\u00e9ho stavu. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edloh\u00e1ch P1\u2013P7 zpr\u00e1vy [2] jsou podrobn\u011bji uvedeny v\u00fdhody a\u00a0nev\u00fdhody (klady a\u00a0z\u00e1pory) jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\nPro exaktn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed vlivu opat\u0159en\u00ed na ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f je doporu\u010deno zav\u00e9st dlouhodobou \u00fa\u010delovou podporu monitoringu kvality vod a\u00a0bioty p\u0159ed a\u00a0po realizaci p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed\u00a0a\u00a0na toc\u00edch. Pr\u016fzkumy by m\u011bly b\u00fdt komplexn\u00ed a\u00a0opakovan\u00e9 v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m kroku. Za \u00fa\u010delem sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nejistot v\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9m modelov\u00e1n\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na nejistoty vstupn\u00edch dat) je vhodn\u00e9 dopl\u0148ovat m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9my (sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011bry, hladinom\u011bry) i\u00a0do mal\u00fdch povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/a>\nObr. 5. Revitalizovan\u00e9 koryto potoka Borov\u00e1 v\u00a0roce 2016
\nFig. 5. Revitalized riverbed of Borov\u00e1 stream in 2016<\/h6>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
P\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed i\u00a0na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch jsou opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 spolu \u00fazce souvis\u00ed. Je nutn\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee tato opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed nejen ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy smyvem, ale podporuj\u00ed i\u00a0zasakov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0akumulaci vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b a\u00a0zpomaluj\u00ed povrchov\u00fd odtok. To jsou hlavn\u00ed aspekty pro zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed problematiky sucha \u2013 podpora infiltrace a\u00a0prodlou\u017een\u00ed doby vsaku i\u00a0zpomalen\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku.<\/p>\n
Vyu\u017eit\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt hierarchicky uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1no s\u00a0ohledem na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav posuzovan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. P\u0159ednost je nutno d\u00e1vat m\u011bkk\u00fdm typ\u016fm opat\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0reverzibiln\u00edm charakterem (opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 a\u00a0lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b, budov\u00e1n\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f, tj. zelen\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed). Budov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, jejich obnova nebo p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159evody vody mezi povod\u00edmi (technick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed) by m\u011bly b\u00fdt br\u00e1ny v\u00a0potaz jako posledn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek komplexn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. U\u00a0technick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed je pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 up\u0159ednostnit optimalizovan\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch kapacit p\u0159ed budov\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00fdch staveb.<\/p>\n
Optim\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm pro krajinu jako celek je komplexn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha, tzn. navrhovat kombinaci vhodn\u011b se dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch v\u0161ech typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n
P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl v r\u00e1mci \u00fakol\u016f \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch pro Ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"An analysis and assessment of the nature-friendly measures potential for water retention in the landscape were carried out as a part of the work on the concept of protection against drought impacts in the Czech Republic. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3623,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[881,121,879,880,878,302,877],"coauthors":[236,180,179,187,487,173,169,488,847],"class_list":["post-3707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-biological-quality-elements","tag-drought","tag-measures-in-the-catchment-area","tag-measures-on-watercourses","tag-nature-friendly-measures","tag-small-water-reservoirs","tag-water-retention"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3707"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30404,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707\/revisions\/30404"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3623"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3707"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nFig. 2. Band rotation of crops, \u0160ardice<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 3. Such\u00e1 n\u00e1dr\u017e v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Nenkovice, z\u00e1topa vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na k\u00a0pastv\u011b kon\u00ed
\nFig. 3. Dry retention basin, a\u00a0floodplain is used to horse pasture, Nenkovice<\/h6>\nOpat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech<\/h2>\n
Co se t\u00fd\u010de opat\u0159en\u00ed na lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b nebo obecn\u011bji v\u00a0lesn\u00edm ekosyst\u00e9mu, les jako v\u00fdznamn\u00fd krajinn\u00fd prvek je zna\u010dn\u011b zraniteln\u00fd ve vztahu ke klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b, kter\u00e1 se projevuje teplotn\u00edmi a\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi v\u00fdkyvy, v\u010detn\u011b period sucha. Jde p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0velkou setrva\u010dnost zd\u00e1nliv\u011b se neprojevuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou nebo m\u00e1lo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divou reakc\u00ed. O\u00a0to razantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u00e1sledn\u00fd kolaps cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, nap\u0159. v\u00a0n\u00e1vaznosti na dlouhodob\u00e1 sucha. Z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho pohledu by opat\u0159en\u00ed m\u011bla sm\u011b\u0159ovat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k\u00a0postupn\u00e9 revizi syst\u00e9m\u016f lesnick\u00e9 typologie, tvorb\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch soubor\u016f a\u00a0s\u00a0nimi souvisej\u00edc\u00edch r\u00e1mcov\u00fdch sm\u011brnic hospoda\u0159en\u00ed alespo\u0148 v\u00a0suchem nejv\u00edce ohro\u017een\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch a\u00a0lokalit\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vysok\u00fd potenci\u00e1l k\u00a0zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vody (lokality s\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011b aktivn\u00edmi vodn\u00edmi bilancemi).<\/p>\n
Prvo\u0159ad\u00fdm \u00fakolem operativn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed je udr\u017eet sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vodu v\u00a0lesn\u00edch porostech. Od p\u0159\u00edstupu sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edmu k\u00a0rychl\u00e9mu odveden\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody, nap\u0159. z\u00a0lesn\u00edch odvozn\u00edch cest, skl\u00e1dek d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed a\u00a0jin\u00fdch manipula\u010dn\u00edch ploch, do recipient\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b mimo lesn\u00ed porosty je t\u0159eba jednozna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ej\u00edt k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupu zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0postupn\u00e9mu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vody p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed do lesn\u00edch povod\u00ed. Opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou p\u0159itom pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e1, od opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0porostech, kdy nap\u0159. po t\u011b\u017eb\u00e1ch je vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed klest vyrovn\u00e1vat do hromad orientovan\u00fdch po vrstevnici, na ploch\u00e1ch je vhodn\u00e9 ponech\u00e1vat v\u00a0rozumn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e p\u0159irozen\u00e9 zm\u011bny mikroreli\u00e9fu (nap\u0159. v\u00fdvratov\u00e9 j\u00e1my), po vlastn\u00ed technick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed nap\u0159. za\u00fas\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed svodn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkop\u016f a\u00a0rigol\u016f do dr\u00e9n\u016f, revitalizace vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, v\u00fdstavba mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed atp. Vliv lesa a\u00a0hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch na vodn\u00ed re\u017eim krajiny je v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cR natolik z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, \u017ee hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0vodou v\u00a0les\u00edch by se do budoucna m\u011blo st\u00e1t plnohodnotnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed lesnick\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Pro efektivn\u00ed zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0les\u00edch je prim\u00e1rn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem udr\u017een\u00ed lesa a\u00a0jeho invent\u00e1\u0159e v\u00a0optim\u00e1ln\u00ed kondici (tzn. v\u00a0odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evinn\u00e9 skladb\u011b v\u00a0odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, se zdravou lesn\u00ed p\u016fdou, zdrav\u00fdm lesn\u00edm porostem a\u00a0optim\u00e1ln\u00edm lesn\u00edm invent\u00e1\u0159em).<\/p>\n
Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji adapta\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou zm\u011bny d\u0159evinn\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b introdukce nov\u00fdch druh\u016f, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed biodiverzity, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed doby obm\u00fdt\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch d\u0159evin a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nepase\u010dn\u00fdch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f. Obecn\u011b nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm je zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu les\u016f druhovou, genovou a\u00a0v\u011bkovou diverzifikac\u00ed porost\u016f.<\/p>\n
Strategickou z\u00e1le\u017eitost p\u0159edstavuje vyhodnocen\u00ed hydrick\u00e9 a\u00a0protierozn\u00ed funkce lesa a\u00a0jeho zakotven\u00ed do r\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed. Vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00a0toho stanovit na \u00farovni p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch lesn\u00edch oblast\u00ed hydrick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l lesn\u00ed p\u016fdy v\u010detn\u011b vlivu lesn\u00edch porost\u016f. Na to navazuj\u00ed t\u011b\u017eebn\u011b-dopravn\u00ed technologie, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed hydrick\u00fd re\u017eim lesa.<\/p>\n
V\u0161echna v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0les\u00edch maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 zpravidla pozitivn\u00ed vliv na ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. Opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou zam\u011b\u0159ena zejm\u00e9na na zadr\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody v\u00a0lesn\u00edch porostech a\u00a0zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed infiltrace sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 vody do hlub\u0161\u00edch vrstev zvodn\u00ed, pop\u0159. p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed povrchov\u00fd odtok na odtok podpovrchov\u00fd. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hrazen\u00ed str\u017e\u00ed je vhodn\u00e9 p\u0159ednostn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvat polopropustn\u00e9 hr\u00e1ze. P\u0159i pr\u016fchodu vody zvodn\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0proces\u016fm samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0do \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f vt\u00e9k\u00e1 \u201evy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1\u201c podzemn\u00ed voda s\u00a0lep\u0161\u00edmi fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdmi a\u00a0chemick\u00fdmi parametry, kter\u00e1 podporuje rozvoj vodn\u00ed bioty a\u00a0nem\u011bn\u00ed habitatovou strukturu vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f.<\/p>\n
Doporu\u010den\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed (na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 a\u00a0lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b) a\u00a0MVN jsou p\u0159ehledn\u011b zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00fapravy vodn\u00edch tok\u016f (revitalizace, renaturace) a\u00a0jejich niv (realizace t\u016fn\u00ed, mok\u0159adn\u00edch ploch apod.) jsou souborem d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0hydrologick\u00fdm suchem slou\u017e\u00ed zejm\u00e9na ke t\u0159em \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. Prvn\u00edm je akumulace vody v\u00a0podzemn\u00ed vod\u011b niv, druh\u00fdm je vytvo\u0159en\u00ed refugi\u00ed pro vodn\u00ed biotu a\u00a0t\u0159et\u00edm je podpora samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n Revitalizace jsou tak opat\u0159en\u00edmi, kter\u00e1 i\u00a0p\u0159i realizaci v\u00a0omezen\u00e9m prostoru st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch koryt tok\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vodn\u00edm organism\u016fm operativn\u00ed prostor pro \u00fanikovou migraci a\u00a0refugia pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdskytu sucha. P\u0159\u00ednos pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha z\u00a0pohledu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho a\u00a0ekologick\u00e9ho se zvy\u0161uje s\u00a0komplexnost\u00ed proveden\u00ed revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0renatura\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f. V\u00a0projektech \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch V\u00daV TGM bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee vliv revitalizace na zlep\u0161en\u00ed ekologick\u00e9ho stavu z\u00e1vis\u00ed i\u00a0na jakosti vod. Dopad na zlep\u0161en\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdch\u00a0parametr\u016f vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed se zvy\u0161uje s\u00a0d\u00e9lkou revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch \u00faprav. Nap\u0159. p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu ProFor \u2013 V\u00fdzkum proces\u016f samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed drobn\u00fdch, siln\u011b degradovan\u00fdch tok\u016f v\u00a0oblasti Weinviertel a\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy: V\u00fdvoj metodiky pro trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed jakosti vod v\u00a0letech 2009\u20132011 bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee pro odstran\u011bn\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed \u017eivin ve vod\u011b je u\u00a0mal\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho toku v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky intenzivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 krajin\u011b ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy s\u00a0\u00fapravou \u010dlenitosti dna a\u00a0svah\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho regulovan\u00e9ho koryta pot\u0159eba mnohem krat\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9lka toku, ne\u017e v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b regulovan\u00e9ho, nap\u0159\u00edmen\u00e9ho \u00faseku s\u00a0jednotv\u00e1rnou kynetou. Podobn\u00e9 \u00fapravy tok\u016f, kter\u00e9 nezasahuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 do majetkopr\u00e1vn\u00edch pom\u011br\u016f, mohou pomoci zlep\u0161it situaci v\u00a0m\u00ed\u0159e zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed navazuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u00e1te\u0159n\u00edch tok\u016f, pomoci k\u00a0do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod na krat\u0161\u00edm \u00faseku (p\u0159\u00ednos v\u00a0obdob\u00edch s\u00a0n\u00edzkou vodnost\u00ed tok\u016f). Opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0\u00fadoln\u00edch niv\u00e1ch, kter\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed jejich diverzitu a\u00a0rozsah, zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed i\u00a0jejich potenci\u00e1l z\u00e1saku vod p\u0159i rozlivech. Obecn\u011b realizace v\u0161ech typ\u016f mok\u0159adn\u00edch biotop\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b podporuje zadr\u017een\u00ed vody, v\u00fdpar v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b, roz\u0161i\u0159uje plochy ohro\u017een\u00fdch a\u00a0cenn\u00fdch biotop\u016f.<\/p>\n Mok\u0159ady a\u00a0b\u0159ehov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny pod\u00e9l vodn\u00edch tok\u016f pln\u00ed tyto hydrologick\u00e9 a\u00a0ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby a\u00a0funkce [6]:<\/p>\n Mok\u0159ady pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prvky pro obnovu kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho cyklu v\u00a0krajin\u011b. \u017diviny a\u00a0l\u00e1tky un\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 vodou se zde vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed a\u00a0usazuj\u00ed, neodch\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0povod\u00ed, recykluj\u00ed se. Maj\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed funkci pro pr\u016ftok vody a\u00a0filtra\u010dn\u00ed funkci pro sedimenty a\u00a0rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 nutrienty a\u00a0polutanty. Pom\u00e1haj\u00ed zm\u00edr\u0148ovat dopady povodn\u00ed, zlep\u0161uj\u00ed kvalitu vody ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch, zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00ed dopady sucha a\u00a0redukuj\u00ed proces eroze. Historick\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed vzniku mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0jejich dynamice je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem pro efektivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed pro jejich management, ochranu a\u00a0obnovu. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti kon\u010d\u00ed \u017eivotnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch dren\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b a\u00a0takov\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed se navrac\u00ed do zamok\u0159en\u00e9ho stavu. Informace o\u00a0lokalizaci t\u011bchto ploch mohou b\u00fdt sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed podklad\u016f pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0zachov\u00e1n\u00ed spont\u00e1nn\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f nebo pro realizaci nov\u00fdch.<\/p>\n Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi mok\u0159adn\u00edmi prvky v\u00a0krajin\u011b jsou prameni\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0na n\u011b navazuj\u00edc\u00ed plochy a\u00a0\u00fadolnice. Tyto mok\u0159ady by m\u011bly b\u00fdt chr\u00e1n\u011bny, vyjmuty z\u00a0obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed pozemk\u016f a\u00a0zahrnuty do realizac\u00ed komplexn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed (protierozn\u00edch, protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch, revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch atd.). Mok\u0159adn\u00ed biotopy jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed niv vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed revitaliza\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011bly b\u00fdt jejich sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch mok\u0159adn\u00edch prvk\u016f je t\u0159eba v\u017edy zv\u00e1\u017eit jejich n\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, mo\u017enost zan\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b pl\u00e1novat c\u00edlov\u00fd stav prvk\u016f. Doporu\u010den\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0niv\u00e1ch jsou p\u0159ehledn\u011b zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna v\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n V\u00a0pilotn\u00edm povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka bylo provedeno zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed komplexn\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu opat\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0c\u00edlem zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed. Z\u00e1kladem byla volba vhodn\u00fdch morfologick\u00fdch profil\u016f pro n\u00e1slednou realizaci reten\u010dn\u00edch mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed dopln\u011bn\u00e1 n\u00e1vrhem ochrann\u00fdch, organiza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0biotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed. N\u00e1vrhy n\u00e1sledn\u011b pro\u0161ly vyhodnocen\u00edm jejich vlivu na odtok z\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u00a0retenci vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b za pomoc\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho modelov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eko-odtokov\u00fdm modelem v\u00a0programu HEC-HMS [7].<\/p>\n Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f (tabulka 3<\/em>) vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee i\u00a0aplikac\u00ed organiza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0agrotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, tedy tzv. ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze aplikovat bez povolen\u00ed vodopr\u00e1vn\u00edmi \u00fa\u0159ady \u010di slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dokumentac\u00ed, lze zv\u00fd\u0161it retenci vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b o\u00a0n\u011bkolik procent (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 9\u2009% v\u00a0modelovan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b). S\u00a0tzv. vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi (TTP, biotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee) zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed prudce stoup\u00e1 (a\u017e 42\u2009% v\u00a0modelovan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b).<\/p>\n Doporu\u010den\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed (na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 i\u00a0lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b), typ\u016f mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed i\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch vedouc\u00edch ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b jsou shrnuta v\u00a0tabulk\u00e1ch 1<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a02<\/em>, v\u010detn\u011b vhodnosti jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed z\u00a0hlediska vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho vlivu na biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f a\u00a0vlivu na fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed, fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 a\u00a0chemick\u00e9 parametry podporuj\u00edc\u00ed biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky ekologick\u00e9ho stavu. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edloh\u00e1ch P1\u2013P7 zpr\u00e1vy [2] jsou podrobn\u011bji uvedeny v\u00fdhody a\u00a0nev\u00fdhody (klady a\u00a0z\u00e1pory) jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n Pro exaktn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed vlivu opat\u0159en\u00ed na ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f je doporu\u010deno zav\u00e9st dlouhodobou \u00fa\u010delovou podporu monitoringu kvality vod a\u00a0bioty p\u0159ed a\u00a0po realizaci p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed\u00a0a\u00a0na toc\u00edch. Pr\u016fzkumy by m\u011bly b\u00fdt komplexn\u00ed a\u00a0opakovan\u00e9 v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m kroku. Za \u00fa\u010delem sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nejistot v\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9m modelov\u00e1n\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na nejistoty vstupn\u00edch dat) je vhodn\u00e9 dopl\u0148ovat m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9my (sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011bry, hladinom\u011bry) i\u00a0do mal\u00fdch povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed i\u00a0na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch jsou opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 spolu \u00fazce souvis\u00ed. Je nutn\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee tato opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed nejen ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy smyvem, ale podporuj\u00ed i\u00a0zasakov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0akumulaci vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b a\u00a0zpomaluj\u00ed povrchov\u00fd odtok. To jsou hlavn\u00ed aspekty pro zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed problematiky sucha \u2013 podpora infiltrace a\u00a0prodlou\u017een\u00ed doby vsaku i\u00a0zpomalen\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku.<\/p>\n Vyu\u017eit\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt hierarchicky uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1no s\u00a0ohledem na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav posuzovan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. P\u0159ednost je nutno d\u00e1vat m\u011bkk\u00fdm typ\u016fm opat\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0reverzibiln\u00edm charakterem (opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 a\u00a0lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b, budov\u00e1n\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f, tj. zelen\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed). Budov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, jejich obnova nebo p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159evody vody mezi povod\u00edmi (technick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed) by m\u011bly b\u00fdt br\u00e1ny v\u00a0potaz jako posledn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek komplexn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. U\u00a0technick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed je pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 up\u0159ednostnit optimalizovan\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch kapacit p\u0159ed budov\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00fdch staveb.<\/p>\n Optim\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm pro krajinu jako celek je komplexn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha, tzn. navrhovat kombinaci vhodn\u011b se dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch v\u0161ech typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl v r\u00e1mci \u00fakol\u016f \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch pro Ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" An analysis and assessment of the nature-friendly measures potential for water retention in the landscape were carried out as a part of the work on the concept of protection against drought impacts in the Czech Republic. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3623,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[881,121,879,880,878,302,877],"coauthors":[236,180,179,187,487,173,169,488,847],"class_list":["post-3707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-biological-quality-elements","tag-drought","tag-measures-in-the-catchment-area","tag-measures-on-watercourses","tag-nature-friendly-measures","tag-small-water-reservoirs","tag-water-retention"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3707"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30404,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707\/revisions\/30404"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3623"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3707"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Opat\u0159en\u00ed na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0niv\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n
Tabulka 2. Vhodnost opat\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch a mok\u0159adn\u00edch biotop\u016f k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sucha
\nTable 2. Suitability of watercourses measures and wetland habitats to solution of drought issues<\/h5>\n<\/a>\n\n
<\/a>\nObr. 4. Koryto potoka Borov\u00e1 p\u0159ed revitalizac\u00ed (vlevo), revitalizovan\u00e9 koryto v\u00a0roce 2006 (vpravo)
\nFig. 4. Borov\u00e1 stream before revitalization (on the left), revitalized riverbed in 2006 (on the right)<\/h6>\nHodnocen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti a\u00a0vhodnosti navrhovan\u00fdch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n
Tabulka 3. Vliv navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed
\nTable 3. Effect of proposed measures on water retention in the catchment area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a>\nObr. 5. Revitalizovan\u00e9 koryto potoka Borov\u00e1 v\u00a0roce 2016
\nFig. 5. Revitalized riverbed of Borov\u00e1 stream in 2016<\/h6>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n