INTRODUCTION<\/h2>\n
Forestry-hydrological monitoring in\u00a0experimental catchments has a relatively long tradition in\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic, including the\u00a0experimental catchments of\u00a0\u010cerv\u00edk and Mal\u00e1 R\u00e1ztoka in\u00a0the\u00a0Beskydy Mountains, which have been continuously monitored and evaluated since 1954. For comparison, the\u00a0oldest experimental basin, the\u00a0Coweeta Basin\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0Appalachian Mountains, began continuous measurements in\u00a01911\u00a0[1, 2]. Another long-term monitoring basin, the\u00a0Hubbard Brook Basin\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0USA, has been in\u00a0operation only since 1955\u00a0[3]. Monitoring of\u00a0meteorological and hydrological elements within\u00a0the\u00a0WMO and the\u00a0CHMI is regulated by professional methodological guidelines, which are also respected by V\u00daLHM monitoring; it essentially expands these basic data sets with others, such as the\u00a0already mentioned volumetric soil moisture or the\u00a0comparison of\u00a0under-canopy precipitation with precipitation on the\u00a0open area, which are, among other things, essential elements for the\u00a0parameterization of\u00a0hydrological models. Among other attempts to monitor the\u00a0dynamics of\u00a0the\u00a0forest ecosystem regeneration and succession in\u00a0these catchments was the\u00a0installation of\u00a0a set of\u00a0humidity sensors installed under and outside the\u00a0moss cover, with the\u00a0results so far convincing the\u00a0implementation team of\u00a0the\u00a0appropriateness of\u00a0continuing this monitoring. At the\u00a0hydrological modelling level, there is a relatively large amount of\u00a0expert literature and case studies. The\u00a0most important monographs containing theoretical background and practically focused information include the\u00a0classic work of\u00a0Keith Beven\u00a0[4] or, from the\u00a0point of\u00a0view of\u00a0hydrology and hydraulics, the\u00a0more broadly conceived textbook by Bedient, Huber, and Vieux\u00a0[5]. The\u00a0classic comprehensive studies focused on small and forest basins include the\u00a0works of\u00a0Chang\u00a0[6] and Haan, as well as Barfield and Hayes\u00a0[7]. In\u00a0this respect, we should also mention the\u00a0publications dealing with hydrological modelling on ungauged basins by Wagener, Wheater, and Gupta\u00a0[8]. Several comprehensive monographs also deal with the\u00a0issues of\u00a0forest stand dynamics, disturbance, regeneration and succession, such as the\u00a0older work of\u00a0Freelich\u00a0[9] or the\u00a0more recent work of\u00a0Pretzsch\u00a0[10], which already discusses the\u00a0principles and tools of\u00a0modelling forest stand dynamics. The\u00a0monographs dealing directly with the\u00a0modelling of\u00a0forest stands and ecosystems include in\u00a0particular the\u00a0works of\u00a0Weiskittel et\u00a0al.\u00a0[11] as well as Fabrika and Pretzsch\u00a0[12].<\/p>\n
DESCRIPTION OF PILOT SITES<\/h2>\n
In\u00a0the\u00a0past, the\u00a0\u010cern\u00e1 Opava pilot basin\u00a0(2-02-01-0030) was used quite intensively for agriculture and industry; these activities took place from the\u00a0Middle Ages with a peak until the\u00a0decline in\u00a0the\u00a019th century. It is currently one of\u00a0the\u00a0most valuable basins on the\u00a0border of\u00a0the\u00a0Hrub\u00fd and N\u00edzk\u00fd Jesen\u00edk Mountains. Valuable areas from the\u00a0point of\u00a0view of\u00a0nature conservation, as well as forestry and forest hydrology, are represented by small-scale protected areas in\u00a0this basin, specifically Rejv\u00edz National Nature Reserve, with mountain\u00a0bogs and Pinus rotundata<\/span> bog forests, and Such\u00fd vrch Nature Reserve, with a boulder field made of Lower Devonian quartzite blocks and relict pine forests. The\u00a0average basin\u00a0elevation is 799\u00a0m above sea level, while the\u00a0average slope is\u00a011\u00b0.<\/p>\n According to Quitt\u2019s classification, the\u00a0basin\u00a0is part of\u00a0the\u00a0CH4, CH6, and CH7 areas\u00a0[13]. The\u00a0orientation of\u00a0the\u00a0main\u00a0\u010cern\u00e1 Opava thalweg, as well as almost the\u00a0entire basin, is NNW\u2013SSE. The\u00a0basin\u00a0is part of\u00a0the\u00a0geomorphological sub-units Medv\u011b\u010fsk\u00e1 hornatina (4c-7b), Rejv\u00edzsk\u00e1 hornatina (4c-6b), and Hyn\u010dick\u00e1 hornatina (4c-6c). Regionally and geologically, the\u00a0area is part of\u00a0the\u00a0Desensk\u00fd arch of\u00a0the\u00a0Silesian; the\u00a0basin\u00a0is dominated by metamorphic rocks (muscovite and biotite phyllites, meta granitoids, quartzites, amphibolites), with some places containing fewer metamorphic volcanic rocks. In\u00a0the\u00a0area of Z\u00e1meck\u00fd vrch, blastomylonites of\u00a0the\u00a0aforementioned Desensk\u00fd group are found. In\u00a0the\u00a0Jelen\u00ed vrch massif, we can also find outcrops of\u00a0crystalline limestone of\u00a0the\u00a0Vrbensk\u00fd group. Here, the\u00a0boundary between the\u00a0Hrub\u00fd and N\u00edzk\u00fd Jesen\u00edk Mountains is already geologically evident, and east of\u00a0this line, Palaeozoic greywackes, schists, and claystones appear in\u00a0the\u00a0marginal parts of\u00a0the\u00a0basin, which are typical of\u00a0the\u00a0Kulm of\u00a0the\u00a0N\u00edzk\u00fd Jesen\u00edk Mountains. Quaternary sediments are more significantly developed especially in\u00a0deluvial deposits, around watercourses and in\u00a0the\u00a0area of the\u00a0Rejv\u00edz mires (Velk\u00e9 and Mal\u00e9 Mechov\u00e9 lakes). Within\u00a0the\u00a0framework of\u00a0the\u00a0hydrogeological regionalization of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic, the\u00a0basin\u00a0is located in\u00a0region 6431 \u2013 Crystalline of\u00a0the\u00a0northern part of\u00a0the\u00a0Eastern Sudetes, southeastern part. The\u00a0transmissivity of\u00a0the\u00a0aquifers in\u00a0the\u00a0area ranges from\u00a01\u00a0to\u00a0approximately 50\u00a0m2\u00a0\u00b7\u00a0d-1, thus belonging to transmissivity classes\u00a0III (medium transmissivity) and IV (low transmissivity), while the\u00a0specific yield is between 1\u20135\u00a0l\u00a0\u00b7\u00a0s-1 for formations with fractured and fissured flow types\u00a0[14]. Just behind the\u00a0\u010cern\u00e1 Opava watershed, sources within\u00a0the\u00a0CHMI groundwater monitoring network are also in\u00a0operation: PO4008 (Bublav\u00fd stream near Rejv\u00edz), PO4015 (Horn\u00ed \u00dadol\u00ed), and PO0509 (He\u0159manovice \u2013 Roviny). The\u00a0most common soils are again\u00a0cambisols, which turn into podzols at higher altitudes, fluvial soils in\u00a0the\u00a0lower parts of\u00a0the\u00a0valleys of\u00a0the\u00a0main\u00a0watercourses and, in\u00a0places where mires occur, typical Histosols and gley soils are present, followed by acidic pseudogley cambisols and, rarely, even gleys themselves\u00a0[13]. The\u00a0soils are completely acidic and have a relatively low sorption capacity. Among the\u00a0forest trees, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and, in\u00a0some places, European beech (Fagus sylvatica) dominate. In\u00a0the\u00a0vicinity of\u00a0Rejv\u00edz, we can also find mountain\u00a0pine (Pinus uncinata) near the\u00a0Velk\u00e9 and Mal\u00e9 Mechov\u00e9 lakes, as well as Carpathian birch (Betula carpatica) on bogs in\u00a0the\u00a0Bublav\u00fd stream basin. The\u00a0edges of\u00a0the\u00a0uplands are already turning into bog spruce (Sphagno-Piceetum). In\u00a0addition, the\u00a0Jesen\u00edky phenotype of\u00a0European larch (Larix decidua) can be found in\u00a0places. Within\u00a0the\u00a0forestry typology, the\u00a0most represented nutrient series are S and B while, in\u00a0the\u00a0vicinity of\u00a0watercourses, they are the\u00a0alluvial series L and the\u00a0acidic series K\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0Rejv\u00edz area. The\u00a0hydrological station CHMI \u010cern\u00e1 Opava\u00a0\/ Mnichov (DB\u010c 258100) is located in\u00a0the\u00a0\u010cern\u00e1 Opava catchment area. As already mentioned, all the\u00a0closure profiles of\u00a0the\u00a0Slu\u010d\u00ed, Sokol\u00ed, and Such\u00fd streams are also equipped\u00a0 with stationary measurements of\u00a0water levels, temperatures, and conductivity. Measurements of\u00a0flow rates and volumetric soil moisture are carried out at regular intervals or when extraordinary outflow situations occur.<\/p>\n The\u00a0hydrological characteristics of\u00a0the\u00a0individual basin\u00a0closing profiles are shown in\u00a0Tab.\u00a01<\/em>.<\/p>\n The scope of this article does not allow for the presentation of all results; therefore, the authors have focused on presenting those results that illustrate changes in the runoff regime following disaster decay and regeneration of stands. For the same reason, the results of the MIKE SHE and HEC-HMS model simulations will also be presented, which are most often used in rainfall-runoff modelling\u00a0due to the\u00a0complexity of\u00a0the\u00a0methods and the\u00a0possibility of\u00a0schematization in\u00a0semi-distributed and fully distributed modes. For clarity of\u00a0the\u00a0models, the\u00a0following data was used:<\/p>\n The\u00a0location of\u00a0sensors in\u00a0individual river basins is shown in\u00a0Fig.\u00a01<\/em>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The\u00a0models were calibrated for several rainfall-runoff episodes, including those older than the\u00a0project time scale. One of\u00a0these calibration episodes is illustrated by the\u00a0hydrograph for the\u00a0closing profile of\u00a0the\u00a0entire Mnichov basin\u00a0in\u00a0Fig.\u00a02<\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n A\u00a0s mentioned in\u00a0the\u00a0introduction, one of\u00a0the\u00a0project specifics is the\u00a0measurement of\u00a0volumetric soil moisture on polygons including soil with and without moss cover. For higher representativeness of\u00a0the\u00a0measurement, these polygons are located at the\u00a0interface of\u00a0forest and open area. The\u00a0current measurement period does not allow for generalization of\u00a0the\u00a0results; however, from the\u00a0data already available, it is clear that during precipitation episodes, the\u00a0soil under moss is about 20\u201330\u00a0% less saturated (most likely due to retention of\u00a0rain\u00a0water by moss, see Fig.\u00a03<\/span><\/em>) and volumetric soil moisture is about 5\u201320\u00a0% lower during precipitation episodes and just after they subside under forest vegetation cover, probably due to water uptake by the\u00a0root system and transpiration of\u00a0the\u00a0stand. In\u00a0contrast, in\u00a0precipitation-free episodes they are slightly higher, probably due to lower surface temperatures and evaporation. This dynamics is shown in\u00a0Fig.\u00a03<\/span><\/em>. In\u00a0the\u00a0following years, the\u00a0project team wants to focus more on this issue, also from the\u00a0point of\u00a0view of\u00a0the\u00a0morphology and species structure of\u00a0the\u00a0moss layer and vegetation cover on these polygons.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Fig.\u00a03<\/span><\/em> also shows significant soil profile saturation during the extreme flood of 13\u201316 September 2024; then, the sensors in the forest stand and on its edge measured approximately 20% of the soil profile saturation, while the sensor in the open area measured a maximum saturation of 50 %. In this context, the original argument of forest hydrology about the attenuation of flood flows by forest stands arises again. Of course, this hydric forest function also has its limits, but this discussion is beyond the scope and content of this article. Despite all the complexity of the links in the forest ecosystem, the results to date point to the fact that the forest hydric function is essential in the landscape, which is also demonstrated by the works mentioned in the introduction or the study by Kre\u010dmer et al. [15]. However, the fact remains that during extreme rainfall and floods, the retention capacity of forest soils is exceeded and, similarly to other types of land (fields, meadows, etc.), surface runoff dominates. The peak flow on the Mnichov profile was reached on 15 September 2024\u00a0at 8:50 CET, with a value of\u00a0168\u00a0m3<\/span><\/sup> \u00b7 s-1<\/span><\/sup>, which corresponds to the\u00a0thousand-year water Q1000<\/span> and a specific runoff of\u00a03.30\u00a0m3<\/span><\/sup> \u00b7 s-1<\/span><\/sup>\u00b7 km-2<\/span><\/sup>.<\/p>\n The\u00a0results of\u00a0the\u00a0MIKE SHE model simulation for the\u00a0flood of 14\u201315\u00a0September\u00a02024 for one of\u00a0the\u00a0points of\u00a0the\u00a0moss sensor polygon on the\u00a0Slu\u010d\u00ed stream are shown in\u00a0Fig.\u00a04<\/span><\/em>. It is evident here that the\u00a0MIKE SHE calibrated for the\u00a0basin\u00a0closing profile similarly simulated extreme saturation values of\u00a0up to 50\u00a0%.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The\u00a0simulation results, specifically simulated values \u200b\u200bof\u00a0volumetric soil moisture and so-called return flow (exfiltration or exit of\u00a0the\u00a0groundwater level above the\u00a0ground level), are shown in\u00a0Figs. 5<\/span> <\/em>and 6<\/em>.<\/span> The\u00a0intensity of\u00a0stream bed and bank erosion and the\u00a0movement of\u00a0sediments and coarse fractions are shown in\u00a0Figs. 7<\/span><\/em> and 8<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Water dynamics in\u00a0forest stands and basins is undoubtedly a complex phenomenon, which is also influenced by a number of\u00a0other factors, especially morphometric conditions of\u00a0the\u00a0basin\u00a0(such as hypsographic curve, longitudinal profiles of\u00a0thalwegs, exposures and slopes of\u00a0the\u00a0relief), geological and hydrogeological conditions of\u00a0the\u00a0basin, and soil cover where the\u00a0hydrological transformation of\u00a0precipitation into runoff dominantly takes place. Likewise, these relationships cannot be simplified to just two extremes \u2013 forest and glade. It is necessary to consider the\u00a0age and species composition of\u00a0the\u00a0forest, and the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0shrub and herb layers. The\u00a0shrub and herb layers also play a\u00a0key role in\u00a0terms of\u00a0the\u00a0transformation of\u00a0runoff and the\u00a0protection of\u00a0the\u00a0soil profile after forest clearance. Nevertheless, the\u00a0influence of\u00a0these changes is indisputable, which is supported by the\u00a0results in\u00a0other literature, in\u00a0addition to the\u00a0works cited in\u00a0the\u00a0introduction, such as\u00a0[16\u201319]. A specific feature of\u00a0forest catchments is the\u00a0role of\u00a0the\u00a0moss layer on the\u00a0hydrological transformation of\u00a0atmospheric precipitation and soil moisture dynamics. There are not many case studies from real catchments on this issue, rather articles describing laboratory experiments. Papers focusing on the\u00a0influence of\u00a0moss on the\u00a0dynamics of\u00a0runoff in\u00a0the\u00a0catchment include\u00a0[20 and 21]. The\u00a0influence of\u00a0the\u00a0depths of\u00a0measuring volumetric soil moisture under moss cover is also discussed in\u00a0[21]. The\u00a0combination of\u00a0measurements, spatial analyses, and modelling in\u00a0GIS and hydrological modelling as the\u00a0most effective set of\u00a0tools and methods for understanding the\u00a0dynamics of\u00a0forest catchments cannot be questioned, which can also be found in\u00a0literature\u00a0[1, 2, 5, 12 or 22]. The\u00a0latter work specifically discusses the\u00a0suitability of\u00a0the\u00a0MIKE SHE model for such analyses. For all such analyses, the\u00a0spatial and temporal context of\u00a0experiments and studies plays a crucial role. Forest catchments are, with some exceptions, small catchments with an area of\u00a0a few hectares or square kilometres. The\u00a0results from these basins cannot be automatically applied to other basins with different climatic, geological, or morphological parameters. Similarly, the\u00a0results of\u00a0measurements and simulations in\u00a0models over a period of\u00a0four years cannot be generalized \u2013 also considering the\u00a0fact that the\u00a0standard reference period for deriving hydrological characteristics according to \u010cSN 75 1400 is 30 years.<\/p>\n The\u00a0team of\u00a0authors aimed to introduce readers to interesting aspects of\u00a0forest hydrology in\u00a0experimental catchments in\u00a0the\u00a0Jesen\u00edky Mountains, present research methods, and select interesting results with regard to new procedures or the\u00a0extreme flood in\u00a0September 2024. These time series are too short for generalization and, in\u00a0addition, the\u00a0entire cycle of\u00a0forest decay and regeneration, whether spontaneous or controlled, has not yet been completed. Experience from other basins where forestry-hydrological research by V\u00daLHM and CHMI has been ongoing for a long time (e.g., U dvou lou\u010dek in\u00a0the\u00a0Orlick\u00e9 Mountains, \u010cerv\u00edk and Mal\u00e1 R\u00e1ztoka in\u00a0the\u00a0Beskydy Mountains) points to the\u00a0fact that the\u00a0combination of\u00a0in\u00a0situ<\/span> measurements and mathematical modelling brings the\u00a0best results. However, it is necessary to consider the\u00a0uncertainty of\u00a0input data and methods. The\u00a0uncertainty of\u00a0input data can be reduced by selecting suitable basins and representative areas for monitoring hydrometeorological elements. The\u00a0uncertainty of\u00a0the\u00a0methods can be reduced by choosing an appropriate measurement technique (ideally with the\u00a0possibility of\u00a0evaluating uncertainties directly during the\u00a0measurement, e.g. with the\u00a0YSI FlowTracker2 device) and the\u00a0mathematical models themselves. In\u00a0this category, it is appropriate to choose verified and validated tools. CHMI has good experience in\u00a0operational practice with the\u00a0HEC-HMS and MIKE SHE models (hydrological forecasting and hydrological studies), therefore they were quite logically preferred. In\u00a0this regard, it is also worth mentioning that open source GIS tools such as GRASS GIS or SAGA GIS offer much greater possibilities for morphometric and spatial analyses than the\u00a0ESRI ArcGIS platform. Finally, it is worth mentioning the\u00a0fundamental fact of\u00a0the\u00a0catastrophic flood of\u00a0September 2024, which de facto interrupted a series of\u00a0observations of\u00a0the\u00a0destruction of\u00a0water gauge profiles and intensive remodelling of\u00a0the\u00a0hydrographic network. Nevertheless, both V\u00daLHM and CHMI want to continue forestry and hydrological research in\u00a0these basins, as they consider these results to be essential both in\u00a0the\u00a0context of\u00a0water and forest management and the\u00a0ecology of\u00a0mountain\u00a0basins.<\/p>\n The\u00a0authors would like to thank the\u00a0projects NAZV No. QK22010189 \u201cThe\u00a0impact of\u00a0deforestation on the\u00a0water regime of\u00a0small river basins (DEFOREST)\u201d and NAZV\u00a0No. QL24010054 \u201cThe\u00a0impacts of\u00a0climate change on small forest river basins and the\u00a0possibilities of\u00a0their mitigation through forestry management and water management measures\u201d, without whose support writing the\u00a0article would have taken much longer and would have been much more complicated. We also want to thank to the\u00a0DKRVO (Long-term concept of\u00a0the\u00a0development of\u00a0the\u00a0research organization for the\u00a0period 2023\u20132027) of\u00a0CHMI, especially to areas 6 and 12 focused on improving methods and tools of\u00a0hydrological modelling and the\u00a0use of\u00a0remote sensing data in\u00a0hydrology and environmental applications.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The article presents partial results of monitoring and modelling in the experimental forest catchments of Such\u00fd, Sokol\u00ed, and Slu\u010d\u00ed streams, the right-handed tributaries of the \u010cern\u00e1 Opava in the Jesen\u00edky PLA. These results have been generated since 2022 thanks to the NAZV project No. QK22010189 \u201cThe impact of deforestation on the water regime of small river basins\u201d with the working title DEFOREST, which also evokes the main goal of the project; to try to capture changes in the dynamics of stands (decay, controlled and spontaneous succession, etc.) and in the runoff regime of these river basins with regard to bark beetle outbreak and the subsequent damage clearing. In all these experimental river basins, monitoring of selected hydrological regime elements (e.g. precipitation on the open area, under-canopy precipitation, volumetric soil moisture, snow gauge sensors) was established, including stationary measurement of water levels in the closing profiles of all three sub-river basins. For modelling of stand changes and hydrological response to these changes, forest stand models (including the self-developed DEFOREST application) and hydrological models HEC-HMS, SIMWE, MIKE SHE and SWAT were used. The extreme flood in September 2024 largely destroyed the water gauging stations and remodelled the watercourse beds, so in 2025 the project team will focus on restoring monitoring.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":35032,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[3801,3235,3774,3775],"coauthors":[3183,3481,3482,3769,3770,3771],"class_list":["post-35362","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-forest-stand-modelling","tag-hydrologic-modelling","tag-mike-she","tag-swat"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35362","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35362"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35362\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37351,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35362\/revisions\/37351"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35362"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35362"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35362"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=35362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Tab.\u00a01. Basic hydrologic characteristics of\u00a0Such\u00fd, Sokol\u00ed, and Slu\u010d\u00ed brook catchments<\/h5>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Unucka-tab-1-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nDATA AND METHODS USED<\/h2>\n
\n\n
\n
\n<\/li>\n
\n
\n<\/li>\n
\n
\n<\/li>\n
\n
\n<\/li>\n
\n
\n<\/li>\n
\n
\n<\/li>\n
\n
\n<\/li>\n<\/a>\nFig.\u00a01. Distribution of\u00a0sensors and water gauges on the\u00a0pilot catchments of\u00a0Such\u00fd, Sokol\u00ed, and Slu\u010d\u00ed brooks<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a02. Calibration of\u00a0the\u00a0HEC-HMS model for the\u00a0rainfall-runoff episode June 2006 and\u00a0closing profile \u010cern\u00e1 Opava\/Mnichov<\/h6>\n
SELECTED RESULTS<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a03. Volumetric soil moisture under moss cover in the\u00a0forest, forest edge, and outside the\u00a0forest<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a04. Soil water volumetric content in\u00a010\u00a0cm depth during the\u00a0rainfall episode 14\u201316 September 2024 simulated by MIKE SHE model<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a05. Volumetric soil moisture content for the\u00a0rainfall episode 14\u201316 September 2024 simulated by MIKE SHE model<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a06. Return flow values for the\u00a0rainfall episode 14\u201316 September 2024 simulated by\u00a0MIKE SHE model<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a07. Bank and river bed erosion accelerated by the\u00a0extreme flood in\u00a0September 2004 on Sokol\u00ed brook (photo: J. Unucka)<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a08. Accelerated erosion by flood in\u00a0September 2024 caused particular destruction of\u00a0the\u00a0rock steps in\u00a0the\u00a0channel of\u00a0Slu\u010d\u00ed brook (photo: J. Unucka)<\/h6>\n
DISCUSSION<\/h2>\n
CONCLUSION<\/h2>\n
Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n