INTRODUCTION<\/h2>\n
The\u00a0main\u00a0objective of\u00a0the\u00a0research, the\u00a0results of\u00a0which are presented here, was to map the\u00a0landscape development in\u00a0the\u00a0locations of\u00a0disappeared ponds in\u00a0the\u00a0catchments of\u00a0the\u00a0Labe tributaries in\u00a0the\u00a0Polabian Lowland based on the\u00a0interpretation of\u00a0archival maps, especially with regard to the\u00a0possible restoration of\u00a0water retention elements in\u00a0this landscape. Here, the\u00a0development of\u00a0the\u00a0pond system on the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river, or rather in\u00a0the\u00a0basin\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body, is specifically described. The\u00a0Polabian Lowland currently suffers from a\u00a0lack of\u00a0groundwater and there is a\u00a0large-scale seasonal drying up of\u00a0small watercourses, mostly straightened and deepened. These phenomena are probably going to reoccur in\u00a0the\u00a0future and the\u00a0associated issues will be accentuated in\u00a0connection with the\u00a0expected continued occurrence of\u00a0extreme climatic events. It is therefore necessary to focus attention and efforts on the\u00a0restoration of\u00a0landscape elements with a\u00a0positive impact on the\u00a0water regime and, in\u00a0particular, on water management in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n This pond system is located in\u00a0surface water body HSL_1630 Be\u010dv\u00e1rka (Milet\u00ednsk\u00fd stream) from the\u00a0source to the\u00a0mouth of\u00a0the\u00a0V\u00fdrovka watercourse. This water body is part of\u00a0the\u00a0third order catchment area 1-04-06 V\u00fdrovka, which is located in\u00a0the\u00a0Elbe catchment area at the\u00a0watershed of\u00a0the\u00a0Upper and Middle Elbe and Lower Vltava sub-catchments. The\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river originates near Milet\u00edn at 440\u00a0m above sea level; its length is 22.9 km and as a\u00a0right-bank tributary it flows into the\u00a0V\u00fdrovka river at river km 23.2 in\u00a0the\u00a0Zale\u0161any-\u017dabonosy-Pla\u0148any area at an altitude of\u00a0219\u00a0m. According to the\u00a0Strahler order of\u00a0watercourses, the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river is in\u00a0the\u00a0fourth order at the\u00a0confluence with the\u00a0V\u00fdrovka river. The\u00a0basin\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body (Milet\u00ednsk\u00fd stream) from the\u00a0source to the\u00a0mouth of\u00a0the\u00a0V\u00fdrovka river consists of\u00a0seven fourth order basins (HLGP) with a\u00a0total area of 64.3\u00a0km2<\/span>\u00a0[1, 2]. From an administrative point of\u00a0view, the\u00a0water body is located in\u00a0the\u00a0Central Bohemian Region, partly in\u00a0the\u00a0districts of\u00a0Kutn\u00e1 Hora (cadastral area Jindice and Solopysky) and Kol\u00edn (cadastral area Be\u010dv\u00e1ry, Bo\u0161ice u\u00a0Kou\u0159imi, \u010cerven\u00fd Hr\u00e1dek u\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1r, Horn\u00ed Chvatliny, Ml\u00e9kovice, Po\u010fousy, P\u0159ebozy, Svoj\u0161ice u\u00a0Kou\u0159imi, Z\u00e1smuky, and \u017dabonosy). Its catchment area covers seven cadastral areas in\u00a0the\u00a0Kutn\u00e1 Hora district and 24 cadastral areas in\u00a0the\u00a0Kol\u00edn district (Fig.\u00a01<\/span><\/em>). From the\u00a0perspective of\u00a0drought in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape, all cadastral areas in\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area are among those at risk of\u00a0drought, with the\u00a0exception of\u00a0cadastral areas in\u00a0the\u00a0source areas of\u00a0the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka and Milet\u00ednsk\u00fd stream (Fig.\u00a02<\/span><\/em>)\u00a0[1].<\/span><\/p>\n Geologically, the\u00a0entire Be\u010dv\u00e1rka basin\u00a0is part of\u00a0the\u00a0Bohemian Massif. The\u00a0geological bedrock consists mainly of\u00a0paragneisses and migmatites of\u00a0the\u00a0Kutn\u00e1 Hora Crystalline. Gravels, sands, conglomerates, and sandstones occur in\u00a0places in\u00a0the\u00a0upper and middle parts of\u00a0the\u00a0basin. Marls, calcareous claystones and more basic metamorphic rocks (amphibolites and serpentinites) also occur in\u00a0the\u00a0middle and lower parts\u00a0[3].<\/span><\/p>\n Soil conditions throughout the\u00a0basin\u00a0are heterogeneous, with eight soil types (Tab.\u00a01<\/span><\/em>). In\u00a0the\u00a0immediate vicinity of\u00a0watercourses, these are primarily gleys (with a\u00a0pronounced reductomorphic diagnostic gley horizon as a\u00a0result of\u00a0long-term wetting by high groundwater levels) and also fluvial soils (with fluvial diagnostic features resulting from periodic sediment deposition and the\u00a0occurrence of\u00a0new formations resulting from water infiltration during flooding).<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0the\u00a0wider area of the\u00a0basin, brown earths (soils with a\u00a0profile differentiated into a\u00a0slightly pronounced eluvial horizon, transitioning without tongue-shaped inlets into a\u00a0homogeneously brown luvic horizon) and luvisols (soils with the\u00a0presence of\u00a0a\u00a0luvic horizon with dark argillaceous materials, located locally on the\u00a0periphery of\u00a0the\u00a0extension of\u00a0chernozems from loess) predominate; also, cambisols (soils that form mainly in\u00a0sloping conditions, only to a\u00a0lesser extent in\u00a0flat relief) and chernozems (deep humus soils developed from carbonate sediments)\u00a0[4, 2].<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0connection with the\u00a0area\u2019s\u00a0diversity, it is also possible to observe different levels of\u00a0vulnerability of\u00a0farmed soils to water erosion\u00a0[5]. In\u00a0addition to the\u00a0characteristics of\u00a0the\u00a0relief, this is the\u00a0result of\u00a0the\u00a0creation of\u00a0large plots of\u00a0land without anti-erosion measures and the\u00a0cultivation of\u00a0wide-row crops on slopes. Especially in\u00a0the\u00a0upper areas of\u00a0watercourses, there is a\u00a0large representation of\u00a0soils that are moderately and strongly vulnerable to erosion\u00a0[4]. In\u00a0the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river basin, soils are highly at risk of\u00a0erosion in\u00a0the\u00a0area of the\u00a0spring near Milet\u00edn (brown earths, cambisols), to a\u00a0greater extent in\u00a0the\u00a0section between the\u00a0municipalities of\u00a0\u010cerven\u00fd Hr\u00e1dek and Be\u010dv\u00e1ry (brown earths, luvisols), in\u00a0the\u00a0vicinity of\u00a0the\u00a0Ml\u00fdnsk\u00fd (Podbe\u010dv\u00e1rsk\u00fd) pond (brown earths), and sporadically also before the\u00a0confluence with the\u00a0V\u00fdrovka between the\u00a0municipalities of\u00a0P\u0159ebozy and \u017dabonosy (chernozems). Otherwise, in\u00a0the\u00a0lower parts, in\u00a0places where the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka flows into the\u00a0V\u00fdrovka, soils that are not threatened by erosion predominate\u00a0[5, 2].<\/span><\/p>\n There are a total of five types of landscapes in the entire Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river basin, according to the landscape typology of the Czech Republic. Three general types of natural landscapes can be found in the basin. The headwater areas of the Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river belong partly to the moderately cold landscape of the hills and highlands, while the upper part of the Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river basin is part of the moderately warm landscapes of the basins and hills, and the rest of the basin is located in the warm landscape of the lowlands. There are also two functional landscape types in the basin area.\u00a0The\u00a0headwaters of\u00a0the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river are in\u00a0the\u00a0forest-field landscape, while the\u00a0rest of\u00a0the\u00a0basin\u00a0is in\u00a0the\u00a0field landscape\u00a0[6].<\/span><\/p>\n Several classifications with varying degrees of\u00a0accuracy or generalization can be used for land cover. Here, ZABAGED\u00ae, CORINE Land Cover (CLC), and LPIS are used. In\u00a0the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river basin, the\u00a0predominant land cover is classified according to ZABAGED\u00ae\u00a0[7] as arable land and other areas (76.88\u00a0%), a\u00a0significant part is also covered by forest land with trees (9.22\u00a0%), permanent grassland (3.67\u00a0%), orchards and gardens (3.45\u00a0%), and residential buildings (3.08\u00a0%). In\u00a0contrast, the\u00a0representation of, for example, swamps and marshes on permanent grassland (0.07\u00a0%), or on forest land with trees (0.05\u00a0%), is marginal. Water areas occupy 1.31\u00a0% of\u00a0this basin\u00a0(Tab.\u00a02<\/span><\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n According to the\u00a0CLC, which is largely generalized\u00a0[8], the\u00a0arable land class excluding irrigated areas prevails, covering 80.38\u00a0% of\u00a0the\u00a0basin. The\u00a0following classes are: predominantly agricultural areas with an admixture of\u00a0natural vegetation, mixed forests, and urban discontinuous development, each covering over 5\u00a0% of\u00a0the\u00a0basin\u00a0area. Other classes occupy a\u00a0very small part of\u00a0the\u00a0area. Water bodies make up 0.88\u00a0% of\u00a0the\u00a0basin\u00a0and due to the\u00a0generalization of\u00a0this type of\u00a0cover, with only two sites classified as water bodies. One is Ml\u00fdnsk\u00fd pond, near Be\u010dv\u00e1ry, and the\u00a0other is formed by the\u00a0ponds of\u00a0Utopenec and Stojespal, near Ml\u00e9kovice (Fig.\u00a03<\/em>, Tab.\u00a03<\/em><\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n The\u00a0LPIS records only agriculturally used areas for which economic agriculturalist entities receive subsidies\u00a0[9]. It means that the\u00a0entire area of the\u00a0river basin\u00a0is not covered by the\u00a0LPIS, it is only 4,960.2\u00a0ha, which represents 77.14\u00a0% of\u00a0the\u00a0area. In\u00a0the\u00a0LPIS, the\u00a0dominant land use is standard arable land (97.15\u00a0%), around 2\u00a0% is covered by permanent grassland, while the\u00a0remaining land use types in\u00a0the\u00a0LPIS are negligible (Fig.\u00a04<\/em>, Tab.\u00a04<\/em><\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n There is only one natural monument in\u00a0the\u00a0described area (Fig.\u00a02<\/span><\/em>), namely L\u016fmek u\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1r, which was declared on 12\u00a0<\/span>December 1986 covering an area of 0.2499\u00a0ha with a\u00a0legal protection zone of 2.1198\u00a0ha. The\u00a0reason for the\u00a0declaration was the\u00a0occurrence of\u00a0the\u00a0rare griquaite rock and the\u00a0rich deposit of\u00a0Upper Cretaceous fossils\u00a0[10].<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0first step of\u00a0the\u00a0research was the\u00a0selection and subsequent comparison of\u00a0the\u00a0current and historical state of\u00a0the\u00a0ponds in\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area of this water body based on map interpretation. This was followed by a\u00a0field survey of\u00a0these sites to verify their current state. To detect the\u00a0occurrence of\u00a0historical ponds, the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd\u00a0Military Mapping was used, which is available for viewing on the\u00a0National Geoportal INSPIRE\u00a0[11] and also as WMTS\u00a0[12]. Individual map sheets can also be obtained, which are available on the\u00a0Oldmaps Application webpage of\u00a0the\u00a0Geoinformatics Laboratory of\u00a0the\u00a0Faculty of\u00a0Environment, J.\u00a0E.\u00a0Purkyn\u011b University in\u00a0\u00dast\u00ed nad Labem\u00a0[13].<\/span><\/p>\n To display the\u00a0current state, the\u00a0latest Basic Topographic Map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic 1\u00a0:\u00a010,000 (BTM\u00a010) and the\u00a0current Orthophoto map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic were used. Both maps are available as a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0\u010c\u00daZK Geoportal\u00a0[14]. Only ponds with a\u00a0minimum area of 0.5\u00a0ha were considered for the\u00a0analyses. For a\u00a0more accurate understanding of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape development between the\u00a0state recorded for the\u00a02nd Military Mapping and the\u00a0current state, a\u00a0historical orthophoto map from the\u00a01950s was used. It is available for viewing on the\u00a0National Geoportal INSPIRE\u00a0[11] and also as WMTS\u00a0[12]. Archive orthophoto maps from 1998\u20132022 are also available using WMS from the\u00a0Geoportal \u010c\u00daZK\u00a0[14].<\/span><\/p>\n To approximate the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape before the\u00a02nd\u00a0Military Mapping, especially with regard to the\u00a0historical occurrence of\u00a0ponds rather than their exact location, a\u00a0positionally inaccurate map of\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s\u00a0mapping was used, which can be viewed in\u00a0the\u00a0map viewer of\u00a0the\u00a0Land Surveying Office Archives\u00a0[15].<\/span><\/p>\n Georeferencing of\u00a0archival maps and connecting current data using WMS or WMTS was carried out in\u00a0the\u00a0ArcGIS environment, specifically in\u00a0the\u00a0ArcMAP 10.8.2 program. This was followed by the\u00a0creation of\u00a0a\u00a0polygon layer in\u00a0.shp format. Each polygon was precisely defined by its identification number and the\u00a0period in\u00a0which it occurred in\u00a0the\u00a0area. The\u00a0initial data processing was carried out in\u00a0a\u00a0GIS environment and involved calculating the\u00a0area of polygons. The\u00a0resulting values \u200b\u200bwere then exported to Microsoft Excel 2016 and projected into tables.<\/span><\/p>\n Current BTM\u00a010 and Orthophoto map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n These maps are available as a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0\u010c\u00daZK Geoportal, where they are continuously updated according to the\u00a0plan (in\u00a0the\u00a0case of\u00a0BTM\u00a010, approximately 1\/3 of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic per year). The\u00a0displayed state on BTM\u00a010\u00a0may vary both according to parts of\u00a0the\u00a0area and according to individual segments, which are updated separately, so it does not show the\u00a0actual state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape in\u00a0all directions at a\u00a0given moment. To process the\u00a0current BTM\u00a010, data capturing the\u00a0status as of\u00a06\u00a0July 2020 (centre), 10\u00a0<\/span>October 2021 (east), and 2\u00a0<\/span>January 2023 (west) were used. The\u00a0update of\u00a0significant elements of\u00a0the\u00a0topographic map (railways, roads under the\u00a0administration of\u00a0the\u00a0Directorate of\u00a0Roads and Highways of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic) was carried out over the\u00a0data documenting the\u00a0status as of\u00a02\u00a0<\/span>January 2024. The displayed status corresponds to the ZABAGED\u00ae data. The entire orthophoto map of the Czech Republic is updated in a two-year cycle. Approximately half of the Czech Republic is updated annually and, since 2020, regional borders have\u00a0<\/span>been taken into account in\u00a0the\u00a0update. Currently, the\u00a0western part of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic (the\u00a0border is formed by the\u00a0Liberec, Central Bohemian, and South Bohemian regions) is covered with images showing the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape in\u00a02023, while the\u00a0eastern part shows the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape in\u00a02024\u00a0[14].<\/span><\/p>\n M\u00fcller\u2019s\u00a0mapping<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0oldest map used here is M\u00fcller\u2019s\u00a0map of\u00a0Bohemia from 1720 at a\u00a0scale of\u00a0approximately 1\u00a0:\u00a0132,000\u00a0[16]. A\u00a0disadvantage for a\u00a0detailed comparison of\u00a0landscape development with subsequent map sources is its inadequate positional accuracy. Therefore, it can only be used to display water bodies as a\u00a0supplement to newer data. Not all watercourses are depicted in\u00a0it, the\u00a0drawing is schematic and not entirely adequate\u00a0[17].<\/span><\/p>\n 2nd Military Mapping<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n This mapping brought the\u00a0first relatively precise map. It was compiled between 1836 and 1852 at a\u00a0scale of\u00a01\u00a0:\u00a028,800. Compared to the\u00a0First Military Mapping, the\u00a0accuracy of\u00a0the\u00a0depiction increased as a\u00a0result of\u00a0previous military triangulation. The\u00a02nd Military Mapping took place at the\u00a0onset of\u00a0the\u00a0Industrial Revolution and the\u00a0development of\u00a0intensive agriculture, when the\u00a0area of arable land increased by half in\u00a0100 years and the\u00a0area of forest reached a\u00a0historical minimum. The\u00a0maps also include oldest railway lines\u00a0[13].<\/span><\/p>\n Historical orthophoto map from the\u00a01950s<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n The\u00a0historical orthophoto map is composed of\u00a0aerial photographs originating mainly from 1952\u20131954, supplemented by images from 1937\u20131970 and 1996 where other sources are not available in\u00a0the\u00a0given period. This orthophoto map was created within\u00a0the\u00a0project \u201cNational Inventory of\u00a0Contaminated Sites\u00a0(NIKM)<\/span><\/em>\u201d. The\u00a0aerial survey images were provided by the\u00a0Military Geographical and Hydrometeorological Office (VGHM\u00da\u0159) Dobru\u0161ka and processed into an orthophoto map by GEODIS BRNO, spol. s\u00a0r. o.\u00a0[12, 14].<\/p>\n Archival orthophoto maps<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n These orthophoto maps are available as a\u00a0set for 1998\u20132022. It is possible to select the\u00a0display of\u00a0layers according to the\u00a0individual years of\u00a0imaging. Only the\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0area that was imaged during one year is captured. In\u00a0the\u00a0layers from 1998 to 2001 the\u00a0images are black and white, the\u00a0layers from 2002 onwards contain\u00a0colour images\u00a0[14].<\/p>\n The\u00a0historical pond system on the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river recorded in\u00a0the\u00a02nd Military Mapping included a\u00a0total of\u00a0nine ponds (Ml\u00fdnsk\u00fd, Stojespal, Ml\u00e9kovick\u00fd, Svoj\u0161ick\u00fd, Rozko\u0161, Rybn\u00edk, Bo\u0161ick\u00fd, Ml\u00fdnek, and Fr\u010dina). Other two ponds were not located directly on the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river. Vod\u011bradsk\u00fd pond was located on the\u00a0Vod\u011bradsk\u00fd stream immediately before its confluence with the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river, and the\u00a0pond in\u00a0Po\u010fousy was on the\u00a0Po\u010fousk\u00fd stream. In\u00a0total, there were eleven ponds covering an area of 65.28\u00a0ha. All of\u00a0these ponds have survived to the\u00a0present day (Fig.\u00a05<\/em>, Tab.\u00a05<\/em><\/span>), or rather, Ml\u00e9kovick\u00fd pond is still listed as a\u00a0pond on current maps, as well as in\u00a0the\u00a0land register\u00a0[18], although it has not been restored since 2013, when its dam was breached during a\u00a0flood (Fig.\u00a06<\/span><\/em>)\u00a0[19, 20], and this site is overgrown, i.e. it has been left to succession (Fig.\u00a07\u20139<\/span><\/em>) [20]. All the historical ponds are now smaller in size, with the exception of the Vod\u011bradsk\u00fd and Bo\u0161ick\u00fd ponds. Currently, compared to the situation recorded in the 2nd Military Mapping, five ponds with an area of over 0.5 ha have been added to the Be\u010dv\u00e1rka basin. For the evaluation of the pond system development on the Be\u010dv\u00e1rka, two ponds built close together (Horn\u00ed and Doln\u00ed Kunvald) were considered as one object. Horn\u00ed and Doln\u00ed Kunvald are on\u00a0<\/span>the\u00a0upper reaches of\u00a0the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka, while Utopenec pond is on the\u00a0middle Be\u010dv\u00e1rka near Ml\u00e9kovice, after Stojespal (Figs. 5<\/span><\/em> and 7<\/span><\/em>). In\u00a0terms of\u00a0area, it ranks second only to the\u00a0largest pond in\u00a0the\u00a0basin\u00a0\u2013 Ml\u00fdnsk\u00fd pond near Be\u010dv\u00e1ry. Medium-sized ponds include Bos\u0148\u00e1k on the\u00a0Drahobudick\u00fd stream (Fig.\u00a010<\/span><\/em>). The\u00a0smallest new ponds are in\u00a0Drahobudice and Doln\u00ed Chvatliny. The\u00a0total area of the\u00a0current ponds is approximately 11\u00a0ha larger than the\u00a0area of the\u00a0historical ponds, even though almost all individual historical ponds had an area larger than now (Fig.\u00a05<\/em>, Tab.\u00a05<\/em><\/span>). From the\u00a0map comparison, it is clear that this reduction in\u00a0the\u00a0area of individual ponds is caused by the\u00a0overgrowing of\u00a0the\u00a0littoral zone of\u00a0the\u00a0given historical pond. This can be clearly observed in\u00a0particular at the\u00a0ponds of\u00a0Ml\u00fdnsk\u00fd, Rybn\u00edk, and Stojespal (Figs. 7<\/em>, 10<\/em>,<\/span> and 11<\/span><\/em>). The\u00a0current state of\u00a0the\u00a0ponds of\u00a0Stojespal, Utopenec, Rybn\u00edk, Rozko\u0161, Ml\u00fdnsk\u00fd, and Bos\u0148\u00e1k is shown in\u00a0Figs. 12\u201317<\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\nSITE DESCRIPTION<\/h2>\n
Hydrology and administrative division<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Richter-fig-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a01. The\u00a0researched area in\u00a0a\u00a0hydrological and administrative context<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a02. The\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body basin\u00a0from the\u00a0perspective of\u00a0drought issues in\u00a0the\u00a0context of\u00a0nature protection<\/h6>\n
Geology, pedology and erosion risk<\/h3>\n
Tab. 1. Representation of soil types in the Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body basin<\/h5>\n
<\/a>\nLand cover and typology of\u00a0the\u00a0current Czech landscape<\/h3>\n
Tab. 2. Representation of land cover classified according to ZABAGED\u00ae in the Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body basin<\/h5>\n
<\/a>\n<\/a>\nFig.\u00a03. CORINE Land Cover 2018 in\u00a0the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body basin\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0context of\u00a0BTM\u00a010<\/h6>\n
Tab. 3. Representation of CORINE Land Cover 2018 classes in the Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body basin<\/h5>\n
<\/a>\n<\/a>\nFig.\u00a04. Land use according to LPIS 2023 in\u00a0the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body basin\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0context\u00a0of\u00a0BTM\u00a010<\/h6>\n
Tab. 4. Land use representation according to LPIS in the Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body basin<\/h5>\n
<\/a>\nProtected areas<\/h3>\n
METHODOLOGY<\/h2>\n
Programs used and data processing<\/h3>\n
Current maps used<\/h3>\n
Archival maps used<\/h3>\n
RESULTS<\/h2>\n
<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nFig.\u00a05. Development of\u00a0the\u00a0pond system in\u00a0the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body basin from\u00a0the\u00a02nd\u00a0Military Mapping to the\u00a0present in\u00a0the\u00a0context of\u00a0BTM\u00a010<\/h6>\n
Tab. 5. Development of the pond system area in the Be\u010dv\u00e1rka water body basin<\/h5>\n
<\/a>\n<\/a>\nFig.\u00a06. The\u00a0gap in\u00a0Ml\u00e9kovick\u00fd Pond dam and the\u00a0state of\u00a0vegetation in\u00a0the\u00a0flooded area four years after the\u00a0breach, as of\u00a02017 [20]<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a07. Comparison of\u00a0pond system development on the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river near Ml\u00e9kovice village, including the\u00a0surrounding landscape, shown on a\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd Military Mapping, on a\u00a0Historical Orthophotomap from the\u00a01950s, on the\u00a0current BTM\u00a010, and on the\u00a0current Orthophotomap of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nFig.\u00a08. Comparison of\u00a0pond system development on the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river near Ml\u00e9kovice village, including the\u00a0surrounding landscape, shown on Archival Orthophotomaps from\u00a02000 to 2019<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a09. The\u00a0current state of\u00a0Ml\u00e9kovick\u00fd pond (October 2024)<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nFig.\u00a010. Comparison of\u00a0pond system development on the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river near Be\u010dv\u00e1ry village, including the\u00a0surrounding landscape, shown on a\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd Military Mapping, on a\u00a0Historical Orthophotomap from the\u00a01950s, on the\u00a0current BTM\u00a010, and on the\u00a0current Orthophotomap of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nFig.\u00a011. Comparison of\u00a0pond system development on the\u00a0Be\u010dv\u00e1rka river near \u017dabonosy village, including the\u00a0surrounding landscape, shown on a\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd Military Mapping, on a\u00a0Historical Orthophotomap from the\u00a01950s, on the\u00a0current BTM\u00a010, and on the\u00a0current Orthophotomap of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nFig.\u00a012. The\u00a0current state of\u00a0Stojespal pond, including a\u00a0disappeared historical part (October 2024)<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nFig.\u00a013. The\u00a0current state of\u00a0Utopenec pond (October 2024)<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a014. The\u00a0current state of\u00a0Rybn\u00edk pond, including a\u00a0disappeared historical part (October 2024)<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a015. The\u00a0current state of\u00a0Rozko\u0161 pond (October 2024)<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a016. The\u00a0current state of\u00a0Ml\u00fdnsk\u00fd pond, including a\u00a0disappeared historical part (August 2024)<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nFig.\u00a017. The\u00a0current state of\u00a0Bos\u0148\u00e1k pond (August 2024)<\/h6>\n