![\"Berankova-1\"](\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\")
<\/a>\nObr. 1. Such\u00fd ve\u0159ejn\u00fd pisoar ve Francii \u2013 sch\u00e9ma [2]
\nFig. 1. Public urinal without water needs in France \u2013 scheme [2]<\/h6>\nSepara\u010dn\u00ed toalety<\/h3>\n
V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed separa\u010dn\u00edch nebo kompostovac\u00edch toalet u\u0161et\u0159\u00edme vodu na splachov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0je\u0161t\u011b m\u00e1me hodnotn\u00e9 hnojivo, kter\u00e9 ocen\u00edme, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pokud vlastn\u00edme zahradu. Ceny separa\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0kompostovac\u00edch toalet se pohybuj\u00ed od 5\u00a0000 (kempingov\u00e9 proveden\u00ed, vhodn\u00e9 sp\u00ed\u0161e jen na ob\u010dasn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed) do 100\u00a0000 (komfortn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed). Pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 u\u017eivatele je vhodn\u00e1 toaleta za 20 a\u017e 30\u00a0tis\u00edc korun. Jak bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, za pitnou vodu se tak u\u0161et\u0159\u00ed p\u0159es 1\u00a0000\u2008K\u010d na osobu a\u00a0rok. Pro p\u011bti\u010dlennou dom\u00e1cnost je n\u00e1vratnost ekotoalety 5\u00a0let, pokud ov\u0161em nepo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me to, \u017ee nemus\u00edme po\u0159izovat um\u011bl\u00e9 hnojivo na vyp\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00ed zeleniny.<\/p>\n
P\u0159i provozov\u00e1n\u00ed kompostovac\u00edch toalet, resp. p\u0159i nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdmi exkrementy, se jev\u00ed jako nejv\u00edce limituj\u00edc\u00ed hygienick\u00e9 hledisko. Lid\u00e9 produkuj\u00ed zhruba 500 litr\u016f mo\u010di a\u00a050 litr\u016f v\u00fdkal\u016f na osobu za rok. Ty obsahuj\u00ed asi 4\u2008kg dus\u00edku, fosforu 0,5\u2008kg a\u00a01\u2008kg drasl\u00edku \u2013 t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed prvky pro r\u016fst rostlin. P\u0159esn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed se li\u0161\u00ed region od regionu v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na p\u0159\u00edjmu potravy. Sedmdes\u00e1t procent \u017eivin vylu\u010dovan\u00fdch lidmi je ve frakci mo\u010di [8, 9]. Pokud hovo\u0159\u00edme o\u00a0kompostovac\u00edch toalet\u00e1ch, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee je nashrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd materi\u00e1l hygienizov\u00e1n aerobn\u00edm rozkladn\u00fdm procesem \u2013 kompostov\u00e1n\u00edm, tj. rozkladem \u2013 p\u0159em\u011bnou na stabiln\u00ed humusov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky [10]. Samotn\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 exkrementy kompostovat nelze nebo jen s\u00a0obt\u00ed\u017eemi.<\/p>\n
K\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu ide\u00e1ln\u00edho kompostovac\u00edho procesu je nutn\u00e9 zajistit n\u011bkolik podm\u00ednek. Tou nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, z\u00a0hlediska hygienizace, je dosa\u017een\u00ed teploty 55\u2008\u00b0C po dobu minim\u00e1ln\u011b 21\u00a0dn\u016f nebo nad 65\u2008\u00b0C po dobu minim\u00e1ln\u011b 5\u00a0dn\u016f [11]. N\u011bkter\u00e9 komer\u010dn\u00ed kompostovac\u00ed toalety maj\u00ed v\u00a0sob\u011b zabudovan\u00e9 oh\u0159\u00edvadlo, kter\u00e9 podporuje rozkladn\u00fd proces, ale ani ono \u00faplnou hygienizaci nezaru\u010d\u00ed. U\u00a0ostatn\u00edch toalet, kde hygieniza\u010dn\u00ed proces je v\u00fdsledkem \u010dinnosti mikroorganism\u016f mimo toaletu, tj. na kompostovi\u0161ti, je nutn\u00e9 zajisti vhodn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro jejich \u010dinnost. T\u00edm je co mo\u017en\u00e1 nejv\u00edce homogenizovan\u00e9 a\u00a0\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b provzdu\u0161n\u011bn\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed \u2013 ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pom\u011br C : N 30 : 1. Exkrementy jsou dus\u00edkat\u00fd materi\u00e1l a\u00a0je pot\u0159eba sm\u00edchat je s\u00a0tzv. uhl\u00edkat\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem jako je sl\u00e1ma (C : N 60\u2013110 : 1), tr\u00e1va (C : N 35\u201345 : 1), piliny (C : N 100\u2013120 : 1), list\u00ed (C : N 32\u201348 : 1), rostlinn\u00e9 zbytky z\u00a0kuchyn\u011b a\u00a0zahrady (C : N 30\u201345 : 1). Provzdu\u0161\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zajist\u00edme p\u0159ekop\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm. \u010cas p\u0159ekop\u00e1vek se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed podle nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 teploty kompostu kompostovac\u00edm teplom\u011brem [12]. Kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u0159\u00edstup\u0148ov\u00fd proces, kdy v\u00a01. stupni naz\u00fdvan\u00e9m mesofiln\u00ed (rozkladn\u00fd) doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0intenzivn\u00edmu rozvoji bakteri\u00ed a\u00a0pl\u00edsn\u00ed a\u00a0rozkladu lehce rozlo\u017eiteln\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (cukry, \u0161kroby, b\u00edlkoviny). Optim\u00e1ln\u00ed teplota je 50\u201370\u2008\u00b0C. V\u00a02.\u00a0stupni tzv. termofiln\u00edm (p\u0159echodn\u00fdm) se nad\u00e1le rozv\u00edjej\u00ed bakterie a\u00a0p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm aktinomycety. Obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji se odbour\u00e1vaj\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, jako je celul\u00f3za a\u00a0lignin, z\u00a0kter\u00fdch vznikaj\u00ed stabiln\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed humus. Optim\u00e1ln\u00ed teplota druh\u00e9ho stupn\u011b je 40\u201345\u2008\u00b0C. Ve t\u0159et\u00edm dozr\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm stupni doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke stabilizaci organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, kompost se ji\u017e nezah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1, hmota je homogenn\u00ed a\u00a0nezap\u00e1ch\u00e1. Teplota je bl\u00edzk\u00e1 okoln\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Cel\u00e9 nastartov\u00e1n\u00ed kompostovac\u00edho procesu by m\u011blo za\u010d\u00edt do 4\u20135\u00a0dn\u016f po zalo\u017een\u00ed kompostu. Extr\u00e9mn\u00ed v\u00fdkyvy teplot v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch stupn\u00edch regulujeme p\u0159ekop\u00e1vkou spojenou podle pot\u0159eby i\u00a0s\u00a0prol\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00edm\/vlh\u010den\u00edm kompostu, a\u0165 vodou, \u010di nashrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bnou mo\u010d\u00ed ze separa\u010dn\u00ed toalety. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm hlediskem je i\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed kompostovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. K\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed hygieniza\u010dn\u00ed teploty je ho pot\u0159eba min. 1\u2008m3<\/sup> [13].<\/p>\nS\u00a0ohledem na hygienizaci nen\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 k\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lu ze separa\u010dn\u00edch toalet vyu\u017e\u00edvat vermikompostov\u00e1n\u00ed. Optim\u00e1ln\u00ed teplota pro \u017eivot \u017e\u00ed\u017eal je\u00a025\u2008\u00b0C. P\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 teplot\u011b hynou [14, 15]. Stejn\u011b tak prvopl\u00e1nov\u011b k\u00a0hygienizaci nen\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat v\u00e1pno, kter\u00e9 by pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed teploty muselo b\u00fdt neha\u0161en\u00e9 (CaO), ale vzhledem k\u00a0\u201esuch\u00e9mu\u201c materi\u00e1lu by proces nemusel optim\u00e1ln\u011b a\u00a0rovnom\u011brn\u011b v\u00a0cel\u00e9m objemu materi\u00e1lu prob\u011bhnout. Pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u00e1pna se sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edd\u00ed vybalancov\u00e1n\u00edm vhodn\u00e9ho rozp\u011bt\u00ed pH kompostu, kter\u00e9 je u\u00a0\u010derstv\u00e9ho kompostu 6\u20138 [16].<\/p>\n
Vznikl\u00fd kompost se nedoporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edvat tam, kde by doch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu kontaktu s\u00a0konzumovanou zeleninou a\u00a0ovocem a\u00a0i\u00a0tr\u00e1vou zkrmovanou doma chovan\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159aty nap\u0159. kr\u00e1l\u00edky.<\/p>\n
Separa\u010dn\u00ed toalety a\u00a0legislativa<\/h3>\n
V\u0161echny komer\u010dn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 a\u00a0pro n\u00e1\u0161 trh schv\u00e1len\u00e9 separa\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0kompostovac\u00ed toalety maj\u00ed certifik\u00e1t CE, kter\u00fd vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed normy \u010cSN ISO 14024 a\u00a0souvisej\u00edc\u00edch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f Evropsk\u00e9 unie [17]. Ekozna\u010dku m\u016f\u017ee z\u00edskat jen ten v\u00fdrobek, kter\u00fd prokazateln\u011b je ve v\u0161ech f\u00e1z\u00edch sv\u00e9ho \u017eivotn\u00edho cyklu \u0161etrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed i\u00a0ke zdrav\u00ed spot\u0159ebitele [18].<\/p>\n
Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed legislativn\u00ed p\u0159edpis, kter\u00fd by se komplexn\u011b zab\u00fdval provozem ekotoalet neexistuje. Pokud ekotoaleta nebo kompost\u00e9r nebude stavbou o\u00a0jednom nadzemn\u00edm podla\u017e\u00ed do 25\u2008m2<\/sup> zastav\u011bn\u00e9 plochy a\u00a0do 5\u2008m v\u00fd\u0161ky, nepodsklepen\u00e1, nebude obsahovat obytn\u00e9 ani pobytov\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti a\u00a0ani vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba stavebn\u00ed povolen\u00ed ani se nemus\u00ed tato stavba ohla\u0161ovat stavebn\u00edmu \u00fa\u0159adu [19].<\/p>\nNakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0materi\u00e1lem mimo z\u00e1sobn\u00edk ekotoalety se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi p\u0159edpisy:<\/p>\n
\n- ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk [20]: omezen\u00ed vlastnick\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va odstavec (1) \u00a7 1013 vlastn\u00edk se zdr\u017e\u00ed v\u0161eho, co p\u016fsob\u00ed, \u017ee odpad, voda, kou\u0159, prach, plyn, pach, sv\u011btlo, st\u00edn, hluk, ot\u0159esy a\u00a0jin\u00e9 podobn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky (imise) vnikaj\u00ed na pozemek jin\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edka (souseda) v\u00a0m\u00ed\u0159e nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00edm pom\u011br\u016fm a\u00a0podstatn\u011b omezuj\u00ed obvykl\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pozemku; to plat\u00ed i\u00a0o\u00a0vnik\u00e1n\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at. Zakazuje se p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bt imise na pozemek jin\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edka bez ohledu na m\u00edru takov\u00fdch vliv\u016f a\u00a0na stupe\u0148 obt\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed souseda, leda\u017ee se to op\u00edr\u00e1 o\u00a0zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed d\u016fvod.<\/li>\n
- vodn\u00ed z\u00e1kon [21]: p\u0159i nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0materi\u00e1lem z\u00a0toalety nesm\u00ed doj\u00edt k\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0zdrav\u00ed lid\u00ed. P\u0159i kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 db\u00e1t, aby nedo\u0161lo k\u00a0\u00faniku l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 by ohrozily kvalitu povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod. Nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bny v\u00a0z\u00e1plavov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o \u00a7 23a, 67 a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edlohy \u010d. 1.<\/li>\n
- vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed \u010d. 474\/2000 Sb. [22]: k\u00a0hnojen\u00ed nelze pou\u017e\u00edvat organick\u00e1 hnojiva, u\u00a0nich\u017e je obsah rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e stanov\u00ed p\u0159edpis. Limity rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f jsou pro statkov\u00e1 a\u00a0organick\u00e1 hnojiva: 2\u2008mg kadmia, 100\u2008mg olova, 1\u2008mg rtuti, 20\u2008mg arsenu, 100\u2008mg chromu, 20\u2008mg molybdenu, 50\u2008mg niklu na jeden kg su\u0161iny a\u00a0d\u00e1le pro:\n
\n- organick\u00e1 a\u00a0statkov\u00e1 hnojiva se su\u0161inou nad 13\u2009%, 150\u2008mg m\u011bdi a\u00a0600\u2008mg zinku na jeden kilogram su\u0161iny,<\/li>\n
- organick\u00e1 a\u00a0statkov\u00e1 hnojiva se su\u0161inou nejv\u00fd\u0161e 13\u2009%, 250\u2008mg m\u011bdi a\u00a01\u00a0200\u2008mg zinku na jeden kilogram su\u0161iny.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
- proces kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0hygienizace se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed normou \u010cSN 465735 \u2013 Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 komposty [23].<\/li>\n
- pokud bychom materi\u00e1l necht\u011bli vyu\u017e\u00edt a\u00a0cht\u011bli nebo museli se ho zbavit, stal by se odpadem a\u00a0nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0n\u00edm by se \u0159\u00eddilo podle z\u00e1kona o\u00a0odpadech [24]. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee o\u00a0odpad vyprodukovan\u00fd fyzickou nepodnikaj\u00edc\u00ed osobou je povinna se postarat p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 obec, resp. opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 osoba, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed k\u00a0nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0t\u00edmto druhem odpadu.<\/li>\n
- kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed biologicky rozlo\u017eiteln\u00e9ho odpadu upravuje vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka Ministerstva \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010d. 341\/2008 Sb. v\u00a0platn\u00e9m zn\u011bn\u00ed [25].<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je vyu\u017eit\u00ed separa\u010dn\u00edch toalet, resp. \u0161ed\u00e9 vody, nejen legislativn\u011b, ale zejm\u00e9na ekonomicky, vzhledem k\u00a0pot\u0159eb\u011b dvojit\u00fdch rozvod\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch stavebn\u00edch \u00faprav, problematick\u00e9. Jedn\u00e1 se sp\u00ed\u0161e o\u00a0trend, kter\u00fd bude t\u00edm v\u00edce aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm citeln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed budou souvisej\u00edc\u00ed aspekty, jako je nedostatek vody, zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se jej\u00ed cena, tlak na efektivitu \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0v\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b i\u00a0existence \u010di sp\u00ed\u0161e neexistence vhodn\u00e9ho recipientu pro vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody. I\u00a0v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed republice jsou oblasti, kde z\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, nej\u010dast\u011bji nedostatku financ\u00ed, nen\u00ed a\u00a0ani v\u00fdhledov\u011b nebude jak ve\u0159ejn\u00fd vodovod, tak ani kanalizace. Podle Statistick\u00e9 ro\u010denky \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky 2016 byl pod\u00edl obyvatel trvale bydl\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0domech napojen\u00fdch na kanalizace pro ve\u0159ejnou pot\u0159ebu 84,2\u2009%\u00a0[26]. Pro zbyl\u00fdch 15,8\u2009% je tento p\u0159\u00edstup nejen ekologick\u00fd, ale\u00a0\u017eivot umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed. P\u0159edpokladem pro ozna\u010den\u00ed ekologick\u00fd je v\u0161ak nejen \u00faspora vody, ale i\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pro p\u0159\u00edrodu \u0161etrn\u00fdch lehce odbourateln\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f pro osobn\u00ed hygienu, pran\u00ed \u010di myt\u00ed n\u00e1dob\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0\u0161edou vodou po p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0septiku nebo ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrn\u011b znovu pou\u017eity nap\u0159\u00edklad k\u00a0z\u00e1vlah\u00e1m.<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1vlahy<\/h2>\n
Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, odpadn\u00ed vody se v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, jako je nap\u0159. USA, Austr\u00e1lie, Izrael, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, Holandsko, b\u011b\u017en\u011b na z\u00e1vlahy park\u016f a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch ploch pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod k\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed produkci v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (plant\u00e1\u017ee rychle rostouc\u00edch d\u0159evin, ovocn\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sady) koreluje s\u00a0implementac\u00ed pojet\u00ed trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho rozvoje. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto vod znamen\u00e1 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch \u010di podzemn\u00edch vod \u017eivinami, lep\u0161\u00ed nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0vodou v\u00a0krajin\u011b a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f na hnojen\u00ed. [27].<\/p>\n
Co se legislativy t\u00fd\u010de, je z\u00e1vlaha (i\u00a0vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bnou) odpadn\u00ed vodou br\u00e1na jako vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed do vod podzemn\u00edch a\u00a0vodopr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady ji necht\u011bj\u00ed povolovat (a\u00a0to i\u00a0kdy\u017e se jedn\u00e1 jen o\u00a0samostatnou \u0161edou vodu bez produkt\u016f lidsk\u00e9ho metabolismu) a\u00a0vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159i tom vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed hydrogeologa [3]. Kvalitu vod pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pro z\u00e1vlahy \u0159e\u0161\u00ed \u010cSN 757143 Jakost vody pro z\u00e1vlahu.<\/p>\n
Rizika spojen\u00e1 s\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod<\/h2>\n
Nesm\u00edme zapom\u00ednat na rizika spojen\u00e1 s\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod. Jde o\u00a0riziko spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0v\u00fdskytem mikropolutant\u016f (PPCPs \u2013 pharmaceuticals and personal care products) a\u00a0o\u00a0riziko hygienick\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Eliminaci hygienick\u00fdch rizik legislativn\u011b \u0159e\u0161\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad Ministerstvo zdravotnictv\u00ed st\u00e1tu Washington, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161ed\u00fdch vod pouze k\u00a0podpovrchov\u00e9mu zavla\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed,\u00a0a to pouze ve vegeta\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed. Z\u00e1kon s\u00a0platnost\u00ed od roku 2011 rozli\u0161uje vody z\u00a0hlediska zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek na sv\u011btle \u0161ed\u00e9 a\u00a0tmav\u011b \u0161ed\u00e9. Sv\u011btle \u0161ed\u00e9 vody maj\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00fd obsah patogen\u016f, chemik\u00e1li\u00ed, tuk\u016f, olej\u016f, maziva poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0koupelen, sprch, van, pra\u010dek. Tmav\u011b \u0161ed\u00e9 vody poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0kuchy\u0148sk\u00fdch d\u0159ez\u016f, my\u010dek n\u00e1dob\u00ed, technick\u00fdch umyvadel, a\u00a0tud\u00ed\u017e obsahuj\u00ed mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace patogen\u016f, chemik\u00e1li\u00ed, tuk\u016f, olej\u016f a\u00a0maziv [28].<\/p>\n
Hygienick\u00e9 riziko lze velmi dob\u0159e vy\u0159e\u0161it pou\u017eit\u00edm vody pro kapkovou z\u00e1vlahu nebo obecn\u011b do podmoku, kdy riziko infekce z\u00a0aerosol\u016f eliminujeme.<\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00edm rizikem je p\u0159enos mikropolutant\u016f na zavla\u017eovanou p\u016fdu a\u00a0riziko kontaminace p\u011bstovan\u00fdch plodin [29]. Zde je mo\u017en\u00e9 diskutovat o\u00a0tom, co se d\u011bje s\u00a0mikropolutanty ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch, kam je voda z\u00a0\u010dist\u00edren odpadn\u00edch vod vypou\u0161t\u011bna. Pak je tu ot\u00e1zka biologick\u00e9 rozlo\u017eitelnosti n\u011bkter\u00fdch mikropolutant\u016f, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed rychleji ne\u017e ve vod\u011b, i\u00a0kdy\u017e je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee doba kontaktu s\u00a0p\u016fdou nebude p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m zp\u016fsobu z\u00e1vlahy velk\u00e1. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu je asi nejp\u0159ijateln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0nejbezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u0161ed\u00e9 vody pro z\u00e1vlahy v\u00a0parc\u00edch, pro z\u00e1vlahy rychle rostouc\u00edch d\u0159evin [27] a\u00a0nov\u011b vysazovan\u00fdch les\u016f.<\/p>\n
P\u0159\u00edklady realizac\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice<\/h2>\n
V\u00a0\u010cR se budov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch \u0161ed\u00e9 vody zvolna roz\u0161i\u0159uje. Indivi-du\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 si lid\u00e9 d\u011blaj\u00ed sv\u00e9pomoc\u00ed, bude hlavn\u011b na venkov\u011b ji\u017e spousty. Co se t\u00fd\u010de v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch instalac\u00ed, ji\u017e p\u0159ed sedmi lety se prvn\u00edm objektem v\u00a0\u010cR, kter\u00fd komplexn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u0161ed\u00e9 vody, stal hotel Mosaic House v\u00a0Praze\u00a02. D\u00edky syst\u00e9mu vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u0161ed\u00e9 vody s\u00a0rekuperac\u00ed tepla se stal prvn\u00ed certifikovanou budovou BREEM In Use s\u00a0hodnocen\u00edm Excellent v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. \u010ci\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u0161ed\u00fdch vod zde zaji\u0161\u0165uje syst\u00e9m Pontos AquaCycle (fa. Hansgrohe). Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0biologick\u00e9 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1rostov\u00e9 biomasy na molitanov\u00e9 drti v\u00a0provzdu\u0161\u0148ovan\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch. Dal\u0161\u00edmi aplikacemi je pak vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed centrum Rozmar\u00fdnek v\u00a0Brn\u011b nebo hotel Galant v\u00a0Mikulov\u011b, kter\u00fd k\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u0161ed\u00fdch vod vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 syst\u00e9mu AQUALOOP (fa. ASIO), kdy je voda po biologick\u00e9m \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed filtrov\u00e1na p\u0159es membr\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n
Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee dodate\u010dn\u00e9 budov\u00e1n\u00ed dvoj\u00edch rozvod\u016f vody nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 a\u00a0je i\u00a0finan\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e9, je budov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u016f nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0\u0161ed\u00fdmi vodami sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00fdzvou pro novostavby. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu byl proveden pr\u016fzkum mezi z\u00e1stupci nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch reziden\u010dn\u00edch developer\u016f v\u00a0Praze s\u00a0ot\u00e1zkou, jak se jejich spole\u010dnost k\u00a0my\u0161lence znovuvyu\u017eit\u00ed \u0161ed\u00fdch vod stav\u00ed. Jejich odpov\u011bdi lze v\u00a0z\u00e1sad\u011b rozd\u011blit do t\u0159ech kategori\u00ed:<\/p>\n
\n- Nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0reziden\u010dn\u00edch developer\u016f v\u00a0Praze \u2013 Central Group (21% pod\u00edl na trhu v\u00a0prodan\u00fdch bytech) \u2013 doposud \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zrealizovan\u00e9 ani napl\u00e1novan\u00e9 projekty vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9mu znovuvyu\u017eit\u00ed \u0161ed\u00fdch vod nem\u00e1 a\u00a0ani v\u00a0nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b o\u00a0n\u011b\u010dem takov\u00e9m pr\u00fd neuva\u017euj\u00ed. Podobnou odpov\u011b\u010f jsme obdr\u017eeli i\u00a0od firmy Star Group.<\/li>\n
- Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 situace ve v\u00fdstavb\u011b nov\u00fdch bytov\u00fdch dom\u016f se nach\u00e1z\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00a0rovin\u011b zachytit ve\u0161kerou sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vodu, nap\u0159. pomoc\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edch podzemn\u00edch vsakovac\u00edch ko\u0161\u016f a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edt ji k\u00a0z\u00e1vlah\u00e1m spole\u010dn\u00fdch travnat\u00fdch ploch v\u00a0okol\u00ed novostavby nebo zachycenou sr\u00e1\u017ekovou vodu pou\u017e\u00edt k\u00a0zavla\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zelen\u00fdch st\u0159ech. S\u00a0takov\u00fdmi projekty pracuje nap\u0159. spole\u010dnost Trigema (Chytr\u00e9 bydlen\u00ed \u2013 Horn\u00ed M\u011bcholupy), firma Daramis nebo firma M & K\u00a0Real Estate.<\/li>\n
- Nejd\u00e1le se v\u00a0oblasti znovuvyu\u017eit\u00ed \u0161ed\u00fdch vod zat\u00edm dostala firma Skanska Reality (s\u00a08\u2009% prodan\u00fdch byt\u016f je 3. nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm reziden\u010dn\u00edm developerem v\u00a0Praze). V\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu 2015 zah\u00e1jila prodej prvn\u00edho bytov\u00e9ho domu v\u00a0\u010cR Botanica K\u00a0v\u00a0Praze 5 v\u00a0Jinonic\u00edch, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 syst\u00e9m pro hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0\u0161edou vodou. Voda z\u00a0umyvadel, van a\u00a0sprch je po p\u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na pro splachov\u00e1n\u00ed toalet. D\u00edky tomuto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bytov\u00e1 novostavba uspo\u0159\u00ed a\u017e 6\u00a0000 litr\u016f pitn\u00e9 vody denn\u011b. U\u00a0domu je nav\u00edc um\u00edst\u011bna akumula\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e pro zachycov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch vod, jen\u017e mohou b\u00fdt d\u00e1le vyu\u017eity pro zal\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed zelen\u011b v\u00a0okol\u00ed domu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Vzhledem k\u00a0p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdm v\u00fdkyv\u016fm v\u00a0distribuci sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdm obdob\u00edm sucha se auto\u0159i v\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku pokou\u0161eli zamyslet nad mo\u017en\u00fdmi \u00fasporami pitn\u00e9 vody a\u00a0rozumn\u00fdm znovuvyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm \u0161ed\u00e9 vody a\u00a0vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody. \u010cl\u00e1nek m\u011bl p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00ed diskuse nad touto problematikou.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Now is the time when even in the Czech Republic we have to save water. In our households do not use it for flushing toilets, used water reuse for irrigation, etc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3492,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[834,382,835],"coauthors":[332,334,808,1586],"class_list":["post-3510","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-gray-water","tag-nomix-toilet","tag-re-use-of-wastewater"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3510","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3510"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3510\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30392,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3510\/revisions\/30392"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3492"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3510"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3510"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3510"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3510"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
![\"PICT0081edit\"](\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/PICT0081edit.jpg\")
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