INTRODUCTION<\/h2>\n
Protecting water resources is key to achieving good water quality and, at the\u00a0same time, ensuring a\u00a0sufficient amount of\u00a0high-quality drinking water for human consumption. The\u00a0European Union is also aware of\u00a0this fact; in\u00a02020, it issued the\u00a0new European Directive EU 2020\/2184 on the\u00a0quality of\u00a0water intended for human consumption\u00a0[1]. One of\u00a0the\u00a0significant changes compared to the\u00a0original directive from 1998\u00a0[2] is Article 8, which deals with the\u00a0risk assessment and risk management of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas for abstraction points of\u00a0water intended for human consumption. This risk analysis should then be followed by risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0water supply system processed according to\u00a0Article 9 of\u00a0EU Directive 2020\/2184\u00a0[1].<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0EU Drinking Water Directive\u00a0[1] describes only the\u00a0basic points and objectives of\u00a0the\u00a0risk analysis of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas. By 2023, each member state had an obligation to transpose the\u00a0Directive requirements into its legislation based on the\u00a0conditions of\u00a0each country. In\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic, the\u00a0ministries have agreed that these risk analyses will be part of\u00a0the\u00a0basin\u00a0sub-plans, and therefore the\u00a0Basin\u00a0State Enterprises will have the\u00a0obligation to develop them according to Annex No. 3 to Decree No. 50\/2023 Coll.\u00a0[3]. In\u00a0Slovakia, all risk analyses will be developed by the\u00a0Slovak Water Research Institute\u00a0[4].<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0main\u00a0purpose of\u00a0developing risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas is the\u00a0comprehensive protection of\u00a0water resources in\u00a0the\u00a0natural environment, i.e. before the\u00a0water is abstracted. It is important to identify potential risks in\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas associated with water abstraction points intended for human consumption. Thanks to this identification, targeted measures can subsequently be proposed to mitigate these risks. Other objectives are to ensure proper monitoring of\u00a0relevant parameters in\u00a0raw water and to assess the\u00a0need to establish new or adapt existing protection zones of\u00a0valuable water resources.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0aim of\u00a0the\u00a0project TA CR No. SS05010210 \u201cTools for risk assessment of\u00a0catchment areas for abstraction points of\u00a0water intended for human consumption<\/span><\/em>\u201d is the\u00a0creation of\u00a0a\u00a0methodological procedure for the\u00a0development of\u00a0risk analysis of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas.<\/span><\/p>\n Risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas will be developed for all abstractions in\u00a0the\u00a0Surov\u00e1 voda<\/span><\/em> (Raw Water<\/span>) database\u00a0[5], for which at least one monitoring of\u00a0parameters in\u00a0raw water was reported in\u00a02019\u20132023. The\u00a0Surov\u00e1 voda<\/span><\/em> database [5] is used for uploading and managing raw water quality data in the scope of complete and abbreviated analyses in accordance with the requirements of Decree No. 428\/2001 Coll. [6], as amended. Access to the system (https:\/\/surovavoda.chmi.cz) is given to state administration bodies, sanitary stations, basin\u00a0managers, water infrastructure operators, and laboratories authorized by these operators to upload the\u00a0results of\u00a0laboratory analyses into this system.<\/span><\/p>\n This time range was chosen because data in\u00a0the\u00a0Surov\u00e1 voda<\/span><\/em> database\u00a0[5] older than 2019 show a\u00a0higher error rate. The\u00a0final year will then be 2023, as more recent data will probably not be available during the\u00a0processing of\u00a0the\u00a0first risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas. According to EU Directive 2020\/2184\u00a0[1], risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas must be prepared no later than 12th July 2027, but given that according to Decree No. 50\/2023 Coll.\u00a0[3] the\u00a0risk analyses will be part of\u00a0the\u00a0basin\u00a0sub-plans, it is necessary to process them between 2025 and\u00a02026.<\/span><\/p>\n According to EU Directive 2020\/2184\u00a0[1], risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas are to be regularly reviewed at least once every six years and subsequently updated if necessary. The\u00a0next review will therefore be in\u00a02032 at the\u00a0latest.<\/span><\/p>\n A\u00a0form (mock-up) was created for the\u00a0uniform development of\u00a0risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas, describing both their form and content. Two types of\u00a0forms were created, one for groundwater abstraction and one for surface water abstraction. These forms will be binding for the\u00a0development of\u00a0risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas and are divided into five chapters:<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0the\u00a0following text, the\u00a0basic characteristics of\u00a0abstraction and definition of\u00a0the\u00a0area (catchment area) in\u00a0which risk activities for the\u00a0quality of\u00a0sampled raw water are evaluated will be discussed in\u00a0more detail.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0Basic abstraction characteristics chapter contains the\u00a0most important data on the\u00a0abstraction. The\u00a0basic abstraction identifier is the\u00a0abstraction identification number from the\u00a0Surov\u00e1 voda<\/span><\/em> database\u00a0[5]. It is a\u00a0unique eight-digit number. The\u00a0basic data also include the\u00a0name of\u00a0the\u00a0abstraction, number of\u00a0structures analysed, whether it is a\u00a0mixture from several raw water sources, type of\u00a0abstraction, number and types of\u00a0structures abstracted, category of\u00a0the\u00a0treatment plant, information on the\u00a0basin\u00a0manager and abstraction operator, abstraction size, and abstraction size category.<\/span><\/p>\n One of\u00a0the\u00a0most important basic data is the\u00a0abstraction location; it is given in\u00a0S-JTSK coordinates. It should be based both on the\u00a0coordinates listed in\u00a0the\u00a0Surov\u00e1 voda<\/span><\/em> database\u00a0[5], as well as on the\u00a0coordinates from the\u00a0Evidence<\/span> u\u017eivatel\u016f<\/span> vody<\/span><\/em> database (Water User Records<\/span><\/em>, EvU\u017eiv)\u00a0[7] and on the\u00a0coordinates of\u00a0the\u00a0first degree of\u00a0protection zone for vulnerable water resources (OPVZ)\u00a0[8]. If the\u00a0location differs significantly according to the\u00a0mentioned sources, the\u00a0location according to the\u00a0Surov\u00e1 voda<\/span><\/em> database\u00a0[5] and according to the\u00a0EvU\u017eiv register\u00a0[7] should always be indicated, but the\u00a0information about the\u00a0location in\u00a0the\u00a0relevant OPVZ\u00a0[8] should primarily apply. At the\u00a0same time, any discrepancy should be commented on. If it is not possible to find OPVZ\u00a0[8] for an\u00a0abstraction point for which the\u00a0location in\u00a0the\u00a0Surov\u00e1 voda<\/span><\/em> database\u00a0[5] is significantly different from the\u00a0location in\u00a0EvU\u017eiv\u00a0[7], the\u00a0actual location cannot be identified without information from the\u00a0water supplier.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0second chapter in\u00a0the\u00a0form for processing the\u00a0risk analysis of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas is characterization of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas related to the\u00a0abstraction point. The\u00a0basic characteristics for surface water abstraction include data on fourth order hydrological basin, surface water body, name of\u00a0the\u00a0watercourse, river kilometre and, for groundwater abstractions, data on the\u00a0fourth order hydrological basin, groundwater body, and hydrogeological district.<\/span><\/p>\n Other important characteristics of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas include information on the\u00a0protection zone for vulnerable water resources (OPVZ) for the\u00a0given abstraction. OPVZ are updated annually in\u00a0the\u00a0OPVZ register, where documents establishing the\u00a0OPVZ (decisions\/measures of\u00a0a\u00a0general nature) are attached. Attribute information is attached to each OPVZ (date of\u00a0definition, office, procedure number, municipality, region, source type, and others)\u00a0[8]. This database, managed by the\u00a0Ministry of\u00a0the\u00a0Environment and updated by TGM WRI, contains all OPVZ for which documents on their definition were found and which are registered in\u00a0the\u00a0Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/span> registr<\/span> vodopr\u00e1vn\u00ed<\/span> evidence<\/span> (Central Register of\u00a0Water Rights Records<\/span>, CRVE)\u00a0[9]. If there is no document establishing OPVZ for a\u00a0given abstraction, it is considered non-existent. However, it is necessary to verify this information with the\u00a0local water authority (VP\u00da). It may happen that the\u00a0VP\u00da or the\u00a0water resource user did not submit the\u00a0document to the\u00a0OPVZ records.<\/span><\/p>\n Furthermore, for each abstraction, its inclusion in the relevant abstraction category must be carried out. Abstractions are first divided into groundwater and surface water abstraction. The risk analysis forms of the catchment areas differ for these two types of abstraction; also, some attributes are specific and set only for a certain type of abstraction. Surface water abstractions are then further divided into abstractions from reservoirs, abstractions from watercourses, and others (e.g. abstractions from a flooded gravel sandpit). The categorization of groundwater abstractions is more complex and is based on the division of groundwater abstractions into groups according to the natural characteristics of the abstracted water, focused on hydrogeological structures that are specific in terms of their\u00a0<\/span>time-space water flow regime. Based on this criterion, groundwater abstraction is divided into three basic groups: abstraction from deep structures, abstraction from fluvial Quaternary, and abstraction from the\u00a0subsurface zone. Samples from deep structures include groundwater samples from Cretaceous and Tertiary basins, samples from karst and samples from glacial Quaternaries. Abstractions from the\u00a0fluvial Quaternary include groundwater abstractions from Quaternary groundwater formations and also abstractions from floodplains. The\u00a0last group is abstraction from the\u00a0subsurface zone, including other abstractions. These are mainly abstractions from Crystalline and similar geological formations.<\/span><\/p>\n Another important step in\u00a0the\u00a0risk analysis of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas is the\u00a0definition of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area. Defining the\u00a0catchment area is generally one of\u00a0the\u00a0key steps in\u00a0risk analysis. This is because it is an area in\u00a0which risk activities can potentially or actually affect the\u00a0quality of\u00a0the\u00a0abstracted water. In\u00a0other words, it defines a\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0territory on which the\u00a0risk analysis of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area will take place. Even though those preparing risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area should primarily be based on the\u00a0OPVZ definition, they must first determine whether the\u00a0OPVZ corresponds at least approximately to the\u00a0catchment area. The\u00a0catchment area should be specifically defined according to the\u00a0category of\u00a0abstraction.<\/span><\/p>\n Using specific examples of\u00a0abstractions, we will present how the\u00a0definition of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas should be carried out for different categories of\u00a0abstraction.<\/span><\/p>\n The catchment area for surface water abstraction is given by all fourth order hydrological basins located above the abstraction point. However, it is always important to consider the specifics of the given abstraction and, based on expert assessment, it is possible to reduce this area in the case of a very large catchment area (for example, on the basis of information on the use of the area, potential sources of pollution, and the distance from the abstraction). We regard groundwater abstractions from fluvial Quarternary in a similar way to abstractions from surface water; this is because, in addition to the inflowing groundwater, they also receive a greater or lesser amount of surface water from the watercourse. The share of surface water abstracted will vary based on the hydrological situation (at higher levels of surface water, groundwater may be recharged by water from the watercourse) and according to the amount of water abstracted (if more water is abstracted than groundwater inflow, surface water infiltration occurs). Since it is not easy to define for individual abstractions which part of the water abstracted is from groundwater and which from surface water, it is better to treat all of them as if they were surface water abstractions; this is because surface water is usually\u00a0<\/span>more vulnerable to anthropogenic pollution. The\u00a0catchment area for groundwater abstractions from the\u00a0fluvial Quaternary is therefore, similarly to surface water abstractions, defined by all fourth order hydrological basins above the\u00a0abstraction point. Even in\u00a0this case, it is possible to reduce a\u00a0very large area based on the\u00a0specifics of\u00a0the\u00a0given abstraction and expert assessment, similar to the\u00a0case of\u00a0surface water abstractions. An example is the\u00a0abstraction of\u00a0groundwater TS STRAKONICE Pracejovice (ID Surov\u00e1 voda<\/span><\/em>: 11701200). It is an abstraction in\u00a0the\u00a0hydrogeological district of\u00a0the\u00a0Otava and Blanice Quarternary near the\u00a0Otava river. The\u00a0abstraction is defined by OPVZ of\u00a0the\u00a0first and second degree (Fig.\u00a01<\/span><\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n In\u00a0the\u00a0case of\u00a0defining the\u00a0catchment area for this abstraction, all fourth order hydrological basins of\u00a0the\u00a0Otava river above the\u00a0abstraction point should be considered. This is a\u00a0very large area; however, with the\u00a0use of\u00a0additional information (e.g.\u00a0from CORINE Land Cover 2018 data) it is possible to reduce this area, as the\u00a0\u0160umava PLA and the\u00a0\u0160umava National Park are located in\u00a0the\u00a0southwest of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area, where there are no major potential risks, such as arable land and larger settlements (Fig.\u00a02<\/span><\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Definition of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area in\u00a0the\u00a0shallow near-surface Crystalline zone, which makes up about three-quarters of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic, is relatively simple. As a\u00a0first approximation, it is possible to use the\u00a0fourth order basin\u00a0in\u00a0which the\u00a0abstraction is located. However, the\u00a0catchment area often does not include the\u00a0entire basin\u00a0\u2013 it is usually significantly smaller. On the\u00a0one hand, the\u00a0abstraction is rarely located near the\u00a0fourth order basin\u00a0closing profile, but on the\u00a0other, it does not occur in\u00a0the\u00a0river floodplain, as in\u00a0that case it would belong to the\u00a0fluvial Quarternary. The\u00a0catchment area can be estimated according to the\u00a0contours of\u00a0the\u00a0terrain\u00a0\u2013 the\u00a0catchment area starts below the\u00a0abstraction (this is because during the\u00a0abstraction, a\u00a0cone of\u00a0depression of\u00a0the\u00a0groundwater level is formed and the\u00a0groundwater is also pumped below the\u00a0abstraction); the\u00a0catchment area is further defined by perpendiculars to the\u00a0contours up to the\u00a0highest point. Such a\u00a0definition of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area can be seen in\u00a0the\u00a0example of\u00a0the\u00a0Doln\u00ed Niva abstraction (ID\u00a0Surov\u00e1\u00a0voda<\/span><\/em>:\u00a032207000), where only the\u00a0first degree of\u00a0OPVZ is defined. The\u00a0catchment area begins about 100 m below the\u00a0abstraction point (which is probably much more than the\u00a0distance of\u00a0the\u00a0actual cone of\u00a0depression) and is defined from above by the\u00a0Vysok\u00e1 jedle summit (735.4 m a.s.l.) and elevation point 207 (726.9 m a.s.l.) (Fig.\u00a03<\/span><\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n The\u00a0most complicated catchment area definition is for abstractions of\u00a0groundwater from deep structures. In\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic, this concerns the\u00a0area of\u00a0the\u00a0Permocarbon basins, the\u00a0Czech Cretaceous basin\u00a0and both South Bohemian basins, the\u00a0areas of\u00a0Tertiary, flysch and Kulm in\u00a0Moravia, and the\u00a0Moravian Karst. However, the\u00a0mere geographical situation of\u00a0collection structure in\u00a0the\u00a0space where the\u00a0deep structure occurs does not necessarily mean that the\u00a0deep structure is actually used. Depending on the\u00a0depth of\u00a0the\u00a0abstraction object, the\u00a0case can occur where a\u00a0shallow collection structure uses only the\u00a0subsurface zone. The\u00a0issue of\u00a0defining the\u00a0catchment area is the\u00a0most difficult in\u00a0structural basins, where in\u00a0the\u00a0extreme variant the\u00a0abstracted groundwater can come from several aquifers of\u00a0mutually different, often large areas. In\u00a0addition, these aquifers are covered on some areas or separated from each other by an impermeable insulating layer, which protects the\u00a0respective aquifers from contamination from the\u00a0surface. The\u00a0automatic application of\u00a0the\u00a0fourth-order hydrological basin\u00a0for the\u00a0definition of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area in\u00a0the\u00a0subsurface zone environment would therefore in\u00a0most cases give a\u00a0distorted picture.<\/span><\/p>\n According to the\u00a0degree of\u00a0exploration of\u00a0the\u00a0given hydrogeological district, we can divide the\u00a0methodological procedures for defining the\u00a0catchment area for abstraction from deep structures into four variants. Here are examples of\u00a0defining the\u00a0catchment area according to these methodological procedures.<\/span><\/p>\n 1) Defining the\u00a0catchment area by a\u00a0hydrogeologist on the\u00a0basis of\u00a0a\u00a0hydraulic model<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n The\u00a0absolutely ideal and most accurate solution is to consult a\u00a0hydrogeologist who works in\u00a0the\u00a0given district and knows the\u00a0infiltration areas of\u00a0the\u00a0respective aquifer. If a\u00a0hydraulic model of\u00a0groundwater flow is available in\u00a0a\u00a0given district, then it is possible to define the\u00a0infiltration space for individual aquifers using GIS tools, used in\u00a0the\u00a0construction of\u00a0the\u00a0model geometry and its calibration. These data quite precisely define the\u00a0environment on which the\u00a0risk analysis should focus.<\/span><\/p>\n This case was tested at the\u00a0abstraction of\u00a0\u010cEVAK Suchdol n\/Lu\u017enic\u00ed (ID\u00a0Surov\u00e1\u00a0voda<\/span><\/em>: 11300600). It is a\u00a0complicated case of\u00a0the\u00a0Cretaceous Klikov formation abstraction in\u00a0the\u00a0T\u0159ebo\u0148 basin. The\u00a0collection structure connects several dozen sandy aquifers, which are separated from each other by clay insulators or sandy-clay semi-insulators. The\u00a0catchment area was defined on the\u00a0basis of\u00a0the\u00a0infiltration area used in\u00a0the\u00a03D hydraulic model of\u00a0the\u00a0company Progeo,\u00a0s.\u00a0r.\u00a0o., which considered the\u00a0direction of\u00a0groundwater flow in\u00a0the\u00a0basin\u00a0system to the\u00a0abstraction point in\u00a0the\u00a0final form; see Fig.\u00a04<\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n 2) Defining the catchment area based on documents from the \u201cRebalancing of groundwater supplies<\/em>\u201d project<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Consultation with a\u00a0hydrogeologist may not always be possible for various reasons. Therefore, two alternative variants are offered, which bring with them the\u00a0risk of\u00a0simplification, and therefore also the\u00a0possibility of\u00a0introducing inaccuracies. The\u00a0first option, which still provides a\u00a0relatively high degree of\u00a0credibility, is the\u00a0use of\u00a0information from the\u00a0\u201cRebalancing of\u00a0groundwater supplies<\/em>\u201d project\u00a0[10], implemented by the\u00a0Czech Geological Survey. It covers most of\u00a0the\u00a0major structural basins.<\/p>\n An example of\u00a0an abstraction where it is possible to use information from the\u00a0\u201cRebalancing of\u00a0groundwater supplies<\/em>\u201d project is the\u00a0abstraction of\u00a0S\u010dVK Dubnice pod Ralskem (ID Surov\u00e1 voda<\/em>: 33045800), which is located in\u00a0hydrogeological district 4640 \u2013 Cretaceous upper Plou\u010dnice. According to the\u00a0decision of\u00a0the\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e1 L\u00edpa District Office, the\u00a0environment department from 1997, this abstraction is limited only to the\u00a0first degree of\u00a0OPVZ with dimensions of\u00a020\u00a0\u00d7\u00a020 metres. The\u00a0database of\u00a0geologically documented structures, which can be accessed using the\u00a0Vrtn\u00e1 prozkoumanost (Drill Exploration) map application\u00a0[11] and which is maintained and managed by the\u00a0Czech Geological Survey, shows that the\u00a0abstraction of\u00a0S\u010dVK Dubnice pod Ralskem (ID\u00a0Surov\u00e1\u00a0voda<\/em>:\u00a033045800) is 400 metres deep and abstracts the\u00a0Coniacian aquifer. It is therefore evident that it is a\u00a0collection structure of\u00a0deep circulation, without the\u00a0influence of\u00a0the\u00a0near-surface zone. Such a\u00a0deep hydrogeological well always has a\u00a0technically sealed upper zone. It is therefore possible to use the\u00a0information from the\u00a0Final Report of\u00a0the\u00a0\u201cRebalancing of\u00a0groundwater supplies<\/em>\u201d project for hydrogeological district 4640 \u2013 Cretaceous upper Plou\u010dnice\u00a0[12] when defining the\u00a0catchment area. This report shows that there are three significant hydrogeological aquifers in\u00a0the\u00a0district at different depth levels: aquifer A\u00a0(Peruc\u2013Korycany formations of\u00a0Cenomanian age); above it, aquifer BC (B\u00edl\u00e1 Hora and Jizera formations of\u00a0lower to upper Turonian age); and in\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0district, aquifers D (Teplice and B\u0159ezno formations of\u00a0Upper Turonian to Coniacian age). The\u00a0abstraction of\u00a0S\u010dVK Dubnice pod Ralskem (ID\u00a0Surov\u00e1 voda<\/em>:\u00a033045800) abstracts the\u00a0uppermost aquifer D, which is developed in\u00a0the\u00a0northwestern part of\u00a0the\u00a0district in\u00a0the\u00a0form of\u00a0several more or less independent bodies. The\u00a0base of\u00a0aquifer D generally dips from north to south and is often interrupted by vertical tectonic displacements. The\u00a0chapter on the\u00a0definition of\u00a0infiltration areas shows that the\u00a0occurrences of\u00a0aquifer D are divided by erosional valleys into several balance-independent water subsystems with infiltration in\u00a0the\u00a0areas of\u00a0their occurrences and with drainage of\u00a0groundwater into the\u00a0surrounding watercourses \u2013 especially into Plou\u010dnice with its tributaries. The\u00a0water level is mostly open. Aquifer D is fed by precipitation infiltration throughout the\u00a0area of\u00a0occurrence, except for areas covered by loess, where infiltration is considerably limited. Based on the\u00a0above findings, it can be stated that the\u00a0catchment area for the\u00a0abstraction of\u00a0S\u010dVK Dubnice pod Ralskem (ID\u00a0Surov\u00e1\u00a0voda<\/em>:\u00a033045800) will be defined by the\u00a0basins of\u00a0the\u00a0Dubnick\u00fd and Je\u0161t\u011bdsk\u00fd streams. It is obvious that the\u00a0quality of\u00a0the\u00a0abstracted water will not be actually affected by the\u00a0entire defined area. A\u00a0limiting role will be played by insulating surfaces formed by loess, as well as by tectonics extending in\u00a0the\u00a0direction of\u00a0drainage. However, the\u00a0inclusion of\u00a0the\u00a0entire Dubnick\u00fd and Je\u0161t\u011bdsk\u00fd stream basins is an optimal compromise on the\u00a0side of\u00a0precautionary risk.<\/p>\n 3) Defining the\u00a0catchment area in\u00a0an environment that is not covered by the\u00a0\u201cRebalancing of\u00a0groundwater supplies<\/em>\u201d project, but has a\u00a0defined credible second-degree protection zone for vulnerable water resources<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n This method of defining the catchment area is burdened with a greater degree of uncertainty and is also more time-consuming. An example is the definition of the catchment area for abstraction of S\u010dVK Holede\u010d vrty\u00a0(ID\u00a0Surov\u00e1\u00a0voda<\/em>:\u00a033070200). There is no information about this resource regarding its technical parameters. The\u00a0only data that can help is the\u00a0decision of\u00a0the\u00a0environment department of\u00a0the\u00a0District Office in\u00a0Louny from 1991, which establishes the\u00a0first and second degree of\u00a0OPVZ. This decision talks about eleven collection structures, but without mentioning their names according to which they could be identified, or compared to the\u00a0wells in\u00a0the\u00a0Vrtn\u00e1 prozkoumanost map application\u00a0[11]. Therefore, it was necessary to turn to a\u00a0different procedure. It can be assumed that the\u00a0first degree of\u00a0the\u00a0OPVZ is in\u00a0the\u00a0immediate vicinity of\u00a0the\u00a0collection structures, and thus an appropriate selection can be made using the\u00a0Vrtn\u00e1 prozkoumanost<\/em> map application\u00a0[11]. The\u00a0wells located inside the\u00a0first degree of\u00a0the\u00a0OPVZ have a\u00a0depth of\u00a0100 metres and abstract a\u00a0Neogene aquifer. Since no further information is available for the\u00a0given site, with some uncertainty, it is possible to consider the\u00a0extent of\u00a0the\u00a0second degree of\u00a0the\u00a0OPVZ defined in\u00a0the\u00a0aforementioned decision as the\u00a0catchment area (Fig.\u00a05<\/em>). In\u00a0this case, this consideration can be based on the\u00a0legitimate assumption that this zone was created on the\u00a0basis of\u00a0a\u00a0previous detailed hydrogeological assessment, which considered the\u00a0directions of\u00a0groundwater flow from the\u00a0infiltration area towards the\u00a0abstraction point.<\/p>\n 4) Defining the\u00a0catchment area in\u00a0an environment that is not covered by the\u00a0\u201cRebalancing of\u00a0groundwater supplies<\/em>\u201d project and does not have a\u00a0defined second-degree protection zone for vulnerable water resources<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0most difficult variant, burdened with the\u00a0greatest uncertainty and, in\u00a0the\u00a0extreme variant, even without the\u00a0possibility of\u00a0defining the\u00a0catchment area, is the\u00a0case where the\u00a0abstraction object:<\/p>\n The\u00a0only and most time-consuming procedure is to try to find at least part of\u00a0the\u00a0missing data and proceed to define the\u00a0catchment area in\u00a0the\u00a0same way as a\u00a0hydrogeologist processes a\u00a0second degree OPVZ proposal. It should be emphasized that, based on our experience, this case is rather exceptional; however, we must mention it for the\u00a0purpose of\u00a0objectivity.<\/p>\n The\u00a0main\u00a0purpose of\u00a0developing a\u00a0risk analysis of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas is the\u00a0comprehensive protection of\u00a0water resources. It is important to identify potential risks in\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas associated with water abstraction points intended for human consumption. However, for this, it is necessary to know the\u00a0extent of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area, which does not always correspond to the\u00a0OPVZ. Thanks to the\u00a0identification of\u00a0potential risks and verification based on monitoring, targeted measures to mitigate potential risks should be proposed. Therefore, proper monitoring of\u00a0relevant parameters in\u00a0raw water and assessment of\u00a0the\u00a0need to establish new or adapt existing OPVZ must be ensured. For uniform processing of\u00a0risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas, a\u00a0form was created with a\u00a0precise structure, which should be followed by the\u00a0processors of\u00a0risk analyses of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas. The\u00a0form has five basic chapters and clearly summarizes what should be part of\u00a0the\u00a0risk analysis of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas. This article is focused on the\u00a0basic characteristics of\u00a0the\u00a0abstraction and the\u00a0catchment area, which are one of\u00a0the\u00a0most important steps in\u00a0the\u00a0risk analysis processing. A\u00a0high-quality risk analysis of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment areas cannot be developed without the\u00a0correct definition of\u00a0the\u00a0catchment area.<\/p>\n The\u00a0article was created within\u00a0the\u00a0framework of\u00a0the\u00a0Technological Agency of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic project No. SS05010210 \u201cTools for risk assessment of\u00a0catchment areas for abstraction points of\u00a0water intended for human consumption\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n The\u00a0Czech version of\u00a0this article was peer-reviewed, the\u00a0English version was\u00a0translated from the\u00a0Czech original by Environmental Translation Ltd.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" In December 2020, the new EU Directive 2020\/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption was published. This Directive places a strong emphasis on comprehensive protection of water resources and introduces an obligation to carry out risk assessment and risk management of the catchment areas for abstraction points of water intended for human consumption, compared to the previous Directive from 1998. The risk analysis of the catchment areas must be carried out for all water abstractions for drinking purposes that abstract more than 10 m3 raw water per day. In the Czech Republic, this concerns approximately 3,650 abstractions (of which about 3,500 are groundwater abstractions and about 150 surface water abstractions). On a nationwide scale, it is therefore a considerable amount of risk analyses of parts of the catchment areas, which, according to the Directive, must be performed by 2027. The main aim of the project \u201cTools for risk assess-ment of catchment areas for abstraction points of water intended for human consumption\u201d (supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic) is to develop a methodology for the preparation of this risk analysis of the catchment areas. In order to ensure that the risk analyses of the catchment areas to be prepared by different entities have a uniform form and structure, a form (mock-up) of what the risk analyses of the catchment areas should look like and what they should contain has been developed within the framework of the methodology. As this is a very complex issue, only the main skeleton of the methodology will be presented in this article, focusing on the basic characteristics of the abstraction and the definition of the area (the catchment areas) in which the risk activities for the quality of the abstracted raw water are determined.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":33953,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,93],"tags":[3678,3677,3679,1334,301,3680],"coauthors":[1685,758,851,757,803,759,807,760,1530,2364,2507],"class_list":["post-34216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","category-two-articles","tag-catchment-areas","tag-categories-of-abstraction","tag-raw-water","tag-risk-analysis-en","tag-water-quality","tag-water-supply-and-protection"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34216","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34216"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34216\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34253,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34216\/revisions\/34253"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33953"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34216"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34216"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34216"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=34216"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}METHODS<\/h2>\n
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\n<\/li>\nBasic abstraction characteristics<\/h3>\n
Characterization of the catchment area related to the abstraction point<\/h3>\n
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Jasikova-obr-1-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nFig. 1. TS STRAKONICE Pracejovice protection zones for vulnerable water resources (ID\u00a0Surov\u00e1 voda<\/em>: 11701200)<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig. 2. Land use based on CORINE Land Cover 2018 data in the catchment area of\u00a0groundwater abstraction TS STRAKONICE Pracejovice (ID Surov\u00e1 voda<\/em>: 11701200)<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig. 3. Catchment area of groundwater abstraction Doln\u00ed Nivy (ID\u00a0Surov\u00e1\u00a0voda:<\/em>\u00a032207000)<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig. 4. Catchment area (purple marked area) of groundwater abstraction \u010cEVAK\u00a0Suchdol n\/Lu\u017enic\u00ed (ID Surov\u00e1 voda<\/em>: 11300600) on the basis of the Progeo, s. r. o., hydraulic model and its inclusion in the broader context of the relevant hydrogeological region T\u0159ebo\u0148sk\u00e1 p\u00e1nev \u2013 ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st (blue highlighted area)<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig. 5. Catchment area of groundwater abstraction S\u010dVK Holede\u010d vrty
\n(ID Surov\u00e1 voda<\/em>: 33070200) based on the protection zone for vulnerable water resources<\/h6>\n\n
CONCLUSION<\/h2>\n
Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n