{"id":3364,"date":"2017-04-07T07:28:14","date_gmt":"2017-04-07T07:28:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=3364"},"modified":"2024-07-16T12:02:14","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:02:14","slug":"at-the-oroville-dam-in-california-breach-occurred-of-overflow-objects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/04\/at-the-oroville-dam-in-california-breach-occurred-of-overflow-objects\/","title":{"rendered":"At the Oroville dam in California breach occurred of overflow objects"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Po 10. \u00fanoru 2017 byly v\u00a0medi\u00edch uv\u00e1d\u011bny informace o\u00a0hroz\u00edc\u00edm protr\u017een\u00ed p\u0159ehrady Oroville op\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se jednak o\u00a0zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 poruchy hlavn\u00edho p\u0159elivn\u00e9ho objektu a\u00a0tzv.\u00a0nouzov\u00e9ho p\u0159elivu vodou p\u0159epadaj\u00edc\u00ed za v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 povodn\u011b, jednak o\u00a0evakuaci 190 tis\u00edc lid\u00ed z\u00a0\u00fadol\u00ed pod vodn\u00edm d\u00edlem.<\/p>\n\"Na-prehrade-Oroville\"<\/a>\n

The Washington Post uvedl, \u017ee podle odborn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0USA celkov\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159ehrady nehrozilo. P\u0159i pohledu na fotografie d\u00edla na internetu z\u00a0d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee tento z\u00e1v\u011br m\u00e1 oporu v\u00a0celkov\u00e9 dispozici vodn\u00edho d\u00edla, kde p\u0159elivn\u00e9 objekty nejsou v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m kontaktu s\u00a0t\u011blesem sypan\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady. Dnes je mo\u017eno na Googlu naj\u00edt mno\u017estv\u00ed fotografi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00ed stav po opadnut\u00ed povodn\u011b, zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdmoly pod nehrazenou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nouzov\u00e9ho p\u0159elivu, kde nebylo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro tlumen\u00ed energie p\u0159epadaj\u00edc\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n

\u00dadajn\u011b se za povodn\u011b p\u0159i pr\u016ftoku hrazen\u00fdm p\u0159elivem 1\u2009400\u2008m3<\/sup>\/s\u00a0na betonov\u00e9m skluzu v\u00a0jednom m\u00edst\u011b objevila porucha, kter\u00e1 z\u0159ejm\u011b vyvolala n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed manipulace: uzav\u0159en\u00ed uz\u00e1v\u011bru p\u0159elivu z\u00a0obav o\u00a0rozvoj v\u00fdmolu na skluzu, ponech\u00e1n\u00ed vzestupu hladiny vody v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei a\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159epad\u00e1n\u00ed vody p\u0159es korunu nehrazen\u00e9ho p\u0159elivu spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0v\u00fdmoly na neopevn\u011bn\u00e9m svahu, co\u017e z\u0159ejm\u011b vedlo k\u00a0rozhodnut\u00ed o\u00a0obnoven\u00ed funkce hrazen\u00e9ho p\u0159elivu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 byla voda z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee odv\u00e1d\u011bna jednak p\u0159es turb\u00edny vodn\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny, jednak spodn\u00ed v\u00fdpust\u00ed (v\u00edce ne\u017e 600\u2008m3<\/sup>\/s). Kapacita p\u0159elivn\u00fdch objekt\u016f je 4\u2009245\u2008m3<\/sup>\/s.<\/p>\n

Co je t\u0159eba doplnit<\/h2>\n

Kalifornie jako jeden z\u00a0nejvysp\u011blej\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f USA op\u00edr\u00e1 sv\u016fj rozvoj zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00fdrazn\u011b o\u00a0zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody pro obyvatelstvo, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a\u00a0pr\u016fmysl. I\u00a0kdy\u017e jej\u00ed rozloha je necel\u00fdch 5\u00a0% rozlohy USA, co do po\u010dtu v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch d\u011bl s\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017eemi je jich t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dtvrtina z\u00a0v\u00edce ne\u017e 6\u2009000 uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch p\u0159ehrad. P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b jde o\u00a0v\u00edce\u00fa\u010delov\u00e1 vodn\u00ed d\u00edla s\u00a0hlavn\u00ed v\u00e1hou na z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Oroville se zejm\u00e9na uv\u00e1d\u011blo, \u017ee jde o\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ehradu v\u00a0USA (235\u2008m). Co je vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sky zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 cenn\u00e9, \u017ee se poda\u0159ilo vytvo\u0159it n\u00e1dr\u017en\u00ed objem 4,36 miliard m3<\/sup> (co\u017e je zhruba \u0161estin\u00e1sobek objemu n\u00e1dr\u017ee Orl\u00edk, plocha povod\u00ed Vltavy po Orl\u00edk je v\u0161ak o\u00a0n\u011bco v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed). \u017de vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo bylo z\u00a0hlediska hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0vodou velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, prokazuje skute\u010dnost, \u017ee s\u00a0ohledem na v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 sucho v\u00a0oblasti p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edci hladina n\u00e1dr\u017ee zaklesla o\u00a0v\u00edce ne\u017e 100\u2008m pod norm\u00e1l.<\/p>\n

O\u00a0z\u00e1sadn\u00edch investic\u00edch v\u00a0z\u00e1jmu zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dostatku vody v\u00a0Kalifornii vedle velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed mj.\u00a0projekt p\u0159evodu vody z\u00a0\u0159eky Colorado (spojen\u00fd s\u00a0v\u00fdstavbou n\u00e1dr\u017ee Hoover a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch) do ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti st\u00e1tu, realizovan\u00fd v\u00a0obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou.<\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba m\u00edt na z\u0159eteli, \u017ee hydrologick\u00e9 pom\u011bry USA se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 extr\u00e9mn\u00edmi jevy. Pro vodn\u00ed d\u00edla na toc\u00edch jde o\u00a0jejich bezpe\u010dnost b\u011bhem povodn\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed dosp\u011blo k\u00a0n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee pro odhad parametr\u016f extr\u00e9mn\u00edch povodn\u00ed celosv\u011btov\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u011b u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 statistick\u00e1 extrapolace \u010dasto nevede k\u00a0spolehliv\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm, byla vypracov\u00e1na nov\u00e1 metodika. Jej\u00edm z\u00e1kladem je odhad pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky na studovan\u00e9 povod\u00ed a\u00a0stanoven\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edho odtoku (PMP\u00a0\u2013 PMF). Po p\u0159ijet\u00ed nov\u00e9ho postupu, z\u00e1vazn\u00e9ho pro cel\u00e9 Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, byla na\u0159\u00edzena prov\u011brka v\u0161ech vybudovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch d\u011bl na toc\u00edch a\u00a0stanoven term\u00edn, do kdy je nutno pojistn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159ehrad adaptovat v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi po\u017eadavky. T\u00e9to prov\u011brce se nepochybn\u011b podrobilo i\u00a0VD Oroville. V\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch Kalifornie je mo\u017en\u00e9 se setkat s\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdmi velkoryse \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdmi pojistn\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi, v\u010detn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159elivu vyl\u00e1m\u00e1n\u00edm ve sk\u00e1le. Proto by ani roz\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed pojistn\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na hlavn\u00ed hrazen\u00fd p\u0159eliv se skluzem (celkov\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky 280\u2008m) a\u00a0sm\u011brem k\u00a0pravob\u0159e\u017en\u00edmu zav\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed, betonov\u00fd nehrazen\u00fd p\u0159eliv o\u00a0d\u00e9lce 283,5\u2008m a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159elivn\u00fd pr\u00e1h (244\u2008m) nem\u011blo p\u0159ekvapit.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o\u00a0evakuaci velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu lid\u00ed, vysv\u011btlen\u00ed je asi t\u0159eba hledat v\u00a0syst\u00e9mu zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed krizov\u00fdch situac\u00ed s\u00a0v\u011bdom\u00edm, \u017ee v\u00a0Kalifornii existuje \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la rizik, nap\u0159.\u00a0seismick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, velk\u00e9 lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry\u00a0atd., p\u0159i jejich\u017e zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed je nutno postupovat velmi razantn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0kolegy na kated\u0159e hydrotechniky \u010cVUT, zejm\u00e9na L. Satrapou a\u00a0M. Zukalem.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

After February 10, 2017 information about the imminent bursting of the dam Oroville was reported in the media. This article adds details.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3319,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[801,542,782],"coauthors":[762],"class_list":["post-3364","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-dam","tag-flood","tag-oroville"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3364","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3364"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3364\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30383,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3364\/revisions\/30383"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3319"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3364"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}