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<\/a>\n\u00davod<\/h2>\n
I\u00a0kdy\u017e hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem reportingu pl\u00e1n\u016f povod\u00ed byla povinnost \u010cR v\u016f\u010di Evropsk\u00e9 komisi, p\u0159esto v\u00fdsledky reportingu mohou b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 i\u00a0pro odbornou ve\u0159ejnost v\u010detn\u011b zpracovatel\u016f pl\u00e1n\u016f. Rozsah reportingu je ur\u010den sm\u011brn\u00fdm dokumentem [1], na rozd\u00edl od prvn\u00edho cyklu pl\u00e1n\u016f (prvn\u00ed cyklus pl\u00e1n\u016f prob\u00edhal v\u00a0letech 2003\u20132009, aktualizace pl\u00e1n\u016f pak v\u00a0druh\u00e9m cyklu 2010\u20132016) se sice jeho obsah roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il, ale je logicky prov\u00e1zan\u00fd a\u00a0umo\u017e\u0148uje lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ehled o\u00a0kvalit\u011b pl\u00e1n\u016f z\u00a0hlediska dosa\u017een\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ehled jednak navazuje na souhrnn\u00e9 \u00fadaje v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku a\u00a0jednak si tak\u00e9 v\u0161\u00edm\u00e1 vybran\u00fdch mezer \u010di nekonzistenc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159i reportingu objevily.<\/p>\n Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pl\u00e1n\u016f byla identifikace siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f (heavily modified water bodies, HMWBs), co\u017e jsou \u00fatvary, kde kv\u016fli existuj\u00edc\u00edm fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m z\u00a0d\u016fvodu nad\u0159azen\u00e9ho ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho z\u00e1jmu jsou po\u017eadavky na dosa\u017een\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9m sm\u011bru m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 maj\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout dobr\u00fd ekologick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, nikoliv ekologick\u00fd stav. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se ale p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee k\u00a0jejich identifikaci existuje dobr\u00fd d\u016fvod\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0sice n\u011bjak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vod, kter\u00e9 je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro lidskou spole\u010dnost a\u00a0kter\u00e9 nelze snadno nahradit jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Proto je jedn\u00edm z\u00a0po\u017eadavk\u016f reportingu ur\u010den\u00ed typu u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pro ka\u017ed\u00fd siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fd \u00fatvar.<\/p>\n Siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 \u00fatvary mohou pat\u0159it do kategorie jezero nebo do kategorie \u0159eka. V\u0161echny n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0rybn\u00edky, vymezen\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010cR jako samostatn\u00fd \u00fatvar, pat\u0159\u00ed automaticky k\u00a0siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdm (pop\u0159. um\u011bl\u00fdm) \u00fatvar\u016fm\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0\u010cR neexistuje p\u0159irozen\u00e9 jezero, kter\u00e9 by m\u011blo plochu alespo\u0148 0,5\u2008km2<\/sup>, co\u017e je minim\u00e1ln\u00ed velikost samostatn\u00e9ho \u00fatvaru stojat\u00fdch vod. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161echny n\u00e1dr\u017ee byly vybudov\u00e1ny pro n\u011bjak\u00fd \u00fa\u010del a\u00a0nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee by se m\u011bly zlikvidovat (co\u017e by byl jedin\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak je vr\u00e1tit do kategorie p\u0159irozen\u00fdch vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f). Po\u010det identifikovan\u00fdch siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie jezero byl tedy p\u0159edem ur\u010den a\u00a0zb\u00fdvalo k\u00a0nim p\u0159i\u0159adit u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Proti tomu identifikace siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie \u0159eka p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 nejprve zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho hydromorfologick\u00e9ho ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0d\u00e1le nalezen\u00ed nutn\u00e9ho u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho n\u00e1vrh opat\u0159en\u00ed k\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu. V\u00a0druh\u00e9m cyklu byla aplikov\u00e1na metodika vymezen\u00ed siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f [2], kter\u00e1 definovala u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cR, od\u016fvod\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed identifikaci siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie \u0159eka. Jednalo se o\u00a0tato uznateln\u00e1 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p>\n P\u0159i identifikaci HMWB u\u00a0\u0159ek tedy z\u00e1le\u017eelo mimo jin\u00e9 na dostatku informac\u00ed o\u00a0hydromorfologick\u00fdch zm\u011bn\u00e1ch a\u00a0o\u00a0zn\u00e1m\u00e9m u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Ve v\u00fdsledku byl pod\u00edl siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie \u0159eka v\u00a0n\u00e1rodn\u00edch povod\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00fd (obr.\u00a01<\/em>). Nejv\u00edce je jich v\u00a0povod\u00ed Odry\u00a0\u2013 16,8\u00a0%, kde bylo tak\u00e9 nej\u00fapln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hydromorfologick\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed, pak v\u00a0povod\u00ed Dunaje\u00a0\u2013 12,6\u00a0% a\u00a0nejm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0povod\u00ed Labe\u00a0\u2013 5\u00a0%. Rozd\u00edly lze krom\u011b mno\u017estv\u00ed hydromorfologick\u00fdch dat p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst odli\u0161n\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstup\u016fm jednotliv\u00fdch podnik\u016f povod\u00ed, kdy hlavn\u011b uznateln\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nehr\u00e1lo p\u0159i identifikaci HMWB tak v\u00fdznamnou roli.<\/p>\n Nem\u00e9n\u011b zaj\u00edmavou informac\u00ed jsou zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 typy a\u00a0po\u010dty u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, op\u011bt \u010dlen\u011bn\u00e9 na n\u00e1dr\u017ee,\u00a0rybn\u00edky a\u00a0\u0159eky (obr.\u00a02\u20135<\/em>). Zat\u00edmco u\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016f je po\u010det u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed na jeden \u00fatvar nej\u010dast\u011bji 4 nebo 5 (obr.\u00a03<\/em>) a\u00a0nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi typy u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed okol\u00ed, ostatn\u00ed u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed (hlavn\u011b nadlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f), protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana, chov ryb a\u00a0hydroenergetika (obr.\u00a02<\/em>); pro \u0159eky byl v\u011bt\u0161inou ur\u010den jen jeden typ u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana (obr.\u00a04 a\u00a05<\/em>). Stejn\u011b tak se li\u0161\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed typy u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed podle n\u00e1rodn\u00edch povod\u00ed. \u0160ir\u0161\u00ed okol\u00ed a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed jsou sice nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ve v\u0161ech n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch a\u00a0rybn\u00edc\u00edch, ale pro Odru jsou t\u0159et\u00ed v\u00a0po\u0159ad\u00ed odb\u011bry pro pr\u016fmysl, zat\u00edmco pro Labe a\u00a0Dunaj protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana a\u00a0chov ryb a\u00a0na Labi je tak\u00e9 velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 hydroenergetika. U\u00a0siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u0159ek je na Od\u0159e v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 pouze protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana, na Dunaji jsou to ale tak\u00e9 odb\u011bry pro pr\u016fmysl a\u00a0na Labi plavba, \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed okol\u00ed a\u00a0chov ryb. Z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed pitnou vodou je pro kategorii jezero stejn\u011b \u010detn\u00fdm u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm jako plavba (38\u00a0%), i\u00a0kdy\u017e se vylou\u010d\u00ed rybn\u00edky, st\u00e1le je to pouze 50\u00a0%.<\/p>\n Zat\u00edmco vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie jezero v\u011bt\u0161inou umo\u017e\u0148uje dostatek argument\u016f pro jejich za\u0159azen\u00ed do siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f, u\u00a0\u0159ek bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u00fatvary s\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi hydromorfologick\u00fdmi vlivy obh\u00e1jit jejich za\u0159azen\u00ed do HMWB, nebo\u0165 jejich u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nepat\u0159\u00ed do \u201euznateln\u00fdch\u201c. Proto bude bu\u010f nutn\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017eit nov\u011b definovan\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ale mus\u00ed b\u00fdt z\u00e1rove\u0148 obhajiteln\u00e9 p\u0159ed Evropskou komis\u00ed, nebo p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 \u00fatvary ozna\u010dit za p\u0159irozen\u00e9 a\u00a0navrhnout v\u00a0nich opat\u0159en\u00ed k\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho ekologick\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n Ekologick\u00fd stav se hodnot\u00ed podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f biologick\u00fdch a\u00a0fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00fdch slo\u017eek, pop\u0159.\u00a0hydromorfologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky. A\u010dkoliv biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky jsou z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, v\u00fdsledn\u00fd stav je ur\u010den hor\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdsledkem biologick\u00e9 a\u00a0fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00e9 slo\u017eky, proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby nastaven\u00ed \u201epodp\u016frn\u00fdch\u201c ukazatel\u016f odpov\u00eddalo po\u017eadavk\u016fm biologick\u00fdch slo\u017eek (tj.\u00a0makrozoobentosu, fytobentosu, fytoplanktonu, makrofyt a\u00a0ryb). Fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00e1 slo\u017eka se rozli\u0161uje na v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 ukazatele, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed obsahovat ukazatele, kter\u00e9 reprezentuj\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 a\u00a0kysl\u00edkov\u00e9 pom\u011bry, slanost, acidobasick\u00fd stav a\u00a0\u017eivinov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, a\u00a0na specifick\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky. Zat\u00edmco vztah mezi specifick\u00fdmi zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami a\u00a0biologick\u00fdmi slo\u017ekami m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt voln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, nastaven\u00ed rozmez\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f (pop\u0159.\u00a0hydromorfologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f) mus\u00ed b\u00fdt takov\u00e9, aby se zabezpe\u010dily funkce typov\u011b specifick\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n Jak ji\u017e vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 ze souhrnn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f p\u0159edchoz\u00edho \u010dl\u00e1nku, nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm d\u016fvodem nedosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho ekologick\u00e9ho stavu jsou z\u00a0biologick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f makrozoobentos a\u00a0fytobentos, d\u00e1le zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed specifick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami a\u00a0nedosa\u017een\u00ed limit\u016f dobr\u00e9ho stavu pro nutrienty. Pokud se ale ud\u011blaj\u00ed statistiky pro cel\u00e9 skupiny slo\u017eek, jsou nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edmi biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky a\u00a0v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00e9 ukazatele (obr.\u00a06<\/em>).<\/p>\n V\u00a0druh\u00e9m cyklu byly nejprve navr\u017eeny relativn\u011b p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 limity v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f, kdy\u017e se ale uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee po\u010det nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f by byl zna\u010dn\u011b vysok\u00fd, byly tyto limity pon\u011bkud zm\u00edrn\u011bny. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se na evropsk\u00e9 \u00farovni uva\u017euje o\u00a0harmonizaci limit\u016f pro nutrienty s\u00a0po\u017eadavky na biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se i\u00a0u\u00a0vnitrozemsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f koordinuj\u00ed po\u017eadavky na ochranu mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0\u010cR ji\u017e p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 n\u011bkter\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed z\u00e1vazky na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed l\u00e1tkov\u00e9ho odtoku nutrient\u016f (zat\u00edm pro povod\u00ed Labe [4], ale pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b se bude stup\u0148ovat tlak na kvantifikaci sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed odtoku nutrient\u016f i\u00a0v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch dvou povod\u00edch). V\u00a0druh\u00e9m cyklu pl\u00e1n\u016f tak\u00e9 nast\u00e1vala situace, \u017ee biologick\u00e1 slo\u017eka byla vyhodnocen\u00e1 jako hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dobr\u00e1, ale pro v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 ukazatele jako nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed (a\u00a0hydromorfologick\u00e1 slo\u017eka se nehodnotila v\u016fbec), tud\u00ed\u017e ne\u0161lo navrhnout opat\u0159en\u00ed pro dosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu. I\u00a0v\u00a0\u010cR pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bude muset doj\u00edt ke zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed limit\u016f v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f, proto je znalost vztah\u016f mezi v\u0161eobecn\u00fdmi ukazateli, hydromorfologickou slo\u017ekou a\u00a0biologick\u00fdmi slo\u017ekami kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdsledk\u016f z\u00a0druh\u00e9ho cyklu pl\u00e1n\u016f lze vysledovat pravd\u011bpodobnou z\u00e1vislost mezi v\u00fdsledky v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f a\u00a0makrozoobentosem a\u00a0fytobentosem, tj.\u00a0nej\u010dast\u011bji sledovan\u00e9 a\u00a0hodnocen\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky (obr.\u00a07<\/em> a\u00a08<\/em>). I\u00a0kdy\u017e po\u010det nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f se pro makrozoobentos a\u00a0fytobentos li\u0161\u00ed, pod\u00edl \u00fatvar\u016f s\u00a0nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edmi v\u00fdsledky v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f je obdobn\u00fd\u00a0\u2013 70\u00a0% v\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u010cR. Je ot\u00e1zka, jestli zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch 30\u00a0% \u00fatvar\u016f je skute\u010dn\u011b vyhovuj\u00edc\u00edch pro v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 ukazatele (a\u00a0d\u016fvodem nedosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho ekologick\u00e9ho stavu je hydromorfologick\u00e1 slo\u017eka), anebo je hodnocen\u00ed ovlivn\u011bno p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 m\u00edrn\u00fdmi limity, pop\u0159.\u00a0neadekv\u00e1tn\u00ed typologi\u00ed. Stejn\u011b tak nelze \u00fapln\u011b vylou\u010dit ani p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 hodnocen\u00ed biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky\u00a0\u2013 ta ale proch\u00e1z\u00ed celoevropskou interkalibrac\u00ed. Prezentovan\u00e9 propojen\u00ed je tedy pouze orienta\u010dn\u00ed, nezohled\u0148uje typy \u00fatvar\u016f a\u00a0pouze nazna\u010duje sm\u011br, kter\u00fdm by se harmonizace mohla ub\u00edrat.<\/p>\n Ve t\u0159et\u00edm cyklu by tedy m\u011bly b\u00fdt navr\u017eeny a\u00a0harmonizov\u00e1ny limity ekologick\u00e9ho stavu pro v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00e9 ukazatele s\u00a0relevantn\u00edmi biologick\u00fdmi slo\u017ekami. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 by m\u011bl b\u00fdt do v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch program\u016f co nejd\u0159\u00edve za\u0159azen skute\u010dn\u00fd dopad fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f a\u00a0hydromorfologick\u00fdch ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed na ekologick\u00fd stav \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod.<\/p>\n V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 typy vliv\u016f pro povrchov\u00e9 a\u00a0podzemn\u00ed vody (podrobn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed je uvedeno v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edm souhrnn\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku) byly reportov\u00e1ny dvojmo\u00a0\u2013 jednou pro ka\u017ed\u00fd \u00fatvar (kde mohly b\u00fdt i\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 vlivy, u\u00a0kter\u00fdch nebylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed nedosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu) a\u00a0po druh\u00e9 ke ka\u017ed\u00e9 slo\u017ece ekologick\u00e9ho stavu nebo ukazateli, kv\u016fli kter\u00e9mu je nutn\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dat o\u00a0v\u00fdjimku (tj.\u00a0kde nebylo dosa\u017eeno dobr\u00e9ho stavu k\u00a0roku 2015). V\u00a0\u010cR byly posouzeny sou\u010dasn\u00e9 programy opat\u0159en\u00ed, a\u00a0pokud na jejich z\u00e1klad\u011b nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat dosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu do konce roku 2027, byla navr\u017eena v\u00fdjimka \u201eni\u017e\u0161\u00ed c\u00edle\u201c, nebo\u0165 podle R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice o\u00a0vod\u011b [5] je nutn\u00e9 dos\u00e1hnout dobr\u00e9ho stavu \u00fatvar\u016f nejpozd\u011bji v\u00a0roce 2027. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat dosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu do konce roku 2027, bylo jako typ v\u00fdjimky pou\u017eito prodlou\u017een\u00ed lh\u016fty. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee posouzen\u00ed navrhovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed prob\u011bhne i\u00a0ve t\u0159et\u00edm cyklu a\u00a0navr\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky se zp\u0159esn\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 Evropsk\u00e1 komise ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee \u201eprodlou\u017een\u00ed lh\u016ft\u201c bude moci b\u00fdt pou\u017eito i\u00a0pro opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zajist\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu po roce 2027, tak\u017ee se d\u00e1 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee po\u010det v\u00fdjimek \u201eni\u017e\u0161\u00ed c\u00edle\u201c se v\u00fdznamn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n Pod\u00edl v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch vliv\u016f, kv\u016fli kter\u00fdm je nutn\u00e9 po\u017eadovat v\u00fdjimku pro ekologick\u00fd stav \u010di potenci\u00e1l \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod (obr.\u00a09<\/em>), je obdobn\u00fd jako pod\u00edl v\u0161ech v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch vliv\u016f v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku. Hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl je v\u00a0pod\u00edlu atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 depozice, kter\u00fd je pro ekologick\u00fd stav v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 pouze 10\u00a0% proti 22\u00a0%, tzn., \u017ee atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e1 depozice \u010dast\u011bji zp\u016fsobuje nedosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho chemick\u00e9ho stavu povrchov\u00fdch vod. To je ostatn\u011b dob\u0159e vid\u011bt na obr.\u00a010\u201313<\/em>, kde jsou uvedeny v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy pro n\u011bkolik nej\u010dast\u011bji nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edch ukazatel\u016f chemick\u00e9ho stavu \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod. Pro polyaromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (obr.\u00a010\u201312<\/em>) je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vlivem atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e1 depozice, minoritn\u00ed jsou pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody a\u00a0star\u00e1 kontaminovan\u00e1 m\u00edsta, pro zna\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det \u00fatvar\u016f se v\u0161ak vliv zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00ed nedosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu nepoda\u0159ilo ur\u010dit. Pro nikl (obr.\u00a013<\/em>) m\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina \u00fatvar\u016f nezn\u00e1m\u00fd vliv a\u00a0jako dal\u0161\u00ed minoritn\u00ed vliv se objevuj\u00ed d\u016fln\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n Pro kvantitativn\u00ed stav podzemn\u00ed vody jsou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm vlivem odb\u011bry (hlavn\u011b pro z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed pitnou vodou) a\u00a0v\u00a0jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b i\u00a0b\u00fdval\u00e1 t\u011b\u017eba uranu. Pro chemick\u00fd stav podzemn\u00edch vod jsou nej\u010dast\u011bji nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed dusi\u010dnany a\u00a0pesticidy, pro n\u011b\u017e je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm vlivem plo\u0161n\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ze zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm nej\u010dast\u011bji nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edm ukazatel\u016fm pat\u0159\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy (kadmium a\u00a0olovo) a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 polyaromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi vlivy v\u0161ech t\u011bchto zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek jsou star\u00e1 kontaminovan\u00e1 m\u00edsta a\u00a0atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e1 depozice (obr.\u00a014\u201316<\/em>, jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0po\u010det \u00fatvar\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pro olovo jsou star\u00e1 kontaminovan\u00e1 m\u00edsta v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 d\u016fvodem bude asi fakt, \u017ee mno\u017estv\u00ed olova v\u00a0atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 depozici je v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n Pro dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f RSV bude nutn\u00e9 zp\u0159esnit znalosti o\u00a0antropogenn\u00edch vlivech, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed nedosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu\u00a0\u2013 jednak ov\u011b\u0159it ji\u017e identifikovan\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy, d\u016fsledn\u011b je prov\u00e1zat s\u00a0ukazateli a\u00a0slo\u017ekami stavu a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch vliv\u016f na minimum. K\u00a0tomu bude z\u0159ejm\u011b nutn\u00e9 zpracovat nov\u00e9 metodiky identifikace v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch vliv\u016f, pop\u0159.\u00a0prov\u011b\u0159it a\u00a0upravit ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed postupy. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 propojit sektorov\u00e9 politiky (a\u0165 u\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, pr\u016fmysl \u010di dopravu), aby se nap\u0159.\u00a0p\u0159i opat\u0159en\u00edch pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1rove\u0148 respektovaly i\u00a0po\u017eadavky RSV t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 depozice.<\/p>\n Z\u00a0pl\u00e1n\u016f povod\u00ed vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee nejv\u00edce opat\u0159en\u00ed je navrhov\u00e1no na stokovou s\u00ed\u0165 a\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod, zlep\u0161en\u00ed hydromorfologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek a\u00a0sanace star\u00fdch kontaminovan\u00fdch m\u00edst. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed graf (obr.\u00a017<\/em>) ukazuje n\u00e1klady na opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0druh\u00e9m cyklu. N\u00e1klady na stokovou s\u00ed\u0165 a\u00a0\u010cOV jsou zdaleka nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, n\u00e1sleduje zlep\u0161en\u00ed hydromorfologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. Z\u00a0toho lze usuzovat, \u017ee se \u010cR (stejn\u011b jako velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed) zam\u011b\u0159uje hlavn\u011b na tzv.\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze star\u0161\u00edch sm\u011brnic o\u00a0vod\u011b, hlavn\u011b ale na po\u017eadavky sm\u011brnice o\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod [6]. To samoz\u0159ejm\u011b souvis\u00ed tak\u00e9 s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee koncept vliv\u00a0\u2013 stav\u00a0\u2013 dopad\u00a0\u2013 odezva je nejl\u00e9pe kvantifikovateln\u00fd a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost navrhovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed vcelku zn\u00e1m\u00e1. To v\u0161ak bylo vcelku obhajiteln\u00e9 v\u00a0prvn\u00edm cyklu pl\u00e1n\u016f, v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se od \u010dlensk\u00fdch zem\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 identifikace \u201emezer\u201c a\u00a0n\u00e1vrh dopl\u0148kov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Pokud tedy m\u00e1 \u010cR dos\u00e1hnout dobr\u00e9ho stavu u\u00a0v\u00edce \u00fatvar\u016f, bude nutn\u00e9 zlep\u0161it znalost vliv\u016f zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00edch nedosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu mo\u017en\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0jejich efektivity a\u00a0podle toho zam\u011b\u0159it nov\u00e1 navrhovan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n Data, p\u0159ipraven\u00e1 pro reporting, ukazuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 souvislosti, na kter\u00e9 nebyl kladen dostate\u010dn\u00fd d\u016fraz, a\u0165 u\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0identifikaci siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0jejich u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm, harmonizace limit\u016f biologick\u00fdch slo\u017eek a\u00a0v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f, identifikace antropogenn\u00edch vliv\u016f, zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00edch nedosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Ukazuje se, \u017ee p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pl\u00e1n\u016f se pom\u011brn\u011b pe\u010dliv\u011b \u0159e\u0161\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 aspekty, ale ob\u010das doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jejich souvislost\u00ed. Za nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed krok lze pova\u017eovat prov\u00e1zanost d\u016fsledn\u00e9ho ur\u010den\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch vliv\u016f (tj.\u00a0nahradit vysok\u00fd pod\u00edl nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch vliv\u016f) a\u00a0navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 harmonizaci biologick\u00fdch slo\u017eek s\u00a0v\u0161eobecn\u00fdmi ukazateli a\u00a0hydromorfologick\u00fdm ovlivn\u011bn\u00edm. Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat pro reporting Evropsk\u00e9 komisi m\u016f\u017ee \u010cR pomoci uv\u011bdomit si v\u0161echny souvislosti a\u00a0podle nich upravit n\u011bkter\u00e9 postupy pro t\u0159et\u00ed cyklus pl\u00e1n\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" River Basin Management Plans data processing enables obtain not only detailed summary of results, but also appreciates relations between partial results and their significance to achievement of specified objectives.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3293,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,88],"tags":[793,792,789,791,786,790],"coauthors":[758,759,757],"class_list":["post-3348","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","category-informatics-cartography-in-water-management","tag-impacts-and-pressures-analysis","tag-programme-of-measures","tag-river-basin-management-plan","tag-water-body","tag-water-framework-directive","tag-water-status"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3348","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3348"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3348\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30388,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3348\/revisions\/30388"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3293"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3348"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3348"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3348"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3348"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a>\nObr.\u00a01. Pod\u00edl vymezen\u00fdch siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie jezero a\u00a0\u0159eka; zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016 [3]
\nFig. 1. Proportion of delineated heavily modified surface water bodies category lake and river; data source: WFD Reporting 2016 [3]<\/h6>\nSiln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 \u00fatvary povrchov\u00fdch vod<\/h2>\n
\n
<\/a>\nObr. 2. Typy u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie jezero; zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 2. Uses of heavily modified water bodies category lake; data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 3. Po\u010det typ\u016f u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie jezero; zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 3. Number of uses of heavily modified water bodies category lake; data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a04. Typy u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie \u0159eka; zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 4. Uses of heavily modified water bodies category river; data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\nVyhodnocen\u00ed ekologick\u00e9ho stavu nebo potenci\u00e1lu pro biologick\u00e9 slo\u017eky ve vztahu k v\u0161eobecn\u00fdm fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00fdm ukazatel\u016fm<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 5. Po\u010det typ\u016f u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie \u0159eka; zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 5. Number of uses of heavily modified water bodies category river; data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a06. Po\u010det \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie \u0159eka s\u00a0nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edm ekologick\u00fdm stavem nebo potenci\u00e1lem a\u00a0po\u010det nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f pro skupiny slo\u017eek nebo ukazatel\u016f; zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 6. Number of water bodies category river in less than good ecological status or potential and number of failing water bodies for groups of elements or pollutants; data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a07. Po\u010det \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie \u0159eka s\u00a0nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edm makrozoobentosem rozli\u0161en\u00fdch podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f; zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 7. Number of water bodies category river in less than good ecological status or potential for Benthic invertebrates by results of general physico\u00ad\u2011chemical pollutants; data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a08. Po\u010det \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie \u0159eka s\u00a0nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edm fytobentosem rozli\u0161en\u00fdch podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011chemick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f; zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 8. Number of water bodies category river in less than good ecological status or potential for Phytobenthos by results of general physico\u00ad\u2011chemical pollutants; data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\nV\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy pro nedosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu \u00fatvar\u016f a\u00a0uplatn\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a09. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy pro v\u00fdjimky jednotliv\u00fdch slo\u017eek ekologick\u00e9ho stavu nebo potenci\u00e1lu \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod; zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 9. Significant pressures of quality elements of ecological status\/potential of surface water bodies; data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a010. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy pro v\u00fdjimky benzo(g,h,i)perylenu (chemick\u00fd stav \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod); zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 10. Significant pressures of benzo(g,h,i)perylene (surface water chemical status); data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a011. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy pro v\u00fdjimky fluorantenu (chemick\u00fd stav \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod); zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 11. Significant pressures of fluoranthene (surface water chemical status); data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a012. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy pro v\u00fdjimky benzo(a)pyrenu (chemick\u00fd stav \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod); zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 12. Significant pressures of benzo(a)pyrene (surface water chemical status); data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a013. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy pro v\u00fdjimky niklu (chemick\u00fd stav \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod); zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 13. Significant pressures of nickel (surface water chemical status); data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a014. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy pro v\u00fdjimky kadmia (chemick\u00fd stav podzemn\u00edch vod); zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 14. Significant pressures of cadmium (groundwater chemical status); data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a015. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy pro v\u00fdjimky indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrenu (chemick\u00fd stav podzemn\u00edch vod); zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 15. Significant pressures of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (groundwater chemical status); data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr.\u00a016. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vlivy pro v\u00fdjimky olova (chemick\u00fd stav podzemn\u00edch vod); zdroj dat: WFD Reporting 2016
\nFig. 16. Significant pressures of lead (groundwater chemical status); data source: WFD Reporting 2016<\/h6>\nOpat\u0159en\u00ed k\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho stavu<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a017. N\u00e1klady na opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0druh\u00e9m cyklu pl\u00e1n\u016f v\u00a0tis\u00edc\u00edch korun\u00e1ch; zdroj dat: N\u00e1rodn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny [7\u20139]
\nFig. 17. Cost of measures in the second cycle in thousands of Czech crownes; data source: National plans [7\u20139]<\/h6>\nZ\u00e1v\u011bry<\/h2>\n