{"id":3150,"date":"2017-02-10T07:44:48","date_gmt":"2017-02-10T07:44:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=3150"},"modified":"2024-07-16T11:56:59","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:56:59","slug":"agriculture-bare-soil-surface-evaluation-using-stereophotogrammetry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2017\/02\/agriculture-bare-soil-surface-evaluation-using-stereophotogrammetry\/","title":{"rendered":"Agriculture bare soil surface evaluation using stereophotogrammetry"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00fdvojem p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu bez vegetace pomoc\u00ed metody stereofotogrammetrie. Popisuje a\u00a0porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 zm\u011bny p\u016fdn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed na \u010dty\u0159ech typech kultivace p\u016fdy. Vyhodnocen\u00ed je zam\u011b\u0159eno na zm\u011bny drsnosti p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu a\u00a0konsolidace v\u00a0d\u016fsledku p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho sesed\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u016fsoben\u00ed de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0vysych\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pro ka\u017ed\u00fd druh obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed bylo vytvo\u0159eno p\u011bt experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch ploch na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m pozemku u\u00a0obce \u010cerven\u00fd \u00dajezd ve St\u0159edn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch. Experimenty byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny ve dvou etap\u00e1ch od podzimu do jara roku 2015\/2016. Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pokr\u00fdt obdob\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m se na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemc\u00edch vyskytuj\u00ed hol\u00e9 p\u016fdy bez vegeta\u010dn\u00edho pokryvu. V\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed velkou z\u00e1vislost m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch veli\u010din p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se na experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch vyskytly v\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu 2015 a\u00a0p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0kv\u011btnu a\u00a0\u010dervnu roku 2016. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny byly zaznamen\u00e1ny na ploch\u00e1ch zpracovan\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed pluhu, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e od po\u010d\u00e1tku m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed dosahovaly nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch hodnot drsnosti p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 byly zpracov\u00e1ny do nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubky.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Eroze p\u016fdy je dlouhodob\u00fd probl\u00e9m nejen v\u00a0\u010cR, kde je st\u00e1le ohro\u017eeno a\u017e 50\u00a0% zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy eroz\u00ed vodn\u00ed a\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 10\u00a0% eroz\u00ed v\u011btrnou [1]. Na v\u00fdskyt vodn\u00ed eroze maj\u00ed vliv p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm geomorfologick\u00e9 a\u00a0pedologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, v\u00fdskyt a\u00a0rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0sv\u016fj nezanedbateln\u00fd vliv m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 produkce, kter\u00e1 zna\u010dn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje a\u00a0m\u011bn\u00ed vlastnosti p\u016fdy b\u011bhem roku. Mno\u017estv\u00ed smyvu v\u00a0erozn\u00edm odtoku je z\u00e1visl\u00e9 nejen na uvoln\u011bn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic p\u016fdy sr\u00e1\u017ekou, ale rovn\u011b\u017e na rychlosti povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku a\u00a0vznikaj\u00edc\u00edm te\u010dn\u00e9m nap\u011bt\u00ed na povrchu p\u016fdy. Rychlost proud\u011bn\u00ed i\u00a0retence vody na p\u016fdn\u00edm povrchu jsou p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na jeho drsnosti [2]. Pro v\u00fdzkum drsnosti povrchu p\u016fdy byl vytvo\u0159en tento experiment, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 za \u00fakol popsat v\u00fdvoj hol\u00e9 p\u016fdy po proveden\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f kultivace. S\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm stereofotogrammetrie byl pops\u00e1n v\u00fdvoj povrchu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy pod vlivem p\u0159irozen\u00fdch de\u0161\u0165\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho sesed\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0\u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b od proveden\u00ed kultivace. Experiment se zab\u00fdval v\u00fdvojem \u010dty\u0159 r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00faprav povrch\u016f p\u016fdy, kter\u00e9 vznikly odli\u0161n\u00fdmi technologiemi zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ve dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch \u0159ad\u00e1ch od podzimu roku 2015 do jara roku 2016.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a01. Testovan\u00e9 plochy A\u2013D: pou\u017eit\u00e1 mechanizace obd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 fotografie ter\u00e9nu\u00a0\u2013 2x p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd DMT [6]
\nFig. 1. Experimental plots A\u2013D: cultivation machinery\u00a0\u2013 photography of soil surface\u00a0\u2013 Digital Elevation Model (vertical exaggeration of 2 times) [6]<\/h6>\n

Zp\u016fsob v\u00fdpo\u010dtu eroze pomoc\u00ed Revidovan\u00e9 univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnice ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy (RUSLE) byl motivac\u00ed k\u00a0tomuto experimentu [2]. RUSLE oproti p\u016fvodn\u00ed a\u00a0dosud nej\u010dast\u011bji u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 metod\u011b v\u00fdpo\u010dtu erozn\u00edho smyvu pomoc\u00ed Univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnice ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy (USLE) [3] zahrnuje mimo jin\u00e9 do sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdpo\u010dtu vliv drsnosti p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu, kter\u00fd se s\u00a0\u010dasem po kultivaci m\u011bn\u00ed [2].<\/p>\n

Tento vliv je zahrnut ve v\u00fdpo\u010dtu C faktoru, kter\u00fd d\u00e1le zahrnuje subfaktory popisuj\u00edc\u00ed vliv zakryt\u00ed povrchu porostem, p\u016fdn\u00edho pokryvu, p\u0159edchoz\u00edho vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pozemku, vlhkosti p\u016fdy a\u00a0drsnosti p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu. Samotn\u00fd subfaktor drsnosti z\u00e1vis\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 na proveden\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 operaci (druhu kultivace) s\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u011b ur\u010denou po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed drsnost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se pod vlivem de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek s\u00a0\u010dasem sni\u017euje [2].<\/p>\n

Pro p\u016fdy a\u00a0klima v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy v\u0161ak kalibra\u010dn\u00ed data parametru po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed drsnosti p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu chyb\u00ed a\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se hodnoty uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0[2]. To, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem a\u00a0jak se drsnost p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu m\u011bn\u00ed pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby kultivace p\u016fdy, je p\u0159edm\u011btem prezentovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0revizi t\u011bchto hodnot a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010dtu eroze p\u016fdy ve st\u0159edoevropsk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Hlavn\u00ed c\u00edle a\u00a0\u00fakoly tohoto v\u00fdzkumu byly stanoveny ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0v\u011bdci z\u00a0rakousk\u00e9 instituce BAW\u00ad\u2011IKT (Federal Agency for Water Management Austria, Institute for Land and Water Management Research), kte\u0159\u00ed se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u00fdzkumem p\u016fdy a\u00a0vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Ti z\u00e1rove\u0148 prov\u00e1d\u00ed podobn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum pobl\u00ed\u017e rakousk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Petzenkirchen. C\u00edlem jejich a\u00a0na\u0161eho v\u00fdzkumu je po ukon\u010den\u00ed experimentu spojit a\u00a0porovnat z\u00edskan\u00e1 data, \u010d\u00edm\u017e bude tento v\u00fdzkum obohacen o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed sadu dat a\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed konsolidace a\u00a0drsnosti p\u016fdy bylo vyu\u017eito stereofotogrammetrick\u00e9 metody, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 v\u00fdhody v\u00a0tom, \u017ee neovliv\u0148uje m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed plochu, m\u00e1 v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na pou\u017eit\u00e9m fotoapar\u00e1tu vysokou p\u0159esnost v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du milimetr\u016f v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m sm\u011bru a\u00a0n\u00e1klady na realizaci jsou relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9 (oproti nap\u0159.\u00a0laserov\u00e9 technologii) [4]. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm principem t\u00e9to metody je vytvo\u0159en\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu ter\u00e9nu (DMT) ze sn\u00edmk\u016f\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed plochy. Sn\u00edmk\u016f bylo po\u0159izov\u00e1no pro ka\u017edou plochu celkem osm. V\u017edy byly po\u0159izov\u00e1ny \u010dty\u0159i fotografie v\u00a0\u0161ikm\u00e9m sm\u011bru (pod p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00fdm sklonem 45\u00b0) z\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 strany referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mu a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i sn\u00edmky (stereofotografie) byly foceny ze svisl\u00e9ho sm\u011bru z\u00a0p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e9\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161ky 160\u2008cm. Jedn\u00e1 se v\u017edy o\u00a0dv\u011b stereodvojice, kter\u00e9 jsou navz\u00e1jem na sebe kolm\u00e9 (sn\u00edmky ve stereo dvojici jsou od sebe vzd\u00e1leny cca\u00a050\u2008cm) [5].<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed hloubek zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy
\nTable 1. Comparison of cultivation depth<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Pro parametrizaci p\u016fdn\u00ed drsnosti byl z\u00a0mnoha jin\u00fdch parametr\u016f zvolen n\u00e1hodn\u00fd index drsnosti (rrAR), kter\u00fd je nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bji vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd [5]. Ten se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 jako sm\u011brodatn\u00e1 odchylka v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdch hodnot v\u00a0logaritmick\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku, z\u00a0nich\u017e se n\u00e1sledn\u011b odstran\u00ed 10\u00a0% horn\u00edch a\u00a0spodn\u00edch hodnot. Tento index je zakomponov\u00e1n tak\u00e9 v\u00a0RUSLE, kde jeho negativn\u00ed exponenci\u00e1ln\u00ed korelace mezi drsnost\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu a\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00ed eroz\u00ed vysv\u011btluje efekt sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed drsnosti v\u00a0\u010dase.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm sledovan\u00fdm parametrem na za\u010d\u00e1tku a\u00a0na konci obou s\u00e9ri\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed byla objemov\u00e1 hmotnost a\u00a0vlhkost p\u016fdy ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9 kultivac\u00ed povrchu. V\u00fdzkum byl proveden rovn\u011b\u017e v\u00a0r\u00e1mci zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed diplomov\u00fdch prac\u00ed studentky Moniky Mach\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e9 v\u00a0roce 2015\/2016 [6] a\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1ce studenta Martina Floriana v\u00a0roce 2016 [7].<\/p>\n

Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo prov\u00e1d\u011bno na experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9m kraji p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10\u2008km z\u00e1padn\u011b od Prahy u\u00a0obce \u010cerven\u00fd \u00dajezd na pozemc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed V\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 stanice \u010cesk\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 univerzity. P\u016fdn\u00edm typem se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0hn\u011bdozem. Ter\u00e9n je v\u00a0oblasti rovinat\u00fd, a\u00a0tedy zaji\u0161\u0165uje dobr\u00fd vsak sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch vod. P\u016fda je m\u00edrn\u011b a\u017e st\u0159edn\u011b p\u00f3rovit\u00e1 (45\u201350\u00a0% objemu), obsahuje mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed humusu (1\u20132\u00a0%), m\u00e1 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed sorp\u010dn\u00ed kapacitu (8\u201317\u2008mmol+\/100\u2008g) a\u00a0je slab\u011b kysel\u00e1 (pH = 5,6\u20136,5). Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka \u00fazem\u00ed je 405\u00a0m\u00a0n.\u00a0m. [6].<\/p>\n

Zp\u016fsoby kultivace<\/h3>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci experimentu byly porovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny \u010dty\u0159i druhy obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy pomoc\u00ed radli\u010dkov\u00e9ho kyp\u0159i\u010de (pole A), rotav\u00e1toru (kyp\u0159i\u010d s\u00a0horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm rotorem) (pole B), tal\u00ed\u0159ov\u00e9ho podm\u00edta\u010de (pole C) a\u00a0pluhu (pole D), kter\u00e9 se li\u0161ily krom\u011b pou\u017eit\u00e9 mechanizace tak\u00e9 hloubkou zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed (tabulka 1<\/em> a\u00a0obr.\u00a01<\/em>). Pro ka\u017edou z\u00a0t\u011bchto \u00faprav A\u2013D bylo vytvo\u0159eno p\u011bt\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch ploch 1 a\u017e 5.<\/p>\n

Referen\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1m<\/h3>\n

K\u00a0p\u0159esn\u00e9mu vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn na jednotliv\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch p\u016fdy byl pou\u017eit jednoduch\u00fd hlin\u00edkov\u00fd referen\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1m o\u00a0rozm\u011brech 1,2 \u00d7 1,2\u2008m, kter\u00fd byl usazov\u00e1n na st\u00e1le stejn\u00e1 m\u00edsta pomoc\u00ed \u017eelezn\u00fdch ty\u010d\u00ed nad jednotliv\u00fdmi experiment\u00e1ln\u00edmi plochami. Na r\u00e1mu jsou um\u00edst\u011bny referen\u010dn\u00ed ter\u010de o\u00a0velikosti 5 \u00d7 5\u2008cm, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0ur\u010den\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edch sou\u0159adnic (viz\u00a0obr.\u00a02<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a02. Referen\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1m a\u00a0zp\u016fsob jeho uchycen\u00ed na testovanou plochu [6]
\nFig. 2. Reference frame and its fixation above experimental plots [6]<\/h6>\n

S\u00e9rie m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Pro popis v\u00fdvoje konsolidace a\u00a0drsnosti p\u016fdy byly provedeny dv\u011b s\u00e9rie m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 s\u00e9rie zahrnovala m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch intervalech, kter\u00e9 se od po\u010d\u00e1tku kultivace povrchu postupn\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161ovali s\u00a0t\u00edm, jak se zm\u011bna drsnosti \u010di konsolidace postupn\u011b zpomalovala. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd odstup byl 0\u20131\u20133\u20135\u20137\u20137\u201314\u201314\u201321\u201321\u00a0dn\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pokud se nad m\u00edstem vyskytla v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost, bylo m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed provedeno n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed den. Seznam proveden\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed je uveden v\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em>. Pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed byl pou\u017eit fotoapar\u00e1t SONY NEX-5N, 5R (rozli\u0161en\u00ed 16,1 Mpx) a\u00a0A-6000 (rozli\u0161en\u00ed 24,3 Mpx) s\u00a0objektivem SONY s\u00a0pevn\u00fdm ohniskem 16\u2008mm a\u00a0zoomem 18\u201355\u2008mm. Pro ka\u017edou kombinaci fotoapar\u00e1tu a\u00a0objektivu byly vytvo\u0159eny kalibra\u010dn\u00ed soubory, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0vylou\u010den\u00ed vznikl\u00fdch optick\u00fdch deformac\u00ed sn\u00edmku.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 2. Seznam proveden\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed b\u011bhem 1. a\u00a02. s\u00e9rie experiment\u016f
\nTable 2. List of data collecting during 1st<\/sup> and 2nd<\/sup> stage of measurement<\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Celkem bylo provedeno a\u00a0vyhodnoceno 13 experiment\u016f z\u00a01. s\u00e9rie m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a06\u00a0experiment\u016f z\u00a02.\u00a0s\u00e9rie. To zahrnovalo vyhodnocen\u00ed celkem 380 d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch ploch s\u00a0celkov\u00fdm po\u010dtem 3\u2009040 sn\u00edmk\u016f.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed experiment\u016f byla sledov\u00e1na tak\u00e9 data ze sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00e9 stanice um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 stanice \u010cZ\u00da, kter\u00e9 poskytl Ing.\u00a0Pavel Cihl\u00e1\u0159,\u00a0Ph.D. Celkov\u00fd \u00fahrn sr\u00e1\u017eek b\u011bhem 1. s\u00e9rie m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed byl 223,0\u2008mm (b\u011bhem prvn\u00edch srovnateln\u00fdch a\u00a0zde prezentovan\u00fdch 60\u00a0dn\u00ed to bylo 89,2\u2008mm) a\u00a0103,5\u2008mm b\u011bhem 2. s\u00e9rie experiment\u016f. V\u00edce ne\u017e celkov\u00e9 \u00fahrny jsou v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodinov\u00e9 a\u00a0denn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny, kter\u00e9 se nad dan\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm vyskytovaly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0jarn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch. Zat\u00edmco b\u011bhem 1. s\u00e9rie m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed dos\u00e1hly maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty 21,1 a\u00a013,8\u2008mm\/24 hod, b\u011bhem 2. s\u00e9rie to bylo 48,4 a\u00a026,4\u2008mm\/24 hod.<\/p>\n

Vyhodnocen\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed postup vyhodnocen\u00ed sn\u00edmk\u016f zahrnoval vytvo\u0159en\u00ed bodov\u00e9ho mra\u010dna pomoc\u00ed softwaru PhotoModeler Scanner. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 mra\u010dno bod\u016f popisuje povrch nafocen\u00e9ho ter\u00e9nu pomoc\u00ed sou\u0159adnic X, Y a\u00a0Z\u00a0s\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tkem ve st\u0159edu jednoho z\u00a0referen\u010dn\u00edch ter\u010d\u016f na r\u00e1mu. Tato mra\u010dna byla d\u00e1le zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1na v\u00a0programu ArcMap 10.3, kde z\u00a0nich byly vytvo\u0159eny v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 DMT (viz\u00a0obr.\u00a07<\/em>) s\u00a0velikost\u00ed pixelu 1\u2008mm nad plochou 1 \u00d7 1\u2008m uvnit\u0159 referen\u010dn\u00edho r\u00e1mu. V\u00fdsledn\u00fd po\u010det bod\u016f nad touto plochou se pohyboval p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800\u2009000 do 1\u2009000\u2009000 bod\u016f v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b fotoapar\u00e1tu SONY NEX-5N a\u00a0p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 1\u2009400\u2009000 do 1\u2009600\u2009000 bod\u016f p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed SONY ILCE-6000. Tyto DMT jednotliv\u00fdch ploch byly d\u00e1le vyhodnocov\u00e1ny a\u00a0porovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny mezi sebou.<\/p>\n

Mezi hlavn\u00ed dv\u011b sledovan\u00e9 veli\u010diny pat\u0159\u00ed drsnost p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu a\u00a0konsolidace. Drsnost p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu je reprezentov\u00e1na jako sm\u011brodatn\u00e1 odchylka skute\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky ter\u00e9nu od pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky stejn\u011b, jako je tomu p\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtu subfaktoru drsnosti v\u00a0RUSLE. Konsolidace p\u016fdy je uva\u017eov\u00e1na jako pokles pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky povrchu ter\u00e9nu na sledovan\u00e9 plo\u0161e 1 \u00d7 1\u2008m. Vzhledem ke stru\u010dnosti tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku zde prezentovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky sleduj\u00ed v\u00fdvoj pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 drsnosti a\u00a0konsolidace ze v\u0161ech p\u011bti testovan\u00fdch ploch z\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed A\u2013D. V\u00a0diplomov\u00fdch prac\u00edch student\u016f bylo porovn\u00e1n\u00ed provedeno i\u00a0v\u00a0r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00fdch testovan\u00fdch ploch 1\u20135.<\/p>\n

Konsolidace p\u016fdy<\/h3>\n

V\u00fdsledky na obr.\u00a03<\/em> ukazuj\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh konsolidace b\u011bhem 1. s\u00e9rie experimentu. Z\u00a0grafu je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zm\u011bn dosahuj\u00ed v\u0161echny testovan\u00e9 plochy s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edchodem prvn\u00edch de\u0161\u0165\u016f, tj.\u00a0mezi dny 10\u201312 a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b mezi dny 17\u201322. Tento v\u00fdrazn\u00fd pokles je zp\u016fsoben p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vysok\u00fdm \u00fahrnem sr\u00e1\u017eek, kdy za tuto dobu spadlo 50,8\u2008mm z\u00a0celkov\u00fdch 89,2\u2008mm, tj.\u00a0cca\u00a057\u00a0% celkov\u00e9ho \u00fahrnu.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a03. Konsolidace p\u016fdy\u00a0\u2013 experiment 1 [7]
\nFig. 3. Soil consolidation\u00a0\u2013 1st<\/sup> stage [7]<\/h6>\n

Obr\u00e1zek 4<\/em> zobrazuje pr\u016fb\u011bh konsolidace b\u011bhem 2. s\u00e9rie experimentu. Z\u00a0grafu je op\u011bt patrn\u00fd skokov\u00fd pokles p\u016fdy po p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9m de\u0161ti okolo 31. dne, kdy celkov\u00fd \u00fahrn dos\u00e1hl 48,4\u2008mm\/24 hod. N\u00e1sledn\u011b stejn\u00e1 situace se opakuje mezi 38.\u201342. dnem, kdy do\u0161lo k\u00a0\u00fahrnu 26,4\u2008mm\/24 hod.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a04. Konsolidace p\u016fdy\u00a0\u2013 experiment 2 [7]
\nFig. 4. Soil consolidation\u00a0\u2013 2nd<\/sup> stage [7]<\/h6>\n

Z\u00a0hlediska porovn\u00e1n\u00ed ploch podle kultivace je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee k\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed u\u00a0p\u016fdy zpracovan\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed pluhu. To je zp\u016fsobeno p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm hloubkou zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy (hloubka nakyp\u0159en\u00ed), kter\u00e1 byla v\u00a0obou s\u00e9ri\u00edch nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b u\u00a0plochy D a\u00a0dosahovala p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 14 a\u00a030\u2008cm oproti nap\u0159.\u00a0plo\u0161e C, kde byly tyto hodnoty pouze 5 a\u00a010\u2008cm (viz\u00a0tabulka 1<\/em>). Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm faktorem ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed konsolidaci je velikost a\u00a0tvar vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch p\u016fdn\u00edch agreg\u00e1t\u016f a\u00a0s\u00a0t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u00f3r\u016f ve svrchn\u00ed vrstv\u011b p\u016fdy. U\u00a0plochy D zkultivovan\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed pluhu je pr\u00e1v\u011b velikost t\u011bchto agreg\u00e1t\u016f nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0s\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0prostor\u016f, kam se m\u016f\u017eou rozpadl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice uvolnit, a\u00a0t\u00edm sn\u00ed\u017eit pr\u016fm\u011brnou v\u00fd\u0161ku testovan\u00e9 plochy.<\/p>\n

Drsnost p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu<\/h3>\n

Obr\u00e1zek 5<\/em> zobrazuje pr\u016fb\u011bh drsnosti p\u016fdn\u00edho povrchu b\u011bhem 1. s\u00e9rie experimentu. Stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b konsolidace i\u00a0drsnost povrchu je v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1na sr\u00e1\u017ekami, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed rozpad p\u016fdn\u00edch agreg\u00e1t\u016f na men\u0161\u00ed shluky p\u016fdn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny jsou patrn\u00e9 op\u011bt kolem 10. a\u00a020. dne. Z\u00a0hlediska po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch hodnot dosahuje nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed drsnosti pole D zkultivovan\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed pluhu, kter\u00fd za sebou zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed agreg\u00e1ty s\u00a0velmi rozmanit\u00fdm tvarem.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Obr.\u00a05. Drsnost p\u016fdy\u00a0\u2013 experiment 1 [7]
\nFig. 5. Soil roughness\u00a0\u2013 1st<\/sup> stage [7]<\/h6>\n

Stejn\u00e1 situace se opakuje i\u00a0ve druh\u00e9 s\u00e9rii m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed (obr.\u00a06<\/em>), kde k\u00a0z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed op\u011bt okolo 31. dne, kdy do\u0161lo k\u00a0velk\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti. Drobn\u00e9 odchylky je mo\u017en\u00e9 pozorovat i\u00a0mezi 3.\u201310. dnem, kdy doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0nepatrn\u00e9mu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed drsnosti. To je podle autor\u016f zp\u016fsobeno pou\u017eit\u00edm jin\u00e9ho fotoapar\u00e1tu s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm rozli\u0161en\u00edm, tj.\u00a0fotoapar\u00e1tu SONY A-6000\u2008s\u00a024,3\u00a0Mpx nam\u00edsto obvykl\u00e9ho fotoapar\u00e1tu SONY NEX-5N s\u00a016,1 Mpx, kter\u00fd v\u00a0dob\u011b n\u011bkolika experiment\u016f nebyl z\u00a0d\u016fvodu opravy k\u00a0dispozici. Toto vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozli\u0161en\u00ed fotoapar\u00e1tu v\u00a0d\u016fsledku vytvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o\u00a060\u00a0% v\u00edce bod\u016f (viz\u00a0kapitola Vyhodnocen\u00ed), \u010d\u00edm\u017e dojde k\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu rozli\u0161en\u00ed ter\u00e9nn\u00edch nerovnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159i men\u0161\u00edm rozli\u0161en\u00ed neprojev\u00ed, a\u00a0t\u00edm p\u00e1dem ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hodnot drsnosti.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Obr.\u00a06. Drsnost p\u016fdy\u00a0\u2013 experiment 2 [6]
\nFig. 6. Soil roughness\u00a0\u2013 2nd<\/sup> stage [6]<\/h6>\n

Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ploch A\u2013D mezi sebou se v\u00a0jist\u00e9m ohledu podob\u00e1 v\u00fdsledk\u016fm konsolidace. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch hodnot dosahuje drsnost u\u00a0plochy D, kde kultivace pomoc\u00ed pluhu za sebou zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed agreg\u00e1ty. To do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry souvis\u00ed i\u00a0s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hloubkou z\u00e1b\u011bru. Z\u00a0hlediska porovn\u00e1n\u00ed ostatn\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f kultivace, nejv\u00edce podobn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f je dosa\u017eeno u\u00a0ploch A\u00a0a\u00a0C, tj.\u00a0kultivace pomoc\u00ed radli\u010dkov\u00e9ho kyp\u0159i\u010de a\u00a0tal\u00ed\u0159ov\u00e9ho podm\u00edta\u010de. Pou\u017eit\u00ed rotav\u00e1toru u\u00a0plochy B v\u00a0obou p\u0159\u00edpadech za sebou zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 nejhlad\u0161\u00ed povrch s\u00a0minimem nerovnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a07. Viditeln\u00e9 zm\u011bny povrchu p\u016fdy na za\u010d\u00e1tku a\u00a0konci 2. s\u00e9rie experiment\u016f
\nFig. 7. Noticeable changes of soil surface between the beginning and the end of 2nd<\/sup> stage of experiments<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

V\u00fdzkum v\u00fdvoje povrchu hol\u00e9 p\u016fdy bez vegetace p\u0159inesl v\u00fdsledky, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, jak se testovan\u00e1 p\u016fda chov\u00e1 v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed \u00faprav\u011b povrchu a\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00fdch vlivech. V\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed, jak konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u00faprava povrchu p\u016fdy m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b a\u00a0omezen\u00ed vodn\u00ed eroze. Z\u00a0tohoto pohledu je mo\u017en\u00e9 jako nejm\u00e9n\u011b vhodn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ozna\u010dit kultivaci pomoc\u00ed rotav\u00e1toru (pole B), kdy vznikne drobtovit\u00e1 struktura s\u00a0velmi jemn\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi, naopak jako nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm se jev\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy pomoc\u00ed pluhu (pole D), kde vznikl\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed agreg\u00e1ty tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 prohlubn\u011b a\u00a0p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky.<\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je zm\u00ednit, \u017ee uveden\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby kultivace nejsou jedin\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby kultivace a\u00a0\u010dasto jsou mezi sebou prov\u00e1z\u00e1ny. To je p\u0159\u00edklad pr\u00e1v\u011b orby pomoc\u00ed pluhu, po kter\u00e9m b\u011b\u017en\u011b p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed na \u0159adu \u00faprava vl\u00e1\u010den\u00edm, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se povrch p\u0159ibli\u017euje sv\u00fdmi vlastnostmi povrchu upraven\u00e9ho nap\u0159.\u00a0pomoc\u00ed rotav\u00e1toru.<\/p>\n

Ze\u00a0jmenovan\u00fdch vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u010dinitel\u016f maj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vliv na zm\u011bnu vlastnost\u00ed povrchu p\u016fdy sr\u00e1\u017eky, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny z\u00a0hlediska sni\u017eovan\u00ed drsnosti a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0souvisej\u00edc\u00edm celkov\u00fdm poklesem p\u016fdy. Rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek bude po dopln\u011bn\u00ed o\u00a0data rakousk\u00fdch koleg\u016f z\u00a0BAW\u00ad\u2011IKT publikov\u00e1n b\u011bhem roku 2017.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Tento v\u00fdzkum byl podpo\u0159en projektem QJ1330118\u00a0\u2013 Monitoring erozn\u00edho po\u0161kozen\u00ed p\u016fd a\u00a0projev\u016f eroze pomoc\u00ed metod DPZ, projektem 7AMB14AT020\u00a0\u2013 V\u00fdzkum vlivu krajinn\u00e9 matrice na odtokov\u00fd re\u017eim, erozn\u00ed a\u00a0transportn\u00ed procesy a\u00a0kvalitu p\u016fdy a\u00a0projektem QJ1530181\u00a0\u2013 Stanoven\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnot ochrann\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku vegetace za \u00fa\u010delem kvantifikace a\u00a0zefektivn\u011bn\u00ed protierozn\u00ed ochrany zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 doc.\u00a0Ing.\u00a0Milanu Kroul\u00edkovi,\u00a0Ph.D., a\u00a0doc.\u00a0Ing.\u00a0V\u00e1clavu Brantovi,\u00a0Ph.D., z\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 univerzity v\u00a0Praze za poskytnut\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravu experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch ploch a\u00a0koleg\u016fm Dipl.-Ing.\u00a0Thomasi Bauerovi a\u00a0Dipl.-Ing.\u00a0Dr.\u00a0Peteru Straussovi z\u00a0BAW\u00ad<\/em>\u2011<\/em>IKT za participaci na metodice m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The article deals with the development of agriculture bare soil surface using the stereophotogrammetric method. It describes and compares the development of selected soil characteristics investigated on four types of field cultivation. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3116,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,88],"tags":[746,745,748,744,747],"coauthors":[698,692,699,700],"class_list":["post-3150","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","category-informatics-cartography-in-water-management","tag-consolidation","tag-roughness","tag-soil-erosion","tag-soil-surface","tag-stereophotogrammetry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3150","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3150"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3150\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30375,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3150\/revisions\/30375"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3150"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3150"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3150"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3150"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}