![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Richter-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nObr. 1. \u0158e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0historick\u00fdch a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fdch hranic\u00edch k. \u00fa.
\nFig. 1. Examined area in historical and current borders of cadastral territories<\/h6>\n![\"\"](\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\")
<\/a>\nObr. 2. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice
\nFig. 2. Historical land use in cadastral territory of Ra\u0161ovice<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 3. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk na podklad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice
\nFig. 3. Historical land use of wet meadows based on current land use in cadastral territory of Ra\u0161ovice<\/h6>\n
P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed stavu krajiny a\u00a0jej\u00edch zm\u011bn lze pou\u017e\u00edt bu\u010f land use, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, nebo land cover, co\u017e lze interpretovat jako krajinn\u00fd pokryv. Ov\u0161em definice obou term\u00edn\u016f nen\u00ed zcela jednozna\u010dn\u00e1, resp. t\u011bchto definic je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed tak\u00e9 jejich vz\u00e1jemnou propojenost. Jednou z\u00a0nejv\u00fdsti\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obecn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch jednoduch\u00fdch definic pojmu land use je \u00fa\u010del, pro kter\u00fd je krajina vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na<\/em>. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b term\u00ednu land cover je obdobnou definic\u00ed pozorovan\u00fd, skute\u010dn\u00fd krajinn\u00fd pokryv<\/em>. V\u00a0t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci bylo zvoleno hodnocen\u00ed podle land use, proto\u017ee to d\u00e1v\u00e1 lep\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost zahrnout zp\u016fsob vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny \u010dlov\u011bkem. Je to v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro rozd\u011blen\u00ed travn\u00edch porost\u016f na mokr\u00e9 a\u00a0\u201esuch\u00e9\u201c louky, lze ur\u010dit i\u00a0tzv. sukcesn\u00ed plochy apod.<\/p>\nGIS jako n\u00e1stroj pro predikci vhodn\u00fdch ploch k obnov\u011b mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h2>\n
Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny mohou zhor\u0161it probl\u00e9my krajiny ve vztahu k\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edm hydrologick\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem a\u00a0m\u00ed\u0159e zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b c\u00edle udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed sladkovodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f vy\u017eaduj\u00ed nov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy ve vodn\u00edm a\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm managementu v\u00a0povod\u00ed, je\u017e budou br\u00e1t v\u00a0\u00favahu tak\u00e9 funkci mok\u0159ad\u016f [9].<\/p>\n
V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se zvy\u0161uje po\u010det aktivit zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na obnovu mok\u0159ad\u016f jako multifunk\u010dn\u00edch krajinn\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Mok\u0159ady jsou cen\u011bny pro sv\u016fj vysok\u00fd reten\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l a\u00a0jejich jedine\u010dnou biologickou rozmanitost. \u00dasp\u011bch obnovy mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u0161ak z\u0159eteln\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na v\u00fdb\u011bru m\u00edsta vhodn\u00e9ho pro dosa\u017een\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f obnovy. K\u00a0tomu lze jako vhodn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj vyu\u017e\u00edt geografick\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my (GIS), kter\u00e9 se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem p\u0159i realizaci environment\u00e1ln\u00edho managementu [10].<\/p>\n
\u0158e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Krajinn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj byl hodnocen na \u00fazem\u00ed sousedn\u00edch historick\u00fdch katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed (k. \u00fa.) Ra\u0161ovice, Man\u010dice, \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov, Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0Sta\u0148kovice. Hodnocenou lokalitou je \u00fazem\u00ed o\u00a0celkov\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011b\u0159e 2 444,94 ha. Nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka tohoto \u00fazem\u00ed se pohybuje mezi 380 a\u00a0530 metry. Oblast se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na horn\u00edm toku V\u00fdrovky v\u00a0povod\u00ed Labe a\u00a0le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0m\u00edrn\u011b zvln\u011bn\u00e9 planin\u011b klesaj\u00edc\u00ed pozvolna do Polabsk\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017einy. Do bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti lokality zasahuj\u00ed z\u00a0jihov\u00fdchodu posledn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky \u010ceskomoravsk\u00e9 vrchoviny a\u00a0St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9 pahorkatiny. Z\u00a0hlediska pedologick\u00e9ho se na \u00fazem\u00ed vyskytuj\u00ed, podle klasifikace komplexn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu p\u016fd (KPP), plochy hn\u011bd\u00e9 p\u016fdy, ilimerizovan\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0oglejen\u00e9 p\u016fdy, v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed drnoglejov\u00e1 p\u016fda a\u00a0nivn\u00ed p\u016fda glejov\u00e1 [11]. Hodnocen\u00e1 oblast le\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00a0klimatick\u00e9m regionu MT2 (m\u00edrn\u011b tepl\u00fd, m\u00edrn\u011b vlhk\u00fd), jen p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice a\u00a0mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st lesn\u00edch pozemk\u016f v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0klimatick\u00e9m regionu MT4 (m\u00edrn\u011b tepl\u00fd) [12]. Z\u00a0dat, jimi\u017e jsou charakterizov\u00e1ny klimatick\u00e9 regiony v\u00a0r\u00e1mci BPEJ [13], vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee se oba klimatick\u00e9 regiony v\u00a0oblasti teplot li\u0161\u00ed jen nepatrn\u011b, ale v\u00a0oblasti sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0hroz\u00edc\u00edho sucha se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9m klimatick\u00e9m regionu (tab. 1<\/em>). Dle spr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed toto \u00fazem\u00ed k\u00a0okresu Kutn\u00e1 Hora ve St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9m kraji.<\/p>\n\u0158e\u0161en\u00e1 k. \u00fa. pro\u0161la ur\u010dit\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami ohledn\u011b jejich hranic. Nejmarkantn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi zm\u011bnami pro\u0161lo k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice, jeho\u017e ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev je nyn\u00ed Ra\u0161ovice u Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic. K. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice pro\u0161lo od roku 1839 n\u011bkolika prom\u011bnami, p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed z roku 1839 zasahovalo na ji\u017en\u00edm okraji a\u017e k obci Sud\u011bjov, jednalo se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o lesn\u00ed pozemky. Toto \u00fazem\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed v sou\u010dasnosti k. \u00fa. Sud\u011bjov. Dal\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bnou pro\u0161la hranice s k. \u00fa. Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 Janovice. Do roku 2006 byly provedeny drobn\u00e9 zm\u011bny, z\u0159ejm\u011b v d\u016fsledku zm\u011bny koryta Annensk\u00e9ho potoka, jen\u017e tvo\u0159il v roce 1839 podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st hranice mezi t\u011bmito k. \u00fa. Po roce 2006 do\u0161lo pak k v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti \u00fazem\u00ed mezi k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice a k. \u00fa. Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 Janovice. Jednalo se op\u011bt o d\u016fsledky zm\u011bny koryta vodn\u00edho toku a tak\u00e9 o pozemky orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, kde hranice vedla uprost\u0159ed pol\u00ed po hranici pozemk\u016f.<\/p>\n
Tab. 1. Charakteristika klimatick\u00fdch region\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\n<\/em>Tab. 1. Characteristics of climatic regions in the examined area<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 4. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9 a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 lokalizace vodn\u00edch ploch a\u00a0tok\u016f v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice
\nFig. 4. The comparison of historical and current localization of water reservoirs and watercourses in cadastral territory of Ra\u0161ovice<\/h6>\n
Jeliko\u017e v\u0161ak tyto hranice nemaj\u00ed v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam a nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se na \u00fazem\u00ed velk\u00fdch obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch ploch, do\u0161lo ke sm\u011bn\u011b pozemk\u016f a posunut\u00ed hranic k lesu, resp. vodn\u00edmu toku. Obdobn\u011b do\u0161lo ke sm\u011bn\u011b mezi k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice a k. \u00fa. K\u0159e\u010dovice, kde se jednalo jen o men\u0161\u00ed pozemky zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy a do\u0161lo k vyhlazen\u00ed linie vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch hranic v lokalit\u011b pobl\u00ed\u017e Netu\u0161ilu. Posledn\u00ed zm\u011bnou bylo p\u0159eveden\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy z k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice pod k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice. V\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi zm\u011bnami pro\u0161lo tak\u00e9 k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice, ale tyto zm\u011bny byly ve zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e v souvislosti se zm\u011bnami k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice [14, 15]. Hranice k. \u00fa. \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov, Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a Sta\u0148kovice nedoznaly tak\u0159ka \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Podstatnou zm\u011bnou byl ale vznik k. \u00fa. Blato na \u010d\u00e1sti historick\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice. Historick\u00e9 a sou\u010dasn\u00e9 hranice k. \u00fa v \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny na obr. 1.<\/em> A\u010dkoli v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u0161echna \u0159e\u0161en\u00e1 k.\u00a0\u00fa. pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0jednomu kraji (St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9mu) a\u00a0okresu (Kutn\u00e1 Hora), historicky pat\u0159ila k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice, Man\u010dice a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov ke kraji \u010c\u00e1slavsk\u00e9mu, zat\u00edmco k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0Sta\u0148kovice n\u00e1le\u017eela ke kraji Kou\u0159imsk\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 5. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice
\nFig. 5. Historical land use in cadastral territory of Man\u010dice<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 6. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk na podklad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice
\nFig. 6. Historical land use of wet meadows based on current land use in cadastral territory of Man\u010dice<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 7. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov
\nFig. 7. Historical land use in cadastral territories of Chmeli\u0161t\u011b and \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov<\/h6>\nMetodika<\/h2>\n
Vzhledem k obecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdm skute\u010dnostem a trend\u016fm t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edm se v\u00fdvoje zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 krajiny na \u00fazem\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010cR a historick\u00fdm souvislostem (nap\u0159. zazem\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch ploch, kolektivizace zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, socializace venkova, nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, meliorace, likvidace mok\u0159ad\u016f a niv vodn\u00edch tok\u016f) sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edm k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a jej\u00edmu snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1le robustn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed technikou byly stanoveny o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 trendy ve v\u00fdvoji krajiny v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje krajiny v\u00a0tomto \u00fazem\u00ed byly \u0159e\u0161eny tyto hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky a\u00a0hypot\u00e9zy:<\/p>\n
\n- H1: V \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zmen\u0161ila rozloha mokr\u00fdch luk. Toto sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed je v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v \u010d\u00e1sti pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do klimatick\u00e9ho regionu MT2 oproti \u010d\u00e1sti pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do klimatick\u00e9ho regionu MT4.<\/li>\n
- H2: V \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed se u land use orn\u00e1 p\u016fda zv\u011bt\u0161ila celkov\u00e1 rozloha, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 velikost plo\u0161ky a sn\u00ed\u017eil se po\u010det plo\u0161ek.<\/li>\n
- H3: V\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed se zmen\u0161ila rozloha vodn\u00edch ploch.<\/li>\n
- H4: V\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed se zkr\u00e1tila d\u00e9lka vodn\u00edch tok\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Tab. 2. Rozd\u011blen\u00ed ploch v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed podle land use v\u010detn\u011b jejich stru\u010dn\u00e9 specifikace
\n<\/em>Tab. 2. Distribution of the examined area according to the land use, including its brief specification<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/a>\nPodklady pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat<\/h3>\n
Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm podkladem pro tvorbu vektorov\u00e9 vrstvy pro anal\u00fdzu v\u00fdvoje \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed byly mapov\u00e9 listy C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch povinn\u00fdch otisk\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru (zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed stav v\u00a0roce 1838, resp. 1841 v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1 : 2880) [16] a\u00a0sou\u0159adnicov\u011b p\u0159ipojen\u00e1 ortofotomapa (z\u00a0roku 2019) a\u00a0Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapa \u010cR 1 : 10 000 (ZM 10), ob\u011b dostupn\u00e9 na Geoport\u00e1lu \u010c\u00daZK [17] prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm WMS slu\u017eby.<\/p>\n
Pou\u017eit\u00e9 programy a\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat<\/h3>\n
Georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed archivn\u00edch mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159ipojen\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch podklad\u016f pomoc\u00ed WMS slu\u017eby a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 tvorba polygonov\u00e9 vrstvy form\u00e1tu .shp<\/em> prob\u011bhlo v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed ArcGIS, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v\u00a0programu ArcMAP 10.7.1. Ka\u017ed\u00fd polygon byl p\u0159esn\u011b definov\u00e1n sv\u00fdm identifika\u010dn\u00edm \u010d\u00edslem a\u00a0rokem, ve kter\u00e9m se v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed vyskytoval. Podle \u00fadaje o\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti k\u00a0roku do\u0161lo k\u00a0vyobrazen\u00ed hranic jednotliv\u00fdch polygon\u016f. Prvotn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat prob\u011bhlo v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS, jednalo se o\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010det plochy polygon\u016f a\u00a0d\u00e9lek lini\u00ed. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty byly pot\u00e9 vyexportov\u00e1ny do prost\u0159ed\u00ed programu Microsoft Excel 2016 a\u00a0zde byly prom\u00edtnuty do tabulek. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto mapov\u00fdch a\u00a0tabel\u00e1rn\u00edch v\u00fdstup\u016f jsou tu prezentov\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se zm\u011bny rozlohy, resp. d\u00e9lky a\u00a0lokalizace mokr\u00fdch luk, vodn\u00edch ploch a\u00a0vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. V\u00a0tabulce jsou tak\u00e9 zve\u0159ejn\u011bny \u00fadaje o\u00a0v\u00fdvoji rozlohy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy jako hlavn\u00edho ukazatele rozsahu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\nHodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje krajiny a\u00a0vymezen\u00ed land use typ\u016f<\/h2>\n
Vyhodnocen\u00ed prob\u011bhlo pro jednotliv\u00e1 k. \u00fa. podle historick\u00fdch hranic. V\u00fdjimkou bylo slou\u010den\u00ed k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov z\u00a0d\u016fvodu lep\u0161\u00edho vyhodnocen\u00ed krajinn\u00fdch struktur. A\u00a0to p\u0159esto, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed m\u00e1 historick\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 podklady z\u00a0jin\u00e9ho roku. Hranici mezi t\u011bmito katastry toti\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed vodn\u00ed tok V\u00fdrovka, a\u00a0z\u00a0hlediska krajinn\u00fdch struktur tedy tvo\u0159\u00ed kompaktn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed. A\u00a0zm\u011bna byla tak\u00e9 u\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice, kde se ji\u017e nepo\u010d\u00edtalo s\u00a0lesnat\u00fdm v\u00fdb\u011b\u017ekem \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00fdm pozd\u011bji ke k.\u00a0\u00fa.\u00a0Sud\u011bjov.<\/p>\n
V\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed bylo vymezeno 15 land use typ\u016f a\u00a0ty pak byly d\u00e1le d\u011bleny z\u00a0hlediska ekologick\u00e9 stability na plochy relativn\u011b stabiln\u00ed a\u00a0relativn\u011b nestabiln\u00ed (tab. 2<\/em>). Vymezen\u00ed land use typ\u016f vych\u00e1zelo z\u00a0legendy historick\u00fdch mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru. Nav\u00edc byly vymezeny land use typy \u201eSukcesn\u00ed plochy\u201c, a\u00a0tak\u00e9 \u201e\u017deleznice\u201c, \u201eT\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed prostory\u201c a\u00a0\u201eSkl\u00e1dky\u201c. Za sukcesn\u00ed plochy byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny plochy, je\u017e se budou v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti z\u0159ejm\u011b klasifikovat jako k\u0159oviny a\u00a0kter\u00e9 jsou\u00a0\u2013 v\u011bdom\u011b \u010di mimod\u011bk\u00a0\u2013 ponech\u00e1ny sukcesn\u00edmu v\u00fdvoji. Zde se jednalo o\u00a0vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed cihelny ve Chmeli\u0161ti, je\u017e bylo ponech\u00e1no sukcesi v\u00a0sousedstv\u00ed n\u011bkolika nov\u011b vznikl\u00fdch mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch ploch. A\u00a0tak\u00e9 o\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 plochy v\u00a0okol\u00ed staveb b\u00fdval\u00fdch \u010di sou\u010dasn\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch dru\u017estev. Mokr\u00e9 louky byly v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti ur\u010deny na z\u00e1klad\u011b mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f ZM10, sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ortofotomapy a\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu. Orn\u00e1 p\u016fda je rozd\u011blena na jednotliv\u00e9 plochy podle p\u011bstovan\u00fdch plodin, nikoli podle vlastnick\u00e9 struktury, zat\u00edmco v\u00a0roce 1838, resp. 1841, byly zaznamen\u00e1ny v\u0161echny plo\u0161ky tak, jak jsou zakresleny v\u00a0map\u00e1ch C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisk\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru. U\u00a0v\u0161ech land use typ\u016f, s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, byly vypo\u010dteny a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyhodnoceny n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed charakteristiky:<\/p>\n\n- rozloha jednotliv\u00fdch land use typ\u016f [ha]<\/li>\n
- po\u010dty plo\u0161ek jednotliv\u00fdch land use typ\u016f [ks]<\/li>\n
- pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 velikost plo\u0161ky land use typu [ha]<\/li>\n
- pom\u011br rozlohy land use typu k\u00a0celkov\u00e9 plo\u0161e \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed [%]<\/li>\n
- pom\u011br rozlohy land use typu k v\u00fdchoz\u00edmu stavu t\u00e9ho\u017e land use typu v roce 1838, resp. 1841 [%]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
U\u00a0land use typu vodn\u00ed toky byly charakteristiky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se po\u010dtu a\u00a0velikosti plo\u0161ek nahrazeny \u00fadajem o\u00a0souhrnn\u00e9 d\u00e9lce t\u011bchto typ\u016f na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Hodnocen\u00ed zm\u011bn struktury krajiny na \u00farovni land use bylo provedeno na z\u00e1klad\u011b porovn\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 kvantifikace dat v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch obdob\u00edch.<\/p>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 8. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk na podklad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov
\nFig. 8. Historical land use of wet meadows based on current land use in cadastral territories of Chmeli\u0161t\u011b and \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 9. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9 a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 lokalizace vodn\u00edch ploch a\u00a0tok\u016f v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov
\nFig. 9. The comparison of historical and current localization of water reservoirs and watercourses in cadastral territories of Chmeli\u0161t\u011b and \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 10. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice
\nFig. 10. Historical land use in cadastral territory of Sta\u0148kovice<\/h6>\nV\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n
Pro v\u0161echna \u0159e\u0161en\u00e1 k. \u00fa. je spole\u010dn\u00fdm znakem v\u00fdrazn\u00fd pokles po\u010dtu plo\u0161ek orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0mokr\u00fdch luk. Zat\u00edmco ale tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u011b vzrostla pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 velikost plo\u0161ek orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, u mokr\u00fdch luk je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 velikost plo\u0161ky v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti stejn\u00e1 nebo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u00e1 jako v\u00a0minulosti s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice, kde je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti zhruba t\u0159etinov\u00e1 v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0historickou hodnotou (tab. 3<\/em>).<\/p>\nRa\u0161ovice<\/h2>\n
Sou\u010dasn\u00fd n\u00e1zev \u00fazem\u00ed je Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic. Na tomto \u00fazem\u00ed do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu \u00fabytku mokr\u00fdch luk na 7,9 % historick\u00e9 rozlohy a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 k\u00a0m\u00edrn\u00e9mu \u00fabytku orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy; vodn\u00ed plochy p\u0159i\u0161ly o\u00a0polovinu sv\u00e9 historick\u00e9 rozlohy. Vodn\u00ed toky m\u011bly rozlohu toto\u017enou a\u00a0kupodivu m\u011bly tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9lku v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti ne\u017e v\u00a0minulosti (tab. 3, obr. 4<\/em>). Mokr\u00e9 louky byly nahrazeny p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ornou p\u016fdou, v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e pak loukami, lesem a\u00a0z\u00e1stavbou (obr. 2 a\u00a03<\/em>).<\/p>\nMan\u010dice<\/h2>\n
Sou\u010dasn\u00fd n\u00e1zev \u00fazem\u00ed je Man\u010dice u\u00a0Ra\u0161ovic, jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0typicky zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed, kde je v\u00a0podstat\u011b pouze z\u00e1stavba a\u00a0orn\u00e1 p\u016fda. Zde do\u0161lo k\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstu plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0mokr\u00e9 louky t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vymizely. Jsou nahrazeny p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ornou p\u016fdou, ale tak\u00e9 loukami p\u0159i vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch (obr. 5 a\u00a06<\/em>). Vodn\u00ed plochy se zde nevyskytovaly a\u00a0vodn\u00ed toky maj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 toto\u017enou d\u00e9lku, jejich plocha je v\u0161ak v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti zhruba polovi\u010dn\u00ed (tab. 3<\/em>).<\/p>\nChmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov<\/h2>\n
Zde do\u0161lo k\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstu plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0velk\u00e9mu \u00fabytku mokr\u00fdch luk a\u00a0vodn\u00edch ploch. Vodn\u00ed toky jsou oproti minulosti krat\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed plochu (tab. 3, obr. 9<\/em>). B\u00fdvaly nap\u0159imov\u00e1ny ji\u017e v\u00a0minulosti, ov\u0161em bylo to v\u00a0r\u00e1mci jejich lokalizace uprost\u0159ed mokr\u00fdch luk. Mokr\u00e9 louky byly nahrazeny p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ornou p\u016fdou, ale t\u00e9\u017e z\u00e1stavbou, k\u0159ovinami a\u00a0lukami (obr. 7 a\u00a08<\/em>).<\/p>\nSta\u0148kovice<\/h2>\n
Na \u00fazem\u00ed historick\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice se v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nach\u00e1zej\u00ed k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice a\u00a0Bl\u00e1to. Na tomto \u00fazem\u00ed do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0velk\u00e9mu \u00fabytku mokr\u00fdch luk. Vodn\u00ed plochy se zmen\u0161ily zhruba o\u00a0p\u011btinu. Vodn\u00ed toky maj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 toto\u017enou d\u00e9lku, ale plocha je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti zhruba t\u0159etinov\u00e1 (tab. 3, obr. 12<\/em>). Mokr\u00e9 louky byly nahrazeny p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ornou p\u016fdou, v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e lesem, vodn\u00ed plochou, loukami a\u00a0k\u0159ovinami (obr. 10 a\u00a011<\/em>).<\/p>\nDiskuze<\/h2>\n
P\u0159i zvolen\u00e9m hodnocen\u00ed krajiny podle land use doch\u00e1zelo k ur\u010dit\u00fdm rozd\u00edl\u016fm oproti tomu, kdyby bylo hodnocen\u00ed provedeno podle land cover. Nap\u0159\u00edklad podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e1 lokalita v k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice na m\u00edst\u011b historick\u00e9ho prameni\u0161t\u011b nebyla hodnocena jako sukcesn\u00ed plocha, i kdy\u017e to l\u00e9pe odpov\u00edd\u00e1 skute\u010dnosti. Ov\u0161em na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ZM 10 je st\u00e1le zobrazena jen orn\u00e1 p\u016fda a snahou zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f obhospoda\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch tento pozemek bylo (v dob\u011b zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f) tuto lokalitu st\u00e1le obd\u011bl\u00e1vat. Pokud by tato lokalita byla uzn\u00e1na jako sukcesn\u00ed plocha, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jej\u00edho managementu sp\u00ed\u0161e jako mokr\u00e1 louka, zmen\u0161ila by se sou\u010dasn\u00e1 rozloha land use hodnocen\u00e9ho jako orn\u00e1 p\u016fda v k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice o t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 2 ha, tj. o 0,66 %. Rovn\u011b\u017e jde o ur\u010den\u00ed sukcesn\u00edch ploch ve st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b nezru\u0161en\u00e9m t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edm prostoru b\u00fdval\u00e9 cihelny ve Chmeli\u0161ti.<\/p>\n
Tab. 3. Vyhodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje vybran\u00fdch krajinn\u00fdch struktur na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\n<\/em>Tab. 3. Evaluation of the development of selected landscape structures in the examined area<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/a>\nT\u011b\u017eba v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti cihelny byla ukon\u010dena z\u0159ejm\u011b za\u010d\u00e1tkem 90. let 20. stol. Jej\u00ed plocha m\u011bla b\u00fdt rekultivov\u00e1na a navr\u00e1cena zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9mu vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Jeliko\u017e k tomu v\u0161ak bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po ukon\u010den\u00ed t\u011b\u017eby nedo\u0161lo, byla zde plocha ponech\u00e1na sukcesi. Kdy\u017e se za\u010dalo o rekultivaci (zavezen\u00ed prostoru b\u00fdval\u00e9 cihelny) op\u011bt jednat, ji\u017e by to znamenalo velkou \u00fajmu pro p\u0159\u00edrodu. Proto byla nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st cihelny v roce 2010 vykoupena. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed o trval\u00e9m vyjmut\u00ed pozemk\u016f ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho p\u016fdn\u00edho fondu a zm\u011bn\u011b rekultiva\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu. \u010cesk\u00fd svaz ochr\u00e1nc\u016f p\u0159\u00edrody vlastn\u00ed souvisl\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed o celkov\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011b\u0159e 3,7 ha, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st b\u00fdval\u00e9 cihelny. Zde management pl\u00e1nuje nutn\u00e9 kroky pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed nejvz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f, je\u017e se v b\u00fdval\u00e9 ciheln\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed, tedy \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b redukovat k\u0159oviny a r\u00e1kosiny, kter\u00e9 celou plochu postupn\u011b zar\u016fstaj\u00ed, a zan\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed se t\u016f\u0148ky ob\u010das prohloubit \u010di na vhodn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b vytvo\u0159it nov\u00e9 [18].<\/p>\n
P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy H1, kde byl potvrzen markantn\u00ed \u00fabytek mok\u0159ad\u016f, mohlo doj\u00edt k\u00a0m\u00edrn\u00e9mu zkreslen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f pou\u017eitou metodikou hodnocen\u00ed podle land use. N\u011bkter\u00e9 podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lokality by se v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hodnocen\u00ed podle land cover mohly za\u0159adit do mokr\u00fdch luk, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b sukcesn\u00edch ploch. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b krom\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 lokality v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice se jednalo o\u00a0n\u011bkolik drobn\u00fdch plo\u0161ek do velikosti 0,01 ha. Pokud jde o\u00a0pod\u00edl zastoupen\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk k\u00a0historick\u00fdm mokr\u00fdm louk\u00e1m, potvrdil se velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl u\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice (MT4), a\u00a0to 7,9 % oproti\u00a0ostatn\u00edm k. \u00fa. pat\u0159\u00edc\u00edm do MT2. V\u00a0k. \u00fa Sta\u0148kovice byl tento pod\u00edl jen 0,9 % a\u00a0ve spole\u010dn\u011b hodnocen\u00e9m k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov pak 2,5 %. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci t\u011bchto \u00fazem\u00ed bylo z\u0159ejm\u011b zp\u016fsobeno lokalizac\u00ed vodn\u00edho toku V\u00fdrovka. V\u00a0k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice byl pak tento pod\u00edl v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, \u010dinil 3,8 %. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tento rozd\u00edl byl z\u0159ejm\u011b zp\u016fsoben t\u00edm, \u017ee se jednalo pouze o\u00a0jednu lokalitu sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk a\u00a0celkov\u00e1 plocha historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk v\u00a0tomto \u00fazem\u00ed byla men\u0161\u00ed (7,5 % plochy k. \u00fa.) ne\u017e v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch \u00fazem\u00edch (9,8\u201312,7 %).<\/p>\n
P\u0159i stanoven\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy H2 ohledn\u011b land use orn\u00e1 p\u016fda bylo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jist\u00e9, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 velikosti plo\u0161ky se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed a jejich po\u010det v\u00fdrazn\u011b poklesne, av\u0161ak jak uk\u00e1zaly mapy stabiln\u00edho katastru v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a na sou\u010dasn\u00e9m k. \u00fa. Bl\u00e1to, tato skute\u010dnost nen\u00ed v n\u011bkter\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch tak samoz\u0159ejm\u00e1. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b celkov\u00e9 rozlohy land use orn\u00e1 p\u016fda ji\u017e vstupuj\u00ed do hry dal\u0161\u00ed faktory a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice nebyla tato hypot\u00e9za potvrzena \u2013 pod\u00edl sou\u010dasn\u00e9 orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy k historick\u00e9 je 98,5 %. Zde hr\u00e1lo velkou roli zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a velk\u00fd rozvoj z\u00e1stavby. Historick\u00e9 plochy mokr\u00fdch luk tu byly ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e nahrazov\u00e1ny nejen ornou p\u016fdou, ale tak\u00e9 k\u0159ovinami a \u201esuch\u00fdmi\u201c loukami, a nekompenzovaly tak \u00fabytek orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy. Obdobn\u011b tak\u00e9 v k. \u00fa Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov je pod\u00edl sou\u010dasn\u00e9 orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy k historick\u00e9 105,3 %.<\/p>\n<\/a>\nObr. 11. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk na podklad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice
\nFig. 11. Historical land use of wet meadows based on current land use in cadastral territory of Sta\u0148kovice<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 12. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9 a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 lokalizace vodn\u00edch ploch a\u00a0tok\u016f v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice
\nFig. 12. The comparison of historical and current localization of water reservoirs and\u00a0watercourses in cadastral territory of Sta\u0148kovice<\/h6>\n
Tady je d\u016fvodem p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed zm\u011bna land use mokr\u00e9 louky v\u00a0\u201esuch\u00e9\u201c louky a\u00a0k\u0159oviny v\u00a0niv\u011b V\u00fdrovky a\u00a0tak\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst jak obytn\u00e9, tak pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 z\u00e1stavby (cihelna). Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0trend\u016f je obytn\u00e1 z\u00e1stavba na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, ov\u0161em v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b je tato orn\u00e1 p\u016fda lokalizov\u00e1na \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i\u00a0na m\u00edst\u011b historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk. V\u00a0k. \u00fa Man\u010dice a\u00a0Sta\u0148kovice byl n\u00e1r\u016fst plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy opravdu v\u00fdrazn\u00fd (12,1\u00a0%, resp. 25,8 %).<\/p>\n
P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy H4 bylo potvrzeno zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed d\u00e9lky vodn\u00edch tok\u016f s v\u00fdjimkou k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice, kde v\u0161ak byla tato skute\u010dnost z\u0159ejm\u011b d\u00e1na pouze zp\u016fsobem zakreslov\u00e1n\u00ed drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f na map\u00e1ch stabiln\u00edho katastru (viz n\u00ed\u017ee). Ov\u0161em toto zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed nebylo nijak v\u00fdrazn\u00e9. \u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b to vzniklo tak\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed se vyskytuj\u00ed neregulovan\u00e9 \u00faseky vodn\u00edch tok\u016f (V\u00fdrovka mezi k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov), a z\u00e1rove\u0148 t\u00edm, \u017ee nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f bylo zaznamen\u00e1no ji\u017e na map\u00e1ch stabiln\u00edho katastru. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b z\u0159ejm\u011b hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee v \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed do\u0161lo ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rozlohy vodn\u00edch ploch. Ty byly samoz\u0159ejm\u011b budov\u00e1ny na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch. Z toho plyne, \u017ee p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v d\u00e9lce zanikl\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy v hodnocen\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho land use p\u0159ibyl \u201enov\u00fd\u201c vodn\u00ed tok, a t\u00edm bylo tak\u00e9 eliminov\u00e1no zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f vlivem jejich nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed a likvidace meandr\u016f. To neplat\u00ed pro k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice, kde se nevyskytovaly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy a prot\u00e9k\u00e1 zde jen jeden vodn\u00ed tok.<\/p>\n
Ve v\u00fdsledc\u00edch se t\u00e9\u017e objevovala men\u0161\u00ed plocha vodn\u00edch tok\u016f v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti oproti minulosti, a\u010dkoli pom\u011br d\u00e9lek sou\u010dasn\u00fdch a\u00a0historick\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f tomu neodpov\u00eddal. Bylo to zp\u016fsobeno nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edch tok\u016f od 50. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, kdy p\u0159i tomto procesu do\u0161lo k\u00a0zahlubov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00fa\u017een\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch vodn\u00edch koryt. To m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek mj. i\u00a0p\u0159em\u011bnu mokr\u00fdch luk v\u00a0louky \u201esuch\u00e9\u201c vlivem poklesu hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody v\u00a0t\u011bchto lokalit\u00e1ch. K\u00a0nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0zv\u011bt\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy doch\u00e1zelo ji\u017e v\u00a0dob\u00e1ch mapov\u00e1n\u00ed stabiln\u00edho katastru. P\u0159\u00edkladem je historick\u00e9 k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b, je\u017e bylo typick\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdm statkem a\u00a0ji\u017e v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed bylo z\u0159eteln\u011b v\u00edce ovlivn\u011bno lidskou \u010dinnost\u00ed ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed k. \u00fa. v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Tato skute\u010dnost plat\u00ed i\u00a0pro \u010d\u00e1st historick\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice (nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k. \u00fa. Bl\u00e1to), kde bylo tak\u00e9 s\u00eddlo statku. Mapy stabiln\u00edho katastru jsou v\u011brohodn\u00e9, nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f maj\u00ed nedostatky. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch, kde je zjevn\u00e9 (jsou tam lokalizov\u00e1ny mokr\u00e9 louky v\u00a0konfiguraci indikuj\u00edc\u00ed vodn\u00ed tok nebo prameni\u0161t\u011b), \u017ee by tam m\u011bl b\u00fdt drobn\u00fd vodn\u00ed tok zakreslen, tam nen\u00ed. Bu\u010f \u0161lo o\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00e9 prameni\u0161t\u011b, kde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd hlavn\u00ed tok neexistoval, nebo prost\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e9 drobn\u00e9 toky byly zakreslov\u00e1ny a\u017e od ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky. Zde je vid\u011bt tento jev zejm\u00e9na na \u00fazem\u00ed Ra\u0161ovic (obr. 2, 3 a\u00a04<\/em>) a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ova (obr. 7, 8 a\u00a09<\/em>).<\/p>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Hlavn\u00ed my\u0161lenkou \u010dl\u00e1nku je zviditeln\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9matu potenci\u00e1lu mok\u0159ad\u016f a zamok\u0159en\u00fdch ploch v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajin\u011b s p\u0159edstaven\u00edm konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch lokalit s mo\u017enost\u00ed jejich obnovy. Mapy stabiln\u00edho katastru jsou velmi p\u0159esn\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed o stavu tehdej\u0161\u00ed krajiny, zejm\u00e9na pro lokalizaci mok\u0159ad\u016f a ostatn\u00edch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f i pro p\u0159edstavu o krajin\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neregulovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. Byla potvrzena hypot\u00e9za H1. Ze sou\u010dasn\u00e9 krajiny v \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vymizely mokr\u00e9 louky. Toto sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed je v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v \u010d\u00e1sti pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do klimatick\u00e9ho regionu MT2 (k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice, Chmeli\u0161t\u011b, \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov a Man\u010dice), kde sou\u010dasn\u00e9 mokr\u00e9 louky zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed 0,9, resp. 2,5, resp. 3,8 % plochy, kterou zauj\u00edmaly historick\u00e9 mokr\u00e9 louky. V k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do klimatick\u00e9ho regionu MT4, kter\u00fd je sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b bohat\u0161\u00ed, zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed nyn\u00ed mokr\u00e9 louky 7,9 % plochy mokr\u00fdch luk historick\u00fdch. Byla potvrzena tak\u00e9 hypot\u00e9za H2, v cel\u00e9m \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed je u orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy trendem n\u00e1r\u016fst jej\u00ed celkov\u00e9 rozlohy, v\u00fdrazn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 velikosti plo\u0161ky a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu plo\u0161ek. S v\u00fdjimkou k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice, kde v\u00fdm\u011bra orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy \u010din\u00ed 98,5 % jej\u00ed historick\u00e9 rozlohy. Dal\u0161\u00edm trendem, potvrzuj\u00edc\u00edm hypot\u00e9zu H3, je sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rozlohy vodn\u00edch ploch. Hypot\u00e9za H4 t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se zkracov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e9lky vodn\u00edch tok\u016f byla v \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed potvrzena s v\u00fdjimkou k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice. Ov\u0161em tyto rozd\u00edly nebyly nijak markantn\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 tak\u00e9 do\u0161lo k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zastoupen\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 d\u016fvody tohoto stavu jsou zm\u00edn\u011bny v diskuzi. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 informace lze obecn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny, zejm\u00e9na s ohledem na obnovu mok\u0159ad\u016f ve vhodn\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch. V\u00fdsledky t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce lze aktu\u00e1ln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt i pro tzv. boj se suchem a pro zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1sledk\u016f povodn\u00ed jako\u017eto reakci na prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i obnov\u011b krajiny za \u00fa\u010delem zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vody v krajin\u011b s odkazem na historick\u00fd zp\u016fsob vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed (land use).<\/p>\n
P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek pro\u0161el lektorsk\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku jsou ve vybran\u00fdch katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00edch s p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed plochou zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy porovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed land use a struktura krajiny s historick\u00fdm stavem z podklad\u016f C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch povinn\u00fdch otisk\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru. Jsou zde nast\u00edn\u011bny mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed anal\u00fdz historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje krajiny ke krajinn\u00e9 obnov\u011b v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch oblastech, zejm\u00e9na s ohledem na obnovu mok\u0159adn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f a revitalizaci vodn\u00edch tok\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":12764,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,86,88],"tags":[3545,1980,279,2315,1981],"coauthors":[1421],"class_list":["post-30852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","category-informatics-cartography-in-water-management","tag-agriculture","tag-archival-maps","tag-gis","tag-water-in-landscape","tag-wetlands"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30852","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30852"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30852\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31334,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30852\/revisions\/31334"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12764"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30852"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30852"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=30852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nFig. 2. Historical land use in cadastral territory of Ra\u0161ovice<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 3. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk na podklad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice
\nFig. 3. Historical land use of wet meadows based on current land use in cadastral territory of Ra\u0161ovice<\/h6>\n
P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed stavu krajiny a\u00a0jej\u00edch zm\u011bn lze pou\u017e\u00edt bu\u010f land use, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, nebo land cover, co\u017e lze interpretovat jako krajinn\u00fd pokryv. Ov\u0161em definice obou term\u00edn\u016f nen\u00ed zcela jednozna\u010dn\u00e1, resp. t\u011bchto definic je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed tak\u00e9 jejich vz\u00e1jemnou propojenost. Jednou z\u00a0nejv\u00fdsti\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obecn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch jednoduch\u00fdch definic pojmu land use je \u00fa\u010del, pro kter\u00fd je krajina vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na<\/em>. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b term\u00ednu land cover je obdobnou definic\u00ed pozorovan\u00fd, skute\u010dn\u00fd krajinn\u00fd pokryv<\/em>. V\u00a0t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci bylo zvoleno hodnocen\u00ed podle land use, proto\u017ee to d\u00e1v\u00e1 lep\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost zahrnout zp\u016fsob vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny \u010dlov\u011bkem. Je to v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro rozd\u011blen\u00ed travn\u00edch porost\u016f na mokr\u00e9 a\u00a0\u201esuch\u00e9\u201c louky, lze ur\u010dit i\u00a0tzv. sukcesn\u00ed plochy apod.<\/p>\n Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny mohou zhor\u0161it probl\u00e9my krajiny ve vztahu k\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edm hydrologick\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem a\u00a0m\u00ed\u0159e zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b c\u00edle udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed sladkovodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f vy\u017eaduj\u00ed nov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy ve vodn\u00edm a\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm managementu v\u00a0povod\u00ed, je\u017e budou br\u00e1t v\u00a0\u00favahu tak\u00e9 funkci mok\u0159ad\u016f [9].<\/p>\n V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se zvy\u0161uje po\u010det aktivit zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na obnovu mok\u0159ad\u016f jako multifunk\u010dn\u00edch krajinn\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Mok\u0159ady jsou cen\u011bny pro sv\u016fj vysok\u00fd reten\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l a\u00a0jejich jedine\u010dnou biologickou rozmanitost. \u00dasp\u011bch obnovy mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u0161ak z\u0159eteln\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na v\u00fdb\u011bru m\u00edsta vhodn\u00e9ho pro dosa\u017een\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f obnovy. K\u00a0tomu lze jako vhodn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj vyu\u017e\u00edt geografick\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my (GIS), kter\u00e9 se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem p\u0159i realizaci environment\u00e1ln\u00edho managementu [10].<\/p>\n Krajinn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj byl hodnocen na \u00fazem\u00ed sousedn\u00edch historick\u00fdch katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed (k. \u00fa.) Ra\u0161ovice, Man\u010dice, \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov, Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0Sta\u0148kovice. Hodnocenou lokalitou je \u00fazem\u00ed o\u00a0celkov\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011b\u0159e 2 444,94 ha. Nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka tohoto \u00fazem\u00ed se pohybuje mezi 380 a\u00a0530 metry. Oblast se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na horn\u00edm toku V\u00fdrovky v\u00a0povod\u00ed Labe a\u00a0le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0m\u00edrn\u011b zvln\u011bn\u00e9 planin\u011b klesaj\u00edc\u00ed pozvolna do Polabsk\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017einy. Do bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti lokality zasahuj\u00ed z\u00a0jihov\u00fdchodu posledn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky \u010ceskomoravsk\u00e9 vrchoviny a\u00a0St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9 pahorkatiny. Z\u00a0hlediska pedologick\u00e9ho se na \u00fazem\u00ed vyskytuj\u00ed, podle klasifikace komplexn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu p\u016fd (KPP), plochy hn\u011bd\u00e9 p\u016fdy, ilimerizovan\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0oglejen\u00e9 p\u016fdy, v\u00a0okol\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed drnoglejov\u00e1 p\u016fda a\u00a0nivn\u00ed p\u016fda glejov\u00e1 [11]. Hodnocen\u00e1 oblast le\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00a0klimatick\u00e9m regionu MT2 (m\u00edrn\u011b tepl\u00fd, m\u00edrn\u011b vlhk\u00fd), jen p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice a\u00a0mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st lesn\u00edch pozemk\u016f v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0klimatick\u00e9m regionu MT4 (m\u00edrn\u011b tepl\u00fd) [12]. Z\u00a0dat, jimi\u017e jsou charakterizov\u00e1ny klimatick\u00e9 regiony v\u00a0r\u00e1mci BPEJ [13], vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee se oba klimatick\u00e9 regiony v\u00a0oblasti teplot li\u0161\u00ed jen nepatrn\u011b, ale v\u00a0oblasti sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0hroz\u00edc\u00edho sucha se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9m klimatick\u00e9m regionu (tab. 1<\/em>). Dle spr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed toto \u00fazem\u00ed k\u00a0okresu Kutn\u00e1 Hora ve St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9m kraji.<\/p>\n \u0158e\u0161en\u00e1 k. \u00fa. pro\u0161la ur\u010dit\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami ohledn\u011b jejich hranic. Nejmarkantn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi zm\u011bnami pro\u0161lo k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice, jeho\u017e ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev je nyn\u00ed Ra\u0161ovice u Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic. K. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice pro\u0161lo od roku 1839 n\u011bkolika prom\u011bnami, p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed z roku 1839 zasahovalo na ji\u017en\u00edm okraji a\u017e k obci Sud\u011bjov, jednalo se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o lesn\u00ed pozemky. Toto \u00fazem\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed v sou\u010dasnosti k. \u00fa. Sud\u011bjov. Dal\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bnou pro\u0161la hranice s k. \u00fa. Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 Janovice. Do roku 2006 byly provedeny drobn\u00e9 zm\u011bny, z\u0159ejm\u011b v d\u016fsledku zm\u011bny koryta Annensk\u00e9ho potoka, jen\u017e tvo\u0159il v roce 1839 podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st hranice mezi t\u011bmito k. \u00fa. Po roce 2006 do\u0161lo pak k v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti \u00fazem\u00ed mezi k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice a k. \u00fa. Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 Janovice. Jednalo se op\u011bt o d\u016fsledky zm\u011bny koryta vodn\u00edho toku a tak\u00e9 o pozemky orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, kde hranice vedla uprost\u0159ed pol\u00ed po hranici pozemk\u016f.<\/p>\n Jeliko\u017e v\u0161ak tyto hranice nemaj\u00ed v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam a nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se na \u00fazem\u00ed velk\u00fdch obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch ploch, do\u0161lo ke sm\u011bn\u011b pozemk\u016f a posunut\u00ed hranic k lesu, resp. vodn\u00edmu toku. Obdobn\u011b do\u0161lo ke sm\u011bn\u011b mezi k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice a k. \u00fa. K\u0159e\u010dovice, kde se jednalo jen o men\u0161\u00ed pozemky zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy a do\u0161lo k vyhlazen\u00ed linie vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch hranic v lokalit\u011b pobl\u00ed\u017e Netu\u0161ilu. Posledn\u00ed zm\u011bnou bylo p\u0159eveden\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy z k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice pod k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice. V\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi zm\u011bnami pro\u0161lo tak\u00e9 k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice, ale tyto zm\u011bny byly ve zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e v souvislosti se zm\u011bnami k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice [14, 15]. Hranice k. \u00fa. \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov, Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a Sta\u0148kovice nedoznaly tak\u0159ka \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Podstatnou zm\u011bnou byl ale vznik k. \u00fa. Blato na \u010d\u00e1sti historick\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice. Historick\u00e9 a sou\u010dasn\u00e9 hranice k. \u00fa v \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny na obr. 1.<\/em> A\u010dkoli v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u0161echna \u0159e\u0161en\u00e1 k.\u00a0\u00fa. pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0jednomu kraji (St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9mu) a\u00a0okresu (Kutn\u00e1 Hora), historicky pat\u0159ila k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice, Man\u010dice a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov ke kraji \u010c\u00e1slavsk\u00e9mu, zat\u00edmco k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0Sta\u0148kovice n\u00e1le\u017eela ke kraji Kou\u0159imsk\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n Vzhledem k obecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdm skute\u010dnostem a trend\u016fm t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edm se v\u00fdvoje zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 krajiny na \u00fazem\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010cR a historick\u00fdm souvislostem (nap\u0159. zazem\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch ploch, kolektivizace zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, socializace venkova, nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, meliorace, likvidace mok\u0159ad\u016f a niv vodn\u00edch tok\u016f) sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edm k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a jej\u00edmu snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1le robustn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed technikou byly stanoveny o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 trendy ve v\u00fdvoji krajiny v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje krajiny v\u00a0tomto \u00fazem\u00ed byly \u0159e\u0161eny tyto hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky a\u00a0hypot\u00e9zy:<\/p>\n Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm podkladem pro tvorbu vektorov\u00e9 vrstvy pro anal\u00fdzu v\u00fdvoje \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed byly mapov\u00e9 listy C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch povinn\u00fdch otisk\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru (zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed stav v\u00a0roce 1838, resp. 1841 v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1 : 2880) [16] a\u00a0sou\u0159adnicov\u011b p\u0159ipojen\u00e1 ortofotomapa (z\u00a0roku 2019) a\u00a0Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapa \u010cR 1 : 10 000 (ZM 10), ob\u011b dostupn\u00e9 na Geoport\u00e1lu \u010c\u00daZK [17] prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm WMS slu\u017eby.<\/p>\n Georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed archivn\u00edch mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159ipojen\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch podklad\u016f pomoc\u00ed WMS slu\u017eby a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 tvorba polygonov\u00e9 vrstvy form\u00e1tu .shp<\/em> prob\u011bhlo v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed ArcGIS, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v\u00a0programu ArcMAP 10.7.1. Ka\u017ed\u00fd polygon byl p\u0159esn\u011b definov\u00e1n sv\u00fdm identifika\u010dn\u00edm \u010d\u00edslem a\u00a0rokem, ve kter\u00e9m se v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed vyskytoval. Podle \u00fadaje o\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti k\u00a0roku do\u0161lo k\u00a0vyobrazen\u00ed hranic jednotliv\u00fdch polygon\u016f. Prvotn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat prob\u011bhlo v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS, jednalo se o\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010det plochy polygon\u016f a\u00a0d\u00e9lek lini\u00ed. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty byly pot\u00e9 vyexportov\u00e1ny do prost\u0159ed\u00ed programu Microsoft Excel 2016 a\u00a0zde byly prom\u00edtnuty do tabulek. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto mapov\u00fdch a\u00a0tabel\u00e1rn\u00edch v\u00fdstup\u016f jsou tu prezentov\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se zm\u011bny rozlohy, resp. d\u00e9lky a\u00a0lokalizace mokr\u00fdch luk, vodn\u00edch ploch a\u00a0vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. V\u00a0tabulce jsou tak\u00e9 zve\u0159ejn\u011bny \u00fadaje o\u00a0v\u00fdvoji rozlohy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy jako hlavn\u00edho ukazatele rozsahu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n Vyhodnocen\u00ed prob\u011bhlo pro jednotliv\u00e1 k. \u00fa. podle historick\u00fdch hranic. V\u00fdjimkou bylo slou\u010den\u00ed k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov z\u00a0d\u016fvodu lep\u0161\u00edho vyhodnocen\u00ed krajinn\u00fdch struktur. A\u00a0to p\u0159esto, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed m\u00e1 historick\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 podklady z\u00a0jin\u00e9ho roku. Hranici mezi t\u011bmito katastry toti\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed vodn\u00ed tok V\u00fdrovka, a\u00a0z\u00a0hlediska krajinn\u00fdch struktur tedy tvo\u0159\u00ed kompaktn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed. A\u00a0zm\u011bna byla tak\u00e9 u\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice, kde se ji\u017e nepo\u010d\u00edtalo s\u00a0lesnat\u00fdm v\u00fdb\u011b\u017ekem \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00fdm pozd\u011bji ke k.\u00a0\u00fa.\u00a0Sud\u011bjov.<\/p>\n V\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed bylo vymezeno 15 land use typ\u016f a\u00a0ty pak byly d\u00e1le d\u011bleny z\u00a0hlediska ekologick\u00e9 stability na plochy relativn\u011b stabiln\u00ed a\u00a0relativn\u011b nestabiln\u00ed (tab. 2<\/em>). Vymezen\u00ed land use typ\u016f vych\u00e1zelo z\u00a0legendy historick\u00fdch mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru. Nav\u00edc byly vymezeny land use typy \u201eSukcesn\u00ed plochy\u201c, a\u00a0tak\u00e9 \u201e\u017deleznice\u201c, \u201eT\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed prostory\u201c a\u00a0\u201eSkl\u00e1dky\u201c. Za sukcesn\u00ed plochy byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny plochy, je\u017e se budou v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti z\u0159ejm\u011b klasifikovat jako k\u0159oviny a\u00a0kter\u00e9 jsou\u00a0\u2013 v\u011bdom\u011b \u010di mimod\u011bk\u00a0\u2013 ponech\u00e1ny sukcesn\u00edmu v\u00fdvoji. Zde se jednalo o\u00a0vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed cihelny ve Chmeli\u0161ti, je\u017e bylo ponech\u00e1no sukcesi v\u00a0sousedstv\u00ed n\u011bkolika nov\u011b vznikl\u00fdch mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch ploch. A\u00a0tak\u00e9 o\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 plochy v\u00a0okol\u00ed staveb b\u00fdval\u00fdch \u010di sou\u010dasn\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch dru\u017estev. Mokr\u00e9 louky byly v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti ur\u010deny na z\u00e1klad\u011b mapov\u00fdch podklad\u016f ZM10, sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ortofotomapy a\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu. Orn\u00e1 p\u016fda je rozd\u011blena na jednotliv\u00e9 plochy podle p\u011bstovan\u00fdch plodin, nikoli podle vlastnick\u00e9 struktury, zat\u00edmco v\u00a0roce 1838, resp. 1841, byly zaznamen\u00e1ny v\u0161echny plo\u0161ky tak, jak jsou zakresleny v\u00a0map\u00e1ch C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch otisk\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru. U\u00a0v\u0161ech land use typ\u016f, s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, byly vypo\u010dteny a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyhodnoceny n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed charakteristiky:<\/p>\n U\u00a0land use typu vodn\u00ed toky byly charakteristiky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se po\u010dtu a\u00a0velikosti plo\u0161ek nahrazeny \u00fadajem o\u00a0souhrnn\u00e9 d\u00e9lce t\u011bchto typ\u016f na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Hodnocen\u00ed zm\u011bn struktury krajiny na \u00farovni land use bylo provedeno na z\u00e1klad\u011b porovn\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 kvantifikace dat v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch obdob\u00edch.<\/p>\n Pro v\u0161echna \u0159e\u0161en\u00e1 k. \u00fa. je spole\u010dn\u00fdm znakem v\u00fdrazn\u00fd pokles po\u010dtu plo\u0161ek orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0mokr\u00fdch luk. Zat\u00edmco ale tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u011b vzrostla pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 velikost plo\u0161ek orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, u mokr\u00fdch luk je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 velikost plo\u0161ky v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti stejn\u00e1 nebo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u00e1 jako v\u00a0minulosti s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice, kde je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti zhruba t\u0159etinov\u00e1 v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0historickou hodnotou (tab. 3<\/em>).<\/p>\n Sou\u010dasn\u00fd n\u00e1zev \u00fazem\u00ed je Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic. Na tomto \u00fazem\u00ed do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu \u00fabytku mokr\u00fdch luk na 7,9 % historick\u00e9 rozlohy a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 k\u00a0m\u00edrn\u00e9mu \u00fabytku orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy; vodn\u00ed plochy p\u0159i\u0161ly o\u00a0polovinu sv\u00e9 historick\u00e9 rozlohy. Vodn\u00ed toky m\u011bly rozlohu toto\u017enou a\u00a0kupodivu m\u011bly tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9lku v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti ne\u017e v\u00a0minulosti (tab. 3, obr. 4<\/em>). Mokr\u00e9 louky byly nahrazeny p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ornou p\u016fdou, v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e pak loukami, lesem a\u00a0z\u00e1stavbou (obr. 2 a\u00a03<\/em>).<\/p>\n Sou\u010dasn\u00fd n\u00e1zev \u00fazem\u00ed je Man\u010dice u\u00a0Ra\u0161ovic, jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0typicky zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed, kde je v\u00a0podstat\u011b pouze z\u00e1stavba a\u00a0orn\u00e1 p\u016fda. Zde do\u0161lo k\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstu plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0mokr\u00e9 louky t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vymizely. Jsou nahrazeny p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ornou p\u016fdou, ale tak\u00e9 loukami p\u0159i vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch (obr. 5 a\u00a06<\/em>). Vodn\u00ed plochy se zde nevyskytovaly a\u00a0vodn\u00ed toky maj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 toto\u017enou d\u00e9lku, jejich plocha je v\u0161ak v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti zhruba polovi\u010dn\u00ed (tab. 3<\/em>).<\/p>\n Zde do\u0161lo k\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstu plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0velk\u00e9mu \u00fabytku mokr\u00fdch luk a\u00a0vodn\u00edch ploch. Vodn\u00ed toky jsou oproti minulosti krat\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed plochu (tab. 3, obr. 9<\/em>). B\u00fdvaly nap\u0159imov\u00e1ny ji\u017e v\u00a0minulosti, ov\u0161em bylo to v\u00a0r\u00e1mci jejich lokalizace uprost\u0159ed mokr\u00fdch luk. Mokr\u00e9 louky byly nahrazeny p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ornou p\u016fdou, ale t\u00e9\u017e z\u00e1stavbou, k\u0159ovinami a\u00a0lukami (obr. 7 a\u00a08<\/em>).<\/p>\n Na \u00fazem\u00ed historick\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice se v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nach\u00e1zej\u00ed k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice a\u00a0Bl\u00e1to. Na tomto \u00fazem\u00ed do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0velk\u00e9mu \u00fabytku mokr\u00fdch luk. Vodn\u00ed plochy se zmen\u0161ily zhruba o\u00a0p\u011btinu. Vodn\u00ed toky maj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 toto\u017enou d\u00e9lku, ale plocha je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti zhruba t\u0159etinov\u00e1 (tab. 3, obr. 12<\/em>). Mokr\u00e9 louky byly nahrazeny p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ornou p\u016fdou, v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e lesem, vodn\u00ed plochou, loukami a\u00a0k\u0159ovinami (obr. 10 a\u00a011<\/em>).<\/p>\n P\u0159i zvolen\u00e9m hodnocen\u00ed krajiny podle land use doch\u00e1zelo k ur\u010dit\u00fdm rozd\u00edl\u016fm oproti tomu, kdyby bylo hodnocen\u00ed provedeno podle land cover. Nap\u0159\u00edklad podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e1 lokalita v k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice na m\u00edst\u011b historick\u00e9ho prameni\u0161t\u011b nebyla hodnocena jako sukcesn\u00ed plocha, i kdy\u017e to l\u00e9pe odpov\u00edd\u00e1 skute\u010dnosti. Ov\u0161em na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ZM 10 je st\u00e1le zobrazena jen orn\u00e1 p\u016fda a snahou zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f obhospoda\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch tento pozemek bylo (v dob\u011b zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f) tuto lokalitu st\u00e1le obd\u011bl\u00e1vat. Pokud by tato lokalita byla uzn\u00e1na jako sukcesn\u00ed plocha, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jej\u00edho managementu sp\u00ed\u0161e jako mokr\u00e1 louka, zmen\u0161ila by se sou\u010dasn\u00e1 rozloha land use hodnocen\u00e9ho jako orn\u00e1 p\u016fda v k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice o t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 2 ha, tj. o 0,66 %. Rovn\u011b\u017e jde o ur\u010den\u00ed sukcesn\u00edch ploch ve st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b nezru\u0161en\u00e9m t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edm prostoru b\u00fdval\u00e9 cihelny ve Chmeli\u0161ti.<\/p>\n T\u011b\u017eba v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti cihelny byla ukon\u010dena z\u0159ejm\u011b za\u010d\u00e1tkem 90. let 20. stol. Jej\u00ed plocha m\u011bla b\u00fdt rekultivov\u00e1na a navr\u00e1cena zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9mu vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Jeliko\u017e k tomu v\u0161ak bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po ukon\u010den\u00ed t\u011b\u017eby nedo\u0161lo, byla zde plocha ponech\u00e1na sukcesi. Kdy\u017e se za\u010dalo o rekultivaci (zavezen\u00ed prostoru b\u00fdval\u00e9 cihelny) op\u011bt jednat, ji\u017e by to znamenalo velkou \u00fajmu pro p\u0159\u00edrodu. Proto byla nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st cihelny v roce 2010 vykoupena. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed o trval\u00e9m vyjmut\u00ed pozemk\u016f ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho p\u016fdn\u00edho fondu a zm\u011bn\u011b rekultiva\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu. \u010cesk\u00fd svaz ochr\u00e1nc\u016f p\u0159\u00edrody vlastn\u00ed souvisl\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed o celkov\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011b\u0159e 3,7 ha, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st b\u00fdval\u00e9 cihelny. Zde management pl\u00e1nuje nutn\u00e9 kroky pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed nejvz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f, je\u017e se v b\u00fdval\u00e9 ciheln\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed, tedy \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b redukovat k\u0159oviny a r\u00e1kosiny, kter\u00e9 celou plochu postupn\u011b zar\u016fstaj\u00ed, a zan\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed se t\u016f\u0148ky ob\u010das prohloubit \u010di na vhodn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b vytvo\u0159it nov\u00e9 [18].<\/p>\n P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy H1, kde byl potvrzen markantn\u00ed \u00fabytek mok\u0159ad\u016f, mohlo doj\u00edt k\u00a0m\u00edrn\u00e9mu zkreslen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f pou\u017eitou metodikou hodnocen\u00ed podle land use. N\u011bkter\u00e9 podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lokality by se v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hodnocen\u00ed podle land cover mohly za\u0159adit do mokr\u00fdch luk, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b sukcesn\u00edch ploch. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b krom\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 lokality v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice se jednalo o\u00a0n\u011bkolik drobn\u00fdch plo\u0161ek do velikosti 0,01 ha. Pokud jde o\u00a0pod\u00edl zastoupen\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk k\u00a0historick\u00fdm mokr\u00fdm louk\u00e1m, potvrdil se velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl u\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice (MT4), a\u00a0to 7,9 % oproti\u00a0ostatn\u00edm k. \u00fa. pat\u0159\u00edc\u00edm do MT2. V\u00a0k. \u00fa Sta\u0148kovice byl tento pod\u00edl jen 0,9 % a\u00a0ve spole\u010dn\u011b hodnocen\u00e9m k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov pak 2,5 %. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci t\u011bchto \u00fazem\u00ed bylo z\u0159ejm\u011b zp\u016fsobeno lokalizac\u00ed vodn\u00edho toku V\u00fdrovka. V\u00a0k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice byl pak tento pod\u00edl v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, \u010dinil 3,8 %. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tento rozd\u00edl byl z\u0159ejm\u011b zp\u016fsoben t\u00edm, \u017ee se jednalo pouze o\u00a0jednu lokalitu sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk a\u00a0celkov\u00e1 plocha historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk v\u00a0tomto \u00fazem\u00ed byla men\u0161\u00ed (7,5 % plochy k. \u00fa.) ne\u017e v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch \u00fazem\u00edch (9,8\u201312,7 %).<\/p>\n P\u0159i stanoven\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy H2 ohledn\u011b land use orn\u00e1 p\u016fda bylo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jist\u00e9, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 velikosti plo\u0161ky se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed a jejich po\u010det v\u00fdrazn\u011b poklesne, av\u0161ak jak uk\u00e1zaly mapy stabiln\u00edho katastru v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a na sou\u010dasn\u00e9m k. \u00fa. Bl\u00e1to, tato skute\u010dnost nen\u00ed v n\u011bkter\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch tak samoz\u0159ejm\u00e1. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b celkov\u00e9 rozlohy land use orn\u00e1 p\u016fda ji\u017e vstupuj\u00ed do hry dal\u0161\u00ed faktory a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice nebyla tato hypot\u00e9za potvrzena \u2013 pod\u00edl sou\u010dasn\u00e9 orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy k historick\u00e9 je 98,5 %. Zde hr\u00e1lo velkou roli zales\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy a velk\u00fd rozvoj z\u00e1stavby. Historick\u00e9 plochy mokr\u00fdch luk tu byly ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e nahrazov\u00e1ny nejen ornou p\u016fdou, ale tak\u00e9 k\u0159ovinami a \u201esuch\u00fdmi\u201c loukami, a nekompenzovaly tak \u00fabytek orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy. Obdobn\u011b tak\u00e9 v k. \u00fa Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov je pod\u00edl sou\u010dasn\u00e9 orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy k historick\u00e9 105,3 %.<\/p>\n Tady je d\u016fvodem p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed zm\u011bna land use mokr\u00e9 louky v\u00a0\u201esuch\u00e9\u201c louky a\u00a0k\u0159oviny v\u00a0niv\u011b V\u00fdrovky a\u00a0tak\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst jak obytn\u00e9, tak pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 z\u00e1stavby (cihelna). Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0trend\u016f je obytn\u00e1 z\u00e1stavba na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, ov\u0161em v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b je tato orn\u00e1 p\u016fda lokalizov\u00e1na \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i\u00a0na m\u00edst\u011b historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk. V\u00a0k. \u00fa Man\u010dice a\u00a0Sta\u0148kovice byl n\u00e1r\u016fst plochy orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy opravdu v\u00fdrazn\u00fd (12,1\u00a0%, resp. 25,8 %).<\/p>\n P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy H4 bylo potvrzeno zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed d\u00e9lky vodn\u00edch tok\u016f s v\u00fdjimkou k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice, kde v\u0161ak byla tato skute\u010dnost z\u0159ejm\u011b d\u00e1na pouze zp\u016fsobem zakreslov\u00e1n\u00ed drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f na map\u00e1ch stabiln\u00edho katastru (viz n\u00ed\u017ee). Ov\u0161em toto zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed nebylo nijak v\u00fdrazn\u00e9. \u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b to vzniklo tak\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed se vyskytuj\u00ed neregulovan\u00e9 \u00faseky vodn\u00edch tok\u016f (V\u00fdrovka mezi k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov), a z\u00e1rove\u0148 t\u00edm, \u017ee nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f bylo zaznamen\u00e1no ji\u017e na map\u00e1ch stabiln\u00edho katastru. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b z\u0159ejm\u011b hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee v \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed do\u0161lo ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rozlohy vodn\u00edch ploch. Ty byly samoz\u0159ejm\u011b budov\u00e1ny na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch. Z toho plyne, \u017ee p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v d\u00e9lce zanikl\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy v hodnocen\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho land use p\u0159ibyl \u201enov\u00fd\u201c vodn\u00ed tok, a t\u00edm bylo tak\u00e9 eliminov\u00e1no zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f vlivem jejich nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed a likvidace meandr\u016f. To neplat\u00ed pro k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice, kde se nevyskytovaly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy a prot\u00e9k\u00e1 zde jen jeden vodn\u00ed tok.<\/p>\n Ve v\u00fdsledc\u00edch se t\u00e9\u017e objevovala men\u0161\u00ed plocha vodn\u00edch tok\u016f v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti oproti minulosti, a\u010dkoli pom\u011br d\u00e9lek sou\u010dasn\u00fdch a\u00a0historick\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f tomu neodpov\u00eddal. Bylo to zp\u016fsobeno nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00edm vodn\u00edch tok\u016f od 50. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, kdy p\u0159i tomto procesu do\u0161lo k\u00a0zahlubov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00fa\u017een\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch vodn\u00edch koryt. To m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek mj. i\u00a0p\u0159em\u011bnu mokr\u00fdch luk v\u00a0louky \u201esuch\u00e9\u201c vlivem poklesu hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody v\u00a0t\u011bchto lokalit\u00e1ch. K\u00a0nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0zv\u011bt\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed ploch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy doch\u00e1zelo ji\u017e v\u00a0dob\u00e1ch mapov\u00e1n\u00ed stabiln\u00edho katastru. P\u0159\u00edkladem je historick\u00e9 k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b, je\u017e bylo typick\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdm statkem a\u00a0ji\u017e v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed bylo z\u0159eteln\u011b v\u00edce ovlivn\u011bno lidskou \u010dinnost\u00ed ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed k. \u00fa. v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Tato skute\u010dnost plat\u00ed i\u00a0pro \u010d\u00e1st historick\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice (nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k. \u00fa. Bl\u00e1to), kde bylo tak\u00e9 s\u00eddlo statku. Mapy stabiln\u00edho katastru jsou v\u011brohodn\u00e9, nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f maj\u00ed nedostatky. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch, kde je zjevn\u00e9 (jsou tam lokalizov\u00e1ny mokr\u00e9 louky v\u00a0konfiguraci indikuj\u00edc\u00ed vodn\u00ed tok nebo prameni\u0161t\u011b), \u017ee by tam m\u011bl b\u00fdt drobn\u00fd vodn\u00ed tok zakreslen, tam nen\u00ed. Bu\u010f \u0161lo o\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00e9 prameni\u0161t\u011b, kde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd hlavn\u00ed tok neexistoval, nebo prost\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e9 drobn\u00e9 toky byly zakreslov\u00e1ny a\u017e od ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky. Zde je vid\u011bt tento jev zejm\u00e9na na \u00fazem\u00ed Ra\u0161ovic (obr. 2, 3 a\u00a04<\/em>) a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ova (obr. 7, 8 a\u00a09<\/em>).<\/p>\n Hlavn\u00ed my\u0161lenkou \u010dl\u00e1nku je zviditeln\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9matu potenci\u00e1lu mok\u0159ad\u016f a zamok\u0159en\u00fdch ploch v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajin\u011b s p\u0159edstaven\u00edm konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch lokalit s mo\u017enost\u00ed jejich obnovy. Mapy stabiln\u00edho katastru jsou velmi p\u0159esn\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed o stavu tehdej\u0161\u00ed krajiny, zejm\u00e9na pro lokalizaci mok\u0159ad\u016f a ostatn\u00edch vodn\u00edch prvk\u016f i pro p\u0159edstavu o krajin\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neregulovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. Byla potvrzena hypot\u00e9za H1. Ze sou\u010dasn\u00e9 krajiny v \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vymizely mokr\u00e9 louky. Toto sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed je v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v \u010d\u00e1sti pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do klimatick\u00e9ho regionu MT2 (k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice, Chmeli\u0161t\u011b, \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov a Man\u010dice), kde sou\u010dasn\u00e9 mokr\u00e9 louky zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed 0,9, resp. 2,5, resp. 3,8 % plochy, kterou zauj\u00edmaly historick\u00e9 mokr\u00e9 louky. V k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do klimatick\u00e9ho regionu MT4, kter\u00fd je sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b bohat\u0161\u00ed, zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed nyn\u00ed mokr\u00e9 louky 7,9 % plochy mokr\u00fdch luk historick\u00fdch. Byla potvrzena tak\u00e9 hypot\u00e9za H2, v cel\u00e9m \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed je u orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy trendem n\u00e1r\u016fst jej\u00ed celkov\u00e9 rozlohy, v\u00fdrazn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 velikosti plo\u0161ky a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu plo\u0161ek. S v\u00fdjimkou k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice, kde v\u00fdm\u011bra orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy \u010din\u00ed 98,5 % jej\u00ed historick\u00e9 rozlohy. Dal\u0161\u00edm trendem, potvrzuj\u00edc\u00edm hypot\u00e9zu H3, je sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rozlohy vodn\u00edch ploch. Hypot\u00e9za H4 t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se zkracov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e9lky vodn\u00edch tok\u016f byla v \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed potvrzena s v\u00fdjimkou k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice. Ov\u0161em tyto rozd\u00edly nebyly nijak markantn\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 tak\u00e9 do\u0161lo k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zastoupen\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 d\u016fvody tohoto stavu jsou zm\u00edn\u011bny v diskuzi. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 informace lze obecn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny, zejm\u00e9na s ohledem na obnovu mok\u0159ad\u016f ve vhodn\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch. V\u00fdsledky t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce lze aktu\u00e1ln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt i pro tzv. boj se suchem a pro zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1sledk\u016f povodn\u00ed jako\u017eto reakci na prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i obnov\u011b krajiny za \u00fa\u010delem zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vody v krajin\u011b s odkazem na historick\u00fd zp\u016fsob vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed (land use).<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek pro\u0161el lektorsk\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku jsou ve vybran\u00fdch katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00edch s p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed plochou zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy porovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed land use a struktura krajiny s historick\u00fdm stavem z podklad\u016f C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch povinn\u00fdch otisk\u016f stabiln\u00edho katastru. Jsou zde nast\u00edn\u011bny mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed anal\u00fdz historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje krajiny ke krajinn\u00e9 obnov\u011b v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch oblastech, zejm\u00e9na s ohledem na obnovu mok\u0159adn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f a revitalizaci vodn\u00edch tok\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":12764,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,86,88],"tags":[3545,1980,279,2315,1981],"coauthors":[1421],"class_list":["post-30852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","category-informatics-cartography-in-water-management","tag-agriculture","tag-archival-maps","tag-gis","tag-water-in-landscape","tag-wetlands"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30852","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30852"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30852\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31334,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30852\/revisions\/31334"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12764"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30852"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30852"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=30852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}GIS jako n\u00e1stroj pro predikci vhodn\u00fdch ploch k obnov\u011b mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h2>\n
\u0158e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Tab. 1. Charakteristika klimatick\u00fdch region\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\n<\/em>Tab. 1. Characteristics of climatic regions in the examined area<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 4. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9 a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 lokalizace vodn\u00edch ploch a\u00a0tok\u016f v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice
\nFig. 4. The comparison of historical and current localization of water reservoirs and watercourses in cadastral territory of Ra\u0161ovice<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 5. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice
\nFig. 5. Historical land use in cadastral territory of Man\u010dice<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 6. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk na podklad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Man\u010dice
\nFig. 6. Historical land use of wet meadows based on current land use in cadastral territory of Man\u010dice<\/h6>\n<\/a>\nObr. 7. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov
\nFig. 7. Historical land use in cadastral territories of Chmeli\u0161t\u011b and \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov<\/h6>\nMetodika<\/h2>\n
\n
Tab. 2. Rozd\u011blen\u00ed ploch v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed podle land use v\u010detn\u011b jejich stru\u010dn\u00e9 specifikace
\n<\/em>Tab. 2. Distribution of the examined area according to the land use, including its brief specification<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/a>\nPodklady pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat<\/h3>\n
Pou\u017eit\u00e9 programy a\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat<\/h3>\n
Hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje krajiny a\u00a0vymezen\u00ed land use typ\u016f<\/h2>\n
\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 8. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk na podklad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov
\nFig. 8. Historical land use of wet meadows based on current land use in cadastral territories of Chmeli\u0161t\u011b and \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 9. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9 a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 lokalizace vodn\u00edch ploch a\u00a0tok\u016f v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov
\nFig. 9. The comparison of historical and current localization of water reservoirs and watercourses in cadastral territories of Chmeli\u0161t\u011b and \u017d\u00ed\u0161ov<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 10. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice
\nFig. 10. Historical land use in cadastral territory of Sta\u0148kovice<\/h6>\nV\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n
Ra\u0161ovice<\/h2>\n
Man\u010dice<\/h2>\n
Chmeli\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov<\/h2>\n
Sta\u0148kovice<\/h2>\n
Diskuze<\/h2>\n
Tab. 3. Vyhodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdvoje vybran\u00fdch krajinn\u00fdch struktur na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\n<\/em>Tab. 3. Evaluation of the development of selected landscape structures in the examined area<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a>\nObr. 11. Zobrazen\u00ed historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk na podklad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho land use v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice
\nFig. 11. Historical land use of wet meadows based on current land use in cadastral territory of Sta\u0148kovice<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/h6>\nObr. 12. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9 a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 lokalizace vodn\u00edch ploch a\u00a0tok\u016f v\u00a0k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice
\nFig. 12. The comparison of historical and current localization of water reservoirs and\u00a0watercourses in cadastral territory of Sta\u0148kovice<\/h6>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n