INTRODUCTION<\/h2>\n
Today, Polab\u00ed suffers from a\u00a0lack of\u00a0groundwater and there is\u00a0large seasonal desorption of\u00a0small watercourses, mostly straightened and deepened ones. This problem will most probably worsen in\u00a0the\u00a0future due to\u00a0the\u00a0expected continued occurrence of\u00a0extreme climate events. It\u00a0is\u00a0therefore necessary to\u00a0focus on\u00a0the\u00a0restoration of\u00a0landscape elements with a\u00a0positive effect on\u00a0the\u00a0water regime and also on\u00a0the\u00a0actual management of\u00a0water in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n The main goal of\u00a0the\u00a0research, the\u00a0results of\u00a0which are presented in\u00a0this article, was to\u00a0map the\u00a0development of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape around disappeared ponds in\u00a0the\u00a0basins of\u00a0Labe tributaries in\u00a0Polab\u00ed, based on\u00a0the\u00a0interpretation of\u00a0archival maps, especially with regard to\u00a0the\u00a0possible restoration of\u00a0water-retaining elements in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n The development of\u00a0the\u00a0pond landscape in\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava basin is\u00a0specifically presented here. This location has already been partially mentioned in\u00a0an\u00a0article dealing with landscape changes in\u00a0selected locations in\u00a0Polab\u00ed with a\u00a0focus on\u00a0wetlands, including ponds\u00a0[1]. The development of\u00a0the\u00a0pond system on\u00a0the\u00a0lower Doubrava river was also recorded in\u00a0the\u00a0assessment of\u00a0the\u00a0water management development in\u00a0the\u00a0\u010c\u00e1slav region\u00a0[2] and also the\u00a0development of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape of\u00a0Nov\u00e9 Dvory and \u017dehu\u0161ice municipalities\u00a0[3, 4]. However, in\u00a0this article, the\u00a0development of\u00a0the\u00a0pond system on\u00a0the\u00a0lower Doubrava river is\u00a0described in\u00a0more detail and separately, not as\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0assessment of\u00a0a\u00a0larger territorial unit.<\/span><\/p>\n The disappeared pond system is\u00a0located in\u00a0the\u00a01-03-05 Doubrava third order basin in\u00a0the\u00a0cadastral areas of\u00a0Sulovice, \u017dehu\u0161ice, Horka u\u00a0\u017dehu\u0161ic, Rohozec u\u00a0\u017dehu\u0161ic, Li\u0161ice u\u00a0Sulovic, Brambory, B\u00edl\u00e9 Podol\u00ed, Za\u0159\u00ed\u010dany, Bojmany, and Habrkovice in\u00a0the\u00a0Kutn\u00e1 Hora district\u00a0[5]. The geological bedrock consists of\u00a0calcareous claystones, marlstones, and clayey limestones\u00a0[6]; the\u00a0predominant soil types are chernozem arenic and cambisol arenic; in\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava floodplain it\u00a0is\u00a0modal and gley fluvisol\u00a0[7]. Based on\u00a0the\u00a0geomorphological division, the\u00a0majority of\u00a0the\u00a0monitored area is\u00a0located in\u00a0the\u00a0\u017dehu\u0161ice basin geomorphological district, which is\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0Central Elbe Table geomorphological unit\u00a0[8].<\/span><\/p>\n The first step was the\u00a0selection and subsequent comparison of\u00a0the\u00a0current and historical state of\u00a0disappeared pond systems in\u00a0Polab\u00ed, based on\u00a0map interpretation. The next step was a\u00a0field survey of\u00a0these locations to\u00a0verify their current condition. For the\u00a0primary detection of\u00a0the\u00a0occurrence of\u00a0ponds, a\u00a0map from the\u00a01st military mapping was used, which is\u00a0available as\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0oldmaps application of\u00a0the\u00a0Geoinformatics Laboratory of\u00a0the\u00a0Faculty of\u00a0Environment at\u00a0J.\u00a0E.\u00a0Purkyn\u011b University in\u00a0\u00dast\u00ed nad Labem\u00a0[9].<\/span><\/p>\n The current basic map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic 1 : 10,000 (BM\u00a010) and the\u00a0current Orthophoto map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic were used to\u00a0show the\u00a0current state. Both maps are provided as\u00a0a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0\u010c\u00daZK Geoportal\u00a0[10]. For a\u00a0more accurate understanding of\u00a0the\u00a0development of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape between the\u00a0state recorded on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping and the\u00a0current state, a\u00a0map from the\u00a02nd military mapping was used; this is\u00a0accessible as\u00a0a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0INSPIRE National geoportal\u00a0[11].<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0order to\u00a0approximate the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape before the\u00a01st military mapping, especially with regard to\u00a0the\u00a0very occurrence of\u00a0ponds rather than their exact location, the\u00a0positionally inaccurate map from M\u00fcller\u2019s\u00a0mapping was used, which is\u00a0most easily accessible on\u00a0the\u00a0map browser of\u00a0the\u00a0archives of\u00a0the\u00a0Land Survey Office\u00a0[12].<\/span><\/p>\n Current BM\u00a010 and Orthophoto map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n These maps are available as\u00a0a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0\u010c\u00daZK Geoportal, where they are continuously updated as\u00a0required. The state shown on\u00a0BM\u00a010 may differ depending on\u00a0individual segments that are registered separately (e.g. road network), and therefore may not show the\u00a0real overall state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape in\u00a0a\u00a0given period. The entire Orthophoto map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic is\u00a0updated in\u00a0a\u00a0two-year cycle. Approximately half of\u00a0Czech Republic is\u00a0updated annually; from 2020, the\u00a0region boundaries are taken into account. Currently, both maps should correspond to\u00a0the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape in\u00a02021 and 2022\u00a0[10].<\/span><\/p>\n M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n The oldest map used here is\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s\u00a0map of\u00a0Bohemia from 1720 at\u00a0a\u00a0scale of\u00a0approximately 1 : 132,000\u00a0[13]. The disadvantage for a\u00a0detailed comparison of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape development with the\u00a0other maps is\u00a0its unsatisfactory spatial accuracy. Therefore, M\u00fcller\u2019s\u00a0mapping can only be\u00a0used to\u00a0show water bodies (ponds) as\u00a0a\u00a0supplement to\u00a0newer documents. It\u00a0does not show all watercourses and their outline is\u00a0not accurate\u00a0[14].<\/span><\/p>\n 1st military mapping<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n The basis of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping was M\u00fcller\u2019s\u00a0map enlarged to\u00a0a\u00a0scale of\u00a01\u00a0:\u00a028,800. The mapping itself took place in\u00a01764\u20131768 and then 1780\u20131783 (revision). It\u00a0captures Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia as\u00a0a\u00a0whole in\u00a0the\u00a0period before the\u00a0onset of\u00a0the\u00a0industrial revolution, at\u00a0the\u00a0time of\u00a0the\u00a0greatest flourishing of\u00a0the\u00a0cultural baroque landscape and its highest diversity\u00a0[9]. The disadvantage is\u00a0low spatial accuracy; however, for the\u00a0initial detection of\u00a0ponds (water bodies) it\u00a0is\u00a0more suitable than the\u00a02nd military mapping map because on\u00a0the\u00a0latter most of\u00a0the\u00a0pond systems have already disappeared and been replaced by\u00a0another type of\u00a0land cover.<\/span><\/p>\n 2nd military mapping<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n This is\u00a0the\u00a0first relatively positionally accurate map. It\u00a0was drawn on\u00a0a\u00a0scale of\u00a01 : 28,800 in\u00a01836\u20131852. Its creation was preceded by\u00a0military triangulation, which was the\u00a0geodetic basis of\u00a0this work. The material used were Stable Cadastre maps of\u00a0Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. Compared to\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping, accuracy of\u00a0the\u00a0map increased. The content of\u00a0both military mappings is\u00a0basically the\u00a0same, but the\u00a0situation depicted is\u00a0diametrically different. The 2nd military mapping took place at\u00a0the\u00a0onset of\u00a0the\u00a0industrial revolution and the\u00a0development of\u00a0intensive forms of\u00a0agriculture; the\u00a0area of\u00a0arable land increased by\u00a0half in\u00a0100 years and the\u00a0forest area reached a\u00a0historical minimum. The first railway lines are also recorded here\u00a0[15].<\/span><\/p>\n The pond system on\u00a0the\u00a0lower Doubrava river lay on\u00a0the\u00a0\u010certovka watercourse and was fed by\u00a0a\u00a0system of\u00a0canals from the\u00a0Doubrava river. This system was recorded during the\u00a01st military mapping, including the\u00a0pond names. There were Bojmansk\u00fd, Podolsk\u00fd, Bramborsk\u00fd, Horeck\u00fd, Dvorsk\u00fd, Boreck\u00fd, Tau\u0161ek, Sv\u011btlov, Babick\u00fd, and Kmotrov ponds. There were also smaller ponds drawn without specifying their names: Koukaleck\u00fd, and a\u00a0pond in\u00a0the\u00a0village of\u00a0Horka. On\u00a0the\u00a0left bank of\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava river, there were Kravinec and \u0160ibeni\u010dn\u00ed ponds as\u00a0well as\u00a0a\u00a0small pond near \u017dehu\u0161ice chateau (Figs. 1<\/span><\/em> and 4<\/span><\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n On\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping, only Kmotrov pond, Koukaleck\u00fd pond and the\u00a0pond in\u00a0the\u00a0village of\u00a0Horka were shown in\u00a0the\u00a0pond system. On\u00a0the\u00a0left bank of\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava river, \u0160ibeni\u010dn\u00ed pond remained on\u00a0a\u00a0significantly larger area, and the\u00a0pond near \u017dehu\u0161ice chateau (Figs. 2<\/span><\/em> and 4<\/span><\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n Currently, only Koukaleck\u00fd pond and the\u00a0pond near \u017dehu\u0161ice chateau have been preserved in\u00a0the\u00a0studied area, but the\u00a0latter has a\u00a0different shape and area size from the\u00a0state captured on\u00a0the\u00a0maps of\u00a0the\u00a01st and 2nd military mapping. Koukaleck\u00fd pond is\u00a0currently a\u00a0rainwater pond and has no\u00a0inflow or\u00a0outflow, although the\u00a01st military mapping shows an\u00a0inflow and outflow into Podolsk\u00fd pond. The situation recorded in\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping shows Koukaleck\u00fd pond as\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0today, i.e. a\u00a0rainwater pond (Figs. 1\u20134<\/span><\/em>). Other water bodies in\u00a0the\u00a0studied area are not ponds; they have been created by\u00a0sand mining or\u00a0has concreted bottom.<\/span><\/p>\n M\u00fcller\u2019s\u00a0map of\u00a0Bohemia shows a\u00a0system of\u00a0five ponds on\u00a0the\u00a0\u010certovka. These are the\u00a0Horeck\u00fd, Boreck\u00fd, Tau\u0161ek, Sv\u011btlov, and Kmotrov ponds. However, the\u00a0situation on\u00a0this map is\u00a0different from the\u00a0the one from the\u00a01st military mapping; the\u00a0shape of\u00a0Sv\u011btlov and Horeck\u00fd ponds is\u00a0very different, and the\u00a0location is\u00a0not completely accurate. Also, the\u00a0\u010certovka watercourse is\u00a0not recorded in\u00a0full, but only the\u00a0part located beyond the\u00a0confluence with the\u00a0channel that feeds the\u00a0pond system. This part \u2013 including the\u00a0canal \u2013 is\u00a0drawn as\u00a0the\u00a0main watercourse and the\u00a0Doubrava river is\u00a0drawn with a\u00a0faint line. On\u00a0the\u00a0left bank of\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava river is\u00a0shown Kravinec pond (Fig.\u00a05<\/span><\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n In this site, a total of 16 ponds with a total (approximate) area of 449 ha were recorded on the map of the 1st military mapping. The maximum area of one <\/span>pond was 116 ha, the minimum 0.25 ha, and the average 28.6 ha. Six ponds with a total area of 107 ha were recorded on the map of the 2nd military mapping. The maximum area of one pond was 87 ha, the minimum 0.15 ha, and the average 17.9 ha. Currently, there are only two water bodies classified as ponds with a total area of 0.91 ha. The area of Koukaleck\u00fd pond is 0.68 ha, and the pond in \u017dehu\u0161ice chateau park is 0.23 ha. The average area of the current pond in this site is therefore 0.46 ha.<\/span><\/p>\n At\u00a0the\u00a0site of\u00a0this disappeared pond system today, there is\u00a0mainly arable land, periodically waterlogged in\u00a0some places, and to\u00a0a\u00a0lesser extent buildings, permanent grassland, small concreted water reservoirs, straightened and deepened watercourses with surrounding greenery (including reeds). The\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared Kravinec pond is\u00a0located in\u00a0the\u00a0chateau game park, and\u00a0the\u00a0pond has been replaced by\u00a0forest and permanent grassland.<\/span><\/p>\n Figs. 6<\/span><\/span> and 7<\/span> compare the\u00a0current and historical conditions in\u00a0the\u00a0Hastrman site behind Bojmansk\u00fd weir, where the\u00a0canal began which was used to\u00a0supply the\u00a0disappeared pond system, and now returns to\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava river behind the\u00a0weir. The Imperial Imprint of\u00a0the\u00a0Stable Cadastre still show a\u00a0functional system of\u00a0canals, although only Kmotrov and Horeck\u00fd ponds were the\u00a0only ponds preserved from the\u00a0pond system shown on\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping. Figs. 8<\/span> and 9<\/span> show the\u00a0current state in\u00a0this site, both the\u00a0overflow for the\u00a0canal in\u00a0front of\u00a0Bojmany weir and the\u00a0preserved section of\u00a0the\u00a0canal for feeding the\u00a0disappeared pond system, which flows into Starko\u010dsk\u00fd stream.<\/span><\/p>\n Fig.\u00a010<\/span><\/span><\/em> shows the historic\u00a0 condition of Podolsk\u00fd and Koukaleck\u00fd ponds, where it is already evident that Koukaleck\u00fd pond has no inflow and outflow. The current state of Koukaleck\u00fd pond is shown in Fig.\u00a011<\/span><\/em>. Furthermore, the current landscape in the site of the disappeared Podolsk\u00fd (Fig.\u00a012<\/span><\/em>) and Bramborsk\u00fd ponds (Fig.\u00a013<\/span><\/em>) is shown with successional vegetation including mature trees and reeds. A general view of the current landscape around Koukaleck\u00fd pond and the disappeared Bramborsk\u00fd and Podolsk\u00fd ponds on the Orthophoto map of the Czech Republic reveals a waterlogged site at the area of the disappeared Podolsk\u00fd pond, and also wetland habitats near both disappeared ponds (Fig.\u00a014<\/span><\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n Fig.\u00a015<\/em>. shows the current state at the site of the disappeared Horeck\u00fd pond, including the canalized Za\u0159\u00ed\u010dansk\u00fd stream (November 2023)<\/span><\/p>\n For landscape planning, it\u00a0is\u00a0advisable to\u00a0look for inspiration in\u00a0archival maps and documents. These are applicable in\u00a0the\u00a0case of\u00a0waterlogged sites as\u00a0the\u00a0basis for the\u00a0restoration of\u00a0ponds, wetlands and springs or\u00a0for determining (verifying) suitable places to\u00a0allow succession\u00a0[16].<\/span><\/p>\n The map from the\u00a01st military mapping was taken as\u00a0a\u00a0starting point, where the\u00a0disadvantage is\u00a0low spatial accuracy. However, for the\u00a0initial detection of\u00a0ponds, it\u00a0is\u00a0more suitable than the\u00a02nd military mapping because on\u00a0the\u00a0latter map, most of\u00a0the\u00a0pond systems have already completely or\u00a0partially disappeared and been replaced by\u00a0another type of\u00a0land cover. However, the\u00a0ponds on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping were very large, with an\u00a0average area of\u00a028.6\u00a0ha, with 5 small ones out of\u00a0the\u00a016 ponds recorded (less than 1\u00a0ha). When determining the\u00a0location of\u00a0these ponds, it\u00a0was possible to\u00a0start from the\u00a0location of\u00a0the\u00a0preserved ponds from the\u00a02nd military mapping (Kmotrov, \u0160ibeni\u010dn\u00ed, Koukaleck\u00fd) and also from the\u00a0current BM\u00a010, where, in\u00a0addition to\u00a0the\u00a0preserved Koukaleck\u00fd pond, the\u00a0names of\u00a0sites reminding of\u00a0disappeared ponds were used as\u00a0a\u00a0guide (Kmotrov, Sv\u011btlov, \u0160ibeni\u010dn\u00ed, Tou\u0161ek, Babick\u00fd, Podolsk\u00fd pond) or\u00a0the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0sites regarding their waterlogging, the\u00a0presence of\u00a0hygrophilous vegetation, animals, etc. (Na\u00a0mok\u0159in\u00e1ch, Ve\u00a0vrbi\u010dk\u00e1ch, \u017dabn\u00edk, Pod rybn\u00edkem, \u0160patn\u00e1 luka v\u00a0rybn\u00ed\u010dku, Na\u00a0blatin\u00e1ch, Hastrman, U\u00a0Hastrmana, U\u00a0luh\u016f, Na\u00a0ostrovech).<\/span><\/p>\n M\u00fcller\u2019s map of Bohemia shows a system of five ponds on the \u010certovka, while on the map of the 1st military mapping there are seven of them on the \u010certovka,\u00a0<\/span>with two of them being smaller areas. However, the drawing of the shape of the ponds on the M\u00fcller\u2019s map differs from the drawing from the 1st military mapping, and the spatial location is not completely accurate. Considering these differences in the method of mapping, it is not possible to infer from these sources whether Koukaleck\u00fd pond (which is shown on the 1st military mapping and has survived to the present day) had not yet been built at the time of M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping. The pond system on the \u010certovka has a feeding channel from the the Doubrava river, which returns back to the river, recorded on both maps. However, on M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping, the \u010certovka is shown as the main watercourse, while on the map of the 1st military mapping it is the Doubrava river. On the map of the 2nd military mapping, as well as the maps of the Stable Cadastre, the Doubrava river is also clearly the main watercourse. At the time of M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping, either the \u010certovka could have appeared more watery due\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0the\u00a0supply of\u00a0the\u00a0pond system, or\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0faulty drawing, which is\u00a0not unusual regarding watercourses on\u00a0this mapping.<\/span><\/p>\n The development of\u00a0the\u00a0pond system on\u00a0the\u00a0lower Doubrava river was also recorded in\u00a0the\u00a0assessment of\u00a0the\u00a0water management development in\u00a0the\u00a0\u010c\u00e1slav region\u00a0[2]. However, this site was not dealt with separately and in\u00a0detail, but as\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0classification of\u00a0the\u00a0water management development (ponds, mills, dams, floodplains, etc.) in\u00a0the\u00a0territory of\u00a0the\u00a0\u010c\u00e1slav municipality (a\u00a0municipality with extended administration; ORP). The pond system described in\u00a0this paper is\u00a0located on\u00a0the\u00a0northeastern edge of\u00a0this ORP.<\/span><\/p>\n Furthermore, the\u00a0development of\u00a0water bodies was also investigated as\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0assessment of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape development of\u00a0Nov\u00e9 Dvory and \u017dehu\u0161ice municipalities\u00a0[3, 4]. This was primarily about the\u00a0implementation of\u00a0the\u00a0European Landscape Convention at\u00a0the\u00a0local level in\u00a0the\u00a0form of\u00a0a\u00a0pilot study in\u00a0the\u00a0area of\u00a0Nov\u00e9 Dvory \u2013 Ka\u010dina \u2013 \u017dehu\u0161ice, which represents a\u00a0segment of\u00a0intensively agriculturally used landscape with a\u00a0persistent significant trace of\u00a0baroque and classicist landscaping. The subject of\u00a0the\u00a0study was primarily the\u00a0development of\u00a0a\u00a0strategy and effective procedures to\u00a0ensure sustainable development of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape, respecting both its economic potential and the\u00a0protection and development of\u00a0its natural and cultural-historical values. The main output of\u00a0the\u00a0project was the\u00a0individual scenarios of\u00a0landscape development based on\u00a0the\u00a0combination of\u00a0degrees of\u00a0anthropogenic use of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape and degrees of\u00a0its protection. One of\u00a0the\u00a0inputs was the\u00a0depiction of\u00a0the\u00a0historical form of\u00a0the\u00a0studied area based on\u00a0the\u00a0interpretation of\u00a0archival maps. The area covered consisted of\u00a021 cadastral areas, of\u00a0which Sulovice, \u017dehu\u0161ice, Horka u\u00a0\u017dehu\u0161ic, Rohozec u\u00a0\u017dehu\u0161ic, Li\u0161ice u\u00a0Sulovic, Za\u0159\u00ed\u010dany, Bojmany, and Habrkovice are part of\u00a0the\u00a0territory assessed in\u00a0this article\u00a0[17].<\/span><\/p>\n Disappeared ponds based on the interpretation of archival maps were studied by David [18]. These were the areas of Blatn\u00e1, T\u0159ebo\u0148, Blan\u00edk, and Kou\u0159im. Havl\u00ed\u010dek et al. dealt with the restoration potential of water bodies recorded on the map of the 1st military mapping [19]. Based on the analysis of three basins (Byst\u0159ice, Jevi\u0161ovka, Opava), it was found that the greatest potential for restoration of water bodies from this period is in the Jevi\u0161ovka basin, where a preserved dam or a larger part of it was recorded in 51 % of disappeared water bodies. The other two basins show less potential for the restoration of disappeared\u00a0<\/span>water bodies: 26 % for the\u00a0Opava and 24 % for the\u00a0Byst\u0159ice. In\u00a0the\u00a0studied area of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared pond system on\u00a0the\u00a0lower Doubrava and \u010certovka rivers, preserved dams can also be\u00a0seen by\u00a0the\u00a0main ponds in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape. However, the\u00a0restoration of\u00a0the\u00a0ponds to\u00a0their original size is\u00a0not possible because part of\u00a0their area is\u00a0already built-up, or\u00a0development has spread to\u00a0the\u00a0immediate vicinity of\u00a0the\u00a0historical location of\u00a0the\u00a0ponds. In\u00a0addition, the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared Kravinec pond is\u00a0located on\u00a0the\u00a0territory of\u00a0the\u00a0\u017dehu\u0161ick\u00e1 obora natural monument. However, according to\u00a0extant reports, these vast disappeared ponds were mostly shallow and very muddy, forming swamps\u00a0[2, 20].<\/span><\/p>\n If\u00a0we\u00a0only take into account the\u00a0current state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape, the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared pond system on\u00a0the\u00a0lower Doubrava river and the\u00a0\u010certovka would be\u00a0suitable for building small wetlands (ponds, pools, wet meadows), in\u00a0particular on\u00a0small, waterlogged sites in\u00a0the\u00a0place of\u00a0today\u2019s\u00a0arable land, whether they are waterlogged, or\u00a0with reeds. On\u00a0the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0former ponds are fertile soil types; however, if\u00a0the\u00a0crop sown on\u00a0a\u00a0waterlogged site does not grow and is\u00a0eventually replaced by\u00a0reeds, it\u00a0would be\u00a0appropriate to\u00a0use this fact for the\u00a0restoration of\u00a0wetland habitats as\u00a0stable water-retaining elements in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape. In\u00a0areas with already restored wetland vegetation, it\u00a0would be\u00a0useful to\u00a0establish some territorial protection.<\/span><\/p>\n The results presented here could be\u00a0a\u00a0practical guide for building small water reservoirs (ponds) and other wetland habitats (wet meadows) in\u00a0place of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared ones, as\u00a0the\u00a0historical location of\u00a0such elements is\u00a0a\u00a0very strong argument for their restoration. These landscape elements are also part of\u00a0the\u00a0solution for adaptation to\u00a0the\u00a0issues caused by\u00a0climate change. In\u00a0the\u00a0case of\u00a0landscape restoration in\u00a0the\u00a0places of\u00a0disappeared ponds and other wetland sites, both water retention and landscape biodiversity increase. This fact is\u00a0in\u00a0line with the\u00a0EU\u00a0Biodiversity Strategy 2030\u00a0[21], which is\u00a0a\u00a0valid long-term plan to\u00a0protect wildlife, stop ecosystem degradation, and restore biodiversity in\u00a0Europe.<\/span><\/p>\n The article was created within the\u00a0framework of\u00a0TGM WRI internal grant No.\u00a03600.54.03\/2022 \u201cWater in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape as\u00a0an\u00a0indicator of\u00a0territory changes in\u00a0Polab\u00ed\u201d and within the\u00a0research of\u00a0the\u00a0Centre for Landscape and Biodiversity (project SS02030018, supported by\u00a0the\u00a0Technology Agency of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic).<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n The Czech version of this article was peer-reviewed, the English version was translated from\u00a0the Czech original by Environmental Translation Ltd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" This article presents the results of research of the pond landscape development in the lower Doubrava river. The results are based on the interpretation of archival map documents and the current state of the site. On the map of the 1st military mapping (1764\u20131768), a system of thirteen ponds was recorded on the right bank of the Doubrava river. There were three ponds on the left bank of the Doubrava river. On the map of the 2nd military mapping (1836\u20131852), only four ponds were recorded on the right bank of the Doubrava river and only two ponds on the left bank of the Doubrava river. Of the historic pond system, only Koukaleck\u00fd pond and a pond near \u017dehu\u0161ice chateau have survived to the present day. On the 1st military mapping map, the total approximate area of the ponds was 449 ha, on the 2nd military mapping map it was 107 ha, and today only 0.91 ha.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":28751,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,93],"tags":[1980,2573,303,1982,2566],"coauthors":[1421],"class_list":["post-29089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","category-two-articles","tag-archival-maps","tag-floodplains-of-watercourses","tag-ponds","tag-water-retention-in-the-landscape","tag-watercourses"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29089"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29090,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29089\/revisions\/29090"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28751"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29089"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=29089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}LOCATION DESCRIPTION<\/h2>\n
METHODOLOGY<\/h2>\n
Current maps used<\/h3>\n
\u00a0<\/span>Archival maps used<\/h3>\n
RESULTS<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Richter-obr-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\n<\/h6>\n
Fig.\u00a01. Pond system in the lower Doubrava river, 1st military mapping<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/h6>\n
Fig.\u00a02. Kmotrov and \u0160ibeni\u010dn\u00ed ponds in the area of the disappeared pond system on the lower Doubrava river, 2nd military mapping<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/h6>\n
Fig.\u00a03. Current state of the landscape around the disappeared pond system in the lower Doubrava river, current BM 10<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\n<\/h6>\n
<\/h6>\n
Fig.\u00a04. Changes in the ponds on the lower Doubrava river, from 1st military mapping to\u00a0the present<\/h6>\n
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Fig.\u00a05. Pond system on the lower Doubrava river, M\u00fcller\u2018s\u00a0map of Bohemia<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\n<\/h6>\n
Fig.\u00a06. The Hastrman site on a\u00a0Imperial Imprint of the Stable Cadastre<\/h6>\n
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Fig.\u00a07. The Hastrman site on current BM 10<\/h6>\n
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Fig.\u00a08. Current situation below Bojmany weir at the spillway for the riverbed, which was used to supply the disappeared pond system and now returns behind the weir to\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava river (November 2023)<\/h6>\n
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Fig.\u00a09. A\u00a0preserved riverbed section for the water supply of the disappeared pond system (November 2023), marked as an occasional flow on BM 10<\/h6>\n
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Fig.\u00a010. Podolsk\u00fd and Koukaleck\u00fd ponds on a\u00a0Imperial Imprint of the Stable Cadastre<\/h6>\n
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Fig.\u00a011. Current state of Koukaleck\u00fd pond (November 2023)<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/h6>\n
Fig. 12. Current state of the landscape at the site of the disappeared Podolsk\u00fd pond (November 2023)<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/h6>\n
Fig.\u00a013. Current state of the landscape at the site of the disappeared Bramborsk\u00fd pond\u00a0(November 2023)<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\n<\/h6>\n
Fig. 14. Current state of the landscape at the site of Koukaleck\u00fd pond and the disappeared Bramborsk\u00fd and Podolsk\u00fd ponds (waterlogged site in the lower part of the image), current Orthophoto map of the Czech Republic<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/h6>\n
Fig. 15. Current state of the landscape including the Za\u0159\u00ed\u010dansk\u00fd stream at the site of the disappeared Horeck\u00fd pond (November 2023)<\/h6>\n
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION<\/h2>\n
Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n